DOCSLIB.ORG

Epitopes, Isotypes, Allotypes, Idiotypes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Epitopes, Isotypes, Allotypes, Idiotypes Epitope • Epitope or antigenic determinant- is a portion of a foreign protein, or antigen, that is capable of stimulating an immune response. • An epitope is the part of the antigen that binds to a specific antigen receptor on the surface of a B cell (BCR). • Binding between the receptor and epitope occurs only if their structures are complementary. • If they are, epitope and receptor fit together like lock and key. This binding is necessary to activate B-cell for the production of antibodies. • The antibodies produced by B cells are targeted specifically to the epitopes that bind to the cells’ antigen receptors. • Thus, the epitope also is the region of the antigen that is recognized by specific antibodies, which bind to and remove the antigen from the body. Isotype • Each antibody has only one type of (γ, or α, or μ, or ε, or δ) heavy chain and one type of (k or λ) light chain. • The structural differences in the constant region of a heavy chain or light chain determine immunoglobulin (Ig) class and sub- class, types and subtypes within a species. • These constant region determinants are called isotypic determinants or isotypes. Allotype • Based on the genetic difference among individuals. • Although all members of a species inherit the same set of isotype genes, multiple alleles exist for some of the genes. • These alleles encode minor amino acid differences, known as allotypic determinants. • Occurs in some but not all members of a species. • The sum of the individual allotypic determinants displayed by an antibody determines its allotype. Allotypic determinants Idiotype • VH and VL domains of an antibody constitute an antigen-binding site. To recognize the vast array of antigens that a human can encounter in its lifetime, this variable region has different structural conformation owing to the presence of different amino acids. There are millions of such antibodies in the human body specific for each antigen. • These unique amino acid sequences present in the VH and VL domains of a given antibody also serves as a set of antigenic determinants. Each individual antigenic determinant of the variable region is referred to as an idiotope. Each antibody will present multiple idiotopes; the sum of the individual idiotopes is called the idiotype of the antibody. Idiotypes .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Levels, B-1 and B-2 Cells, and Antibody Responses Ir Allotype Heterozygous F1 Mice ANN MARIE HAMILTON and JOHN F
    Developmental Immunology, 1994, Vol 4, pp. 27-41 (C) 1994 Harwood Academic Publishers GmbH Reprints available directly from the publisher Printed in Singapore Photocopying permitted by license only Effects of IgM Allotype Suppression on Serum IgM Levels, B-1 and B-2 Cells, and Antibody Responses ir Allotype Heterozygous F1 Mice ANN MARIE HAMILTON and JOHN F. KEARNEY" Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294 IgM allotype heterozygous F1 mice were independently suppressed for Igh6a or Igh6b to evaluate the contribution of B-1 and B-2 cells to natural serum IgM levels and Ab responses. B-2 B cells expressing IgM of the suppressed allotype were evident in the spleens of suppressed mice 4 to 6 weeks after cessation of the suppression regimen, whereas B-1 B cells of the suppressed allotype were undetectable for up to 9 months. Although serum IgM of the suppressed allotype was initially depleted in mice suppressed for either allotype, by 7 months of age, there were detectable levels of IgM of the suppressed allotype in the serum; however, the levels were significantly below that found in nonsuppressed mice. When mice were immunized with either the T-independent or T-dependent form of phosphorylcholine, those suppressed for either allotype, and consequently depleted of B-1 B cells of that allotype, did not respond with phosphorylcholine-specific IgM of the suppressed allotype. In contrast, when mice were immunized with 1-3 dextran, the Igh6a allotype-suppressed mice were able to produce dextran-specific IgM of that allotype.
