SPECIES: Scientific [common] nitidus (broad-fruit mariposa lily) Forest: Salmon-Challis National Forest Forest Reviewer: Brittni Brown; John Proctor Date of Review: 20 February 2018; 25 March 2018 Forest concurrence (or YES recommendation if new) for inclusion of species on list of potential SCC: (Enter Yes or No)

FOREST REVIEW RESULTS:

1. The Forest concurs or recommends the species for inclusion on the list of potential SCC: Yes_X__ No___

2. Rationale for not concurring is based on (check all that apply): Species is not native to the plan area ______Species is not known to occur in the plan area ______Species persistence in the plan area is not of substantial concern ______

FOREST REVIEW INFORMATION:

1. Is the Species Native to the Plan Area? Yes_ X_ No___

If no, provide explanation and stop assessment.

2. Is the Species Known to Occur within the Planning Area? Yes_X_ No___

If no, stop assessment. Table 1. All Known Occurrences, Years, and Frequency within the Planning Area Year Number of Location of Observations (USFS Source of Information Observed Individuals District, Town, River, Road Intersection, HUC etc.) 2010 26 to 75 Challis National Forest: Pioneer Rocky Mountain Herbarium Mountains: upper valley of NID: 1352801 Boulder Creek, 13.5 air miles EO 1 northeast of Sun Valley.

Lost River Ranger District 2010 1 Salmon National Forest: Rocky Mountain Herbarium Beaverhead Mountains: Grizzly NID: 1352802 Hill, within 100 to 200 yards off EO 2 Continental Divide, just off of Forest Road 3906.

Leadore Ranger District

a. Are all Species Occurrences Only Accidental or Transient?

Yes___ No_X_

If yes, document source for determination and stop assessment.

b. For species with known occurrences on the Forest since 1990, based on the number of observations and/or year of last observation, can the species be presumed to be established or becoming established in the plan area?

Yes_X_ No___

If no, provide explanation and stop assessment

c. For species with known occurrences on the Forest predating 1990, does the weight of evidence suggest the species still occurs in the plan area?

Yes___ No___

Provide explanation for determination

If determination is no, stop assessment

Not applicable. Known occurrences since 1990.

d. Map 1, Broad-fruit mariposa lily conservation status in US and Canada (NatureServe 2017)

NatureServe. 2017. Conservation Species Report. Calochortus nitidus. Internet Website. http://explorer.natureserve.org. Accessed on October 18, 2017.

e. Map 2, Broad-fruit mariposa lily in Idaho and surrounding state and provinces.

NRCS ( Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service). 2017. Profile for Calochortus nitidus. Internet website: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CANI. Accessed on October 26, 2017.

f. Map 3, Broad-fruit mariposa lily occurrences on the Salmon-Challis National Forest (Idaho Department of Fish and Game. Idaho Fish and Wildlife Information System, Species Diversity Database, Idaho Natural Heritage Data. Accessed February 27, 2017)

3. Is There Substantial Concern for the Species’ Capability to persist Over the Long-term in the Plan Area Based on Best Available Scientific Information?

Table 2. Status summary based on existing conservation assessments

Entity Status/Rank (include definition if Other) Global Rank G3 – Vulnerable (At moderate risk of extinction due to a restricted range, relatively few populations (often 80 or fewer), recent and widespread declines, or other factors)1 State Rank S3 – Vulnerable (Vulnerable in the state due to a restricted range, relatively few populations (often 80 or fewer), recent and widespread declines, or other factors making it vulnerable to extirpation)1 USDA Forest Region 1: Clearwater and Nez Perce National Forests (Known)2 Service Region 4: Not listed3 USDI FWS Not listed as a candidate species4 Other Idaho Native Society: G3S3 RARE5

BLM: Not listed6 1. Idaho Natural Heritage Program. 2016. IDNHP Tracked Plant Species 2016. On file. Accessed January 12, 2018 2. USFS Region 1. 2011. 2011 Sensitive Species List Idaho and Montana. Website: http://fsweb.r1.fs.fed.us/wildlife/wwfrp/TESnew.htm. Accessed January 10, 2017. 3. USFS Region 4. 2016. Proposed, Endangered, Threatened, and Sensitive Species List. On file. Accessed January 11, 2017. 4. USFWS. 2017. Candidate species believed to or known to occur in Idaho. Website: https://ecos.fws.gov/ecp0/reports/species-listed-by-state-report?state=ID&status=candidate. Accessed January 12, 2018. 5. Idaho Native Plant Society. 2016. INPS Rare Plant List May 2016. https://idahonativeplants.org/rare-plants-list/ Accessed January 10, 2018. 6. BLM. 2016. Bureau of Land Management Idaho Special Status Plants List Aug 2016. On file. Accessed 15 January, 2018.

