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Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Southern Idaho

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Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Southern Idaho Great Basin Naturalist Volume 56 Number 1 Article 3 1-31-1996 Consumption of diffuse knapweed by two species of polyphagous grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southern Idaho Dennis J. Fielding University of Idaho, Moscow M. A. Brusven University of Idaho, Moscow L. P. Kish University of Idaho, Moscow Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn Recommended Citation Fielding, Dennis J.; Brusven, M. A.; and Kish, L. P. (1996) "Consumption of diffuse knapweed by two species of polyphagous grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southern Idaho," Great Basin Naturalist: Vol. 56 : No. 1 , Article 3. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/gbn/vol56/iss1/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western North American Naturalist Publications at BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Great Basin Naturalist by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Great Basin Naturalist 56(1), © 1996, pp. 22-27 CONSUMPTION OF DIFFUSE KNAPWEED BY TWO SPECIES OF POLYPHAGOUS GRASSHOPPERS (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) IN SOUTHERN IDAHO Dennis J. Fielding1,2, M. A. Brusven1, and L. P. KishI ABSTHACT.-Consumption of diffuse knapweed (Centaurea dif.{usa Lam.) by 2 polyphagous grasshopper species, Melanoplus sanguinip€s (E) and Oedaleonotus enigma (Scudder), was studied using microhistological analysis of grasshopper crop contents. Grasshoppers were confined to cages containing C. diffusa and Sisymbrium altissimum L., a member of the mustard filmily known to be rcadily eatcn by these 2 grasshopper species. Preference indices for knap­ weed were lower than for S. altissimutn in 4 of5 trials. An uncagcd population ofM. sanguinipes on a knapweed~infested sitc consumed only small amounts of knapweed until late summer when most other plants werc senescent. Results sug­ gest that diffuse knapwced's low palatability to generalist herbivores may confer to it a competitive advantage over other rangeland plants. Key words: Centaurea diftusa Lam., diffuse knapweed, herbivory, insects, competition. Diffuse and spotted knapweed, Centaurea sanguinipes (F). and Dedaleonotus enigma diffusa Lam. and C. rnaculosa Lam., respec­ (Scndder), are capable of attaining very high tively, were introduced to the Pacific North­ densities (>30/m2). Both species feed npon a west around 1900 (Watson and Renney 1974). broad range of forbs (Brusven and Lamley Since then they have rapidly spread through­ 1971, Banfm and Brusven 1973, Sheldon and out the area (Fig. 1; Forcella and Harvey 1981). Rogers 1978). pfadt (1992) suggested that an Heavy infestations of knapweed reduce produc­ increase in introduced weeds is a factor lead­ tion ofmore desirable species offorage plants, ing to outbreaks of 0. enigma. Fielding and thus reducing the value of rangeland for graz­ Brusven (1993) found that both species prefer ing and wildlife habitat. Several specialist disturbed rangeland habitats dominated by insect herbivores have been introduced in exotic annual plants. This study assessed the attempts to control knapweed (Story and Ander­ utilization of diffuse knapweed as food hy these son 1978, Maddox 1979). To date, no studies 2 grasshopper species to determine if knap­ have reported on the consumption of knapweed weed represents a significant and expanding by polyphagous insect herbivores. resource for grasshoppers and if grasshopper Cnicin, a sesquiterpene lactone, is produced herbivory may be a constraint to knapweed by spotted and diffuse knapweed (Drodz 1966, Locken and Kelsey 1987). Picman (1986) sug­ populations. gested that sesquiterpene lactones have toxic Previous studies (Brusven and Lamley 1971) effects on many herbivores and may function have shown Sisyrnhrium altissimum L., an intro­ as deterrents to herbivory. Locken and Kelsey duced annual forb, to be preferred by many (1987) suggested that nonpalatability of knap­ forb-feeding grasshoppers. Both species of weeds may afford them a competitive advantage weeds initiate growth as a basal rosette of over many other plant species by protecting leaves and later develop erect, sparsely leaved them from herbivory. Grasshoppers (Orthoptera: stems: that bear flowers. Because C. diffusa is Acrididae) are a conspicuous and important usually a biennial, it does not develop beyond class of herbivores on rangeland in the west­ tbe basal rosette until the 2nd year. Sisymbrium ern u.s. altissirnurn constituted a large proportion of Rangeland grasshopper popnlations in south­ the forbs present in this study; therefore utili­ ern Idaho occasionally reach outbreak propor­ zation of C. diffusa and S. altissirnurn was tions. Two species in particular, Melanoplus compared. IDepartment "I' Piau!, Soil, and EntOlTIolngieal Sciences, University ofIdaho, Mo~eow, 1D 8.'3844-2339. 