DOCSLIB.ORG

Notices Federal Register Vol

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Notices Federal Register Vol 10435 Notices Federal Register Vol. 68, No. 43 Wednesday, March 5, 2003 This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER address in your message and ‘‘Docket pastures, citrus groves, sugar cane contains documents other than rules or No. 03–021–1’’ on the subject line. fields, ditches, vegetable crops, sod proposed rules that are applicable to the You may read any comments that we farms, forestlands, and natural areas. public. Notices of hearings and investigations, receive on the environmental Tropical soda apple was placed on the committee meetings, agency decisions and assessment in our reading room. The Federal Noxious Weed List in 1995, and rulings, delegations of authority, filing of reading room is located in room 1141 of petitions and applications and agency it is listed as one of the most invasive statements of organization and functions are the USDA South Building, 14th Street species in Florida by the Florida Exotic examples of documents appearing in this and Independence Avenue SW., Pest Plant Council. In addition to section. Washington, DC. Normal reading room Florida, the plant has been reported in hours are 8 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, through Friday, except holidays. To be Louisiana, Texas, North Carolina, South DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE sure someone is there to help you, Carolina, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. please call (202) 690–2817 before Researchers believe that it has the Animal and Plant Health Inspection coming. potential to expand its range even Service APHIS documents published in the further in the United States. [Docket No. 03–021–1] Federal Register, and related Three types of controls are currently information, including the names of being used to limit the spread of tropical Tropical Soda Apple; Availability of an organizations and individuals who have soda apple: chemical, mechanical, and Environmental Assessment commented on APHIS dockets, are regulatory. Chemical control involves available on the Internet at http:// the use of herbicides. Mechanical AGENCY: Animal and Plant Health www.aphis.usda.gov/ppd/rad/ control is attempted by mowing to a Inspection Service, USDA. webrepor.html. three- to four-inch height to prevent the ACTION: Notice of availability and FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Dr. plants from producing fruit and seeds. request for comments. Tracy A. Horner, Ecologist, Several southern States are trying to prevent the spread of tropical soda SUMMARY: We are advising the public Environmental Services, PPD, APHIS, apple by means of regulatory control, that an environmental assessment has 4700 River Road Unit 149, Riverdale, regulating the movement of cattle, hay, been prepared by the Animal and Plant MD 20737–1236; (301) 734–5213. sod, manure, lots of seed, and soil from Health Inspection Service relative to the SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: infested areas to areas free of infestation. control of tropical soda apple, Solanum Background Unfortunately, herbicides and mowing viarum Dunal (Solanaceae). The only provide temporary weed environmental assessment considers the The Animal and Plant Health suppression, and in addition to being effects of, and alternatives to, the release Inspection Service (APHIS) is expensive, they are not always practical of a nonindigenous beetle, Gratiana considering an application from a in inaccessible areas. Moreover, boliviana Spaeth (Coleoptera: researcher at the University of Florida herbicides can have negative Chrysomelidae), into the environment for a permit to release a nonindigenous environmental effects, which include as a biological control agent to reduce beetle, Gratiana boliviana Spaeth leaving undesirable chemical residues the severity of infestations of tropical (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), into the in the ecosystem and in commodities soda apple in Florida and other infested environment to reduce the severity of and adversely affecting non-target States in the continental United States. infestations of tropical soda apple, organisms. We are making this environmental Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae) in The biological control agent G. assessment available to the public for Florida and other infested States in the boliviana, a nonindigenous tortoise review and comment. continental United States. Tropical soda apple is a perennial beetle in the insect family DATES: We will consider all comments shrub that belongs to the plant family Chrysomelidae, has the potential to that we receive on or before April 4, Solanaceae, section Acanthophora, reduce the severity of infestations of 2003. genus Solanum, and subgenus tropical soda apple in Florida and other ADDRESSES: You may submit comments Leptostemonum. A plant with foliage infested States in the continental United by postal mail/commercial delivery or unpalatable to livestock, tropical soda States. Adults and larvae feed on