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Table of Contents Table of Contents Preface xxv queer and erotic themes around the end of the Introduction xxix nineteenth century. List of Contributors xxxv African Commission on Human and ’ Thematic Outline liii Peoples Rights ............................................35 The role of this human rights organization in advocating for LGBTQ individuals in Africa. A Sidebar: The Commission Condemns Violence and Discrimination against LGBTQ Persons ACT UP ......................................................1 The founding, achievements, international impact, Afropop Music.............................................38 and demise of this important AIDS activist group. A type of popular music on the African continent, Sidebar: ACT UP in Europe and the ways LGBT artists are using it both to resist social oppression and promote tolerance. Activism in Africa South of the Sahara.................8 AIDS Memorial Quilt—The NAMES Project......40 The history and current state of LGBTQI activism The development and cultural impact of this in Africa, including challenges and victories. famous memorial to those who have died from AIDS. Adoption and Surrogacy in Europe ...................16 The availability and legal rights surrounding the Al-Akharun (2006; Seba al-Herz) ......................44 issues of adoption and surrogacy for European Saudi Arabian novel narrated by a disabled Shi‘a LGBT persons. woman struggling to reconcile her religious faith with her nonnormative sexual identity. Adoption, Fostering, and Surrogacy (International) .............................................20 alQaws ......................................................48 The legal and social challenges LGBTQ adults Palestinian organization that promotes queer face to access intercountry adoption and surro- acceptance combined with advocacy against gacy, as well as challenges LGBTQ youth face Israeli pinkwashing. when rejected from their families. Amer, Ghada (1963–)....................................51 Aestheticism and Decadence, Nineteenth-Century...26 Egyptian artist whose work challenges conven- The important figures and works of these tional representations of women, particularly in interrelated cultural movements that explored its depictions of same-sex desire. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Anā Hiya Anti (2000; Elham Mansour)..............55 including the challenges of researching this topic One of the first novels published in the Middle in this region. East to represent lesbianism in a way that is not heteronormative. Archives in North America ...........................113 The history of the development of community- Antes que Anochezca (1992; Reinaldo Arenas) ......59 and university-based LGBTQ archives in the Autobiography of Cuban exile and one of Latin United States and Canada. America’s most original voices that details the author’s life as a political and sexual dissident. Argentina’s Gender Identity Law ....................118 A groundbreaking law allowing transgender Anthropology in Africa South of the Sahara ........61 people the right to officially change their gender Historical and contemporary anthropological identity without third-party intervention. perspectives on nonnormative sexualities in Africa. – The Art of Identity in India..........................123 Sidebar: E. E. Evans-Pritchard (1902 1973) The expression of queer identity in contempo- Anti-Gender Movement in Europe....................69 rary Indian art in a society that criminalized Conservative campaigns against so-called same-sex sexual expression. “gender ideology” or “gender theory.” The Art of Queering Asian Mythology.............127 Anti-Racist Activism in Europe ........................71 An examination of LGBTQ-themed artwork The intersection between anti-racism and LGBT through the lens of Asian mythology. activism throughout the continent. Sidebar: Sunil Gupta (1953–) Anti-Semitism and Zionism ............................75 Asexuality.................................................134 The relationship between anti-Semitism and The range of definitions that can apply to this largely male homosexuality in Europe and its sexual identity from the perspective of asexual influence on Zionism and the State of Israel. communities, scientific research, and queer and feminist theory. Anti-Semitism in Europe ................................80 “ ” Jews and homosexuals as cultural others in Asia Pacific Transgender Network ..................142 Europe. Coordinating body for organizations serving Antisodomy and Buggery Trials .......................83 trans individuals in the Asia Pacific region. The legal prosecution of same-sex sexual activity, Asrar ‘Ailiyyah (2013; Hany Fawzy) ................148 mostly between men, throughout history. The first Egyptian film to focus