6 X 10.5 Long Title.P65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-18947-7 - Fred Hoyle: A Life in Science Simon Mitton Index More information

INDEX

A for Andromeda (Hoyle), 165, 236–7 Atomic theory, 39, 51, 153, 197–8, 215 Aarseth, Sverre, 10 Aubrey, John, 312 Academic Assistance Council, 48 Australia, see also Anglo-Australian Active galactic nucleus, 235, 275, 314, 315 telescope Adams, Walter S., 70, 74, 101, 102, 104 radio astronomy surveys, 172, 175–6, Admiralty Signal Establishment, 75, 91, 184–5, 187–8, 189, 272 92, 93–8 Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 139 Adrian, Lord, 186 Australian National University, 295 Albert, Prince, 58 Alfvén, Hannes, 174–5, 304 Baade, Walter, 102–5, 107, 152, 154–5, All Souls College, 278 157, 159–60, 163, 164, 174, 176, Alpha particles, 48, 205, 210 177–8, 200, 202, 218, 232 Alpher, Ralph, 116, 199 Babbage, Charles, 1 Aluminium-26, 305 Background microwave radiation, 76, 192, Amari, Sachiko, 305 195, 314 American Astronomical Society, 195, 319 Baggaley, Norman, 255 Henry Norris Russell Lectureship, 227, Baker, Henry, 187 274 Baldwin, Stanley, 81 American Physical Society, 207, 209 Balzan Prize, 166, 304 Andromeda Breakthrough (TV series), 237 Barium, 213, 217 Andromeda galaxy, 105, 155, 160 Barrow, John, 322 Anglo-Australian telescope, 1, 8, 257, Batchelor, George, 239–41, 246, 249, 252, 258–9, 262, 279, 282, 285–6, 295–9 294 Antielectrons, see Positrons BBC Appleton, Edward, 91–2, 98 A for Andromeda TV series, 236–7 Archaeopteryx lithographica, 309–10 birthday broadcast with Hoyle, 306 Arecibo Observatory, 268–9 Hoyle’s radio lectures, 125–6, 127–38, Argon, 201, 210, 221 320 Argonne Laboratory, 215 Reith Lecturer, 132 Arnett, Dave, 264, 265, 322 Becquerel, Henri, 303 Arp, Halton (Chip), 271, 273–4 Beecham, Thomas, 27 Arthur, Chester, 1 Bell, Jocelyn, 79, 266–7, 301–3 Aston, Francis W., 45, 198 Bell Telephone Laboratories, 192 Astronomy Society of the Pacific, 301 Beryllium, 205–7, 314 Astrophysical Journal, 11, 105, 149, 262, Beta decay, 48, 51, 53, 54, 211, 217, 300 271, 274, 316 Bethe, Hans, 54, 62, 67, 116, 146, 147, Athenaeum (California), 214 151, 201, 205 Atkinson, Robert, 65–6, 67–9, 71, 85, 126, Big bang theory, 294 130 age-of-universe problem, 112, 155, 315 Atlee, Clement, 180 alpha-beta model, 116, 123 Atomic mass, 198 background microwave radiation and, Atomic number, 198 192, 195, 314

INDEX 355

as creation event, 112, 139 Calcium, 199, 201, 203, 210 Eddington model, 40–1, 111, 112, 115, California Institute of Technology 117–18, 120 (Caltech), 8, 155, 157, 186, 191, gravitational force and, 112, 195 203–4, 205, 206, 212–13, 215, 216, inflationary scenario, 195 223, 224, 231, 232–3, 245, 262, 264, Lemaître model, 111, 139, 199 266, 280, 284, 297, 300, 306 and nucleosynthesis, 116, 199–200, 219, Californium, 218 221 Cambridge Philosophical Society, 66, 68 observational test of, 179, 190–1 Cambridge University, see also individual philosophical weakness, 316 colleges Bingley Grammar School, 25, 27, 29 academic life, 32–3, 42–3, 44–5, 47, Bismuth, 216 49–50, 51–2, 162 Black Cloud, 4, 165, 186, 235–6 administrative structure, 281–5 Black holes, 235, 269–70, 275 astronomy and astrophysics at, 60, Blake, William, 13 161–2, 165–6, 192–3, 197, 277–8 Blueshifts, 270 Backs, The 54 Bohr Institute, 209–10 Boat Race, 43 Bolton, John, 233 Cavendish Laboratory, 4, 29, 45, 46, Bondi, Christine Stockman, 114–15, 122, 49–50, 52, 54, 55, 61, 66, 68, 169, 154 173, 197, 198, 262, 266, 277, 281, Bondi, Hermann, 75–8, 80, 88, 92, 94–5, 291 96–7, 98–9, 107, 113–15, 116–21, colleges and governance structure, 122–3, 139–40, 183, 184, 186, 188, 32–3, 53, 197 191, 258–9, 275, 276, 322 computers, 154, 165–6, 186, 228–9 Born, Max, 125 Department of Applied Mathematics Boron, 314 and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP), Boston University, 310 238–41, 246, 262, 266, 277, 278, Bowen, Ira, 216 284, 291 Bowen, Taffy, 297 Hoyle Building, 306 Boyd, Robert, 260 mathematical laboratory, 154, 165 Bradford Pals, 14 mathematical tripos, 35–6, 39, 42–3, Brashear, John, 159 114, 249, 277 British Astronomical Association, Maxwell lecture theatre, 49, 266 101 Mayhew Prize, 47–8 Bruce Medal, 301 natural sciences tripos, 277 Brück, Hermann, 260, 261 Nobel laureates, 34, 42, 45–6, 92, 170, Brundrett, Fred, 81, 83 197, 198, 267 Bryanston School, 213 nuclear physics at, 26, 34, 45–7, 50–2, Burbidge, E. Margaret (née Peachey), 55 202–4, 205, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, Observatories, 1, 61, 143–4, 162, 176, 222, 247, 251, 258, 259, 268, 273, 183, 244, 246, 251, 272, 278–80 279, 288, 290, 295, 296, 297, 300, Parker’s Piece, 32 314, 319, 322 physics department, 11, 45–6, 49–50, Burbidge, Geoffrey, 195, 202–4, 205, 210, 51–2, 54, 68, 79, 197, 198 212–13, 214, 215–16, 218, 222, 230, Plumian Professor of Astronomy, 11, 247, 251, 258, 260, 284, 288, 297, 187, 292 300, 314, 319–21, 322 postwar conditions, 113–15 Butterfield, Herbert, 132 sports and athletics, 43–4