Table 3. Status summary based on best available scientific information.

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Calochortus nitidus (broad-fruit mariposa lily)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations 1 B1 This species is known from two populations on the Forest and occurs in Mancuso, M. 1996. Report on the Distribution on the Leadore and Lost River Ranger Districts (RMH 2017). The range of conservation status of Calochortus Salmon-Challis Calochortus nitidus in Idaho has been delineated. Within this range, new nitidus. Internet website: National Forest populations or extensions of known populations will probably continue https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc to be periodically found (Mancuso 1996). Habitat for this species (see _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on October 26, 2017. Criterion 6) exists primarily as patches, some of which are small or

isolated to the degree that species interactions are limited by Rocky Mountain Herbarium. 2017. movements between patches (Rank B1). Confidence in this rank is Calochortus nitidus. Internet website: medium as there is only two population on the Forest to assess habitat http://rmh.uwyo.edu/. Accessed on for. October 26, 2017.

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low 2 B This species occurs in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. The majority of Consortium of Pacific Northwest Distribution in the 49 occurrences listed by CPNWH occur in Idaho along the Herbaria. 2017. Calochortus nitidus. surrounding Washington and Oregon border (CPNWH 2017; Mancuso 1996). The Internet website: geographic area nearest population to the Forest occurs seven miles northeast of Tendoy, http://www.pnwherbaria.org/. ID along Forest Service Road 185 approximately 0.3 miles from the edge Accessed on October 26, 2017.

of the Forest boundary. Mancuso, M. 1996. Report on the conservation status of Calochortus As this species occurs in three states, C. nitidus is determined to have a nitidus. Internet website: moderate distribution outside of the SCNF (Rank B). Confidence in this https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc rank is high as there are multiple records confirming occurrences outside _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on SCNF. October 26, 2017.

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Calochortus nitidus (broad-fruit mariposa lily)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations 3 B The dispersal mechanism for this species has not been studied. There are Caicco, S. 1988. Preliminary results of Dispersal no apparent morphological adaptations for specialized capsule or seed an investigation into the life history Capability dispersal. Seeds may be wind dispersed, but as Caicco (1988) points out, and population dynamics of data are lacking. The mean seed weight in C. nitidus is lighter than any of Calochortus nitidus Dougl. (). the Californian species; which may be an asset to seed dispersal by wind Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, (Caicco 1988). Gravity has also been suggested as playing a role in Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. dispersal of C. nitidus seeds (Mancuso 1996). 10 p. plus appendices. Internet website: Dispersal is a critical characteristic of the life history of species that https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc occupy ephemeral habitats or that occur early in succession after _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on disturbance. Habitat for this species is described as late seral and climax October 26, 2017. grassland communities which are not ephemeral or early successional communities (Mancuso 1996). Mancuso, M. 1996. Report on the conservation status of Calochortus The dispersal capability of this species is likely limited to short distances. nitidus. Internet website: This species appears to disperse only through suitable habitat (Rank B). https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on Confidence in this rank is medium as dispersal mechanisms for this October 26, 2017. species have not been studied.

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Calochortus nitidus (broad-fruit mariposa lily)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations 4 A This species is known from two populations on the Forest. The density of Mancuso, M. 1996. Report on the Abundance on the populations on the Forest is low and the two known populations are 77 conservation status of Calochortus Salmon-Challis miles apart. The precise number of individuals is unknown but may be as nitidus. Internet website: National Forest low as 27 or as high as 76 (RMH 2017). Given these estimates, there may https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc be fewer than 200 individuals on the Forest. _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on October 26, 2017.

Within a population, the density of this species is often variable, from Rocky Mountain Herbarium. 2017. small dense clusters to very widely separated and scattered individuals Calochortus nitidus. Internet website: (Mancuso 1996). The density of flowering plants can vary widely from http://rmh.uwyo.edu/. Accessed on year to year and in disturbed habitats, as the abundance of invasive October 26, 2017. species increases, the frequency and total number of C. nitidus plants decreases. Highly disturbed areas generally support only a few individuals.

