Agricultural Ethics

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Agricultural Ethics COUNCIL FORFOR AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURAL SCIENCE SCIENCE AND AND TECHNOLOGY—1 TECHNOLOGY NUMBER 29 FEBRUARY 2005 AGRICULTURAL ETHICS TASK FORCE MEMBERS: Jeffrey Burkhardt, Chair, Department of Food and Resource Eco- INTRODUCTION commented on the importance It is widely known that nomics, University of Florida, Gainesville; Gary of agricultural knowledge in agriculture has a long history. Comstock, Department of Philosophy and Reli- the quest for the “good life” by Starting approximately 12,000 gion, North Carolina State University, Raleigh; the individual and the polity. years ago, the domestication Peter G. Hartel, Department of Crop and Soil The fundamental value of ag- of plants and animals began riculture was highlighted by Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens; Paul independently in several dif- Enlightenment thinkers from ferent places, including cen- B. Thompson, Department of Philosophy, Michi- John Locke to Thomas ters in West Asia, East Asia, gan State University, East Lansing; REVIEWERS: Jefferson, who underscored Central America, and South Maarten J. Chrispeels, Center for Molecular Ag- the political, economic, and America. Domestication also riculture, University of California–San Diego; philosophical importance of may have occurred in other Charles C. Muscoplat, College of Agricultural, “tillers of the soil” (Spiegel locations, although convinc- Food and Environmental Sciences, University of 1991). In the United States, ing archeological evidence problems faced by farmers Minnesota, St. Paul; Robert Streiffer, Department has not been found. In the became the focus of the nine- domestication process, hu- of Philosophy, Department of Medical History and teenth-century Populists, and mans manipulated animals, Bioethics, Department of Medical Sciences, Uni- their legacy continues today. plants, and the environment in versity of Wisconsin Suffice it to say that agricul- various ways to increase the ture has long been the focus of availability of the desirable species and desired traits of questions about values, priorities, practices, and policies. these species (Anderson n.d.). In the late twentieth century, systematic thinking It is less widely known that religious, political, and about the values and norms associated with the food sys- philosophical reflection on agriculture and the environ- tem—farming, resource management, food processing, ment also has a long history. Early in the Hebrew Bible distribution, trade, and consumption—came to be referred (or Old Testament), God promised the children of Israel to as agricultural ethics. Agricultural ethics incorporates an abundance of land flowing with milk and honey (Deut. elements of philosophical ethical analysis with concerns 3:8; 15:4); the Bible also prohibited the acquisition of about particular issue areas that arise in connection with small farms by large landowners (Lev. 25:13, as noted the food system. As practiced by philosophers and schol- in Spiegel 1991). Centuries later, the Greek philosopher ars from religious studies, the social sciences, and the ag- Plato discussed the importance of reconstructing agricul- ricultural disciplines themselves, agricultural ethics has ture after the mythical Deluge, and his student Aristotle grown from the work of a handful of philosophically trained individuals in U.S. land-grant institutions to a This material is based upon work supported by the Unit- large, worldwide collection of academics, scholars, farm- ed States Department of Agriculture under Grant No. 2004- ers, policymakers, and activists, thinking and writing 34531-14969. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or about these issues. In this paper, the authors examine the recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views of the USDA or nature of ethics as applied to agriculture (as well as the the Iowa State University. environment), discuss briefly how ethical concepts and COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY—2 tools can address several issue areas in the food system, reflection even by believers, are ethically wrong: torture, comment on how consideration of agricultural ethics genocide, and suicide are prime examples. Thus, al- might be institutionalized, and provide a glossary to help though many ethical prescriptions and proscriptions may be taught and fostered through religions, there are ethi- those interested in these issues navigate through the topic cal “rights” and “wrongs” that are independent of any of ethics as applied to the world of agriculture. religious tradition. Historically, some thinkers have tried to base ethics ETHICS1 on science (see Huxley [1888] 2001). The sciences are Ethics, simply put, refers to the rightness or wrong- descriptive disciplines aimed at explaining and predict- ness of actions. Persons, groups, or institutions act ethi- ing natural laws and regularities that in fact govern the cally when they do “the