356 FRED HOYLE: A LIFE IN SCIENCE

Cambridge University – cont. CN molecules, 70 traditions, 7–8, 44–5, 47, 162 Coales, John, 88 Tyson Medal, 43 Cobalt-56, 228 William (Bill) H. Gates Building for Cobb, Henry Ives, 161 Computer Science, 11 Cockroft, John, 34, 45, 58, 245, 251 Cambridge University Press, 195, 319–21 Cold War, 192, 214–15 Cameron, Alastair, 211–13, 218, 220, 269 Comets, 78–9, 308–9 Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, 138 Committee for the Scientific Study of Air Cannon, Annie Jump, 73 Defence, 82 Carbon, 12, 51, 164, 198, 200–1, 205, Computers, 2, 11, 78, 109, 142, 146, 163 206–9, 211–12, 215, 222, 265, 305 Atlas, 228–9 Carnegie Foundation, 213 digital, 219 Carnegie Institution of Washington, 274 EDSAC, 165–6, 186 Carruthers, George, 70 IBM 360/44, 253, 265, 272–3 Cartwright, Mary, 244 IBM 704, 221 Cassels, J. M., 260 IBM 7090, 227–9, 275 Cassiopeia, radio source, 176, 177 Conservation of energy, 118 Causality principle, 276 Conservation of mass, 119 Cepheids, 151–2, 155 Continental drift, 65 Cerro Tololo, Chile, telescope, 298 Cook, Dick, 255–7 CH molecules, 70 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 4, 8, 190 Chadwick, James, 45, 198 Copleston, Frederick, 135 Chalk River Laboratories, 211, 212, 218 Cornell University, 54, 208, 268–9, 302, Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan, 162–3, 306 212, 271, 304 Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), Chandrasekhar limit, 162 116, 195 Charles, Prince, 298–9 Cosmology, see also Big bang theory; Chemical elements, see also individual Steady-state theory; Universe elements action-at-a-distance theories, 275–6 abundance tables, 199, 200, 215–16 brane, 140 atomic mass, 198 computer simulations, 275 atomic number, 198 extra-large dimensions, 140 isotopes, 45, 51, 198, 199, 201 galactic distances and, 85, 111–12, 119, meteorite data, 215 120, 155 origin of, see Nucleosynthesis general theory of relativity and, 110, Periodic Table, 198 115, 119, 120–1, 124, 139, 140 Prout’s hypothesis, 198 Hubble’s law, 108–9 stellar composition, 101, 123, 144–5, large-number coincidences, 112, 118 147–8, 152–4, 160, 164, 199, mathematical models, 110–11, 112 202–3, 212, 215–17 observational, 124, 155, 157–8, 179–80, Christian Science Monitor, 138 182–4, 187–8, 191, 315–16 Christie, Julie, 237, 238 radio frequency source counts and, Churchill, Winston, 89, 90, 94, 98 179–80, 181–4, 188, 190, 191, Churchill College, 251 194–5, 273 Clayton, Don, 253, 263–5, 266, 300–1, reviews of progress in, 115, 116–17 302–3, 304–5, 318 superstring, 140 Cloud chamber, 45 Cottrell, Alan, 244 Clow, Archie, 126, 127, 131 Coulomb, Charles de, 275

INDEX 357

Cowling, Thomas, 151 cosmological theory, 40–1, 111, 112, Crab Nebula, 172, 176, 177, 201, 224–5, 115, 117, 118, 120 269 death, 2, 107, 123, 254 Crafoord Prize, 304 honours and awards, 301 Cruise missiles, 107 influence on Hoyle, 3–4, 11–12, 25, 27, Cygnus A, 177–8, 187–8, 229–30 36, 39, 40, 67, 68, 143–4, 151, 198 large-number coincidences, 112, 118 Dalgarno, Alex, 258 lecturing style, 42–3, 73 Dalton, John, 198 as mathematician, 36 Dame schools, 19 nucleosynthesis speculations, 198, 211 Daniel, Glyn, 310 Plumian Professor of Astronomy, 11, Dark energy, 196 144 Darlington, Cyril, 131–2 RAS theory papers, 73–4, 110 Darwin College, 266 scientific approach, 151 Davidson, Kris, 79 stellar evolution and structure Davies, Paul, 307 contributions, 25–6, 40–1, 61–2, de Ferranti, Basil, 228, 229 66, 68, 70, 73, 143, 144, 146, de Sitter, Willem, 110–11, 115 147–8, 152, 153, 211 Death rays, 82 Edmonson, Frank, 138 Deer, Alec, 289 Edward VII, 124 Degenerate matter, 114 Efstathiou, George, 322 Dee, Philip, 54 Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule, 122 Del-Squared V Club, 50, 55–6, 203, 210 Einstein, Albert, 4, 26, 37–9, 41, 110, 111, Deuterium, 221 115, 117, 139, 144, 158, 213, 276 Dewhirst, David, 176, 177, 183 Einstein, Elsa, 158 Dicke, Robert, 192 Einstein X-ray Observatory, 80 Different Approach to Cosmology, A Eldwick school, 23 (Hoyle), 319–21 Electromagnetic theory, 34, 37 Dingle, Herbert, 130, 136–7, 140, 176–7 Electronics industry, 2 Dirac, Paul, 3, 36, 37, 39, 41, 42–3, 46, 48, Electrons, 56 50, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 112, 118, 120, beta decay, 48, 51 147, 301 discovery, 34, 45, 198 Dodd, K. N., 78 shell model, 215 Domb, Cyril, 75, 90–1 Eliot, T. S., 227 Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, 74 Elizabeth II, 285 Doppler effect, 128 Elliot, John, 236, 237 Dunham, Theodore, 153 Emmanuel College, 28, 29, 31–2, 33–4, 36, 58, 92, 143 Earth European Space Research Organisation, age of, 26, 97, 109, 111, 321 259 ionosphere, 168 Evolution of life, 8, 308–9, 310 origin of, 8 Ewen, Harold, 67 Eddington, Arthur, 138, 291 Expanding Universe, The (Eddington), 40, confirmation of general relativity, 11, 111–12 37, 38, 40–1 Extraterrestrial life, 131–2 conflicts and confrontations, 52, 61–2, 85, 162, 271 Faulkner, John, 228–9, 247, 249–54, 258, contributions, 115 266, 278, 321, 322