This species is rare on the Forest and the current abundance is low enough that stochastic and other factors could lead to potential imperilment (Rank A). Confidence in this rank is medium as species- specific surveys for this species have not been completed. Species- specific surveys could increase the known number of populations of this species and decrease the threat of a local extinction due to stochastic events.

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low 5 D There are two populations on the Forest, but these populations have not Population Trend been monitored. No population trend data is currently available (Rank D). on the Salmon- Challis National Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low Forest

6 A C. nitidus occurs primarily in late seral and climax grassland communities Google Earth. 2017. Salmon-Challis Habitat Trend on of the Beaverhead Range and in a mesic shrub-steppe vegetation National Forest. Internet website: the Salmon-Challis community in the Lost River Range. Within these vegetation https://www.google.com/earth/. National Forest communities, C. nitidus is found only on thin, rocky soils, as much Accessed on October 23, 2017. formerly occupied habitat has been converted to agricultural use Mancuso, M. 1996. Report on the (Mancuso 1996). Typically the species occurs on flat or gentle slopes conservation status of Calochortus between 3,500 and 5,500 feet. Grasslands make up an estimated 1.9% of nitidus. Internet website: cover (based on LandFire biophysical settings) on the SCNF (USFS 2017). https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on To analyze trends in habitat, current and historical aerial imagery (1992- October 26, 2017. 2014) of habitat at each element occurrence was assessed for ground disturbing activities. In addition, a USFS (2016) GIS database of existing USFS (United States Department of grazing allotments, invasive plant populations, historical wildfires, mines, Agriculture Forest Service). 2017. trails, and roads was reviewed for activities that may impact habitat. Salmon-Challis National Forest Plan Revision Assessments. Topics 1& 2: No wildfires or invasive plant populations were mapped within 0.25 miles Terrestrial Ecosystems, Aquatic Ecosystems, Watersheds, Air, Soil, of either population. One mine, the General Macarthur Claim, is mapped Water. as occurring 30 feet south of 1352802. No disturbance activities within the footprint of the mine at EO 2 are depicted in historical imagery from USFS. 2016. SDE RMU Range 2009 to 2014. Allotments. GIS Database Information. Data source: S_R04_SCF.rmu_unit. One radio tower was observed 0.25 miles north of EO 2. Five dirt roads Last updated March 30, 2016. and a driveway leading to the radio tower occur within 0.25 miles of EO 2. Historical aerial imagery indicates that all roads had been constructed prior to the observation of the EO 2 population in 2010. The Boulder Creek Trail, class T3 (Developed), was identified at 1352801.

The proximity of these disturbance activities to a known population of C. nitidus indicates that the radio tower, roads, trails, and mining activity have likely resulted in the direct removal of habitat for this species.

The 1352802 occurrence is within an active cattle grazing allotment, however, no evidence of grazing in the form of stock ponds, fences, or cattle trails was depicted at either occurrence.

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Calochortus nitidus (broad-fruit mariposa lily)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations

The presence of extensive human activity and development within habitat for this species indicates that habitat quality for this species has likely declined (Rank A).

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low

7 B C. nitidus is likely most vulnerable to climate change, habitat Behrens, P.N., R.E. Keane, D.L. Vulnerability of development, and unrestricted livestock grazing. Peterson, and J.J. Ho. 2018. Chapter 6: Habitats on the effects of climatic variability and Salmon-Challis Research has shown that reproductive success of this species declines change on forest vegetation. In National Forest with livestock grazing (Caicco 1988). This herbivory is most serious in Halofsky, J.E., D.L. Peterson, J.J. Ho, N.L. Little, L.A. Joyce, editors. 2018. areas open to summer livestock grazing (Mancuso 1996). Native Climate change vulnerability and ungulates are also responsible for some herbivory. Short-term effects of adaptation in the Intermountain reduced reproduction may be negligible, but the long-term effects are Region. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR- unknown. Based on several years of field observations, Caicco (1988) XXX. Fort Collins, CO: US Department notes that continual heavy grazing by cattle can reduce C. nitidus of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky populations to very low levels, and in some cases, result in local Mountain Research Station. extirpation. Caicco, S. 1988. Preliminary results of Grazing is an important land use on the SCNF contributing economically an investigation into the life history and socio-culturally to the local communities (USFS 2017b) Grazing and population dynamics of allotments dominate SCNF landscapes outside of wilderness and research Calochortus nitidus Dougl. (Liliaceae). Unpublished report on file at: Idaho natural areas. Although roughly 23% of these allotments are currently Department of Fish and Game, vacant, grazing is expected to continue to be a dominant land use on the Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. Forest into the future. Inappropriately managed livestock grazing can 10 p. plus appendices. Internet adversely affect the biota and hydrology of wetlands and riparian website: habitats (USFS 2017). https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on On the SCNF, the species is known to occur near developed areas October 26, 2017. including radio towers, roads, and trails. It is assumed that further development and/or maintenance is likely to impact populations nearby. Halofsky, J.E., D.L. Peterson, J.J. Ho, N.L. Little, L.A. Joyce, editors. 2018. To project the future climate and impacts to resources in the Climate change vulnerability and Intermountain Region including the Salmon-Challis, the Intermountain adaptation in the Intermountain Adaptation Partnership (IAP) used Representative Concentration Region. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR- Pathway [RCP] 4.5 and 8.5, which capture a moderate and high future xxx. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of warming, respectively (Halofsky et al. 2018). Although pathways Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. predicting lower warming exist, the 4.5 and 8.5 pathways were chosen by