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Igg3 in Infectious Diseases
    Review Role of IgG3 in Infectious Diseases 1 2 1 1, Timon Damelang, Stephen J. Rogerson, Stephen J. Kent, and Amy W. Chung * IgG3 comprises only a minor fraction of IgG and has remained relatively under- Highlights studied until recent years. Key physiochemical characteristics of IgG3 include IgG3 has been associated with enhanced control or protection against an elongated hinge region, greater molecular flexibility, extensive polymor- a range of intracellular bacteria, para- phisms, and additional glycosylation sites not present on other IgG subclasses. sites, and viruses. These characteristics make IgG3 a uniquely potent immunoglobulin, with the IgG3 Abs are potent mediators of potential for triggering effector functions including complement activation, effector functions, including enhanced antibody (Ab)-mediated phagocytosis, or Ab-mediated cellular cytotoxicity ADCC, opsonophagocytosis, comple- ment activation, and neutralization, (ADCC). Recent studies underscore the importance of IgG3 effector functions compared with other IgG subclasses. against a range of pathogens and have provided approaches to overcome IgG3-associated limitations, such as allotype-dependent short Ab half-life, and Future Ab-based therapeutics and vaccines should consider utilizing excessive proinflammatory activation. Understanding the molecular and func- IgG3, based on features of enhanced tional properties of IgG3 may facilitate the development of improved Ab-based functional capacity. immunotherapies and vaccines against infectious diseases. Investigating the impact of glycosyla- tion patterns and allotypes on IgG3 Human IgG3 an Understudied but Highly Potent Immunoglobulin function may expand our understand- Antibodies (Abs) play a major role in protection against infections by binding to and inactivating ing of IgG3 responses and their ther- apeutic potential. invading pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Major Histocompatibility Complex Class III Genes and Susceptibility to Immunoglobulin a Deficiency and Common Variable Immunodeficiency
    Major histocompatibility complex class III genes and susceptibility to immunoglobulin A deficiency and common variable immunodeficiency. J E Volanakis, … , H W Schroeder Jr, M D Cooper J Clin Invest. 1992;89(6):1914-1922. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI115797. Research Article We have proposed that significant subsets of individuals with IgA deficiency (IgA-D) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) may represent polar ends of a clinical spectrum reflecting a single underlying genetic defect. This proposal was supported by our finding that individuals with these immunodeficiencies have in common a high incidence of C4A gene deletions and C2 rare gene alleles. Here we present our analysis of the MHC haplotypes of 12 IgA-D and 19 CVID individuals from 21 families and of 79 of their immediate relatives. MHC haplotypes were defined by analyzing polymorphic markers for 11 genes or their products between the HLA-DQB1 and the HLA-A genes. Five of the families investigated contained more than one immunodeficient individual and all of these included both IgA-D and CVID members. Analysis of the data indicated that a small number of MHC haplotypes were shared by the majority of immunodeficient individuals. At least one of two of these haplotypes was present in 24 of the 31 (77%) immunodeficient individuals. No differences in the distribution of these haplotypes were observed between IgA-D and CVID individuals. Detailed analysis of these haplotypes suggests that a susceptibility gene or genes for both immunodeficiencies are located within the class III region of the MHC, possibly between the C4B and C2 genes. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/115797/pdf Major Histocompatibility Complex Class Ill Genes and Susceptibility to Immunoglobulin A Deficiency and Common Variable Immunodeficiency John E.
    [Show full text]
  • Immunoglobulin Allotypes and Immune Response to Meningococcal Group B Polysaccharide
    Immunoglobulin allotypes and immune response to meningococcal group B polysaccharide. J P Pandey, … , H H Fudenberg, C B Loadholt J Clin Invest. 1981;68(5):1378-1380. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI110387. Research Article Serum samples were collected from 120 healthy adult volunteers (105 Caucasians and 15 Negros) before and after immunization with meningococcal polysaccharide (MPS) group B vaccine. Antibodies to MPS group B were measured and sera were typed for several Gm and Km(1) allotypes. A significant association was found between the Km(1) allotype and immune response to MPS group B in Caucasians. Find the latest version: https://jci.me/110387/pdf Immunoglobulin Allotypes and Immune Response to Meningococcal Group B Polysaccharide JANARDAN P. PANDEY, WENDELL D. ZOLLINGER, H. HUGH FUDENBERG, and C. BOYD LOADHOLT, Department of Basic and Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Biometry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Department of Bacterial Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D. C. 20012 A B S T R A C T Serum samples were collected from METHODS 120 healthy adult volunteers (105 Caucasians and 15 Subjects and vaccines. A total of 120 healthy adult male Negros) before and after immunization with meningo- volunteers (105 Caucasians and 15 Negroes), 18-21 yr of age, coccal polysaccharide (MPS) group B vaccine. Anti- were vaccinated with meningococcal group B vaccine (120 bodies to MPS group B were measured and sera were ,ig in 0.5 ml of saline), either lot BP2-WZ-2 or lot BP2-4. Gm A The two lots of vaccine are of similar composition and anti- typed for several and Km(l) allotypes.