358 FRED HOYLE: A LIFE IN SCIENCE

Fermi, Enrico, 48, 53, 162, 163, 199 Gold, Thomas, 75–6, 94–5, 96–7, 107, 113, Feynman, Richard, 204 115, 116, 117–21, 124–5, 134, 139–40, Field theory, 118–19, 276 173–5, 177, 178–9, 180, 184, 185, 186, Fisher, Geoffrey, 135–6 188, 189, 194, 232, 268–9, 302 Flowers, Brian, 288 Goldsmiths’ Company, 53 Fowler, Adrianne, 220 Goldstein, Sydney, 136 Fowler, Ralph, 46, 50, 53 Gonville and Caius College, 203 Fowler, Willy, 203–4, 205, 206, 207–8, Gravitational force 209–10, 212–13, 214, 215, 216, 217, attraction of neutron stars, 269 219–20, 222, 224, 225–8, 229, 230, and big bang theory, 112, 195 231, 232, 235, 236, 247, 249, 251, collapse of massive and supermassive 252, 262, 263–70, 288, 291–2, 300, stars, 225–6, 231 304, 306 and quasi-steady-state theory, 315 Fraser, Malcolm, 295–6 Great Britain, see United Kingdom Friedmann, Alexander, 111 Greenstein, Jesse, 232–3, 234 Frisch, Otto, 201 Gribbin, John, 268 ‘Frontiers of Astronomy’ conference 305 Guth, Alan, 195–6 Frontiers of Astronomy (Hoyle), 181–2, 307 Hahn, Otto, 57 Frozen Planet of Azuron (Hoyle), 313 Hailsham, Lord, 228 Hainebach, Kem, 264 Galaxies, 161 Hale, George Ellery, 158, 213–14 active central nuclei, 235, 275, 314, 315 Hall, P., 283 colliding, 178 Halley’s comet, 79 distances of, 151–2, 155, 160, 178 Hampshire, Susan, 238 disturbed, 178, 270 Hanbury Brown, Robert, 232–3, 297 elliptical, 105 Harvard College Observatory, 73, 106, energy measurements, 229–30 152 evolution of, 70, 193 Harvard University, 67 quasars close to, 270–2, 274, 314 Haselgrove, Brian, 165, 166 radio, 178, 191, 193, 194, 229–30, Hawking, Stephen, 238, 240, 275, 278, 271 291, 307 recission velocities, 161, 234 Hawkins, Gerald, 310–12 Gamma Geminorum, 203 Hazard, Cyril, 10, 233–4, 235, 271–2, 273, Gamma rays, 48, 54, 300 274 Gamow, George, 116, 123, 129, 139, 144, HD46407, 216 147, 192, 199–200 Heisenberg, Werner, 40, 47 Gandhi, Indira, 306 Helium, 153, 154, 198, 199, 200, 201, 204, Garstang, Roy, 114 205, 206–7, 211, 212, 215, 219, 221, Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 276 222, 314 George VI, 94, 168 Herman, Robert, 116 George Washington University, 116 Herschel, William, 1, 72 Germany in World War II, 57, 59, 201 Herstmonceux Castle, 130, 288 Giles, Peter, 29, 33 conferences, 193–4, 226–7 Giotto spacecraft, 79 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 101 Girton College, 58, 244 Hewish, Antony, 188, 266–8, 301, 302–3 Globular clusters, 80, 105, 155 Hey, James, 169 Goeppert-Mayer, Maria, 214 Hill, Alan, 180

INDEX 359

Hitler, Adolf, 48, 57, 59, 81, 84, 93, 107 223, 224, 245, 262, 264, 273, 295, HMS Achilles, 83 300 HMS Ajax, 83 Cardiff professorship, 332 HMS Exeter, 83 celebratory conferences, 305–6, 322–3 HMS Illustrious, 86 chemistry interests and experiments, Hodge, William V. D., 244, 285 24–5, 26–7 Holme, Christopher, 131 childhood in Gilstead, 12, 13–14, Holmes, Arthur, 109 15–16, 17–18, 19, 21–25, 112, Hosie, Jim, 257–8, 259, 260, 272, 279–80, 167–8, 316 285, 286, 288, 290, 295, 296, 297 Clarkson Close home, 12, 186, 191, 223, Howard, Mike, 264 239, 289 Hoyle, Barbara (née Clark, wife), 12, 57–9, Cockley Moor home, 300, 307, 313 70, 72–3, 76, 89, 95–6, 100, 106, 113, and computers, 165–6, 186, 227, 228–9 151, 186–7, 189, 191, 213, 220, 223, conflicts and controversies, 2, 5, 54, 224, 239, 244, 248, 249–50, 251, 254, 65–6, 75, 80, 85, 123–5, 129–31, 286, 287–8, 289, 291, 293, 299, 301, 134–41, 167, 168–9, 171–2, 173–5, 313, 317 180, 184–5, 189–91, 192–3, 229, Hoyle, Ben (father), 12, 14, 15, 17,18–19, 239–41, 243–5, 247–8, 254, 260–1, 20, 22, 23, 24, 31 273, 274, 286–91, 294, 301–4 Hoyle, Elizabeth (daughter), 100, 106, cosmological theories, 8, 12, 107, 108, 125, 191, 213, 318 109, 112–13, 115, 117–22, 124–5, Hoyle, Fred 127, 130, 133–41, 142, 157, academic performance, 21, 25, 26–30, 179–80, 181–2, 184–6, 188, 189, 35–7, 47–8, 52–3 191–6, 197, 274–6, 294–5, 306–7, accidents and injuries, 301, 316–18 314–6, 318–22 accretion model, 62–80, 84, 85, 97, 101, critics and enemies, 124–5, 128, 130, 107, 142, 147, 150, 304–5 135–8, 140–1, 150, 163–4, 248, achievements, 7–8, 12, 106–7, 153–4, 260, 283–4 210, 257, 320–3 death, 321–2 acknowledgement of colleagues’ work, Del-Squared V Club membership, 55–6 151, 167, 181 as Emmanuel College undergraduate, and Anglo-Australian telescope, 8, 257, 31–2, 33–7, 39–44 258–9, 262, 279, 282, 285–6, on extraterrestrial life, 131–2, 133–4, 289–90, 294, 295–9, 313 308–9 archaeological controversies, 309–12 fame and glory, 3–4, 9, 108, 132–3, 154, as ASE Witley director of Section 173, 197, 238, 306 XRC8, 93–8, 113 friends and collaborators, 10, 41–2, 53, astrobiology theories, 308–9, 323 56, 60–1, 70–6, 113, 115, 158–9, BBC broadcasts, 3, 9, 12, 125–6, 204–5, 210, 214, 219–20, 223–4, 127–37, 172, 236–8, 249, 320 242, 244, 250, 275, 305, 307–9, 314 beta decay research, 51, 53, 54, 181 government committees, 231–2, 241–2, in Bournemouth, 314 257–62, 267 and British astronomy, 24, 27, 60, 61, gravitational contributions, 8, 225–6, 257, 264, 265, 289–91, 299 231, 307 and bureaucracies, 8–9, 17, 94–5, at Harvard College Observatory, 106 228–9, 281–5, 289–90 hiking and climbing experiences, 41–2, at CalTech, 8, 155, 157, 186–7, 191–2, 44–5, 47, 53, 58, 255–7, 264–5, 204, 207–9, 213–14, 216–18, 219, 300, 311, 316–18

