THE PRACTICES OF JAPAN’S CULTURAL DIPLOMACY THROUGH THE JAPAN FOUNDATION IN PROMOTING JAPANESE MOVIES IN INDONESIA (2013-2016)
By
ANDINI YULINDASARI 016201300011
A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities, International Relations Study Program President University In partial fulfilment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree in International Relations Major in Diplomacy Studies
January 2019
THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER
i
DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
ii
PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET
iii
ABSTRACT
Andini Yulindasari, (016201300011), The Practices of Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy through The Japan Foundation in Promoting Japanese Movies in Indonesia (2013-2016)
Advisors: Drs. Teuku Rezasyah, M.A., Ph.D.
Practices in diplomacy has been shifting as globalization pushes further the importance of establishing relations between states and its people. This also influence the methods and approaches that are being used by state actors in planning its foreign policy. Most state actors nowadays, if not all, have been actively pursuing its national interest with any means necessary. For Japan, correcting its image it gained from the World War II one of the most important national interests for them as stated in Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan paragraph 1 and 2. One of its ways in order to restore its image into a peace-loving democratic state is to design and plan its public and cultural diplomacy as Japan is rich with cultures both traditional and modern. One of Japan’s institutions that plays an active part in cultural diplomacy is the Japan Foundation. There has been many activities, projects, and programs that the institution has done over the years. It has established many of its overseas offices to help govern the cultural exchange activities and its other programs, including in Republic of Indonesia. The Japan Foundation, Jakarta plays an important role to project and present Japan in presence of the Indonesian people as many still have sentiment towards their pre-war image and war trauma. One of its activities include the promoting of Japanese films. This research uses the qualitative method by gathering and examining the subject from publications, speeches, statements, and official reports from Japan government as primary sources. This research provides detailed programs and activities done by the Foundation in promoting Japanese movies in Indonesia during 2013 until 2016. This research thus describes of how the Foundation promote Japan’s cultural diplomacy with films as its media through its programs and activities, such as Cinema Caravan, movie screenings, and Japanese film festivals.
Keywords: Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy, Government Institution, the Japan Foundation (JF), Japanese Film Promotion
iv
ABSTRAK
Andini Yulindasari, (016201300011), The Practices of Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy through The Japan Foundation in Promoting Japanese Movies in Indonesia (2013-2016)
Pembimbing: Drs. Teuku Rezasyah, M.A., Ph.D.
Praktik dalam diplomasi telah mengalami perubahan karena fenomena globalisasi semakin mendorong pentingnya membangun hubungan antara negara dan rakyatnya. Ini juga mempengaruhi metode dan pendekatan yang digunakan oleh aktor negara dalam merencanakan kebijakan luar negerinya. Sebagian besar aktor negara saat ini, jika tidak semua, telah aktif mengejar kepentingan nasionalnya dengan segala cara yang diperlukan. Bagi Jepang, mengoreksi citranya yang diperoleh dari Perang Dunia II salah satu kepentingan nasional yang paling penting bagi mereka sebagaimana tercantum dalam Konstitusi Pasal 9 ayat 1 dan 2. Salah satu caranya untuk mengembalikan citranya menjadi negara demokrasi yang cinta damai adalah dengan merancang dan merencanakan diplomasi publik dan diplomasi budaya karena Jepang kaya dengan budaya tradisional dan modern. Salah satu lembaga Jepang yang memainkan peran aktif dalam diplomasi budaya adalah the Japan Foundation. Ada banyak kegiatan, proyek, dan program yang telah dilakukan oleh institusi ini selama bertahun-tahun. Institusi ini telah mendirikan banyak kantor cabang di luar negeri untuk membantu mengatur kegiatan pertukaran budaya dan program lainnya, termasuk di Republik Indonesia. The Japan Foundation, Jakarta memainkan peran penting untuk memproyeksikan dan memperkenalkan Jepang kepada masyarakat Indonesia karena banyak yang masih memiliki sentimen terhadap citra pra-perang dan trauma perang terhadap Jepang. Salah satu kegiatannya termasuk mempromosikan film Jepang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan dan menganalisa publikasi, pidato, pernyataan, dan laporan resmi dari pemerintah Jepang sebagai sumber utama. Penelitian ini akan memberikan rincian program-program dan kegiatan- kegiatan yang telah dilakukan oleh institusi ini dalam mempromosikan film Jepang di Indonesia selama tahun 2013 hingga 2016. Penelitian ini menjelaskan bagaimana the Japan Foundation mempromosikan diplomasi budaya Jepang dengan film sebagai media melalui program-program yang telah dirancang, seperti, Cinema Caravan, pemutaran film, dan festival film Jepang.
