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Towards a B-Lymphoid Model of E2a-Pbx1

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Towards a B-Lymphoid Model of E2a-Pbx1 TOWARDS A B-LYMPHOID MODEL OF E2A-PBX1-MEDIATED LEUKEMOGENESIS: EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF HEMATOPOIETIC CELL OF ORIGIN ON THE TRANSFORMATION PROPERTIES OF A LEUKEMOGENIC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR by Mark William Woodcroft A thesis submitted to the Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (September, 2013) Copyright ©Mark Woodcroft, 2013 Abstract The t(1;19) chromosomal translocation is present in 5% of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases and leads to expression of the oncogenic transcription factor, E2A- PBX1. Although t(1;19) is exclusively associated with pre-B ALL in clinical cases, murine models produce myeloid or T-lymphoid leukemias, which are not representative of the clinical disease. In this work, we have advanced progress towards the development an E2A-PBX1-driven experimental leukemia model. We initially determined that lineage-negative (lin-) hematopoietic progenitors expressing E2A-PBX1 expression fail to repopulate the B-lymphoid lineage when transplanted into irradiated recipient mice. Furthermore, E2A-PBX1 expressing, lin- fetal liver progenitors (FLPs) fail to differentiate into B-lymphocytes ex vivo. The majority of E2A-PBX1-expressing FLPs manifested an immature phenotype and displayed stem cell factor (SCF)-dependency and enhanced self-renewal. Additionally, these cells retained myeloid potential upon transplantation or stimulation with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). DNA binding was required for the differentiation block, suggesting that E2A-PBX1 target genes are incompatible with B-lineage specification. E2A-PBX1 FLPs had a stem cell like gene expression profile, including up-regulation of the leukemic transcription factors, Hoxa9 and Meis1. These findings explain why E2A-PBX1-driven bone marrow transplant models fail to generate B-lymphoid disease and suggest that future efforts in developing a model of E2A-PBX1-driven pre-B ALL leukemia should focus on expressing E2A-PBX1 subsequent to B-lymphoid commitment. ii In an attempt to override the B-lymphoid differentiation block, we next expressed E2A-PBX1 in primary pre-B cells. E2A-PBX1 induced an apoptotic response in pre-B cells, which was consistent with previous observations. Since pre-B ALL induction requires secondary genetic events, we attempted to abrogate these E2A-PBX1-mediated effects by modulating expression of the Cdkn2a locus. Loss of Cdkn2a through deletion or Bmi1 overexpression failed to ameliorate the apoptotic response, suggesting that E2A- PBX1 mediated apoptosis occurs independently of Cdkn2a in murine pre-B cells. However, in the absence of Cdkn2a, co-expression of constitutively active MerTK or Ras attenuated the E2A-PBX1 mediated apoptosis. Cumulatively, these results support the notion that t(1;19) occurs subsequent to B- lymphoid commitment and requires multiple secondary genetic lesions. Data presented in this thesis represents crucial initiating steps towards the development of a pre-B ALL model mediated by E2A-PBX1. iii Co-Authorship Chapter 2 entitled “Ectopic expression of the leukemogenic protein E2A-PBX1 selectively blocks B-lymphoid commitment in early hematopoietic progenitors” has been prepared for peer review. The authors are Mark W. Woodcroft, Robert Slany, and David P. LeBrun. The experiment shown in Figure 2.4A was performed by RS. Expression microarray was carried out by the Queen’s Laboratory for Molecular Pathology. MWW conducted all remaining experiments and analyses, including analysis of the microarray data. MWW participated in the study design and drafted the manuscript. DPL conceived the study, participated in its design and participated in editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Chapter 3 entitled “E2A-PBX1 induces Cdkn2a-independent apoptosis in murine pre-B cells by a mechanism that can be rescued by co-expression of cooperating oncogenes” has been prepared for peer review. The authors are Mark W. Woodcroft, Kyster K. Nanan, Aimée Laporte, Richard Bayly, and David P. LeBrun. KKN constructed the MICD2 vector used to generate the results shown in Figures 3.3C and 3.3D. RB and MWW developed the 3P cell line. MWW and AL generated the 3PER12 cell line and the data shown in Figures 3.2D. All other experiments were performed by MWW. MWW participated in the study design and drafted the manuscript. DPL conceived the study, participated in its design and participated in editing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All remaining sections in this thesis, including the Abstract, General Introduction, General Discussion, and Appendices, were written by Mark W. Woodcroft. iv Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. David LeBrun for welcoming me into his laboratory and helping me mature as a scientist and a person over the past 5 years. I couldn’t have found a better mentor and role model if I tried. David is one of the major influences on my decision to attend medical school with the eventual goal of becoming a physician scientist. I would also like to acknowledge the support of my committee members, Dr. Donald Maurice and Dr. Andrew Craig. I am grateful for the funding that made this work possible. I received a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Masters Canada Graduate Scholarship (2008 – 2009), an Ontario Graduate Scholarship (2009 – 2010), and a CIHR Doctoral Canada Graduate Scholarship (2010 – 2013). My project was funded by operating grants from CIHR and the Cancer Research Society. A big thanks goes out to past and present members of the LeBrun lab: Kyster Nanan, Patrick Thompson, Chris Denis, Mohsen Alhejaily, Amelia Purvis, and Wann- Cheng Lo. Thanks for making this experience such a positive one, and not getting too angry when I made a mess in the lab. I would also like to thank my beautiful girlfriend, Heather. She has supported me through the ups and downs of this entire process and, as a former PhD student, could always relate to whatever issue I was having. Thank you for all of the early morning walks to the lab, engaging scientific discussions, and most importantly, for being my best friend. v I am very grateful to Dr. Stephen Rafferty, who served as my honours thesis supervisor at Trent University. Steve kindled my love for experimental science and was the main reason I decided to pursue graduate studies. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, James and Lynn. They encouraged me to pursue university education from a young age, have supported me financially when I needed it, and have always been there for me during my years as a PhD student. vi Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Co-Authorship .................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ............................................................................................................ vii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... x List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xi List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1 General Introduction ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 Leukemia – a general overview ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia ............................................................................................ 1 1.3 Normal B-lymphopoiesis and the role of E2A proteins .................................................... 5 1.4 Wild type E2A and PBX1 proteins ................................................................................... 10 1.4.1 E2A proteins .................................................................................................................. 10 1.4.2 PBX1 Proteins ............................................................................................................... 12 1.4.3 PBX1 proteins in development and normal hematopoiesis .......................................... 14 1.5 Translocation 1;19 and E2A-PBX1 .................................................................................. 15 1.5.1 Mechanisms of transformation by E2A-PBX1 ............................................................. 17 1.5.2 Modeling E2A-PBX1-mediated leukemogenesis ......................................................... 19 1.5.3 E2A-PBX1 induces apoptosis in B-cells ....................................................................... 22 1.6 Hypothesis ........................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 2 Ectopic expression of the leukemogenic protein E2A-PBX1 selectively blocks B-lymphoid commitment in early hematopoietic progenitors ........................ 25 2.1 Statement of Co-Authorship ............................................................................................. 25 2.2 Abstract
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