360 FRED HOYLE: A LIFE IN SCIENCE

Hoyle, Fred – cont. policy making role, 2–3, 8, 180–1, hobbies and interests, 10, 15, 26–7, 28, 231–2, 238–42, 257–62 43–4 at Portsmouth Signal honours and awards, 43, 47–8, 53, 166, School/Nutbourne, 70, 74–5, 81, 274, 285, 301, 304, 306 82–4, 85, 87–8, 89–91, 92–3, 94, at IAU meetings, 122–3, 154–5, 220 112 ice age theory, 63–5, 66, 181, 313 postdoctoral research, 60–8 impact on British astronomy, 2, 5, 80 at Princeton University, 101, 155, 163 and Institute of Astronomy quasar controversy, 235, 270–4, 285, directorship, 7, 9, 286–7 314 and IoTA, 4, 43, 143, 222, 242–9, radar research, 70, 75–6, 81, 82–3, 251–4, 257, 262–4, 266, 272–3, 86–8, 90–1, 92, 93–100, 107, 323 277–87, 306 and radio astronomy, 157, 173–4, knighthood, 285 175–6, 178–80, 184–5, 188–9, lecture style and popularity, 128, 131, 229–30, 231–3, 234–5, 258 151, 154, 157, 159, 162, 163, 180, religious views, 134–6, 138, 139 191–2, 204, 207, 249, 291 as research student, 46–7, 48, 49–50, lecturer in mathematics, 107, 114, 123, 51–5, 60 126, 127, 166, 180, 205, 219–20 resignation from Cambridge, 4, 7, 9–12, at Lowell Observatory, 159–61 244–5, 255, 286–91, 293–4, 299, management style, 249–51, 262–3, 266 306 Manchester professorship, 291 at Rice University, 300–1 marriage and family life, 12, 58–9, 60, and Royal Astronomical Society, 8, 70, 72–3, 76, 95–6, 100, 106, 113, 65–6, 67–9, 70–5, 101, 123, 126–7, 125, 223–4, 239, 244, 291, 299–300 140–1, 143–4, 150–1, 186, 286, 294 mathematical aptitude and studies, and Royal Society, 8, 186, 301, 306 15–16, 18, 21, 25, 26–7, 33–5, scholarships and fellowships, 25, 27, 28, 36–7, 40–1, 42–3, 55, 96, 97, 147, 29–30, 47, 53, 57–8, 107, 113 171, 318 schooling, 19–20, 21–3, 25–8, 112 mentors and teachers, 3–4, 11–12, 19, 25, as science fiction and popular science 27–30, 33–4, 36, 39, 40–1, 42–3, writer, 3–4, 9, 165, 180–2, 186, 46–7, 53, 55, 60–1, 143–4, 151 223–4, 235–8, 307–8, 309, 312–13, at Mount Wilson Observatory, 101–5, 204 321 Nobel controversy, 301–4 scientific approach, 2, 67, 69–70, 71–2, nuclear physics, 34, 51–2, 53, 54, 57, 106, 76, 80, 97, 121–2, 127, 151, 163, 108, 147, 199–201, 203–4, 217–18 164, 174–5, 306–7 and nuclear weapons, 57, 106 solar system origin, 10, 147, 304–5 nucleosynthesis contributions, 152, 154, in Soviet Union, 220–1 197, 200–2, 204–5, 207–13, stellar structure and evolution 214–15, 216–18, 219, 220, 224–5, contributions, 61–6, 142, 144–5, 227–8, 263–4, 300, 305 146–7, 151–3, 157, 160, 162, panspermia theory, 308–9, 323 163–5, 166, 181, 204, 207, 212, personal characteristics, 3, 9–10, 17, 224, 225, 226–7, 230–1, 234–5 44–5, 53–4, 75, 80, 98, 104, 113, Stonehenge theory, 8, 300–1, 310–12 150–1, 225, 247–8, 250–1 student interaction with, 10, 114–15, planetary accretion theory, 70–1, 304–5 123, 133, 154, 165, 166, 167, 224, Plumian professorship, 144, 187, 220, 228–9, 238, 249–51, 268, 275, 305 239, 241, 287 technical papers, 7–8, 9, 53, 54, 64–6,

INDEX 361

67–9, 102, 110, 121, 127, 150–1, Indiana University, 138 154, 164, 167, 204, 209, 210, 214, Industrial Revolution, 13 218–19, 227–8, 274, 307 Inferno, The (Hoyle), 312 television series, 235–8 Infrared astronomy, 258 theoretical physics, 26–7, 34, 36, 37–8, Institute of Astronomy, 150 39, 40, 41, 45–6, 48, 53, 108, 109 astrophysics chair, 281–5 at University of California, Berkeley, celebratory conference, 322 159 creation, 7, 279–86 and university politics, 238–41, 244–5, director, 286–90 247–8, 253–4, 255 funding, 281, 286, 290, 291 US cross-country trip, 155–7, 159–61, instrument development goal, 280–1, 162–3 282 at US naval research conference, 99–101 Observatories merger, 278–80, 281, 287, at Vatican conferences, 164, 219–20 291 work methods, 142, 143, 171–2, 201 Institute for Scientific Information, 214 World War II experiences, 57, 68, 70–1, Institute of Theoretical Astronomy 75–6, 81–2, 83, 84, 86–7, 95–7, (IoTA), 4, 43, 143 99–100, 107 conferences, 252, 262 at Yerkes Observatory, 161–2 constitutional and management issues, Hoyle, Geoffrey (son), 76, 95, 100, 106, 246–8, 277–9 191, 213, 246, 312, 313, 317–18 construction, 248, 251 Hoyle, George, 12 design and location, 245–6, 148, 278 Hoyle, Joan (sister), 18, 20, 24, 25, 31, directorship, 7, 252–3 316, 317 equipment and facilities, 10–11, 248, Hoyle, Mabel (née Pickard, mother), 253, 262, 265, 272–3, 279 12–14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, funding and approval, 242–4, 246–8, 31 277, 278, 281, 285, 286 Hoyle–Schwartzschild model, 163–4, 165 manager, 248–9, 253–4 Hubble, Edwin, 40, 101, 104, 108, motivation for, 222 112–13, 115, 117, 120, 123, 155, 157, nucleosynthesis research agenda, 263–4, 158–9, 160, 161, 179 265 Hubble, Grace, 157–9 opposition to, 277 Hubble’s law, 118–19, 229, 273 staffing and salaries, 246–7, 249, 251–3, Humason, M., 160 254, 262–3, 278 Huntington Library and Art Gallery visitor programme, 10–11, 251, 252–3, (USA), 158 262, 264 Huntington, Henry, 158 International Astronomical Union (IAU), Huygens, Christiaan, 39 40, 122–3, 154–5, 178, 220 Hydrogen Interstellar matter abundance in universe, 154 bacteria in, 308–9 in continuous creation model, 119 collapsing clouds, 227 in interstellar space, 67, 69–70, 71–2, and comets, 78–9 153 drag on stars, 77 Prout’s hypothesis, 198 in globular clusters, 80 in stars, 146–7, 153–4 invisible, 315 molecular gas, 69–70, 71, 74, 77, 80 Ice ages, 63, 64, 66 origin of, 152 Imperial College London, 41 stardust from novas, 304–5