primarily on Archives in Africa .........................................91 homosexuality. The challenges of archival research on nonnor- mative sexualities in Africa. Aswat ......................................................152 A Palestinian nongovernmental organization for Archives in Asia ...........................................95 women with nonnormative sexualities, with a What legal records, religious sources, scientific focus on the group’s publications Haqi an a‘eesh texts, and other archival material reveal about an akhtar an akun (2007) and Waqfet banāt nonnormative genders and sexualities in Asia. (2010). Archives in Australia and New Zealand ............102 Athletes, Trans and Intersex..........................156 Description and management of LGBTQI Examples of trans and intersex athletes through archives in Australia and New Zealand. history, and the obstacles to competition they Archives in Europe......................................103 have experienced. The history of gay and lesbian archives in western and eastern Europe. Athletes, Trans and Intersex, in Asia ...............159 The complexities of sex segregation, testing, and Archives in Latin America.............................106 verification in sports, including the cases of The major archives containing LGBT materials noteworthy Asian trans and intersex athletes. in various Central and South American countries, Sidebar: Pinki Pramanik (1986–) vi GLOBAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER, AND QUEER HISTORY TABLE OF CONTENTS Australia and New Zealand ...........................165 BDSM (Bondage and Discipline, The history of the struggle for Australasian Dominance and Submission, Sadism LGBTI rights, as well as the increased political and Masochism).........................................210 and cultural impact of this community from the The LGBTQ expression of these alternative late twentieth century onward. sexual practices. “ ” – ‘Awdat al-Almani ilā Rushdih (2006; Benga, François Féral (1906 1957) ..............218 Rashid al-Daif) ..........................................177 Senegalese cabaret dancer whose sensuality was Representations of homosexuality and the perceived as a symbol of homoeroticism in both narrator’s struggles with shifting notions of Paris and the United States in the 1930s. gender and sexuality in this novelized biography. El Beso de la Mujer Araña (1976; Manuel Puig)...220 Argentine novel that upends normative story- B telling and normative sexuality while giving marginal subjectivities a voice. El Baile de los 41 .......................................183 Bhutan ....................................................222 A 1901 scandal in which a raid of a party in The status of the LGBT community in Bhutan. Mexico City revealed cross-dressing men in Sidebar: Lhak-Sam, Bhutan’s Network for HIV- attendance, and its subsequent impact on Positive People Mexican culture. Biological Essentialism .................................224 Bakla.......................................................187 The assumption that human behavior is caused A term used in the Philippines for an effeminate by an immutable biological trait despite evidence man or a homosexual. of sociocultural factors, discussed here as it relates to sexual orientation. Barbin, Herculine (1838–1868)......................190 One of the most famous hermaphrodites of the Black Freedom Movement and Sexuality ..........230 nineteenth century, and the scholarly debate LGBTQ participation in the movement to inspired by her life. secure human rights for African Americans in the 1960s and 1970s. Bareed Mista3jil: True Stories (2009) ...............192 A collection of autobiographical narratives Blackmail .................................................236 written by Lebanese lesbians and one trans man. The use of blackmail by and against those engaging in same-sex acts from the fourteenth Bars and Cabarets in Europe .........................196 century to contemporary times. The development of drinking establishments throughout Europe that specifically serve gay The Body Politic.........................................239 and lesbian customers. Groundbreaking Canadian gay liberation maga- Sidebar: Eldorado zine published between 1971 and 1987. Bom-Crioulo (1895; Adolfo Ferreira Caminha) ...243 Bars, Working-Class, in Mexico .....................199 A naturalist novel dealing with race, homosexu- Notable establishments in various Mexican cities ality, and crime in Rio de Janeiro. where classes mix in a sexually diverse environ- ment. Bookstores................................................247 The history of LGBTQ+-themed bookstores, Bathhouse Raids, Toronto (1981)...................202 including their unique role as activist centers and ’ Police crackdown on Toronto
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