    [Show full text]
  • I M M U N O L O G Y Core Notes
    II MM MM UU NN OO LL OO GG YY CCOORREE NNOOTTEESS MEDICAL IMMUNOLOGY 544 FALL 2011 Dr. George A. Gutman SCHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, IRVINE (Copyright) 2011 Regents of the University of California TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2 ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY INTERACTIONS ..............................................9 CHAPTER 3 ANTIBODY STRUCTURE I..................................................................17 CHAPTER 4 ANTIBODY STRUCTURE II.................................................................23 CHAPTER 5 COMPLEMENT...................................................................................... 33 CHAPTER 6 ANTIBODY GENETICS, ISOTYPES, ALLOTYPES, IDIOTYPES.....45 CHAPTER 7 CELLULAR BASIS OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY: CLONAL SELECTION..................................................................53 CHAPTER 8 GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY...................................61 CHAPTER 9 IMMUNOGLOBULIN BIOSYNTHESIS ...............................................69 CHAPTER 10 BLOOD GROUPS: ABO AND Rh .........................................................77 CHAPTER 11 CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY AND MHC ........................................83 CHAPTER 12 CELL INTERACTIONS IN CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY ..............91 CHAPTER 13 T-CELL/B-CELL COOPERATION IN HUMORAL IMMUNITY......105 CHAPTER 14 CELL SURFACE MARKERS OF T-CELLS, B-CELLS AND MACROPHAGES...............................................................111
    [Show full text]
  • Allotype Suppression and Epitope-Specific Regulation Leonore A
    Immunology Today, vol. 4, No. 4, 1983 113 Allotype suppression and epitope-specific regulation Leonore A. Herzenberg In neonatal (A x B) F1 mice, injections of maternal (A strain) antibody tothe Ig allotype of the paternal (B) strain chronically suppress the production of antibodies with the B-strain aUotype. Here Leonore Herzenberg describes how, in such animals, thisform of suppression influences the control of antibody responses to a thymus-dependent antigen that is subsequently encountered. The 'chronic allotype-suppression' system* occupies a As we have now shown, an 'epitope-specific' regu- peculiar niche in immunoregulatory history. Although latory system* operative in all mouse strains selectively often considered esoteric, this system (see Tables I and II) controls antibody responses to individual epitopes on has actually been one of the major contributorsto the complex antigens such as DNP-KLH (2,4-dinitrophenyl development of current concepts of how antibody hapten on keyhole limpet hemocyanin). This system responses are regulated in normal animals. The initial regulates the expression (rather than the development) of acceptance of suppressor T cells as functional regulatory memory B cells; it can be induced to either persistently agents, for example, was based to a considerable extent suppress or persistently support antibody production; on the strong and specific suppression demonstrable with and it consists of a series ofIgh-restricted, epitope-specific allotype suppressor T cells in adoptive 'co-transfer' elements individually dedicated to regulating the produc- assays I 4. Furthermore, many of the commonly known tion of antibody molecules that have the same combining- properties of suppressor T cells were first identified in site specifcity and Igh constant-region structure 1218.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity
    Old Meets New: The Interaction Between Innate and Adaptive Immunity Rachael Clark and Thomas Kupper Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and the Harvard Skin, Disease Research Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA The innate immune system is an ancient and diverse collection of defenses, including the recognition of pathogens through the use of germline-encoded pathogen receptors. The adaptive immune system, encompassing T and B cell responses, is a more recent development that utilizes somatically recombined antigen receptor genes to recognize virtually any antigen. The adaptive immune system has the advantage of flexibility and immunologic memory but it is completely dependent upon elements of the innate immune system for the initiation and direction of responses. Appropriate innate and acquired immune system interactions lead to highly efficient recognition and clearance of pathogens, but maladaptive interactions between these two systems can result in harmful immuno- logic responses including allergy, autoimmunity, and allograft rejection. Key words: innate immunity/adaptive immunity/skin J Invest Dermatol 125: 629–637, 2005 Immunologic defenses in vertebrates consist of two immu- of the innate immune system include dendritic cells, mon- nologic subsystems—innate and adaptive. For much of the ocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and natural killer T past 30 years, immunologists and microbiologists have cells, as well as the skin, pulmonary, and gut epithelial cells studied innate and adaptive immunity in isolation. Today, that form the interface between an organism and its envi- these elements of immunity are appreciated as obligate and ronment. The non-cellular aspects of the innate system are synergistic parts of the system that mediate successful host diverse and range, from the simple barrier function of the responses to infection and tissue injury.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactive Evect of MHC Class II and KM Genes on Anticentromere Antibody Production
