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New Record of Three Species of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), with a Key to the Species Reported from Iran

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New Record of Three Species of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), with a Key to the Species Reported from Iran J. Crop Prot. 2016, 5 (4): 565-579______________________________________________________ doi: 10.18869/modares.jcp.5.4.565 Research Article New record of three species of Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 (Nematoda: Anguinidae), with a key to the species reported from Iran Mehrab Esmaeili and Ramin Heydari* Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Abstract: Fifteen species of the genus Ditylenchus were recovered and identified from Kermanshah province, western Iran. Morphological and morphometric characters of three known species namely D. filimus, D. hexaglyphus and D. nanus, being new records for Iran’s nematode fauna, are given and discussed. Ditylenchus filimus is characterized by having a short stylet (7-8 µm), four lines in lateral fields, well-developed and valvate median bulb, and the typical female tail ending to a filamentous process. D. hexaglyphus, is characterized by having a short stylet (6.5-8.0 µm), six lines in lateral fields, not developed and non-valvate median bulb, and conoid tail with rounded tip. D. nanus, is characterised by having a short stylet (6-7 µm), six lines in lateral fields, median bulb well-developed and valvate, and tail conoid with finely rounded tip. A dichotomous key for identification of the species occurring in Iran is also provided. Keywords: Ditylenchus filimus, D. hexaglyphus, D. nanus, identification, morphology, taxonomy Introduction12 nature of metacorpus (Brzeski, 1981; Fortuner & Maggenti, 1987; Siddiqi, 2000; Andrássy, 2007). The genus Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 was The former (Ditylenchus) has a well-developed, Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 15:09 IRST on Saturday October 9th 2021 erected for D. dipsaci (Kühn, 1857) Filipjev, muscular and valvate median bulb, whereas 1936 as type species of the genus. Species of the Nothotylenchus has a valveless and non- genus are mostly common in temperate zones, developed median bulb (Siddiqi, 2000; including the Mediterranean Basin (Vovlas et al., Andrássy, 2007). Fortuner and Maggenti (1987) 2011). Among more than 60 species presently considered Nothotylenchus as a junior synonym recognized under the genus Ditylenchus (Siddiqi, of Ditylenchus. Later, Brzeski (1991) followed 2000; Vovlas et al., 2011; Vovlas et al., 2015), Fortuner and Maggenti’s (op. cit.) scheme and only a few are parasites of higher plants, while placed all species under Ditylenchus. Here, we the majority of species are mycophagous follow Fortuner and Maggenti’s classification (Sturhan & Brzeski, 1991). The two genera scheme, since there is not enough available Ditylenchus and Nothotylechus Thorne, 1941 are molecular data for supporting this synonymy. morphologically closely related (Siddiqi, 2000), The number of valid species is uncertain pending but have separated from each other based on the a thorough review of the genus, additional material being necessary for molecular analyses. Handling Editor: Majid Pedram To date, 26 species of Ditylenchus have been ________________________________ reported in different localities in Iran (Ghaderi et * Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] al., 2012; Tanha Maafi et al., 2013; Pachenari Received: 17 January 2016, Accepted: 17 September 2016 Published online: 13 November 2016 Torghabei et al., 2014; Miraeiz et al., 2014; 565 Three species of Ditylenchus from Iran ______________________________________________ J. Crop Prot. Mirshekari and Abdollahi, 2014; Esmaili et al., glycerin using De Grisse’s (1969) method. 2015). In order to find more species of plant Permanent slides were prepared and studied using parasitic nematodes associated with orchard a light Olympus BH-2 microscope. Measurements plants, a survey was conducted in Kermanshah and drawings were made using a drawing tube province, western Iran. As a result, several attached to the microscope. Species were identified nematode species were identified, three of which using available identification key (Brzeski, 1991) belonging to the genus Ditylenchus and and original descriptions. The used morphometric representing new records for Iran’s nematode indexes and abbreviations in morphometric tables fauna are illustrated and their characters and (Tables 2-4) are according to Siddiqi (2000). tentative differences with the data given in their original descriptions or with the data in other Results and Discussion reports are discussed in present study. In total, fifteen species belonging to the genus Ditylenchus (see table 1), were collected and Materials and Methods identified in present study. Among them, three species namely D. filimus Anderson, 1983, D. Sampling, extracting, mounting and drawing hexaglypheus (Khan and Siddiqi, 1968) Soil and