362 FRED HOYLE: A LIFE IN SCIENCE

Interstellar matter – cont. Light stellar accretion theory, 62–4, 66, 67, gravitational effect, 38 69–72, 77–78, 160 wave-particle duality, 39 thermodynamics, 69, 71, 77 Lindblad, Bertil, 122 Iron, 116, 146–7, 153, 154, 199, 200, 201, Lithium, 222, 314 202, 204, 210–11, 212, 215, 217–18, Longair, Malcolm, 192, 196, 322 219, 225–6, 227–8, 269 Lovell, Bernard, 136, 175, 232, 260, 267, Isaac Newton Telescope, 258, 260, 278 283, 288–9, 291, 321 Isotopes, 45, 51, 198 Lowell Observatory, 156, 159, 161 Lowell, Percival, 159 Jeans, James, 25, 27, 39, 112, 118, 123, Lowry, L. S., 13 138, 301 Lynden-Bell, Donald, 235, 284–5, 286, Jeffreys, Harold, 65, 110, 186 287, 288, 290, 291 Jodrell Bank radio telescope, 232, 233, Lythe Hill House, 93 235, 242, 258, 268, 288, 291 Lyttleton, Maeve, 85 Johnson, Harold, 159–60 Lyttleton, Ray Johnson, Martin, 136 accomplishments, 10, 289 Joliot-Curie, Frédéric and Irène, 57 accretion theory, 62–7, 68–9, 70–2, 75, Jupiter, 71 76–9, 97, 147, 304 comet theory, 78–9 Kapitza, Peter, 49, 50 conflicts with colleagues, 65–6, 74, 283 Kapitza Club, 50, 171, 175 and Greek and Latin qualifications of Kellogg Radiation Laboratory, 157, 203, undergraduates, 243 204, 205, 207, 208–9, 213, 215, 266 friendship and collaboration with Kendrew, John, 166 Hoyle, 56, 61, 76, 81, 84–5, 135, King Edward’s School, Witley, 93–4 154, 173, 174, 243–4 King’s College, Cambridge, 45 and Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, Kitchener, Lord, 14 243, 252, 281, 290, 291 Kitt Peak telescope, 258–9 and lecturing, 56, 150–1 KMS Admiral Graf Spee, 83 mathematical aptitude, 76, 147 Korean War, 136, 170 personal characteristics, 150, 173, 194 Kurchatov, Igor, 220–1 publication disputes, 10, 65–6, 68, 70, 71, 74, 110, 148–50 Lake District Fell and Rock Climbing solar system origin, 56, 147 Club, 255 stellar structure and evolution, 62–3, 75, Laslett, Peter, 127, 130, 131, 132, 135, 146, 147–9 136 Lauritsen, Charlie, 207–8 M31 galaxy, 105, 155, 160 Lauritsen, Tommy, 207–8 M32 galaxy, 105 Lead, 203 M87 galaxy, 176, 177, 234 Leeds–Liverpool Canal, 13, 21 McCrea, William, 78, 115, 122, 140, 153, Leeds University, 28 182 Leicester Astronomical Society, 4 McDonald Observatory, Texas, 202 Lemaître, Georges, 111, 115, 139, 199, McGill University, 301 220 McKellar, A., 74 Lick Observatory, California, 158, 273, McVittie, George, 115, 116, 174 278, 280, 297, 321 Machine Gun Corps, 14–15, 16 Lieb, Earl, 158 Mackey, M. B., 233

INDEX 363

Maddox, John, 269, 306, 322 Narlikar, Jayant, 191, 195, 232, 249, 251, Magnesium, 203, 210 275, 276, 307, 314, 319, 322 Magnetron, 76, 97 NASA, 116, 156 Manhattan Project, 220 National Academy of Science, 306 Mars, 131, 159, 161 National Committee for Astronomy, 242–3 Martin, E. G., 129–30 Natural History Museum, 309–10 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nature (journal), 119, 231 100, 208 Nature of the Universe (Hoyle), 132–3, Massie, Harrie, 284–5 136–7, 138–9, 154, 180, 236, 249 Massive stars, 61–3, 69–70, 147–8, 172, Nautical Almanac Office, 83 200–1, 208, 210–11, 215, 217–18, Nebulas, see Galaxies 225–6, 227, 229, 267 Neon-20, 201, 210, 212 Mathematical Theory of Relativity Neutrinos, 50, 144, 227–8 (Eddington), 40–1 Neutron stars, 79–80, 267–9 Mattauch, Josef, 201 Neutrons, 45, 51, 119, 198, 206, 211–13 Matthews, Tom, 233 New Yorker, 138 Maxwell, James Clerk, 34, 37, 276 Newton, Isaac, 4, 72, 110, 250, 275 Mayhew Prize, 47 Newtonian mechanics, 37, 38, 269 Mendeleyev, Dmitri, 198 NGC 205 galaxy, 105 Mercury (planet), 38 NGC 5128, 172, 271 Mercury-196, 219 NGC 7603, 274 Merrill, Paul, 212, 213, 215 Nickel-56, 227–8 Messier, Charles, 188 Nitrogen, 198, 199, 200, 205, 208, 209, Mestel, Leon, 78, 154, 163, 166, 240, 241, 212, 222, 305 251, 278 Nobel Foundation, 301–2, 303 Meteor Crater, Arizona, 155–6 Nobel laureates, 34, 42, 46, 92, 125, 162, Meteorites, 305 192, 198, 210, 215, 242, 267, 301, 304 Michelson interferometer, 170 Northern Hemisphere Review Committee, Milky Way Galaxy, 80, 85, 108, 221, 259–60 224–6, 270–1 Novas, 104, 152, 300, 304–5 Millikan, Robert, 213–14 Noyes, Arthur, 213 Milne, Edward A., 115, 120, 124–5, 151, 162 Nuclear cosmochemistry, 221 Minkowiki, Rudolph, 177, 178, 224 Nuclear energy, 215 Mitton, Jacqueline, 158 Nuclear forces, 51, 211 Mitton, Lavinia, 158 Nuclear fusion, 62, 146–7, see also Moore-Brabazon, John, Lord Brabazon of Nucleosynthesis Tara, 137–8 Nuclear physics, see also Quantum Mornington Street School, Bingley, 22 mechanics; Radioactivity Morrison, W. L., 297 beta decay, 48, 51, 53, 54 Motor Machine Gun Service, 14 at Cambridge, 34, 45–6, 50–2, 55, Mott, Nevill, 42, 283 199 Mount Stromlo Observatory, Canberra, 295 fission experiments, 45–6, 57 Mount Wilson Observatory, California, 1, particle accelerators, 45 40, 70, 74, 101, 102–4, 109, 153, 157, Nuclear weapons, 2, 57, 106, 199, 201, 158, 176, 177, 204, 212, 213, 216, 215, 217, 220, 221 218, 232–3, 271–2, 278, 280 Nucleosynthesis, 154 Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, 189 B2FH paper, 214, 218–19, 221–2, 224 Munro, Hugh, 256 beta decay and, 211, 217, 300