by e-mail. If you use postal mail/ apple can infest a pasture or rangeland tropical soda apple leaves, restricting commercial delivery, please send four in 1 to 2 years, resulting in lower the vigor and growth rate of the plants copies of your comment (an original and stocking rates. It is native to Brazil and and potentially reducing the three copies) to: Docket No. 03–021–1, Argentina but has become a weed in competitive advantage this invasive Regulatory Analysis and Development, other areas of South America and in weed has over native vegetation. APHIS PPD, APHIS, Station 3C71, 4700 River Africa, India, Nepal, the West Indies, has completed an environmental Road Unit 118, Riverdale, MD 20737– Honduras, Mexico, and the United assessment that considers the effects of, 1238. Please state that your comment States. Tropical soda apple was and alternatives to, the release of G. refers to Docket No. 03–021–1. If you originally detected in the United States boliviana into the environment as a use e-mail, address your comment to in Florida in 1988. The pasture land biological control agent for tropical soda [email protected]. Your infested in 1992 was estimated to be apple. comment must be contained in the body approximately 150,000 acres; 10 years APHIS’ review and analysis of the of your message; do not send attached later, the infested area had increased to potential environmental impacts files. Please include your name and more than 1 million acres of improved associated with releasing G. boliviana VerDate Jan<31>2003 21:44 Mar 04, 2003 Jkt 200001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4703 Sfmt 4703 E:\FR\FM\05MRN1.SGM 05MRN1 10436 Federal Register / Vol. 68, No. 43 / Wednesday, March 5, 2003 / Notices into the environment are documented in notice announces FNS’ intention to 1998 to extend funding for the detail in an environmental assessment request renewal of Office of Clearinghouse (now called ‘‘National entitled ‘‘Field Release of a Management and Budget (OMB) Hunger Clearinghouse’’ or Nonindigenous Beetle, Gratiana approval of the National Hunger ‘‘Clearinghouse’’) through fiscal year boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Clearinghouse Survey. 2003. FNS awarded the five-year for Biological Control of Tropical Soda DATES: Comments on this notice must be contract to World Hunger Year on Apple, Solanum viarum (Solanaceae)’’ received by May 5, 2003. September 29, 1999; it expires on (February 2003). We are making this ADDRESSES: Comments are invited on: September 30, 2003. environmental assessment available to (a) Whether the proposed collection of the public for review and comment. We The Clearinghouse includes a information is necessary for the proper database of non-governmental, will consider all comments that we performance of the functions of the receive on or before the date listed grassroots programs that work in the agency, including whether the areas of hunger and nutrition, as well as under the heading DATES at the information has practical utility; (b) the a mailing list of relevant local beginning of this notice. accuracy of the agency’s estimate of the governmental agencies. Under the The environmental assessment may burden of the proposed collection of be viewed on the Internet at http:// information; (c) ways to enhance the original contract, Clearinghouse staff www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ by following quality, utility, and clarity of the established the database by reviewing the link for ‘‘Document/Forms Retrieval information to be collected; (d) ways to relevant programs of organizations System,’’ then clicking on the triangle minimize the burden of the collection of contained in several existing mailing beside ‘‘6-Permits-Environmental information on those who are to lists. Program and mailing information Assessments’’ and selecting document respond, including the use of about organizations culled from these number 0033. You may request paper appropriate automated, electronic, lists were collected and entered into the copies of the environmental assessment mechanical, or other technological database once each contract year (years by calling or writing to the person listed collection techniques or other forms of one through four of the original contract under FOR FURTHER INFORMATION information technology. Comments may and years one through four so far of the CONTACT. Please refer to the title of the be sent to Pam Phillips, Director, existing contract) through a series of environmental assessment when Consumer and Community Affairs, electronically-processed survey requesting copies. The environmental Office of Communications and questionnaires sent through the United assessment is also available for review Governmental Affairs, Food and States
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Status of Biological Control of Tropical Soda Apple, Solanum Viarum, in Florida1