right thing,” and act wrongly behavior and relationships of objects in the natural world. when they do “the wrong thing.” Obviously, one of the Ethics, on the other hand, is a normative discipline aimed first problems encountered when thinking about ethics is at prescribing conduct and articulating moral rules or “What makes actions right or wrong?” This thinking is principles that ought to govern human behavior. There referred to as the problem of finding ethical standards or are scientific questions one can answer without having criteria. to think about ethics at all. Although few ethical ques- In some people’s minds, right and wrong are defined tions can be resolved without accurate scientific informa- by the laws a country enacts or adopts to protect life, lib- tion, ethics cannot be based solely on science (see Hume erty, or property. But the law is not always a good guide [1777] 1975). As most contemporary ethicists would put to ethics, because some activities are legal yet unethical it, one cannot derive “ought” from “is.” Whether the is- (e.g., occasional psychological abuse of one’s spouse) sue is the legitimacy of government farm subsidies, the whereas other activities are illegal and yet not unethical role of the international community in addressing issues (e.g., driving over the speed limit in an emergency). Ethi- of world hunger, or the safety of genetically modified cal criteria are distinct from the law, although laws fre- organisms (GMOs), ethics demands that people come to quently follow or embody certain ethical criteria (e.g., answers about what they ought or ought not do, what it laws against murder or against “cruel and unusual pun- is right or wrong to do. ishment”). Now it is true that people have different opinions on Other people find the basis of ethics in customs or farm subsidies, solving world hunger, and GMOs. When culture. But there are things certain people condone that people disagree about such issues, they invariably invoke are not ethically permissible on any rational criteria (e.g., arguments, explicitly or implicitly, to support their opin- torturing some citizens for the entertainment of the masses ions. Part of ethics, therefore, is the study of arguments— or engaging in slave trade). There also are activities some premises, conclusions, and the validity of moving from people engage in that are culturally “wrong” but not un- premises a, b, and c to conclusion d. Ultimately, a major ethical (e.g., not removing one’s shoes when entering a goal of agricultural ethics is to discover or develop clear, traditional Japanese home). Clearly, there are connec- noncontradictory, comprehensive, and universal stan- tions between a culture’s customs and ethics, but general dards for judging right and wrong actions and policies. ethical standards cannot be based on customs. Customs By analyzing arguments and positions on ethical issues, and cultures vary tremendously around the world, and one begins to develop a better understanding of the cri- ethical criteria should be, at least in general terms, teria or standards that should govern one’s actions and “universal.” lead to judgments about what counts as ethically right and Yet other people want to base ethics on religion. wrong. Historically, ethics and religion have been aligned closely because the ethical values of many cultures have evolved A METHOD FOR ADDRESSING ETHICAL within religious traditions. These traditions have been ISSUES2 prime repositories, incubators, and champions of virtue and moral character. But what is ethically right or wrong Ethical arguments often center on “harms.” People is not necessarily identical to what a particular religion are concerned about actual or possible harm to persons or other living beings from a given action or policy. teaches. Indeed, religions conflict with one another over ethical obligations; for example, Hindus believe it is ethi- Harmful actions may or may not be justified. Whether cally wrong to kill cattle, whereas the Judeo–Christian harms are justified is a question that ethicists try to an- swer by working methodically through a series of steps: tradition has no such prohibition (Linzey and Yamamoto 1998). Moreover, throughout history, religions have • What is the harm under consideration? How signifi- called on their adherents to engage in actions that, on cant (tangible or intangible, severe or trivial) is the 1This section is based on Comstock 2000a, “An Alternative 2This section is based on Comstock 2001, “Ethics and Genetically Ethic for Animals,” and is used with permission of the publisher. Modified Foods,”
Recommended publications
  • Crop Histories