364 FRED HOYLE: A LIFE IN SCIENCE

Nucleosynthesis – cont. Palomar Observatory, 2, 122, 133, 157, big bang and, 115–16, 199–200, 219, 158, 177, 186, 189, 234, 267–8, 221–2 271–2, 278, 280 capture cross section, 216–17 Pals Brigades, 14, 15 carbon-12 synthesis, 12, 164, 201, 205, Panspermia theory, 308–9, 323 206–9 Parkes dish, Australia, 233 carbon-13 process, 212, 215, 305 Particle accelerators, 45, 203–4, 208–9, chain reaction, 201–2 214, 216 conference, 305–6 Pawsey, Joseph, 184–5 Eddington’s speculations, 198, 200 Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia, 138, 152–3 equilibrium process, 210–11, 219, Peierls, Rudolph, 4, 46–7, 48–9, 50–1, 53, 225–6, 227–8 54, 55, 147, 199 explosive, 265, 300 Pembroke College, 29, 54 gamma rays, 228, 300 Penzias, Arno, 192 gaps at atomic masses 5 and 8, 199–200, Perfect cosmological principle, 119–20, 206 140 IoTA research agenda, 263–4 Perlmutter, Saul, 196 iron peak and, 200, 210–11, 225–6 Peterhouse, 251, 252 by neutron capture, 211–12, 215–18, Phosphine gas, 24–5 219 Physical Society, 119 Nobel Prize, 304 Planck particles, 315 nuclear weapons tests and, 215, 217, Planets, origin of, 70, 152, 304–5 218, 220 Pippard, Brian, 283, 284, 285 proton capture (p-process), 219 Pitt Rivers Museum, 182–3 Prout’s hypothesis, 198 Pius XII, 139 quasi-steady-state theory and, 315 Plaskett, Harry, 68 r-process, 217–18, 219, 221, 226 Pluto, 78, 79, 156, 161 resonances and, 206, 209 Polkinghorne, John, 241 s-process, 211–13, 215–7, 218, 219, 220 Pontifical Academy of Sciences, 164, in supernovas, 152, 217–8, 219, 224–6, 219–20 228 Pooley, Guy, 194–5 triple-alpha process, 205, 209, 210–11, Positrons, 61, 145 215, 219 Potassium-40 dating, 221 x-process, 219 Priestthorpe First School, Bingley, 22 Nuffield Foundation, 245, 277 Prime meridian, 1 Princeton University, 192 Observatory, The, 73, 194 Hoyle at, 155 O’Brien, Conor Cruise, 224 Observatory, 101 O’Connell, Daniel, 139 Principles of Quantum Mechanics (Dirac), Oke, Bev, 297 41 Oort, Jan, 178 Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Ostriker, Jeremiah, 79, 268 Society, 66, 69 Oxford University, 4, 43, 68, 72, 73, 115, Protons, 51 278, 312 Prout, William, 198 Halley Lecturer, 182 Pryce, Maurice, 52, 55–6, 68, 81, 87, 91, Observatory, 1, 68, 73 92, 94, 106–7 Oxygen-16, 201, 206, 210, 212, 215 Pulsars, 4, 79, 266–8, 301–3 Purcell, Edward, 67

INDEX 365

Quantum mechanics, 3, 27, 37, 39–40, optical confirmation, 188–9, 233–3 101, 153 from quasars, 232–5 Quasars, 10, 187, 222, 231, 232–5, 266, from stars, 172–9, 232–3 267–8, 270–4, 285, 314 from sunspots, 169–70 Queen Mary College, 115 Radio stars, see also Stars isotropic 175 Radar Radioactivity, 48, 51, see also Nuclear Aberporth–Snowdon experiment, 98 physics; specific particles for air navigation, 90–3 Randall, R. A., 130 American research, 82, 99, 100 Rare earths, 203 British research, 70, 74, 75–6, 81–3, Ratcliffe, Jack, 168, 177 86–95, 97–99 Red giants, 75, 105, 144, 148, 164, 207, countermeasures, 82–3, 90–1, 168–9 212, 215–16, 305 German technology, 82–3, 90, 93, 107, Redman, Roderick, 176, 251, 278, 280, 168, 170 281–2, 283, 289 gunnery, 83 Redshifts, 85, 112, 118, 191, 229–30, 234, jamming, 93, 169 280, 271, 273, 274, 278, 314 magnetron transmitter, 76, 97 Rees, Martin, 235, 291, 306, 307, 322 range–altitude charts, 86–8 Relativistic astrophysics, 235 short-wavelength, 91, 92, 95, 97–8, 99 Relativity, 27, 40 warning systems, 82–3, 168 general, 3, 11, 26, 38–9, 40–1, 110–11, wave clutter phenomenon, 95, 97–9 115, 117, 119, 120–1, 124, 139, Würzburg antenna, 93, 168, 170, 176 140, 269, 275, 276 Radio astronomy, 3, 136, 157 special, 37, 130 antenna arrays, 170 Resonances, 206–7, 209 cosmic emissions, 172–3 Rice University, Texas, 208, 253, 263, 264, funding for, 232, 235, 272–3 300 interferometers, 170, 173, 175, 176, 179, RMS Aquitania, 99–100 181, 185–6, 232, 235, 242, 258, Robertson, Howard, 112, 117 281, 301 Rockefeller Foundation, 48, 213 international conferences, 184–5, 188 Royal Air Force radar establishment, 68 positional measurement, 229–30, 233–4 Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), 3, 115, solar activity, 169–71 119, 130, 167, 186 telescopes, 183, 188–9, 259 conflicts with Hoyle and Lyttleton, Radio frequency emissions 65–6, 67–9, 70–5, 80, 101, 123–4, Australian surveys, 172, 176, 184–6, 126–7, 140–51 187–8, 189, 272 founder, 1 background microwave, 192, 195 Gold Medal, 8, 301 Cambridge surveys, 172, 179, 183, 184, Hoyle as fellow, 68, 72, 123, 126–7, 185–6, 187–9, 190, 193–4, 232, 272 143–4, 301 and cosmological theories, 179–80, 181–3, Hoyle as president, 8, 286, 294 184–5, 188, 189–90, 191, 193–5, 273 lecture theatre, 72 extragalactic sources, 174, 175–9, 183–4 meetings, 72–3, 121, 150–1, 162, 176, from galaxies, 178, 191, 193, 194, 200, 190–1, 202 229–31, 270–1 Monthly Notices (journal), 110, 115, from hydrogen, 67 150, 202 lunar oscillation positioning, 233–4 peer review process, 65–6, 110, 127, magnetic fields and, 230 148, 149–50, 231, 271