    Botany Circular No. 36 Fl. Dept. of Agriculture & Cons. Svcs. September/October 2002 Division of Plant Industry Status of Biological Control of Tropical Soda Apple, Solanum viarum, in Florida1 Julio C. Medal2, Nancy C. Coile3, Daniel Gandolfo4, James P. Cuda5 INTRODUCTION: Tropical soda apple (TSA), Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae), a perennial prickly weed native to South America (Fig. 1), has been spreading rapidly in the USA since it was discovered in Glades County, Florida in 1988. In Florida, approximately 150,000 acres (60,704 ha) of pasture land were infested in 1992 (Mullahey et al. 1993). Currently, the infested area is estimated at over 1 million acres (404,694 ha). TSA also invades hammocks, ditch banks, citrus groves, vegetable fields, sugarcane fields and roadsides. TSA also has been reported in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Pennsylvania and Puerto Rico (Bryson and Byrd Jr. 1996; Dowler 1996; Mullahey et al. 1997; Phil Lewis personal commu- nication). TSA was placed on the Florida Noxious Weed List in 1994, and the Federal Noxious Weed List in 1995, and is listed as one of the most invasive species in Florida by the Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council (1999) (Fig. 2). Fig. 1. Tropical soda apple. (Photography credit: J. Mullahey, Fig. 2. Tropical soda apple in South Florida. (Photography UF-IFAS.) credit: J. Lotz, DPI.) The invasiveness of TSA is attributed to several characteristics. A single plant produces about 150 fruits per year, and each mature fruit contains about 400 seeds. Up to 60,000 seeds are produced per plant with a germination rate of at least 75% (Mullahey et al., 1993, Pereira et al., 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • A Potential Biocontrol Agent of Tropical Soda Apple, Solanum Viarum (Solanaceae) in the USA
    Risk assessment of Gratiana boliviana (Chrysomelidae), a potential biocontrol agent of tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum (Solanaceae) in the USA J. Medal,1,2 D. Gandolfo,3 F. McKay3 and J. Cuda1 Summary Solanum viarum (Solanaceae), known by the common name tropical soda apple, is a perennial prickly weed native to north-eastern Argentina, south-eastern Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay, that has been spreading at an alarming rate in the USA during the 1990s. First detected in the USA in 1988, it has already invaded more than 1 million acres (ca. 400,000 ha) of improved pastures and woody areas in nine states. Initial field explorations in South America for potential biocontrol agents were initiated in June 1994 by University of Florida researchers in collaboration with Brazilian and Argentinean scientists. The leaf beetle Gratiana boliviana (Chrysomelidae) was evaluated as a potential biocontrol agent of tropical soda apple. The only known hosts of this insect are S. viarum and Solanum palinacanthum. Open field experiments and field surveys were conducted to assess the risk of G. boliviana using Solanum melongena (eggplant) as an alternative host. In an open field (choice-test) planted with tropical soda apple and eggplant there was no feeding or oviposition by G. boliviana adults on eggplant. Surveys conducted (1997–2002) of 34 unsprayed fields of eggplant confirmed that this crop is not a host of G. boliviana. Based on these results, the Florida quarantine host-specificity tests, the open field tests in Argentina, and the lack of unfavourable host records in the scientific literature, we concluded that G.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomological Society of America Proposal Form for New Common Name Or Change of ESA-Approved Common Name
    10001 Derekwood Lane, Suite 100 Phone: 301-731-4535 [email protected] Lanham, MD 20706-4876 USA Fax: 301-731-4538 www.entsoc.org Entomological Society of America Proposal Form for new Common Name or Change of ESA-Approved Common Name Complete this form and e-mail to [email protected]. Submissions will not be considered unless this form is filled out completely. The proposer is expected to be familiar with the rules, recommendations, and procedures outlined in the “Use and Submission of Common Names” on the ESA website and with the discussion by A.B. Gurney, 1953, Journal of Economic Entomology 46:207-211. 1. Proposed new common name: Tropical soda apple leaf beetle 2. Previously approved common name (if any): none 3. Scientific name (genus, species, author): Gratiana boliviana Spaeth Order: Coleoptera Family: Chrysomelidae Supporting Information 4. Reasons supporting the need for the proposed common name: Gratiana boliviana has been released in Florida, Georgia, Alabama and Texas as a biological control agent of the invasive pasture weed, tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) and is now widely established in central and south Florida. Use of a standardized common name in research and extension publications will reduce possible confusion about the identity of this biological control agent. 5. Stage or characteristic to which the proposed common name refers: Adult 6. Distribution (include references): The native distribution of the beetle includes southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay (Medal et al. 2011). The distribution in the USA is limited to Florida (Overholt et al. 2009). Medal, J. C., N. Bustamante, W.