    366 Ann Rheum Dis 1998;57:366–370 Immunoglobulin allotype gene polymorphisms in Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/ard.57.6.366 on 1 June 1998. Downloaded from systemic sclerosis: interactive eVect of MHC class II and KM genes on anticentromere antibody production Hideto Kameda, Janardan P Pandey, Junichi Kaburaki, Hidetoshi Inoko, Masataka Kuwana Abstract were instead associated with the expression of Objective—To examine potential interac- SSc related ANAs.3 We have found MHC class tions between immunoglobulin (Ig)- II gene associations with serum SSc related allotype gene polymorphisms and ANAs in Japanese, including anti-topo I susceptibility to systemic sclerosis (SSc) antibody with DRB1*15024 and anticentro- as well as serological expression in SSc mere antibody (ACA) with DQB1*0501.5 patients. Moreover, anti-U1 small nuclear ribonucleo- Methods—IgG heavy chain allotypes protein (U1snRNP) antibodies, primarily de- G1M(f, z), G2M(n+, n-), G3M(b, g) and Ig tected in SSc patients with overlap features of light chain allotype KM(1, (1, 2), 3) were lupus and/or myositis, were associated with genotyped in 105 Japanese SSc patients DQB1*0302 in Japanese patients with connec- and 47 race matched normal controls tive tissue disease.6 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) The immune response genes, which control based methods. Associations of each Ig immune responses to specific antigens, include allotype with SSc related antinuclear anti- MHC genes and genes coding for the immu- bodies were examined in combination noglobulin (Ig) allotypic markers, the latter are with or without MHC class II alleles. located in the constant regions of Ig heavy and 7 Results—GM/KM genotypic and allelic light chains.
    [Show full text]
  • Immunoglobulin Allotypes and Igg Subclass Antibody Response to Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Antigens in Chronically Infected Cystic Fibrosis Patients
    Clin. exp. Immunol. (1992) 90, 209-214 Immunoglobulin allotypes and IgG subclass antibody response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigens in chronically infected cystic fibrosis patients T. PRESSLER*, J. P. PANDEYT, F. ESPERSENt, S. S. PEDERSENt, A. FOMSGAARDt, C. KOCH* & N. H0IBYt *Danish CF Centre, Department of Pediatrics, tDepartment of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark and tDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Acceptedfor publication 6 August 1992) SUMMARY Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is the leading cause of death in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Poor prognosis correlates with a high number of anti-pseudomonas precipitins and with high levels ofIgG2 and IgG3 anti-pseudomonas antibodies. Reports ofseveral highly significant associations between certain Gm (genetic markers of IgG on human chromosome 14) and Km (k- type light chain determinants on chromosome 2) phenotypes and immune responsiveness to various antigens suggest that allotype-linked immune response genes do exist in man. Furthermore correlation between Gm types and IgG subclass levels has been reported. A group of 143 CF patients were investigated (31 non-infected and 112 chronic infected). The IgG subclass antibodies to three different P. aeruginosa antigens (P. aeruginosa standard antigen (St-Ag), alginate and LPS) were determinated. Immunoglobulin allotypes were determined by haemagglutination inhibition. Sam- ples were typed for Glm(1,2,3, and 17), G2m(23), G3m(5,21), and Km(1,3). Statistical analysis of our data demonstrate that IgG3 anti-pseudomonas antibody levels and Gm markers are related. IgG3 antibody levels to all investigated P. aeruginosa antigens are significantly higher in sera homozygous for Gm(3;5), somewhat lower in heterozygous sera, and significantly lower in sera homozygous for Gm(1,2,17;21).
    [Show full text]
  • EPITOPE-SPECIFIC REGULATION I. Carrier-Specific Induction of Suppression for Igg Anti-Hapten Antibody Responses* by LEONORE A. H
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by PubMed Central EPITOPE-SPECIFIC REGULATION I. Carrier-specific Induction of Suppression for IgG Anti-Hapten Antibody Responses* BY LEONORE A. HERZENBERG AND TAKESHI TOKUHISA~ From the Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Cahfornia 94305 In this series of publications (1) 1 we defined the properties of an epitope-specific regulatory system (2-4) that operates centrally to control the amount, affinity, and isotype/allotype composition of antibody responses to individual epitopes on complex antigens. This system, which has gone unrecognized as such despite more than l0 yr of intensive study of the cells and cell interactions controlling antibody production, provides a versatile Igh-restricted effector mechanism that selectively shapes primary and subsequent antibody responses to a given epitope according to the dictates of the regulatory environment when the epitope is first introduced. For example, we show that priming young allotype-suppressed mice induces the epitope-specific system to selectively suppress allotype-marked (Igh-lb) antibody responses to all epitopes on the priming antigen) This suppression then persists so that the animals fail to produce Igh-lb responses to the priming-antigen epitopes when reimmunized after the onset of the characteristic midlife remission from allotype suppression (during which de novo immunizations induce normal Igh-lb antibody responses). Immunizing carrier-primed mice with a "new" epitope coupled to the priming carrier also induces the epitope-specific system to suppress antibody production; however, under these conditions, antibody responses to the newly introduced epitope are selectively suppressed, and anti-carrier responses proceed normally (2-4).