366 FRED HOYLE: A LIFE IN SCIENCE

Royal Edinburgh Observatory, 124 Sayers, Dorothy L., 137 Royal Greenwich Observatory, 1, 2, 66, Scheuer, Peter, 188, 192 68, 73, 80, 83, 130, 162, 193, 242, Schmidt, Maarten, 231, 233–4 260, 261, 278, 283, 284, 286, 288, 297 Schmidt telescope, 157, 258, 279, 299 Royal Holloway College, 78, 115 Schramm, Dave, 264 Royal Society, 171, 306 Schwarzschild, Martin, 155, 163, 165–6, Bakerian Prize, 187 205, 207, 212, 274, 304 fellows, 75, 173–4, 186, 187, 278 Sciama, Dennis, 238, 278 Hoyle as vice president, 8 Science Research Council (SRC), 231–2, and Institute of Theoretical Astronomy, 245, 248, 257, 267, 272, 277, 279–80, 242–3, 244, 245, 290 281, 282, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, Royal Medal, 301 293, 295 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 304 Shakeshaft, John, 183, 266 Russell, Bertrand, 57, 140 Shapley, Harlow, 106, 107 Russell, Henry Norris, 101, 102, 107, 153 Shaw, George Bernard, 74–5, 85 Ruthenium, 212 Shimmins, A. J., 233 Rutherford, Ernest, 46, 48, 49–50, 55, 198, Silicon, 203, 210, 305 250, 266 Silicon carbide, 305 Ryle, Martin Simon, Ernest, Lord Wythenshawe, 136 background and personality, 167–9, Sirius, 147 171–2, 175, 177, 203 Slipher, Vesto M., 159, 160 at Cavendish Laboratory, 168, 169, 177 Smailes, Alan, 25, 27–30, 34 Gold’s conflicts with, 173, 175, 176–7, Smith, F. (Francis) Graham, 176, 177–8, 184, 185 283 honours and awards, 170, 182, 187, 301 Sodium, 265, 300 Hoyle’s clashes with, 4, 167, 169, 171–2, Solar system, origin of, 10, 56, 70, 85, 131, 173–4, 175, 180, 184, 189–91, 304–5 192–3, 194–5, 273, 283, 294, 301–4 Solomon, Philip, 322 management style, 263 Somerville, Mary, 132, 134–5, 136–7 Nobel Prize, 170, 301 Sonar, 82 professor of radio astronomy, 187 Soviet Revolution, 111 radar research, 168, 169 Soviet Union, nuclear weapons, 220–1 radio astronomy contributions, 169–71, Space, curvature of, 111 172, 173–4, 183–4, 187–9, 232, 272 Spassky–Fischer world chess radio star controversies, 172–7, 178–9, championship, 10 182–6, 188, 189–90, 230 Spencer Jones, Harold, 130, 131, 151, 157 Royal Society fellowship, 173–4 Spiral galaxies, 105, 108 theory papers, 171 Stalin, Joseph, 47, 49 Stanford University, 158 Sadler, Donald H., 70, 72, 150, 151 Stars, see also Nucleosynthesis; Sun St John’s College, 28, 41, 45, 56, 58, 60, accretion model, 62–80, 84, 85, 97, 101, 61, 63, 65, 68, 114, 123, 126, 127, 107, 142, 147, 150 130, 133, 135, 142, 201, 240, 289, age of, 62, 71–2, 149, 160, 221 310, 322 Ap, 202–3 Salpeter, Edwin, 206, 220, 304 atmospheres of, 149, 152–3, 203, 213 Sandage, Allan, 232–3, 235, 268 barium, 216 Sargent, Wallace, 258, 260, 270, 279, 280, binary systems, 62–3, 67, 79, 152, 226, 282, 297, 307, 322 270, 273