    [Show full text]
  • ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA 60(2): 667–707 MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE Doi: 10.37520/Aemnp.2020.048
    2020 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA 60(2): 667–707 MUSEI NATIONALIS PRAGAE doi: 10.37520/aemnp.2020.048 ISSN 1804-6487 (online) – 0374-1036 (print) www.aemnp.eu RESEARCH PAPER Commented catalogue of Cassidinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with remarks on the collection of Jaro Mráz in the National Museum in Prague Lukáš SEKERKA Department of Entomology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, CZ-193 00, Praha – Horní Počernice, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] Accepted: Abstract. Commented catalogue of Cassidinae species reported from the state of São Paulo, 14th December 2020 Brazil is given. Altogether, 343 species are presently registered from the state representing the Published online: following tribes: Alurnini (5 spp.), Cassidini (84 spp.), Chalepini (85 spp.), Dorynotini (9 spp.), 26th December 2020 Goniocheniini (8 spp.), Hemisphaerotini (2 spp.), Imatidiini (25 spp.), Ischyrosonychini (6 spp.), Mesomphaliini (83 spp.), Omocerini (14 spp.), Sceloenoplini (9 spp.), and Spilophorini (13 spp.). Fifty-two species are recorded for the fi rst time and 19 are removed from the fauna of São Paulo. Each species is provided with a summary of published faunistic records for São Paulo and its general distribution. Dubious or insuffi cient records are critically commented. A list of Cassidi- nae species collected in São Paulo by Jaro Mráz (altogether 145 identifi ed species) is included and supplemented with general information on this material. In addition, two new synonymies are established: Cephaloleia caeruleata Baly, 1875 = C. dilatata Uhmann, 1948, syn. nov.; Stolas lineaticollis (Boheman, 1850) = S. silaceipennis (Boheman, 1862), syn. nov.; and the publication year of the genus Heptatomispa Uhmann, 1940 is corrected to 1932.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Gratiana Spadicea (Klug, 1829) and Metriona Elatior
    Evaluation of Gratiana spadicea (Klug, 1829) and Metriona elatior (Klug, 1829) (Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) for the biological control of sticky nightshade Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae) in South Africa. THESIS Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY of Rhodes University by MARTIN PATRICK HILL December 1994 · FRONTISPIECE Top Row (Left to Right): Gratiana spadicea adults and egg case; Gratiana spadicea larvae; Gratiana spadicea pupae. Centre: Solanum sisymbriifolium (sticky nightshade). Bottom Row (Left to Right): Metriona elatior adults; Metriona elatior larvae; Metriona elatior pupae. 11 PUBLICATIONS ARISING FROM THIS STUDY Parts of the research presented in this thesis, already accepted for publication are the following: Hill, M.P., P.E. Hulley and T.Olckers 1993. Insect herbivores on the exotic w~eds Solanum elaeagnifolium Cavanilles and S. sisymbrilfolium Lamarck (Solanaceae) in South Africa. African Entomology 1: 175-182. Hill, M.P. and P.E. Hulley 1995. Biology and host range of Gratiana spadicea (Klug, 1829) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae), a potential biological control agent for the weed Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae) in South Africa. Biological Control, in press. Hill, M.P. and P.E. Hulley 1995. Host range extension by native parasitoids to weed biocontrol agents introduced to South Africa. Biological Control, in press. 111 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS lowe a huge debt of gratitude to my supervisor, Professor P.E. Hulley for his guidance, support and enthusiasm throughout this project, and.for teaching me to think things through properly. He must also be thanked for constructive comments on earlier drafts of the thesis and for allowing me to use much of his unpublished data on insects associated with native Solanum species.