    Crop Histories by Raoul A. Robinson Second edition, revised Sharebooks Publishing © Raoul A. Robinson, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2007. Permission to Reproduce. Any person, library, or organisation may download, print, photocopy or otherwise reproduce this book for purposes of private study, and do so free of legal or financial liability. However, this book is copyrighted and may not be reproduced in any form for purposes of financial gain without prior permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief passages in connection with a review for inclusion in a journal, magazine, or newspaper. If a copy of this book is given free of charge to a third person then it must contain this copyright notice in full. This book is also available as shareware: anyone may download it, and may make an entirely voluntary contribution, by way of compensation to the author and publisher, via www.sharebooks.ca on the internet. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Robinson, Raoul A. Crop histories / by Raoul A. Robinson. -- 2nd ed., rev. Also available in electronic format. ISBN 978-0-9783634-5-1 1. Crops--History. 2. Agriculture--History. I. Title. SB71.R63 2007 630.9 C2007-905620-2 List of Contents 2 The Wild Ecosystem..................................................................................... 12 The Importance of Grass........................................................................... 13 The Carrying Capacity of the Environment.............................................. 14 Three Brutal
    [Show full text]
  • Historiographies of Plant Breeding and Agriculture LSE Research Online URL for This Paper: Version: Accepted Version
    Historiographies of Plant Breeding and Agriculture LSE Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/101334/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Berry, Dominic J. (2019) Historiographies of Plant Breeding and Agriculture. In: Dietrich, Michael, Borrello, Mark and Harman, Oren, (eds.) Handbook of the Historiography of Biology. Springer. ISBN 9783319901183 (In Press) Reuse Items deposited in LSE Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the LSE Research Online record for the item. [email protected] https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ Historiographies of Plant Breeding and Agriculture Dominic J. Berry London School of Economics There are unique opportunities that plant breeding and agriculture offer the historian of biology, and unique ways in which the historian of biology can inform the history of plant breeding and agriculture (Harwood, 2006. Phillips and Kingsland, 2015). There are also of course questions and challenges that the study of agricultural sites share with the study of other biological sites, such as those in medicine (Wilmot 2007. Woods et al. 2018), the environment (Agar and Ward 2018), and non-agricultural industries (Bud 1993). Indeed, in some instances the agricultural, medical, environmental, and biologically industrial will be one and the same. This is to say nothing of what agricultural sites share in common with histories of science beyond biology, but that is a broader discussion I can only mention in passing (Parolini 2015).
    [Show full text]
  • The Origin of Agriculture.Pdf
    The Origin & History of Agriculture 5. The realization of choice plants growing near camp could have led to experimental “farming”. With more and more successes they could have cultivated more and more plants. From earliest times human distributions have been correlated with the distribution of plants. The history and development of agriculture is intimately related to the development of civilization. For last 6. They became increasingly dependent on such activities. Staying in one place also meant fewer 30-40,000 yrs (advent of cromagnon) very little physical evolution is evident in fossil record but there hazards, more leisure time, greater population size and a much more sedentary lifestyle. has been tremendous cultural evolution. The advent of stationary human societies and consequent development of civilization were possible only after the establishment of agriculture. Humans did not 7. Such sedentary lifestyle would have promoted other important changes: the accumulation of “put down roots” and remain in one place until they learned to cultivate the land and collect and store material goods, a division of labor, not everyone needed to be farmers, people became agricultural crops. The origin of agriculture provided “release time” for the development of art, specialists as potters, weavers, tanners, artisans and scholars writing, culture and technology. 8. Biological evolution was supersceded by “cultural” evolution; advanced civilizations rapidly Hunter Gatherers evolved The earliest humans lived in small bands of several families (up to 50 or so). For over a million years Earliest Agriculture (paleolithic or old stone age) humans obtained food by hunting wild animals and gathering plants. They depended almost completely on the local environment for their sustenance.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Agriculture.Pdf
