La Criminalisation De La Manifestation, Une Affaire De Police : Généalogie De L’Infraction D’Attroupement Illégal

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La Criminalisation De La Manifestation, Une Affaire De Police : Généalogie De L’Infraction D’Attroupement Illégal La criminalisation de la manifestation, une affaire de police : généalogie de l’infraction d’attroupement illégal Par Francis Villeneuve Ménard Thèse soumise à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales dans le cadre des exigences du programme de maîtrise en droit Sous la direction de la professeure Marie-Eve Sylvestre Section de droit civil Faculté de droit Université d'Ottawa © Francis Villeneuve Ménard, Ottawa, Canada, 2016 ii Nevertheless, a government, no less than an individual, must possess rights and powers for self-protection, and the permanent well- being of the community, which will be dormant until the necessity of circumstances call them into active life, and they must then be enforced with prudence and firmness, but yet without sowing the seeds of still greater evils, by too forcible conquest, or too revengeful punishment. Such thoughts are naturally suggested by the consideration of the provisions of our law as to unlawful assemblies. (Edward Wise, The Law Relating to Riots and Unlawful Assemblies, 2e éd, Londres, Shaw & Sons, 1848 à la p 85). iii Résumé : Dans un contexte où les tactiques policières, judiciaires et législatives de contrôle des espaces publics se multiplient, plusieurs n’hésitent pas à parler de criminalisation de la protestation sociale. Au Canada, le spectre du droit criminel se fait notamment sentir par le biais de l’infraction d’avoir participé à un attroupement illégal, qui criminalise le fait d’avoir pris part à un rassemblement qui fait «!craindre!» des troubles à la paix publique. Cette infraction n’est pas sans soulever certaines interrogations quant à son adéquation aux principes censés être au cœur du droit criminel moderne et du pouvoir de punir de l’État. Envisagée sous l’angle du pouvoir de police, un mode de gouvernance fondé sur le pouvoir du chef de famille de maintenir la paix dans son foyer, cette infraction cesse pourtant d’apparaître comme une anomalie du droit pénal. La généalogie de celle-ci révèle l’influence prégnante de cette logique de police dans le développement de cette infraction en common law anglaise et dans son application par les tribunaux canadiens depuis sa codification en 1892. Le caractère préventif de ce crime, sa définition imprécise ainsi que l’accent qu’il met sur les menaces posées par des groupes plutôt que sur les gestes accomplis par des individus et la faute personnelle qui s’y rattache constituent quelques-uns des traits que cette analyse historique et critique du droit dégage. Abstract In a context of increasing police, judicial, and legislative control over public spaces, many have raised their voices against the criminalization of social protest. In Canada, the offence of unlawful assembly is one of these processes by which the action of street demonstrators can be brought before the criminal justice system. This offence criminalizes being a member of an assembly raising fears of a tumultuous disturbance of the peace. Concerns may be raised about its conformity to central tenets of modern criminal law. Yet, if we look at it from the perspective of the police power, a mode of governance founded on the householder’s power over his household, this offence ceases to be an anomaly. The genealogy of this particular crime uncovers the profound influence of this police logic through its developments at English common law and its enforcement by Canadian courts since its codification in 1892. The preventive nature of this offence, its vagueness, and its emphasis on threats posed by groups rather than on individual acts and faults are some of the characteristics that this historical and critical analysis of law reveals. iv Remerciements La rédaction d’une thèse n’est pas, malgré ce que pourrait laisser penser l’aboutissement de ce processus, une action strictement individuelle. J’aime à penser qu’il s’agit d’une forme d’action collective, au sens large, qui suppose non seulement un auteur et des lecteurs et lectrices, mais aussi des prédécesseurs, des sujets de chair et de sang, des conseillères ainsi que du support institutionnel et familial. Je voudrais donc exprimer ma profonde reconnaissance à ceux et celles qui ont rendu possible ce projet. Mes premiers remerciements vont à la professeure Marie-Eve Sylvestre. D’abord pour avoir su mettre en mots le malaise que je ressentais, comme jeune avocat, devant le recours au droit pénal pour la gestion de divers problèmes sociaux. Puis, une fois qu’elle est devenue ma directrice de recherche, pour m’avoir accompagné à chaque étape de celle-ci, me prodiguant conseils et encouragements. Malgré les multiples détours et réorientations qu’a connus ce projet, elle ne sembla jamais désespérer de le voir aboutir et je lui en sais gré. Toutes ces recherches et discussions exploratoires n’auraient été possibles, pas plus que l’accomplissement de cette thèse une fois son canevas bien arrêté, sans le soutien financier du Conseil de recherches en sciences humaines du Canada, du Fonds de recherche du Québec – Société et culture, du Régime de bourses d’études supérieures de l’Ontario et de l’Université d’Ottawa. Je désire aussi remercier Sophie et Gabriel de m’avoir hébergé à Toronto afin que j’y présente les résultats préliminaires de mes travaux et pour leurs commentaires sur des versions préliminaires de cette thèse. Merci aussi à Vincent, à Cynthia et à ma mère, Francine, pour leur relecture du manuscrit et leurs judicieuses suggestions. Toute ma gratitude à cette dernière, ainsi qu’à Hugo et Katherine, pour avoir si souvent pris soin de ma fille Margot alors que le travail m’appelait. À celle-ci, dont la naissance est venue scinder en deux blocs temporels cette entreprise, merci de m’avoir aidé, par tes rires comme par tes pleurs, à lâcher-prise chaque soir. Merci enfin à toi, Mathilde, pour ton appui indéfectible, ton écoute et tes suggestions, ta patience lorsque j’étais contrarié ou que je devais m’absenter et ton ineffable tendresse, qui chassait la grisaille. v TABLE DES MATIÈRES Résumé : ...................................................................................................................................................... iii Remerciements ............................................................................................................................................. iv INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapitre I – L’infraction d’avoir participé à un attroupement illégal à l’aune des principes légitimateurs du droit criminel moderne ................................................................................................. 10 1. La définition contemporaine de l’attroupement illégal au Canada ............................................... 11 1.1. Les éléments matériels de l’attroupement illégal ......................................................................... 12 1.2. L’élément mental de l’infraction d’attroupement illégal et la question de la participation criminelle ............................................................................................................................................. 14 2. Une apparence de non-concordance avec les principes fondateurs du droit criminel moderne 16 2.1. Les principes fondateurs du droit criminel moderne .................................................................... 17 a) La notion de mens rea ................................................................................................................. 17 b) Le principe de légalité ................................................................................................................. 20 c) Le caractère rétrospectif du droit pénal ....................................................................................... 22 2.2. Les problèmes soulevés par l’infraction d’attroupement illégal ................................................... 24 3. Question de recherche ........................................................................................................................ 26 Chapitre II – Des rues et des foules policées : vers une généalogie de l’attroupement illégal ............. 28 1. Le droit criminel, la police et la paix ................................................................................................ 28 1.1. Le pouvoir de police et la préservation de la paix publique ......................................................... 29 1.2. Le droit criminel sous l’angle du pouvoir de police ..................................................................... 33 2. Une généalogie de la notion d’«!attroupement illégal!» .................................................................. 39 2.1. Foucault et la généalogie .............................................................................................................. 40 2.2. Une «!histoire du présent!» : choix des sources et limites ............................................................ 42 Chapitre III – L’attroupement illégal en common law anglaise : une élasticité au service de la bonne police ............................................................................................................................................................ 47 1. Les infractions d’attroupement illégal et d’émeute en common law et leurs pendants législatifs .................................................................................................................................................................. 48 1.1. Une pléthore
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