Kata Kunci: Diplomasi Publik, Diplomasi Budaya, Institusi Pemerintah, the Japan Foundation (JF), Promosi Film Jepang
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmannirrahiim
I am relieved and thrilled that I finally able to finish this thesis after many struggles as well as ups and downs that happened during the process. To finally being able to complete this important phase in my life, I, of course, cannot do it without help, motivation, prayers, suggestions, and critics from the people around me. Hereby, allow me to express my thanks and gratitude to them.
I would like to thank Allah SWT the Almighty God for allowing me to reach this point in life and His blessings and guidance. To Prophet Muhammad SAW, may peace be upon him. I would like to thank my family, my mother and my sisters, for their supports in the process of this academic journey emotionally and physically. For my mother, Sri Rahmawati, thank you for being such a great mom and for always working hard to support and look out us. For my older sister, Dessy Widiastuti, and younger sister, Naily Inayah Safitri, for supporting me and forbearing with me up until now. And also for my late father, Alm. Akhmad Qomari, even though you are no longer here with us, you will always be with us in our hearts.
I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Mr. Teuku Rezasyah for sharing his knowledge and guide me by giving advice, suggestions, and spend some of your precious time for consultations in between your busy schedules. Your feedbacks and inputs have helped a lot for me to be able to finish this thesis. I also would like to express my gratitude to Mr. Rizki M. Baskoro for his help, support, advice, and suggestions in the making of this thesis. I am very grateful to have you assigned as my second supervisor and make the time to guide me during thesis consultations and being very patient with me throughout the process. I thank you both for all your help and guidance for making this thesis finally be able to finish.
I would like to thank the Head of the Study Program, Mr. Hendra Manurung, the entire staff and lecturers of the School of International Relations faculty who
vi have shared the knowledge and many lessons that I learned during the time spent while I study here throughout the years. Without you I would never to learn and sharpen my skills and knowledge.
I would like to give my sincere thanks to my friends that I have made throughout this journey. For my Perpisangan friends; Aniestri Allisya, Nimas Larasati, Deny Christi Riptiana, Farah Fadira, Riestu Febrina Ramadhani, Kak Lupita Citra, and Nurfitriana. Thank you for putting up with me with all my nagging and other stuffs that I do, and for not hesitating to scold me right back. Thank you for your support and the random stories and inappropriate jokes, which sometimes we get too excited to when it is not really that exciting. I hope we can be friends for as long as we possibly can even when we are busy with our own lives. To my PUNICO 2013 friends, thank you for all your help and patience. You guys bring colours to my life here as a university student. To my International Relations 2013 friends, PresUniv Magazine family, and my beloved Zero Win Female Futsal Team thank you for making my life as a student here in President University very exciting.
Lastly, thank you for all of you who I cannot mention one by one for your support directly or indirectly. Hopefully this research will be useful for others in the future.