INDEX 367

chemical composition, 101, 123, 144–5, Bondi–Gold model, 117–19, 120, 147–8, 152–4, 160, 164, 199, 121–2, 123, 124, 139, 181, 184 202–3, 212, 215–16 consonance with big bang theory, 196 CNO cycle, 147, 200, 205, 208, 212 continuous creation model (Hoyle), collapsed/collapsing, 77, 105, 174, 117–19, 120–1, 124, 127–30, 131, 225–6, 231, 235, 267 134–41, 157, 179–80, 181, 184, colour–magnitude relationship, 160, 194, 195, 196, 275, 295 164, 177 field theory and, 118–19, 120 computer modelling, 165–6, 266 general theory of relativity and, 110–11, convection in, 147, 151, 157, 164 119, 124 dynamics, 77, 101 matter-with-motion model, 111 energy generation, 61–2, 67–8, 144–5, matter-without-motion model 146, 147, 151, 153, 205–6, 211 (Einstein), 110, 157 evolution of, 152, 160, 163–4, 200–1, motion-without-matter model (de 205, 215–16, 221, 226–7, 304 Sitter), 110, 157 giant, 78, 85, 163–4 observational test of, 124, 157 Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, 101 perfect cosmological principle, 119–21, internal structure, 75, 145–6, 147, 153, 140 200–1, 304 quasi-steady-state model, 314–6 mass–luminosity relation, 66, 145, 146, satirical poem, 139–40 153, 231 Stonehenge, 8, 300–1, 310–12 massive, 62–3, 69, 147, 172, 200–1, 208, Stopes, Marie, 135 210, 215, 217, 225–6, 227, 229, 267 Stratton, F. J. M., 56 neutron, 79–80, 267–9 Strittmatter, Peter, 247, 251–2, 254, 258, novas, 104, 152, 300, 304–5 266, 278 peculiar, 203, 210 Strömgren, Bengt, 153 populations, 104, 105, 157, 160, 163, 164 Strong nuclear force, 211 potassium-40 dating, 221 Strontium, 216 proton cycle, 145, 147, 200, 208 Struve, Otto, 67, 105, 149, 159 radiation, 147 Suess, Hans, 215 radio, 172–9, 232–3 Sullivan, Walter, 321 red giants, 75, 105, 144, 148, 164, 207, Sun, see also Stars 212, 215, 305 accretion of interstellar matter, 63–4, S-type, 212, 213, 215 76–8 supermassive, 227, 230–1, 235, 265–6 age, 26 supernovas, 104–5, 172, 200, 201, 210, chemical composition, 101, 138, 146–7, 217–18, 219, 221, 224–6, 229, 230, 152–3, 203 267, 268–9 corona, 77, 171 surface temperature, 144, 146, 160 energy content, 230 ultraviolet radiation, 69–70 energy source, 25–6, 46 variable, 75, 101, 151–2, 155 radio emissions, 169–72 white dwarfs, 62–3, 67, 114, 162, 226, temperature, 171–2 267, 268 Sunspots, 85, 125, 126, 169–71 yellow giants, 105 Supermassive stars, 227, 230–1, 235, x-ray, 80, 152, 270 265–6 Stars and Atoms (Eddington), 25–6, 40 Supernovas, 104–5, 172, 200, 201, 210, Steady-state theory, 110, 222 217–18, 219, 221, 224–6, 229, 230, action-at-a-distance in, 276 267, 268–9

368 FRED HOYLE: A LIFE IN SCIENCE

Superstring theory, 140 United States Synchrotron radiation, 230 astronomy in, 1–2, 10–11 cosmology in, 116 Tayler, Roger, 165, 166, 221, 238 Naval Research Laboratory, 99, 101 Technetium, 212, 213, 215 Universe, see also Big bang theory; Teller, Edward, 199 Cosmology; Steady-state theory Thackeray, Andrew D., 72, 73–4, 126, 148, age of, 97, 104, 109, 111, 112–13, 155, 151 178, 315 Thatcher, Margaret, 290, 295, 296 constant density of, 196 Thermodynamics, 34 expansion of, 40, 101, 104, 108–9, of interstellar gas, 69, 71, 77 110–11, 112–13, 117–18, 119, Thomson, Joseph J., 34, 45, 198 120–1, 128, 129, 159, 178, 191, Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin), 34, 37 196, 229–30, 270–1, 272 Thorium, 217 homogeneous and isotropic, 109, 110, Time travel, 276 119–20 Tin-112, 219 inflationary, 196 Todd, Alexander, 242, 245 Robertson–Walker geometry, 112 Tombaugh, Clyde, 161 temperature of, 116 Trinity College, 34, 45, 55, 57, 76, 92, 94, University of California at La Jolla, 113, 114, 198, 246 Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Tritton, Keith, 194–5 Sciences, 245 Tungsten, 216 University College London, 173 Tyson Medal, 43 University of Birmingham, 53, 136 University of Chicago, 161 Ultraviolet telescopes, 79 University of Leeds, 78 Uncertainty principle, 39–40 University of London Observatory, United Kingdom 202 air raids on, 81–2, 84, 88, 90–1 University of Manchester, 49, 78, 135, 182, Buy British policy, 228, 229 228, 289, 291 funding for scientific research, 8, 232, University of Sydney, 233, 297 242, 245, 248 Unsöld, Albrecht, 153 gold standard, 20 Uranium, 217, 220 Great Exhibition, Crystal Palace, 58 Uranus, 1 inter-service intelligence organization, 91 Urey, Harold, 215 Medical Research Council, 273 National Health Service, 14 V Puppis, 62 Naval Radar Trust, 88 van de Hulst, Hendrik, 67, 175 naval research establishment, 82–3 Variable stars, 75, 101, 151–2, 155 post WWI conditions, 1, 10–20, 25, 26, Vatican Observatory, 139 28, 168 Vaugon, Peter, 287 post WWII conditions, 2, 107, 122, 123, Velikovski, Immanuel, 138 180–1 Victorian age, 1 prestige in astronomy, 1–2, 3, 242, Vikers portable machine gun, 16 257–8, 290–1, 299 Viruses, cosmic origin of, 309 and refugee scientists from Nazi Vonberg, Derek, 170 Germany, 48, 94 textile industry, 13–14, 17, 18–19, 20, 26 Wagoner, Bob, 222 War Cabinet, 90 Walker, Arthur, 112

INDEX 369

Walton, Ernest T. S., 45 Wood, P. W., 33, 36, 47 Wampler, Joe, 273, 297–8, 299 Woolley, Richard, 193, 242, 258, 259, 260, Washington Academy of Sciences, 116 261, 283, 284, 286 Watson, James, 166 Woosley, Stan, 264 Watson-Watt, Robert, 82 World War I, 14–15, 16–17, 39, 56, 99, Wave packets, 39 168, 213 Westwater, Frank, 43, 92, 99, 100–1, World War II, 43, 58 102–3, 248–9, 253–4, 287 air raids, 59, 81–2, 84, 88–9 Weyl, H., 129 Battle of the Atlantic, 98 Whaling, Ward, 204, 208, 209 Battle of Britain, 84, 92 Wheeler, Joyce, 165, 166 Battle of the River Plate, 82 White dwarfs, 62–3, 67, 114, 162, 226, defence research, 2, 68, 75–6, 81–107 267, 268 Expeditionary Force at Dunkirk, 90 Whitlam, Gough, 299 invasion of Poland, 59 Whittaker, Edmund, 124 and theoretical research, 109 Wickramasinghe, Chandra, 305, 307–9, Wright, Elna, 158 321, 322 Wright, Pearce, 289 Wilkes, Maurice, 165 William Herschel Telescope (Canary X-ray stars, 80, 152, 270 Islands), 261–2, 279 Xi Persei, 70 William IV, 1, 301 Williamson, Ralph, 138 Yerkes, Charles, 161 Wilson, Charles T. R., 45 Yerkes Observatory, 160–2, 202 Wilson, Harold, 245, 306 Wilson, Robert, 191 Zirconium, 203, 213, 217 Wolfson Foundation, 245 Zwicky, Fritz, 8