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We Subscribe to No Label Studi Apologetici Per John Chipman Gray, Felix S TEORIA DEL DIRITTO E MONDO CONTEMPORANEO Luca Malagoli We Subscribe to No Label Studi apologetici per John Chipman Gray, Felix S. Cohen e Karl N. Llewellyn GENOVA RICERCA UNIVERSITY PRESS Teoria del Diritto e Mondo Contemporaneo 2 Teoria del Diritto e Mondo Contemporaneo 2 Collana diretta da: Pierluigi Chiassoni (Università di Genova) Maria Cristina Redondo Natella (Università di Genova) Giovanni Battista Ratti (Università di Genova) Comitato Scientifico Manuel Atienza (Universidad de Alicante) Mauro Barberis (Università di Trieste) Veronique Champeils-Desplats (Université Paris Ouest) Paolo Comanducci (Università di Genova) Michael Karlsson (Emerito Università dell’Islanda) Eric Millard (Université Paris Ouest) Riccardo Guastini (Emerito Università di Genova) Stanley L. Paulson (Emerito University of Kansas) Juan Ruiz Manero (Universidad de Alicante) Michel Troper (Emerito Université Paris Ouest) Collana diretta da: Luca Malagoli Pierluigi Chiassoni (Università di Genova) We Subscribe to No Label Maria Cristina Redondo Natella (Università di Genova) Studi apologetici per Giovanni Battista Ratti John Chipman Gray, Felix S. Cohen e Karl N. Llewellyn (Università di Genova) Comitato Scientifico Manuel Atienza (Universidad de Alicante) Mauro Barberis (Università di Trieste) Veronique Champeils-Desplats (Université Paris Ouest) Paolo Comanducci (Università di Genova) Michael Karlsson (Emerito Università dell’Islanda) Eric Millard (Université Paris Ouest) Riccardo Guastini (Emerito Università di Genova) Stanley L. Paulson (Emerito University of Kansas) Juan Ruiz Manero (Universidad de Alicante) Michel Troper (Emerito Université Paris Ouest) GENOVA UNIVERSITY PRESS GENOVA UNIVERSITY PRESS è il marchio editoriale dell’Università di Genova Il presente volume è stato pubblicato con il contributo dei fondi della Sezione di Filosofia e Sociologia del Diritto, Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza, Università degli Studi di Genova. Il presente volume è stato sottoposto a double blind peer-review secondo i criteri stabiliti dal protocollo UPI © 2019 GUP Gli autori rimangono a disposizione per gli eventuali diritti sulle immagini pubblicate. I diritti d’autore verranno tutelati a norma di legge. Riproduzione vietata, tutti i diritti riservati dalla legge sul diritto d’autore Realizzazione Editoriale GENOVA UNIVERSITY PRESS Via Balbi, 6 - 16126 Genova Tel. 010 20951558 - Fax 010 20951552 e-mail: [email protected] http://gup.unige.it ISBN: 978-88-94943-97-9 (versione a stampa) ISBN: 978-88-94943-98-6 (versione eBook) Finito di stampare dicembre 2019 Stampato presso il Centro Stampa Università degli Studi di Genova - Via Balbi 5, 16126 Genova e-mail: [email protected] INDICE Prefazione 9 CAPITOLO 1 Just a Name? Il realismo giuridico (e il formalismo) ai tempi del balanced realism 1.1. Beyond the Formalist/Realist Divide? Il «realismo bilanciato» secondo B.Z. Tamanaha 15 1.2. Una (modesta) proposta Materiali per una definizione del realismo giuridico americano 47 CAPITOLO 2 No Law Previous to Decision. Elementi (proto)realisti nella teoria del diritto di John Chipman Gray 2.1. Premessa 67 2.2. A Well-Nigh Insoluble Problem for Jurisprudence Gray critico della teoria della sovranità di Austin 70 2.2.1. The Social Whole, or True Sovereign Dewey critico della teoria della sovranità di Austin 91 2.2.2. A Sort of Mystic Monism Laski sul «problema della sovranità» 97 2.2.3. The Indeterminable Sovereign Un bilancio comparativo 106 2.3. A Mistake by sir Isaac Gray sulla teoria della decisione giudiziale 119 2.3.1. Justices and Umpires: una analogia pertinente? 137 2.4. The Words of Bishop Hoadly Elementi della teoria dell’interpretazione giuridica di Gray 148 2.5. To the Verge of Modernism Alcune considerazioni conclusive sulla collocazione teorico-storiografica dell’opera di Gray 159 CAPITOLO 3 The Elephant Called Law. Aspetti della Functional Jurisprudence di Felix S. Cohen 3.1. Premessa 175 3.2. A Social Event Riformulazione dei concetti giuridici fondamentali e teoria delle decisioni giudiziali nella «giurisprudenza funzionalista» di Cohen 176 3.3. Tales About the Elephant Il carattere pluralista e anti-riduzionista del funzio- nalismo coheniano 187 3.4. A Fashionable Idea? Brevi considerazioni sul funzionalismo di Cohen 200 CAPITOLO 4 The Henchman of Legal Realism. Karl N. Llewellyn e l'antropologia giuridica 4.1. Premessa 207 4.2. Thinking Like a Cheyenne La critica all'ideological approach 208 4.3. Cleaning Up Social Messes Il metodo dei casi problematici e la Law-Jobs Theory 217 4.4. A Short but Significative Step Llewellyn, Cohen e la Functionalist View 233 Riferimenti bibliografici 249 PREFAZIONE Come avverte il sottotitolo1 del presente volume, i sag- gi qui raccolti trovano il loro principale