2Presont addnJss; PO B"x 75010, University ofAlaska, l'~lirlmllh. AK 99775-0102, 22 1996] KNAPWEED CONSUMPTION BY GRASSHOPPERS 23 1920 1980 1990 \ Fig.!. Idaho counties reporting infestations ofdiffuse knapweed, Cen/aurea diffusa. MATERIALS AND METHODS fresh weight was obtained within 4 h of clip­ ping. Clipped plants were then allowed to air­ The study site is about 3 km south of Sho­ dry until they quit losing weight (W-15 d), shone. Idaho (Lincoln County). in a knapweed­ after which dry weights were ohtained (to the infested area that had been seeded with crested nearest 0.1 g). Percent moisture of above­ wheatgrass (Agropyron enstatum [L.] Gaertn.) ground portions ofeach plant species was then in 1975. Grasshopper food preferences were determined. identified by microhistological analysis ofgrass­ Plants were rated after each trial according hopper crop contents (Brusven and Mulkern to phenology as follows: 1, vegetative growth 1960, Sparks and Malechek 1968. Fielding and only; 2. flowering; 3, seed set: 4. seed maturity: Brusven 1992). Grasshoppers were confmed to 5. senescent or dormant (USDA-Soil Conser­ cages so that relative amounts of different vation Service 1976). Crass species present plant species could be precisely determioed. included Poa sandbergii Vasey, 8romus tecto­ Five trials were conducted during the summer rom L., and Agropy"on cn.statum. Centaurea. of 1989: 0. enigma 4th- and 5th-instar nymphs dijJ'u,!a and S. altissimum composed about 97% in early June: 0. enigma adults and M. san­ of aboveground biomass of forbs. Both Ist­ guinipes 4th and 5th instars in late June: M. and 2nd-year C. dijJ'u,!a were present in each sanguinipes adults in July and again in August. ofthe cages. Other forbs present were Helian­ For each trial, 4 wire-mesh (5-mm pore size). thus annttus L., Lactuca seniola L .• and Epilo­ conical cages covering 0.5 m2 each were placed bium L. sp. in the field such that at least 1 plant each of C. Grasshopper crops were removed and the diffusa and Sisymbrium altissimum L., along contents mounted on glass slides in glycerin with assorted common grasses, OCCUlTed within and safranin stain. Plant fragments in the crops each cage. Twelve to 15 grasshoppers of a sin­ were identified by comparing them with refer­ gle species were placed in each cage. Grass­ ence slides made from fragments of known hoppers used in the tests were collected from plants collected at the study site. similar to the rangeland and placed in the cages within 20 h methods described by Fielding and Brusven of collection. A 4-d interval was estimated to (1992). Frequency counts were made for eacb be sufficient to completely void previous meals plant species by determining their presence or and to accurately assess preferences in choice absence in 20 microscope viewing fields per tests. After 4 d, 10 grasshoppers were removed grasshopper crop. Trichomes, hairs. and pollen from each cage and immediately preserved in were not counted. Frequencies from the 10 95% ethanol for crop analysis. grasshoppers per cage were summed. Relative Species composition of plants in each cage frequency was calculated by dividing the fre­ was determined on an air-dry basis by clipping quency of a plant species by the total fre­ and sorting by species ahoveground portions quency of all plant species (Sparks and ofplants in each cage after each trial. Clipped Malechek 1968. pfadt and Lavigne 1982). plants were stored in air-tight plastic bags. and HoJecheck and Gross (1982) demonstrated the 24 GREAT BASIN NATURALIST [Volume 56 near equivalence ofrelative frequency to actual Plant species composition at the site was dry weight percentage ofplants consumed. determined by visual estimates, in 5% incre­ Relative availability ofdifferent plant species ments, of the ground cover of each plant within an area has been shown to influence species in forty 0.1-m2 quadrats, arranged in 4 diet composition in many grasshopper species transects of 10 quadrats each. Ground cover (Ueckert et al. 1972, Mitchell 1975). To account estimates were made in July and again in for the effect of availability on consumption, October after precipitation caused abundant preference values for plant species constitut­ gennination of cheatgrass. Because accurate ing more than 10% of either cage or crop con­ estimates of food availability (biomass) in the tents were calculated by dividing relative fre­ field were not availahle, preference values were quency of a plant species in the crops by that not calculated and the results are presented species' percentage of tbe dry-weight of all for comparative purposes only. plants within the cages (Ueckert and Hansen 1971). A preference value > 1 indicates feed­ RESULTS ing in greater proportion to the plant's avail­ ab~ity, whereas a preference value <1 indi­ Cages were placed such that C. diffusa was cates low preference in relation to a plant's equally as abundant as or more abundant than availability. S. altissimum in each trial (Table 1). Percentage Possibly, total dry weight ofa plant may not moisture of both species of weeds declined accurately portray the amount of plant mater­ throughout the season (Table 1). Sisymbrium ial available to grasshoppers, thus introducing altissimum tended to be slightly more advanced bias into the preference values.
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