Jakarta, 2019
Andini Yulindasari
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER ...... i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ...... ii PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET ...... iii ABSTRACT ...... iv ABSTRAK ...... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... viii LIST OF FIGURES ...... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...... xiii CHAPTER I...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2. Problem Identification ...... 6 1.3. Statement of the Problem ...... 9 1.4. Research Objectives...... 9 1.5. Significance of the Study ...... 9 1.6. Conceptual Framework ...... 9 1.6.1. Public Diplomacy ...... 9 1.6.2. Cultural Diplomacy ...... 12 1.7. Scope and Limitations of the Study...... 14 1.8. Definition of Terms ...... 14 CHAPTER II ...... 16 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 16 2.1. Background...... 16 2.2. Books Review ...... 18 2.2.1. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations...... 18 2.2.2. Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese, 1942-45...... 19 2.2.3. Diplomasi Publik Jepang: perkembangan dan tantangan...... 21 2.2.4. Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present...... 22
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2.3. Journals Review ...... 23 2.3.1. Promoting Culture Abroad: the Experience of Germany and Japan in the Field of Cultural Diplomacy...... 23 2.3.2. Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West...... 24 2.3.3. Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power...... 26 2.4. Chapter Conclusion ...... 27 CHAPTER III ...... 29 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 29 3.1. Background...... 29 3.2. Research Framework ...... 30 3.3. Research Time and Place ...... 33 3.4. Research Instrument ...... 34 3.5. Research Structure ...... 35 CHAPTER IV ...... 38 JAPAN-INDONESIA BILATERAL RELATIONS ...... 38 4.1. Background...... 38 4.2. Japan-Indonesia Bilateral Relations ...... 38 4.2.1. Political ...... 39 4.2.2. Economic ...... 40 4.2.3. Socio Cultural ...... 42 4.3. Overview of the Japan Foundation ...... 43 4.3.1. Background of the Japan Foundation ...... 43 4.3.2. Objectives and Organizational Structure ...... 46 4.3.3. Programs of the Japan Foundation ...... 49 4.3.3.1. Arts and Cultural Exchange Field...... 50 4.3.3.2. Japanese-Language Education Overseas ...... 51 4.3.3.3. Japanese Studies and Intellectual Exchange ...... 52 4.4. Chapter Conclusion ...... 53 CHAPTER V ...... 55 THE JAPAN FOUNDATION’S ROLES IN PROMOTING JAPANESE MOVIES IN INDONESIA DURING 2013-2016 ...... 55 5.1. Overview of Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy ...... 55
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5.2. “WA Project – Toward Interactive Asia” and the Japan Foundation Asia Center ...... 63 5.3. The Japan Foundation in Indonesia...... 65 5.4. The Japan Foundation on the Promotion of Japanese Films in Indonesia ... 66 5.5.1. JF, Jakarta Film Promotion Activities in 2013 ...... 68 5.5.1.1. Cinema Caravan ...... 68 5.5.1.2. Movie Screenings ...... 70 5.5.2. JF, Jakarta Film Promotion Activities in 2014 ...... 72 5.5.2.1. Cinema Caravan ...... 72 5.5.2.2. Movie Screenings ...... 73 5.5.3. JF, Jakarta Film Promotion Activities in 2015 ...... 75 5.5.3.1. Cinema Caravan ...... 75 5.5.3.2. Movie Screenings ...... 76 5.3.3.2. Japanese Film Festival 2015 ...... 78 5.5.4. JF, Jakarta Film Promotion Activities in 2016 ...... 81 5.5.4.1. Movie Screenings ...... 81 5.5.4.2. Japanese Film Festival 2016 ...... 85 5.6. Critical Analysis of Japan’s Success in Promoting Its Cultural Diplomacy in Indonesia ...... 92 CHAPTER VI ...... 99 CONCLUSION ...... 99 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 103 APPENDIX ...... 112
x
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
Figure 3.1. Research Framework
Figure 3.2. Theoretical Framework
Figure 4.1. Organizational Structure of Japan Foundation (JF)
Figure 4.2. Departments under JF Headquarters
Figure 5.1. Cinema Caravan Brochure
Figure 5.2. The Japan Foundation “Cinema Caravan” in Workshop Pelatihan Journalistik Pelajar III
Figure 5.3. The Japan Foundation “Cinema Caravan” in Pesantren Darunnajah, Jakarta
Figure 5.4. Movie Screenings at the Japan Foundation, Jakarta Lobby Hall
Figure 5.5. The Japan Foundation “Cinema Caravan” in Pesantren Daarut Tauhid, Bandung
Figure 5.6. Animation Film Screening by Makoto Shinkai Poster
Figure 5.7. Invitation of “Penandatanganan MoU IKJ-JIMI, Lektur Tadao Sato & Pemutaran Film ‘Ken Takakura’”
Figure 5.8. Japanese Film Festival 2015 Brochure
Figure 5.9. Press Conference JFF 2015 at CGV Blitz Grand Indonesia
Figure 5.10. Poster of Metamorphosis of Japan after the War 1945-1964
Figure 5.11. Japan Food Festival Poster
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Figure 5.13. Wisata Balaikota bersama the Japan Foundation Poster
Figure 5.14. Japanese Film Festival 2016 Poster
Figure 5.15. PR Event of Japanese Film Festival 2016
Figure 5.16. Shuhei Nomura (left), Chelsea Islan (middle), and Norihiro Koizumi (right) in Japanese Film Festival 2016
Figure 5.17. Press Conference JFF 2016 at Cinemaxx fX Sudirman
Figure 5.18. Screening Schedule of Japanese Film Festival 2016