    [Show full text]
  • Gratiana Spadicea (Klug) Scott (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae)
    Thaís Ribeiro Correia Leaf selection and daily Clarissa Pimentel de Souza Júlio Israel variation on feeding and Fernandes Isabella Vilhena Freire Martins oviposition of Helcileia Dias Santos Fabio Barbour Gratiana spadicea (Klug) Scott (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) Lenice Medeiros1 Gilson R.P. Moreira2 ABSTRACT: Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera, Chrysomeli- dae) is a monophagous beetle that feeds only on leaves of Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae). We determined the portions of S. sisymbriifolium leaves that are used by the adults as feeding and oviposition sites. Daily variation on larval and adult feeding frequency, and on oviposition, was also registered under laboratory conditions (25oC; 70+10% rh). Larvae and adults were fed with S. sisymbriifolium leaves during photo (14 hours) and scotophase (10 hours). At the end of each phase, it was measured the leaf area they ate and registered position of their feeding marks on leaves. The oothecae were counted and noted, regarding their position on the leaf blade. Larvae and adults of G. spadicea showed feeding activity during photo and scotophase. Oviposition was restricted to photophase. Females leaf consumption rates were greater than those of the males. Adult feeding marks were most frequent on leaf margins. Oothecae were most frequently found near the central vein of the abaxial leaf surface. Daily ingestion rates grew exponentially through the larval stage; fifth instar ingested more than 60% of the total 1 Departamento de Biologia Química, UNIJUI, Caixa Postal 560, 98700- Rev. bras. 000, Ijuí,RS and PPG Entomologia, UFPR, Caixa Postal 19020, 81531- Zoociências 990, Curitiba, PR, Brasil. [email protected] JuizJuiz dede ForaFora 2 Departamento de Zoologia, IB, UFRGS, Av.
    [Show full text]
  • Hey Everyone
    Hey Everyone, Included is the Weekly Pile of Information for the week of August 20th, 2017, Extension's Equine related educational information & announcements for Rockingham & Guilford Counties. To have something included in the Weekly Pile, please follow these simple guidelines. - Information included needs to be educational in nature &/or directly related to Rockingham or Guilford Counties. - provided information is a resource to the citizens of Rockingham & Guilford Counties. - provided information does not require extra time or effort to be listed. - Listings for Swap Shop will not list pricing details. - Please E-mail information to me by Wednesday each Week. - Please keep ads or events as short as possible – with NO FORMATTING, NO unnecessary Capitalization’s and NO ATTACHED DOCUMENTS. (If sent in that way, it may not be included) - Please include contact information - Phone, Email and alike. - PLEASE PUT WEEKLY PILE IN SUBJECT LINE when you send into me. - The Weekly Pile is not for listings for Commercial type properties or products. If I forgot to include anything in this email it was probably an oversight on my part, but please let me know! If you have a question or ideas that you would like covered in the Weekly Pile, please let me know and I will try to include. As Always, I would like to hear your comments about the Weekly Pile or the Extension Horse Program in Rockingham or Guilford Counties! I NEED YOUR FEEDBACK & IDEAS! Included in The Pile this Week: 1. Mosquitoes Spread Diseases 2. White Line Disease 3. Capture Rainwater for Livestock Drinking 4. You Asked 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Tropical Soda Apple Leaf Beetle, Gratiana Boliviana Spaeth (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)1 Rodrigo Diaz, William A
    EENY-543 Tropical Soda Apple Leaf Beetle, Gratiana boliviana Spaeth (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)1 Rodrigo Diaz, William A. Overholt, Ken Hibbard, and Julio Medal2 Introduction Tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal (Solanaceae), is a prickly shrub native to South America. First reported in Glades County, Florida in 1988, tropical soda apple later spread to Georgia, Alabama, Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina. It is a major problem in pastures and conservation areas. Negative impacts of tropical soda apple include reduction of cattle stocking rates, competition with native plants, and the costs associated with its control (application of herbicides and mowing). Additionally, dense