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Genome-Wide Association Study of Growth Performance and Immune Response to Newcastle Disease Virus of Indigenous Chicken in Rwanda

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Genome-Wide Association Study of Growth Performance and Immune Response to Newcastle Disease Virus of Indigenous Chicken in Rwanda ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 16 August 2021 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.723980 Genome-Wide Association Study of Growth Performance and Immune Response to Newcastle Disease Virus of Indigenous Chicken in Rwanda Richard Habimana 1,2*, Kiplangat Ngeno 2, Tobias Otieno Okeno 2, Claire D’ andre Hirwa 3, Christian Keambou Tiambo 4 and Nasser Kouadio Yao 5 1 College of Agriculture, Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda, 2 Animal Breeding and Genomics Group, Department of Animal Science, Egerton University, Egerton, Kenya, 3 Rwanda Agricultural and Animal Resources Development Board, Kigali, Rwanda, 4 Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya, 5 Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa – International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi, Kenya A chicken genome has several regions with quantitative trait loci (QTLs). However, Edited by: replication and confirmation of QTL effects are required particularly in African chicken Younes Miar, Dalhousie University, populations. This study identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and putative Canada genes responsible for body weight (BW) and antibody response (AbR) to Newcastle Reviewed by: disease (ND) in Rwanda indigenous chicken (IC) using genome-wide association studies Sayed Haidar Abbas, Northwest A & F University, China (GWAS). Multiple testing was corrected using chromosomal false detection rates of 5 and Suxu Tan, 10% for significant and suggestive thresholds, respectively. BioMart data mining and Michigan State University, variant effect predictor tools were used to annotate SNPs and candidate genes, respectively. United States A total of four significant SNPs (rs74098018, rs13792572, rs314702374, and rs14123335) *Correspondence: Richard Habimana significantly (p ≤ 7.6E−5) associated with BW were identified on chromosomes (CHRs) [email protected] 8, 11, and 19. In the vicinity of these SNPs, four genes such as pre-B-cell leukaemia homeobox 1 (PBX1), GPATCH1, MPHOSPH6, and MRM1 were identified. Four other Specialty section: This article was submitted to significant SNPs (rs314787954, rs13623466, rs13910430, and rs737507850) all located Livestock Genomics, on chromosome 1 were strongly (p ≤ 7.6E−5) associated with chicken antibody response a section of the journal Frontiers in Genetics to ND. The closest genes to these four SNPs were cell division cycle 16 (CDC16), zinc Received: 11 June 2021 finger, BED-type containing 1 (ZBED1), myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 (MX1), Accepted: 15 July 2021 and growth factor receptor bound protein 2 (GRB2) related adaptor protein 2 (GRAP2). Published: 16 August 2021 Besides, other SNPs and genes suggestively (p ≤ 1.5E−5) associated with BW and Citation: antibody response to ND were reported. This work offers a useful entry point for the Habimana R, Ngeno K, Okeno TO, Hirwa CD, Keambou Tiambo C and discovery of causative genes accountable for essential QTLs regulating BW and antibody Yao NK (2021) Genome-Wide response to ND traits. Results provide auspicious genes and SNP-based markers that Association Study of Growth Performance and Immune Response can be used in the improvement of growth performance and ND resistance in IC populations to Newcastle Disease Virus of based on gene-based and/or marker-assisted breeding selection. Indigenous Chicken in Rwanda. Front. Genet. 12:723980. Keywords: genome-wide association studies, quantitative trait loci, putative gene, single nucleotide polymorphism, doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.723980 growth performance, indigenous chicken Frontiers in Genetics | www.frontiersin.org 1 August 2021 | Volume 12 | Article 723980 Habimana et al. Growth and Immune Response Genes INTRODUCTION Selection for antibody response (AbR) is a suitable process for effectively improving resistance to diseases such as ND Lillie( The genome-wide identification of genes linked to complex et al., 2017). The development and distribution of disease-resistant traits started in the 1990s (Zhang et al., 2012). The most chicken flocks represent a proactive approach for diseases control suitable way to detect genetic variation for economically as compared to the current methods, which use drugs and significant traits at the genome-wide level was to map quantitative vaccination (Dar et al., 2018). More than 10 QTLs associated trait loci (QTL; Soller et al., 2006). Earlier genomic studies with the antibody response to ND on chicken have been reported have mostly used low-density marker assays like microsatellites (Saelao et al., 2019; Walugembe et al., 2019). (Goddard