the IAP because they are, in comparison, well studied providing a large Hatfield, R., Jepsen, S., Mader, E., set of projections that enhance our understanding of the possible range Black, S.H., Shepherd, M. 2012.

in future climate. Thus, this represents best available science for our Conserving bumble bees: guidelines Forest with regard to a warming climate. for creating and managing habitat for America’s declining pollinators. The Although uncertainty exists about the magnitude and rate of climate Xerces Society for Invertebrate change (For a discussion of this see Behrens et al. 2018), warming Conservation. temperatures are the most certain consequence of increased CO2 in the Joyce, L.A. and M. Talbert. 2018. atmosphere. By 2100, median minimum temperature in the Middle Chapter 3: Historical and projected Rockies subregion, which includes the Salmon-Challis, is projected to rise climate. In Halofsky, J.E., D.L. Peterson, about 5˚F under the moderate warming scenario and about 10˚F under J.J. Ho, N.L. Little, L.A. Joyce, editors. the high warming scenario. Regardless of scenario, the greatest 2018. Climate change vulnerability and departure from historical seasonal minimum temperatures occurs in the adaptation in the Intermountain summer. Annual precipitation projections are highly variable with no Region. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR- discernible trend under moderate warming and a slight increasing trend xxx. Fort Collins, CO: US Department of with high warming (Joyce and Talbert 2018). Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. The sensitivity of grasslands to climate change is somewhat complex (Halofsky et al. 2018). Some studies suggest that cool season grasses, Mancuso, M. 1996. Report on the which make up most grasslands on the SCNF, may decline as conservation status of Calochortus nitidus. Internet website: temperatures increase, while other suggest that increased atmospheric https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc carbon dioxide favors cool season grasses (Morgan et al. 2004, 2007 in _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on Halofsky et al. 2018). Many lower elevation grassland communities have October 26, 2017. been converted to agricultural use, and remaining grassland communities are often highly disturbed, fragmented, and often occupied by non- Miller-Struttmann, N.E., Geib, J.C., native or invasive species (Halofsky et al. 2018). Untreated invasive plant Franklin, J.D., Kevan, P.G., Holdo, R.M., infestations have the potential to expand at an average rate of 1.3 to 25 Ebert-May, D., Lynn, A.M., Kettenbach, percent per year (USFS 2017). More frequent fire intervals may enable J.A., Hedrick, E., Galen, C. 2015. greater invasive establishment in these areas. Functional mismatch in a bumble bee pollination mutualism under climate Changes in temperature and precipitation may also lead to greater change. Science, 349(6255): 1541- 1544. variability in forb flowering, which could create an asynchronistic effect with native pollinator emergence (Halofsky et al. 2018; Miller-Struttmann USFS (United States Department of et al. 2015), leading to decreased reproduction in native plants. As Agriculture Forest Service). 2017. pollinators are critical for successful reproduction and seed set for Salmon-Challis National Forest Plan approximately 85% of flowering species globally (Hatfield et al. 2012), Revision Assessments. Topics 1& 2:

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Calochortus nitidus (broad-fruit mariposa lily)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations this asynchronistic effect may have profound implications. Terrestrial Ecosystems, Aquatic Ecosystems, Watersheds, Air, Soil, Human-caused modification of habitat from climate change and livestock Water. grazing is likely to result in ecological patterns similar to the range of historical conditions, but is being impacted by modern stressors (Rank B). USFS (United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service). 2017b. Confidence in this rank is medium as the effects of climate change and Salmon–Challis National Forest Data livestock grazing to the species have not been studied on the Forest but Assessment (Draft). On file at Salmon- are likely to be negative. Challis National Forest, Salmon, ID.