thickets of the weed may disrupt the movement of wildlife. The tropical soda apple leaf beetle, Gratiana boliviana Spaeth, was discovered in Paraguay and imported into the Figure 1. Tropical soda apple infestation in St. Lucie Co., Florida. April United States to study its potential as a biological control 2006. agent. Because Gratiana boliviana fed and survived only on Credits: William A. Overholt, UF/IFAS tropical soda apple, field release was approved in 2003. A multi-agency program supported the rearing, distribution, Distribution and release of more than 250,000 beetles across Florida Gratiana boliviana is native to southern Brazil, northern from 2003 to 2011. Gratiana boliviana was also released in Argentina, and Paraguay. In Florida, the beetle is present Texas, Alabama, and Georgia, but establishment has not throughout much of the state. However, field surveys have been confirmed. shown that the damage to tropical soda apple by Gratiana boliviana is most evident in areas below 29° N latitude (approximately the latitude of Wildwood, Florida).
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the RESTRUCTURING of ARTHROPOD TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS in RESPONSE to PLANT INVASION by Adam B. Mitchell a Dissertation Submitt
    THE RESTRUCTURING OF ARTHROPOD TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS IN RESPONSE TO PLANT INVASION by Adam B. Mitchell 1 A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology and Wildlife Ecology Winter 2019 © Adam B. Mitchell All Rights Reserved THE RESTRUCTURING OF ARTHROPOD TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS IN RESPONSE TO PLANT INVASION by Adam B. Mitchell Approved: ______________________________________________________ Jacob L. Bowman, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of Entomology and Wildlife Ecology Approved: ______________________________________________________ Mark W. Rieger, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Agriculture and Natural Resources Approved: ______________________________________________________ Douglas J. Doren, Ph.D. Interim Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ______________________________________________________ Douglas W. Tallamy, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ______________________________________________________ Charles R. Bartlett, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: ______________________________________________________ Jeffery J. Buler, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • 8. Parasitology the Diversity and Specificity of Parasitoids Attacking
    8. Parasitology The diversity and specificity of parasitoids attacking Neotropical tortoise beetles (Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae) Marie Cuignet1, Donald Windsor2, Jessica Reardon3 and Thierry Hance4 Abstract. Tortoise beetles have numerous adaptations to keep enemies at bay - in- cluding tightly-aggregated larvae that move synchronously about the food plant, construction of predator-deterring exuvio-fecal shields, maternal guarding of im- matures, and adults that pull their carapace flush to the leaf to escape enemies. Despite these and other adaptations this subfamily of Chrysomelidae has been re- garded as one of the most heavily parasitized. To better describe the impact and diversity of the parasitoid community which successfully evades these defenses we collected and reared the immature and adult stages of 47 species of Panamanian Cassidinae obtaining at least 41 species of parasitoids. Over half of the species ob- tained (26) were egg parasitoids (Eulophidae, Entedoninae), 20 of those Emersonella species, 13 undescribed at the time of the study. Phoresy was confirmed in at least six Emersonella species, two of which emerged from the eggs of 11 and 13 different host species. Nevertheless, the majority of Eulophidae species (15 of 26) were reared from a single host. Additionally, five species of Chalcidae, eight species of Tachinidae, two Nematomorpha and the lepidopteran, Schacontia sp. (Crambidae) were obtained from rearings of larvae, pupae and adults. One tachinid species (Eucelatoria sp.) in- fected the larval stage of Chelymorpha alternans, and was found in the abdomens of 27.6 percent of dissected adults. Keywords. Cassidinae, Eulophidae, Tachinidae, parasitoids, parasitism. 1 Unite d'ecologie et de biogeographie, Centre de recherche sur la biodiversite, 4 et 5 Place Croix-du-Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve.