    [Show full text]
  • Y-Globulin Allotypes
    1310 PATHOLOGY: WEILER ET AL. PROC. N. A. S. central pool. For this reason it was expected that after the introduction of 10 mM xylocaine in the distal pool the downward peak would become a large downward phase (id, Fig. 3, 13-24). However, the secondary action of the anesthetic de- veloped so rapidly that only the deflection resulting from decremental conduction in the first gap remained (Fig. 3, 16; ef. ref. id). For the same reason only trapezoidal action potentials appear in Figure 3, 17-20. The presentation of the theory of the isolated fiber will be continued. * This work has been supported in part by a grant (NB 02650) from the USPHS. t Present address: Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee. 1 (a) Lorente de N6, R., and V. Honrubia, these PROCEEDINGS, 53, 757 (1965); (b) ibid., p. 938; (c) ibid., p. 1384; (d) ibid., 54, 82 (1965); (e) ibid., p. 388; (f) ibid., p. 770; (g) ibid., p. 1061. 2 Lorente de N6, R., and Y. Laporte, J. Cell. Comp. Physiol., 35, suppl. 2 (1950). 3 Lorente de N6, R., in The Neuron, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol. 17 (1952), p. 299. FACILITATION OF IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS BY AN INTERACTION BETWEEN RED CELL-SENSITIZING ANTIBODY AND 7-GLOBULIN ALLOTYPE ANTIBODY* BY EBERHARDT WEILER, ELSA W. MELLETZ, AND EVELYN BREUNINGER-PECK THE INSTITUTE FOR CANCER RESEARCH, PHILADELPHIA Communicated by Thomas F. Anderson, August 30, 1965 When a complex forms between red blood cells and antibodies against red cells, sensitization occurs: subsequent exposure to complement will cause lysis of the red cells (immune hemolysis).' It has been found2 that hemolysis can be inhibited, when the antibodies prepared in one species to sensitize red cells are exposed to "heterotype" antibodies against them prepared in another species.
    [Show full text]
  • Healthy Donor Polyclonal Igms Diminish B-Lymphocyte Autoreactivity, Enhance Regulatory T-Cell Generation, and Reverse Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice
    Diabetes Volume 67, November 2018 2349 Healthy Donor Polyclonal IgMs Diminish B-Lymphocyte Autoreactivity, Enhance Regulatory T-Cell Generation, and Reverse Type 1 Diabetes in NOD Mice Christopher S. Wilson,1 Preeti Chhabra,2 Andrew F. Marshall,3 Caleigh V. Morr,3 Blair T. Stocks,1 Emilee M. Hoopes,3 Rachel H. Bonami,4 Greg Poffenberger,5 Kenneth L. Brayman,2 and Daniel J. Moore1,3 Diabetes 2018;67:2349–2360 | https://doi.org/10.2337/db18-0456 Autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) Type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains a devastating, chronic im- arise from unrestrained activation of effector lympho- mune disorder for which incidence continues to rise (1). IMMUNOLOGY AND TRANSPLANTATION cytes that destroy target tissues. Many efforts have The personal and economic burden of this disease is been made to eliminate these effector lymphocytes, monumental despite improvements in insulin therapy. but none has produced a long-term cure. An alterna- Attempts to target the immune system to dissuade it tive to depletion therapy is to enhance endogenous from attacking and destroying insulin-producing b-cells immune regulation. Among these endogenous alter- have focused largely on depleting immune cells. These natives, naturally occurring Igs have been applied therapies have been mostly unsuccessful because of re- for inflammatory disorders but have lacked potency in antigen-specific autoimmunity. We hypothesized emergence of autoreactive cells after therapy is discontin- fi that naturally occurring polyclonal IgMs, which repre- ued, pointing to ongoing de ciencies in immune tolerance sent the majority of circulating, noninduced antibodies despite therapy. but are present only in low levels in therapeutic Ig Nonetheless, an immunologic approach to the resolu- preparations, possess the most potent capacity to tion of T1D seems attainable.
    [Show full text]