    Origin of Agriculture for over 1 M years (paleolithic or old stone age) from earliest times human distributions have been humans obtained food by hunting wild animals and correlated with the distribution of plants gathering plants the history and development of agriculture is depended almost completely on the local environment intimately related to the development of civilization such hunter gathering societies existed extensively until 10,000 yrs ago for last 30-40,000 yrs (advent of cromagnon) very !a few isolated groups continue to this day little physical evolution is evident in fossil record Paleolithic cultures were nomadic by necessity but tremendous cultural evolution wandered as small family groups in search of the advent of stationary human societies and game and edible plants consequent development of civilization were meat was their primary source of protein possible only after the establishment of agriculture sugars & many vitamins were provided by fruits & humans did not “put down roots” and remain in berries one place until they learned to cultivate the starches from roots and seed land and collect and store agricultural crops oils and vitamins from nuts the origin of agriculture provided “release time” for as seasons changed, nomadic peoples moved on the development of art, writing, culture, followed game, gathering plants available technology, etc Origin & History of Agriculture Hunter Gatherers agriculture seems to have arisen in temperate regions the earliest humans lived in small bands of several before it showed up in the tropics families (up to 50 or so) ! no shortage of food in tropics Human Ecology: Agricultural Resources; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2009 1 Human Ecology: Agricultural Resources; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2009 2 most ancestors of domesticated crops come from 3.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Groningen Mind and Soil Rosales Carreón, Jesus
    University of Groningen Mind and soil Rosales Carreón, Jesus IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2012 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Rosales Carreón, J. (2012). Mind and soil. University of Groningen, SOM research school. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 23-09-2021 Mind and Soil Knowledge Aspects of Sustainable Agriculture Jesús Rosales Carreón Publisher: University of Groningen Groningen, The Netherlands Printer: Ipskamp Drukkers B.V. Enschede, The Netherlands ISBN: 978-90-367-5558-0(book) 978-90-367-5559-7 (e-book) © 2012 Jesús Rosales Carreón All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system of any nature, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying or recording, without prior written permission of the author.
    [Show full text]
  • 150 Years of Research at the United States Department of Agriculture
    United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service 150 Years of Research at June 2013 the United States Department of Agriculture: Plant Introduction and Breeding I Cover photo: The stately building that once housed the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C., ca. 1890. (This photo is preserved in the USDA History Collection, Special Collections, National Agricultural Library.) II United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service 150 Years of Research at June 2013 the United States Department of Agriculture: Plant Introduction and Breeding R.J. Griesbach Griesbach is Deputy Assistant Administrator, Office of Technology Transfer, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD. i Abstract Griesbach, R.J. 2013. 150 Years of Research at the While supplies last, single copies of this publication United States Department of Agriculture: can be obtained at no cost from Robert J. Griesbach, Plant Introduction and Breeding. U.S. Department USDA-ARS, Office of Technology Transfer, 5601 of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Sunnyside Avenue, Room 4-1159, Beltsville, MD Washington, DC. 20705; or by email at [email protected]. The U.S. Department of Agriculture celebrated its Copies of this publication may be purchased in various 150th anniversary in 2012. One of the primary formats (microfiche, photocopy, CD, print on demand) functions of the USDA when it was established in 1862 from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 was “to procure, propagate, and distribute among the people new Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161, (800) 553- and valuable seeds and plants.” The U.S. Government first 6847, www.ntis.gov. became involved in new plant introductions in 1825 when President John Quincy Adams directed U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Forage Crop Production - Masahiko Hirata