    [Show full text]
  • Successful Biological Control of Tropical Soda Apple (Solanales: Solanaceae) in Florida: a Review of Key Program Components
    Diaz et al.: Biological Control of Tropical Soda Apple 179 SUCCESSFUL BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TROPICAL SODA APPLE (SOLANALES: SOLANACEAE) IN FLORIDA: A REVIEW OF KEY PROGRAM COMPONENTS 1, 1 2 3 4 5 5 3 6 R. DIAZ *, V. MANRIQUE , K. HIBBARD , A. FOX , A. RODA , D. GANDOLFO , F. MCKAY , J. MEDAL , S. HIGHT 1 AND W. A. OVERHOLT 1Biological Control Research & Containment Laboratory, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA 2Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Fort Pierce, FL 34982, USA 3Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville, FL 32614, USA 4USDA/APHIS/PPQ, Miami, FL 33122, USA 5D. Gandolfo (deceased), Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas (FuEDEI), Buenos Aires, Argentina 6USDA/ARS/CMAVE at the Center for Biological Control, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32308, USA *Corresponding author’s; E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum Dunal) (Solanaceae) is a small shrub native to South America that is invasive in pastures and conservation areas across Florida. Dense patches of tropical soda apple not only reduce cattle stocking rates and limit their movement, but also serve as reservoirs for pests of solanaceous crops. A classical biological control program was initiated in 1994 with exploration for natural enemies of tropical soda apple in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Host specificity tests conducted under laboratory and field conditions demonstrated that the leaf feeding beetle Gratiana boliviana Dunal (Coleoptera: Chrysome- lidae) was a specialist herbivore that completes development only on the target weed. After obtaining appropriate permits, field releases ofG.
    [Show full text]
  • Arthropod Community Associated with Tropical Soda Apple and Natural Enemies of Gratiana Boliviana (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Florida
    228 Florida Entomologist (95)1 March 2012 ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL SODA APPLE AND NATURAL ENEMIES OF GRATIANA BOLIVIANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN FLORIDA R. DIAZ1, K. HIBBARD2, A. SAMAYOA1 AND W. A. OVERHOLT1 1Biological Control Research and Containment Laboratory, Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL 2Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Fort Pierce, FL Tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum Dunal herbivores and predators included hand catching, (Solanaceae), is a 1.5-m-tall perennial shrub na- aspiration, rearing, and the use of beating cloths. tive to tropical regions of South America. First Lepidopteran larvae found feeding on tropical reported in Florida in 1988, tropical soda apple soda apple were reared in the laboratory until rapidly became a major weed in pastures and adult emergence and then identified. Parasitoids conservation areas across the southeastern Unit- were reared from G. boliviana pupae, and field ed States (Mullahey 1996). In pastures, tropical observations of predation were made. Entomo- soda apple competes with forages resulting in re- pathogens of G. boliviana were identified using duced stocking rates (Mullahey et al. 1998). Flor- light microscopy by Dr. Drion Boucias at the Uni- ida ranchers spent an average of $44 per acre on versity of Florida, and arthropods were identified chemical and mechanical control costs on tropical by personnel at the Florida Department of Agri- soda apple in 2006 (Thomas 2007). Additionally, culture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant this plant is an alternate host of several diseases Industry (DPI), Gainesville, Florida, and the Sys- of solanaceous crops (McGovern et al.
    [Show full text]