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low

8 B Life history traits such as lifespan, seed dispersal strategy, variation in Caicco, S. 1988. Preliminary results of Life History and germination rates, relationship with pollination agents, and susceptibility an investigation into the life history Demographics to herbivory can affect population size and the ability of a population to and population dynamics of recover from human-caused disturbance events. Viability risk is also Calochortus nitidus Dougl. (Liliaceae). higher for populations that are susceptible to genetic introgression or Unpublished report on file at: Idaho Department of Fish and Game, inbreeding. These factors are considered for habitat and population Conservation Data Center, Boise, ID. vulnerabilities related to the life history and demographics of this 10 p. plus appendices. Internet species. website: https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc C. nitidus is a perennial forb with a single broad, flat basal leaf and showy _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on flowers (Mancuso 1996). Little is known of the seed dispersal strategy for October 26, 2017. this species but wind and gravity may be important mechanisms (see criterion 3). Germination rates for this species have not been studied. Ellstrand C. E., and Diane R. E. 1993. Genetic threats to viability are present at small populations (Mancuso Population Genetic Consequences of 1996). Currently, no diseases are known to affect this species (Mancuso Small Population Size: Implications for 1996). Plant Conservation. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. Vol. 24:217-

242. Internet website: The susceptibility to herbivory has been well-documented for this species http://web.nateko.lu.se/courses/ngen and in the presence of grazing, this species reproduces poorly and 03/Ellstrand-Elam-1993.pdf. Accessed grazing may lead to local extirpation (see Criterion 7). Reproduction rates on October 4, 2017. were studied for two populations on the Nez Perce National Forest with two different grazing regimes, grazed and not grazed (Caicco 1988). In Mancuso, M. 1996. Report on the the grazed population, only two percent of the individuals produced fruit. conservation status of Calochortus In the population that was not grazed, 31 percent of the population nitidus. Internet website: produced fruit. https://idfg.idaho.gov/ifwis/idnhp/cdc _pdf/mancm96a.pdf. Accessed on Estimates of population size indicate no more than 76 individuals per October 26, 2017. population. The low number of individuals may leave this species vulnerable to extirpation from reduced genetic diversity and fitness (Ellstrand and Elam 1993). Reduced genetic diversity and fitness can be a result of genetic drift and inbreeding. Genetic drift and inbreeding is most likely to occur in small (less than 100 individuals) and isolated populations (Ellstrand and Elam 1993). Also, small populations may be more vulnerable to stochastic events that may result in a local extinction.

Species (Scientific and Common Name): Calochortus nitidus (broad-fruit mariposa lily)

Criteria Rank Rationale Literature Citations Small populations may also be less able to recover rapidly following a disturbance.

Due to the low numbers of individuals per population, this species is likely to have an intermediate ability to recover from disturbance events (Rank B). Confidence in this rank is medium due to the lack of species- specific surveys and population monitoring studies.

Confidence in Rank: High, Medium, or Low Summary and recommendations: This species has a Global Rank of G3 (Vulnerable) and a State Rank of S3 Date: October 27, 2017 (Vulnerable). This species is known from Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Two populations have been recorded on the Forest and less than 200 individuals may be present. This suggests that abundance of the species is low enough to be susceptible to stochastic events. Low populations also present inherent risks of extirpation due to reduced genetic diversity and fitness.

This species is found only on thin rocky soils in grassland or shrublands in the subalpine zone. Population trends have not been monitored on the Forest. An assessment of habitat for this species indicates that habitat quality is likely declining as a result of extensive anthropogenic activity in and around known populations. Research indicates that the species is threatened by grazing, indicating that unrestricted grazing is a substantial threat to populations. Nearby mining, road and trail development, and the establishment of a radio tower have likely resulted in the direct removal of habitat for this species, and should be considered threats. Long-term climate change impacts are complex in the habitat occupied by C. nitidus, however, it may pose a threat either directly or indirectly to populations.

There is substantial concern for the capability of Calochortus nitidus to persist over the long-term on the Salmon- Challis, therefore, it is recommended as a SCC.

Evaluator(s): Dan Morta