filo conduttore in un comune intento apologetico. I tre autori – Gray, Cohen e Llewellyn– su cui l’indagine si concentra, infatti, oltre ad essere accostabili (pur se a differente titolo, come si vedrà) al realismo giuridico americano, condividono altresì analoghe e talora ingrate sorti storiografiche. Indubbiamente, si tratta di autori non certo ignoti alla let- teratura giuridico-filosofica e, anzi, in qualche modo, ̔classici ̓ (l’aggettivo calza, in particolare, a Llewellyn). Tuttavia, piut- tosto curiosamente, tale status non impedisce, come si avrà modo di mettere in luce, che elementi significativi della loro opera siano oggetto di fraintendimenti, sottovalutazioni più o meno drastiche e, talvolta, liquidazioni più o meno sommarie. Ciò è particolarmente evidente nel caso di John Chip- man Gray. Dall’ammissibilità della sua (frequente) colloca- zione teorico-storiografica fra gli antecedents del realismo giuridico americano alla valutazione del suo apporto giusfi- losofico, svariate sono le controversie che circondano il suo lavoro, attorno al quale si registra un ben scarso consensus doctorum e su cui non mancano, peraltro, giudizi inclementi e bilanci impietosi. 1 Del quale, peraltro, sono debitore a Pierluigi Chiassoni. 9 Il capitolo dedicato all’autore ambisce, pertanto, a mettere ordine nel dibattito relativo e, dissipati taluni equivoci, a dar conto della (complessa) collocazione di Gray rispetto al realismo giuridico americano e alla sua genesi, nonché a mettere in risalto gli apporti della sua opera che, con buona pace di critici tanto severi quanto, forse, eccessivamente frettolosi, hanno maggior rilievo giusfilosofico. Critiche severe (e, a tratti, impietose) non sono man- cate neppure nei confronti di alcuni degli scritti più noti di Felix S. Cohen e del functional approach di cui l’autore si faceva ivi propugnatore. Come si vedrà, persino uno stu- dioso del realismo giuridico americano attento e sofistica- to quale Brian Leiter, nel riscattare i realisti dalle celebri critiche hartiane, afferma però che il solo autore a cui esse possono applicarsi sarebbe proprio Cohen medesimo, reo di aver proposto una versione platealmente indifendibile del rule-skepticism, nonché di aver mutuato con disinvol- ta superficialità e scarso profitto il metodo funzionalista dal dibattito nelle scienze sociali a lui coevo. Un “funzionalismo estremo” e ingenuo sarebbe al- tresì ravvisabile, a parere di studiosi come Hunt, nella law-jobs theory di Llewellyn, una delle cui più cospicue e ambiziose applicazioni è ravvisabile in The Cheyenne Way (1941), lo studio del diritto cheyenne che, a dispetto dello scetticismo di gran parte della comunità antropolo- gica, Llewellyn e l’antropologo Hoebel svolsero con suc- cesso negli anni ‘30. 10 Prefazione A dispetto delle critiche menzionate, i capitoli dedi- cati rispettivamente a Cohen e a Llewellyn si sforzano di mostrare che, sia pure con obiettivi ed esiti assai diversi, entrambi gli autori non si sono, in realtà, limitati ad una superficiale adesione al funzionalismo di matrice mali- nowskiana, bensì ne hanno proposto versioni rivisitate e acutamente consapevoli dei limiti e delle difficoltà che viziavano talune declinazioni del “primo” funzionalismo. In tal senso, riprendendo e sviluppando osservazioni for- mulate da Twining in merito alla law-jobs theory di Karl N. Llewellyn, nei capitoli in questione cercherò di porre in rilievo (con talune, inevitabili sovrapposizioni e ripeti- zioni che il lettore vorrà perdonare) quegli elementi del- le proposte dei due autori che paiono accostabili a talune delle critiche dell’hard functionalism successivamente svolte da Robert K. Merton2. Oltre che dei tre capitoli sin qui brevemente richia- mati, il volume consta inoltre di un capitolo introduttivo in cui, sulla scorta dell’analisi critica di un noto lavoro di Brian Z. Tamanaha sul (preteso) superamento della distin- zione fra «formalismo» e «realismo», si tenta un bilancio ragionato del vasto e complesso dibattito sulla nozione di «realismo giuridico americano», formulando altresì (a titolo di modesta proposta) alcune tesi che aspirano a evi- denziare un nucleo teorico minimo, comune agli autori ascrivibili all’american legal realism e, dunque, in grado di rendere meno fantasmatica tale etichetta. 2 In Merton 1968: 73-138. 11 Prima di concludere questa breve prefazione, solo al- cune righe per ingraziare almeno alcune delle persone che, in vari modi, mi hanno aiutato nella stesura del volume. In particolare, una prima versione del capitolo su Cohen è sta- ta presentata e discussa nel wokshop Fonti e Giurisdizione, coordinato da Vito Velluzzi e Giovanni Cosi nell’ambito del XXXI Congresso Nazionale della Società Italiana di Filosofia del diritto, tenutosi presso l’Università degli Stu- di di Bergamo nei giorni 13-15 settembre
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