root samples were randomly collected Fortuner and Maggenti, 1987 and D. nanus from the rhizosphere of orchard plants in Siddiqi, 1963 were new records for Iran’s Kermanshah province, western Iran during nematode fauna. The morphological and November 2013 to January 2014. The nematodes morphometric characters of these three species were recovered from the soil samples by using the as well as their comparisons with other reports rapid centrifugal-flotation method (Jenkins, 1964) worldwide are discussed below. and tray method (Whitehead and Hemming, 1965). Specimens to be observed under light microscopy Iranian population of Ditylenchus filimus (LM) were heat-killed by adding hot 4% Anderson, 1983 formaldehyde solution and processed to pure (Figs 1 and 2; Table 2) Table 1 Ditylenchus species recovered from soil and root samples in Kermanshah province in the present study. Ditylenchus species Locality Associated plants (Iranian Western Cities) Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 15:09 IRST on Saturday October 9th 2021 D. acutatus Brzeski, 1991 Ghasr-e Shirin Grapevine D. anchilisposomus (Tarjan, 1958) Fortuner, 1982 Ghasr-e Shirin Prunus D. dipsaci (Kiihn, 1857) Filipjev, 1936 Gilan-e Gharb Grapevine D. exilis Brzeski, 1984 Vizh-e Nan Olive D. filimus* Anderson, 198 Gilan-e Gharb Apple D. hexaglyphus* (Khan and Siddiqi, 1968) Fortuner and Maggenti, 1987 Ghasr-e Shirin Palm D. kheirii Fortuner and Maggenti, 1987 Sarpol-e Zehab Ficus D. longicauda Geraert: and Choi, 1988 Sarpol-e Zehab Prunus D. medians (Thorne and Malek, 1968) Fortuner and Maggenti, 1987 Gilan-e Gharb Olive D. medicaginis Wasilewska, 1965 Eslam Abad-e Gharb Grapevine D. myceliophagus Goodey, 1958 Vizh-e Nan Apple D. nanus* Siddiqi, 1963 Gilan-e Gharb Juglans D. persicus Esmaili, Heydari, Castillo and Palomares-Rius Gilan-e Gharb Grapevine D. triformis Hirschmann and Sasser, 1955 Eslam Abad-e Gharb Grapevine D. valveus Thorne and Malek, 1968 Gilan-e Gharb Punicae * New record for Iran’s nematode fauna. 566 Esmaeili and Heydari_______________________________________________ J. Crop Prot. (2016) Vol. 5 (4) Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 15:09 IRST on Saturday October 9th 2021 Figure 1 Ditylenchus filimus from Kermanshah province, western Iran. A: Female entire body; B: Female anterior end; C: Lateral lines; D: Pharyngeal region; E: Reproductive system; F: Vulva to body end; G: Female posterior body (tail). (All scale-bars 20 µm, except A which is 40 µm). 567 Three species of Ditylenchus from Iran ______________________________________________ J. Crop Prot. Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 15:09 IRST on Saturday October 9th 2021 Figure 2 Light micrographs of three Ditylenchus species reported from Kermanshah province, western Iran. D. nanus,. A: Basal pharyngeal region and showing excretory pore; E: Vulval region; H: Lateral field; L: Female posterior body end). D. hexaglyphus, B: Median bulb of pharynx; C: Basal pharyngeal region and showing excretory pore; F: Vulva region; I: Lateral field; M: Female posterior body end. D. filimus, D: Basal pharyngeal region and showing excretory pore; G: Vulva region; J: Lateral field; K: Female posterior body end. (All scale- bars 10 µm, except F & K: 20 µm). 568 Esmaeili and Heydari_______________________________________________ J. Crop Prot. (2016) Vol. 5 (4) Table 2 Morphometric data of Iranian population of Ditylenchus filimus from Kermanshah province, western Iran and its comparison with other populations. Characters\Origin Present study Anderson, 1983 Brzeski, 1991 Female Female Male Female n 8 17 1 3 L 592 ± 39.8 (410-806) 718 ± 46 (619-788) 684 660 (585-774) a 25.8 ± 4.3 (22.4-35.2) 29 ± 2.7 (24-31) 31 38 (34-42) b 5.6 ± 1.0 (4.4-7.3) 7.3 ± 0.5 (6.3-8.3) 6.1 6.0 (5.6-6.5) c 10.6 ± 1.9 (7.5-12.4) 10 ± 0.5 (9.4-11.2) 10.1 9.5 (8.7-10.2) c' 4.5 ± 0.9 (3.1-5.7) 5.2 ± 0.7 (4.3-6.4) 3.8 6.2 (5.8-6.5) V or T 81.2 ± 1.7 (79.2-84.0) 84 ± 1.0 (83-85) - 81 Stylet 7.3 ± 0.5 (7.0-8.0) 8.0 (7-9) 8 7.5-8.0 Excretory Pore 88.6 ± 9.8 (77.0-105) 98 ± 4.6 (89-106) 91 91 (84-96) Pharynx 110 ± 11.2 (93-130) 99 ± 4.6 (88-105) 107 108 (103-118) VBW 19.6 ± 3.7 (16.0-25.0) - - - PUS 17.5 ± 3.4 (13-23) 16 ± 2 (13-28) - - PUS/VBW 0.9 ± 0.2 (0.6-1.2) 0.7 (0.5-0.9) - 0.8-1.1 Tail 56.4 ± 10.6 (40.0-74.0) 72 ± 4.6 (62-78) ?? 67-71 Tail/anal body width 4.1 ± 0.8 (3.5-5.0) - - Spicules - - 29 - Gubernaculum - - 7 - Measurements are in µm. Female. Body cylindrical, robust, almost straight, opposite to base of pharyngeal basal bulb. sometimes slightly ventrally curved when heat- Hemizonid distinct, about 2-3 body annuli wide, Downloaded from jcp.modares.ac.ir at 15:09 IRST on Saturday October 9th 2021 killed. Lip region low, continuous with body just anterior to excretory pore. Reproductive tract contour, 3.0-3.5 µm high and 5-6 µm wide at the monodelphic-prodelphic, occupying 45.9-73.5% base. Labial framework slightly sclerotized. of the body length. Ovary sometimes reaching to Cuticle finely annulated (annuli about 1-2 µm basal pharyngeal bulb and reflexed at tip.
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