and Hayes, 2009). However, this approach does not Despite the existing QTL reports for BW and antibody provide novel information any longer (Zhang et al., 2012). response to ND in chicken, replication and confirmation of Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) may now these QTL effects in IC in Rwanda have not been done. Growth be undertaken on a larger scale thanks to the development performance and antibody response to ND of IC in Rwanda of high-throughput genotyping tools and relevant statistical have been evaluated (Habimana et al., 2020b). This study techniques (Sharmaa et al., 2015). Currently, GWAS is the examined the genetic architecture of BW and immune response most commonly used approach for searching a single variant to ND traits of IC in Rwanda. In this study, GWAS was and identifying functional complex traits genes (Berghof et al., performed to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) 2018; Ji et al., 2019). Compared with previous QTL mapping and candidate genes significantly related to growth and immune approaches, GWAS is the most important in the detection of response to ND traits. causal variants having simple effects. It is also powerful in delineating narrow genomic regions that have causal variants (MacKay et al., 2009; Sharmaa et al., 2015). GWAS does not METHODOLOGY assume that certain QTLs or genes are related to specific traits (Sharmaa et al., 2015), rather it gives the relationship between Ethical Statement given traits and genetic markers (Berghof et al., 2018; All chicken manipulations were carried out as per the revised Ji et al., 2019). Animals Act 1986 with the approval of the ethical clearance The use of GWAS in chickens has been to ascertain major committee of the College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and loci related to economic traits (Liu et al., 2019; Saelao et al., Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda (Ref: 031/19/DRI 2019; Zhang et al., 2020). Most economic traits in animals September 2, 2019). The birds were humanely handled, and display quantitative variation, which is regulated by many QTLs during the research, none of them was sacrificed. with comparatively small effects and altered by the environment (Tsudzuki et al., 2007). Growth performance traits are among Experimental Birds the furthermost important economic traits in a poultry venture Indigenous chicken (IC) used in this study were kept under (Jin et al., 2015). Significant improvements in the study of the same conditions on- station at the University of Rwanda growth performance traits in chicken have been realized, and in the Eastern region, Nyagatare district as explained in many related genes and QTLs have been reported (Zhang et al., Habimana et al. (2020b). 2020). Over 1,500 QTLs, covering the majority of the chicken genome has been linked with growth performance traits (Hu et al., 2010; Sharmaa et al., 2015; Noorai et al., 2019). The Phenotyping majority of these reported QTLs are from crossbred chicken The live body weights (BWs) of 185 ICs were weighed at the populations (Mebratie et al., 2019) and were discovered using 20th week, and immune response to ND [mainly immunoglobulin microsatellites, markers with low map resolution, resulting in Y (IgY)] titres recorded after 7 days from the second the detection of a few causative genes (Sharmaa et al., 2015). immunization (Table 1) as outlined in Habimana et al. (2020b). Chicken has been threatened by various diseases (Jie and Liu, 2011) including Newcastle disease (ND; Kapczynski et al., Genotyping 2013), a highly contagious viral disease of birds (El Sayed et al., Blood samples from 185 ICs were collected using an EDTA 2016). The development of molecular and quantitative genetics tube. Promega genomic DNA extraction kit was used to assist in breeding for resistance in poultry (Walugembe et al., extract genomic DNA from blood. The concentration and 2019). Currently, numerous efforts have been made globally to quality of Genomic DNA were assessed using NanoDrop™ genetically improve disease resistance (Saelao et al., 2019). The 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific™ Nanodrop 2000) immune capacity for specific diseases is a beneficial indicator of a good immunological response. This trait can be assessed and measured in live animals for indirect selection when breeding TABLE 1 | Means and SDs for 20-week body weight (BW) and antibody titres to for resistance (Goddard and Hayes, 2009). Immunological Newcastle disease (ND) traits. characteristics such as antibody titres are heritable in poultry Traits Samples Mean SD Minimum Maximum (Lamont et al., 2009; Lwelamira et al., 2009; Biscarini et al., 2010). This implies that there is a possibility of discovering loci Body weight (g) 185 1,435.15 549.62 706.35 3,000.50 and/or genes related to the immune and/or disease resistance traits. Antibody (titre) 185 6,064.12 2,178.67 1,615 12,000 Frontiers in Genetics | www.frontiersin.org 2 August
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