    THE ROLE OF FOOD, AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES IN HUMAN NUTRITION – Vol. I - Forage Crop Production - Masahiko Hirata FORAGE CROP PRODUCTION Masahiko Hirata Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan Keywords: agricultural revolution, alternative agriculture, bio-diversity, cover crop, fallow, forage crop, grass, green manure, hay, legume, mixed farming, root crop, rotation system, seed industry, silage. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Early Recognition of the Importance of Forage 3. Early Use of Forage Crops 4. The Dark Ages 5. The Great Progress 5.1. The European Agricultural Revolution 5.2. The Contribution of Forage Crops to the Development of Mixed Farming 5.3. The Dispersion of Forage Crops throughout Europe 5.4. Global Dispersion of Forage Crops: the First Stage 5.4.1. Temperate Grasses 5.4.2. Temperate Legumes 5.4.3. Tropical and Subtropical Grasses 5.4.4. Tropical and Subtropical Legumes 5.5. The Rise of the Forage Seed Industry 6. The Modern Era 6.1. The Development of Plant Improvement 6.1.1. Temperate Forages in Great Britain 6.1.2. Buffelgrass in Australia 6.1.3. Bermudagrass in USA 6.1.4. Wheatgrasses and Wildryes in the USA and Canada 6.2. The Growth of the Forage Seed Industry 6.3. Global Dispersion of Forage Crops: the Second Stage 6.3.1. Temperate Grasses 6.3.2. Tropical and Subtropical Grasses 6.3.3. Tropical and Subtropical Legumes 6.4. ForagesUNESCO in the Growing Industrialized – Agriculture EOLSS 6.5. Forages in the Rise and Growth of Environmental Issues 7. The Future SAMPLE CHAPTERS Acknowledgements Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary The history of forage crops can be traced back to about 1300 BC when alfalfa was cultivated in Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Agriculture in the United States Beginning with the Seventeenth Century
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies Nebraska Academy of Sciences 1977 The History of Agriculture in the United States Beginning With the Seventeenth Century Elvin F. Frolik University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas Frolik, Elvin F., "The History of Agriculture in the United States Beginning With the Seventeenth Century" (1977). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies. 453. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/453 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nebraska Academy of Sciences at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societiesy b an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. THE HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES BEGINNING WITH THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ELVIN F. FROLIK Professor of Agronomy University of Nebraska-Lincoln 68588 INTRODUCTION stone or wood, and used wood for heating and cooking. The purpose of this paper is to summarize important Agricultural exports were vital to the well-being of the historical developments in agriculture in what is now the colonial farmer. Increasing distances from seaports and cities, United States, from the earliest colonial times to the present. combined with poor transportation facilities, often resulted In terms of the length of time of human history on this world, in low profits and limited the choices of what the farmer could this period is so short as to seem almost insignificant.
    [Show full text]
  • Reader 19 05 19 V75 Timeline Pagination
    Plant Trivia TimeLine A Chronology of Plants and People The TimeLine presents world history from a botanical viewpoint. It includes brief stories of plant discovery and use that describe the roles of plants and plant science in human civilization. The Time- Line also provides you as an individual the opportunity to reflect on how the history of human interaction with the plant world has shaped and impacted your own life and heritage. Information included comes from secondary sources and compila- tions, which are cited. The author continues to chart events for the TimeLine and appreciates your critique of the many entries as well as suggestions for additions and improvements to the topics cov- ered. Send comments to planted[at]huntington.org 345 Million. This time marks the beginning of the Mississippian period. Together with the Pennsylvanian which followed (through to 225 million years BP), the two periods consti- BP tute the age of coal - often called the Carboniferous. 136 Million. With deposits from the Cretaceous period we see the first evidence of flower- 5-15 Billion+ 6 December. Carbon (the basis of organic life), oxygen, and other elements ing plants. (Bold, Alexopoulos, & Delevoryas, 1980) were created from hydrogen and helium in the fury of burning supernovae. Having arisen when the stars were formed, the elements of which life is built, and thus we ourselves, 49 Million. The Azolla Event (AE). Hypothetically, Earth experienced a melting of Arctic might be thought of as stardust. (Dauber & Muller, 1996) ice and consequent formation of a layered freshwater ocean which supported massive prolif- eration of the fern Azolla.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Biotechnology Timeline
    PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY TIMELINE Plant biotechnology is a precise process in which scientific 1960s: After decades of work, Norman Borlaug creates techniques are used to develop more plants. Many researchers dwarf wheat that increases yields by 70 percent, view plant biotechnology as the next step in the refinement of launching the Green Revolution that helps save millions genetic enhancement techniques that began thousands of of lives. years ago with the domestication of wild plants for food production. 1973: Stanley Cohen and Hubert Boyer successfully splice a gene from one organism and move it into another, launching the modern biotechnology era. 4000 BC-1600 AD: Early farmers, like those in Egypt and the Americas, saved seeds from plants that produced 1978: Boyer's lab creates a synthetic version of the the best crops and planted them the next year to grow human insulin gene. even better crops. 1982: The first biotech plant is produced — a tobacco 1700-1720: Thomas Fairchild, the forgotten father of the plant resistant to an antibiotic. The breakthrough paves flower garden, creates Europe's first hybrid plant. the way for beneficial traits, such as insect resistance, to be transferred to plants. 1866: Austrian monk Gregor Mendel publishes important work on heredity that describes how plant 1985: Field trials for biotech plants that are resistant to characteristics are passed from generation to generation. insects, viruses and bacteria are held in the United States. 1870-1890: Plant researchers cross-breed cotton to 1986: The EPA (Enviromental Protection Agency) develop hundreds of new varieties with superior qualities. approves the release of the first crop produced through biotechnology — tobacco plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Piero De'crescenzi's Liber Ruralium Commodorum: Unearthing the Origins of the Pleasure Garden
    Piero de'Crescenzi's Liber ruralium commodorum: Unearthing the Origins of the Pleasure Garden Johanna Elizabeth Bauman Charlottesville, Virginia B.A., George Mason University, 1989 M.A,. University of Virginia, 1995 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy McIntire Department of Art University of Virginia May 2000 - II - ABSTRACT Piere de' Crescenzi's Liber ruralium commodorum, which was completed around 1306 and consists of twelve books, was the first major treatise on agriculture written in the middle ages. Although it is often mentioned in histories of medieval and Renaissance gardens, because it contains descriptions of pleasure gardens, there has never been a consideration of the pleasure garden descriptions in the context of the treatise as a whole. The main purpose of this dissertation is to recontextualize the role of the pleasure garden in an agricultural estate, by considering the relationship of Crescenzi's descriptions of pleasure gardens to the remaining agricultural books of the treatise. The dissertation begins with a consideration of Crescenzi's social, political, and intellectual backgrounds and how these influenced his decision to write a treatise on agriculture. Having placed Crescenzi in the context of the thirteenth­ century encyclopaedic tradition, the treatise is then summarized, making special reference to the sources Crescenzi employed, which include Roman agricultural writers, and treatises on medicine and the natural sciences, among others. This summary, which reveals the breadth of Crescenzi's undertaking and begins to demonstrate how the pleasure garden relates to Crescenzi's endeavor, is followed by an exploration of the prevailing definition of art and of - III - agriculture, which includes a consideration of the status of agriculture in the medieval hierarchy of the arts.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblioqraphy & Natural History
    BIBLIOQRAPHY & NATURAL HISTORY Essays presented at a Conference convened in June 1964 by Thomas R. Buckman Lawrence, Kansas 1966 University of Kansas Libraries University of Kansas Publications Library Series, 27 Copyright 1966 by the University of Kansas Libraries Library of Congress Catalog Card number: 66-64215 Printed in Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A., by the University of Kansas Printing Service. Introduction The purpose of this group of essays and formal papers is to focus attention on some aspects of bibliography in the service of natural history, and possibly to stimulate further studies which may be of mutual usefulness to biologists and historians of science, and also to librarians and museum curators. Bibli• ography is interpreted rather broadly to include botanical illustration. Further, the intent and style of the contributions reflects the occasion—a meeting of bookmen, scientists and scholars assembled not only to discuss specific examples of the uses of books and manuscripts in the natural sciences, but also to consider some other related matters in a spirit of wit and congeniality. Thus we hope in this volume, as in the conference itself, both to inform and to please. When Edwin Wolf, 2nd, Librarian of the Library Company of Phila• delphia, and then Chairman of the Rare Books Section of the Association of College and Research Libraries, asked me to plan the Section's program for its session in Lawrence, June 25-27, 1964, we agreed immediately on a theme. With few exceptions, we noted, the bibliography of natural history has received little attention in this country, and yet it is indispensable to many biologists and to historians of the natural sciences.
    [Show full text]