Figure 5.19. 11th Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival Poster
Tables
Table 5.1. Table of movie screenings held by the Japan Foundation, Jakarta in 2013
Table 5.2. Table of movie screenings held by the Japan Foundation, Jakarta in 2014
Table 5.3. Table of movie screenings held by the Japan Foundation, Jakarta in 2015
Table 5.4. List of Movies by category that are shown in JFF 2015
Table 5.5. Table of movie screenings held by the Japan Foundation, Jakarta in 2016
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
APEC : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
ASEAN : Association of Southeast Asian Nations
CGP : Center for Global Partnership
J-LEAP : Japanese Language Education Assistant Program
JETRO : Japan External Trade Organization
JF : Japan Foundation
JFF : Japanese Film Festival
JFF APAC : Japanese Film Festival ASIA-PACIFIC
JICA : Japan Indonesia Cooperation Agency
JIEPA : Japan-Indonesia Economic Partnership Agreement
JLPT : Japanese Language Proficiency Test
MOFA : Ministry of Foreign Affairs
ODA : Official Development Assistance
TIFF : Tokyo International Film Festival
UN : United Nations
UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
USA : United States of America
USSR : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
WTO : World Trade Organization
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the Study Relationship between nation states has been even more complex and varies as globalization is making the world becoming more borderless than ever. Bilateral relationship between nation states is now not only emphasizing on high politics (e.g. security, military, alliance, conflict, arm race, and warfare) aspects but also on the low politics (e.g. human rights, environmental, social affairs, trade competition, embargo, and economic sanction).1 After the Cold War ended, states are no longer focusing on the high politics and started to take low politic as one of its national interests.2 During the Cold War, soft power had been put aside since the war demand tremendous budget and hard power has become the main focus of national interest for the superpowers.3 After the demise of Cold War, it gained strength. There are many State actors that already put soft power as one of their national interests for decades now as a way for them to gain understanding and establish a friendly relationship with other State and non- state actors.4 Soft power is known as:
“The ability to ‘affect others to obtain the outcomes you want’ without coercion or economic inducement. Thus, in which, encompasses three broad categories: (a) influence, (b) the force of an actor’s argument, and, perhaps most
1 Schmidt, B. C. (2013). On the History and Historiography of International Relations. In W. Carlsnaes, T. Risse, & B. A. Simmons, Handbook of International Relations (p. 15). SAGE Publications Ltd. 2 Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The annals of the American academy of political and social science 616 , 94-109. 3 Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs. 4 Szondi, G. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similiarities and Differences. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy . Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'. 1
important, (c) the ‘attractiveness’ of an actor’s culture and institutions – the supposed ‘intangible assets’ that draw other actors toward wanting the same objectives and viewing the scene of international politics in roughly the same normative frame.”5
Decades ago during wars, international actors were focused more on hard power–focused on military and economic gain. However, ever since it ended, it is not enough to just rely merely on hard power. Joseph S. Nye argues that, in the world politics, it is important to set the agenda and attract others and not merely force them to change by threat through military power or economic sanctions.6 The use of attraction which can make others want what one wants is also important in the world politics since it is not coerces people but rather co-opt them.7 For this reason, soft power is becoming more popular in decision making process since it rests on the ability in shaping the others’ preferences. It provides new conceptual terrain from which to imagine, compose and implementing policies that are designated in engaging foreign publics and to achieve political goals.8
The practice of diplomacy is now playing a very important role in establishing, maintaining, and improving relationship between international actors.9 Many state actors use diplomacy as its tools to achieve national interests.10 Diplomacy is used by actors to gain trust and to create good impressions in order to have good foreign relations with other actors especially with other state actors.11
5 Hayden, C. (2012). The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts. Lexington Books. 6 Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs. 7 Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The annals of the American academy of political and social science 616 , 94-95. 8 Hayden, C. (2012). The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts. Lexington Books. 9 Hayden, C. (2012). The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts. Lexington Books. 10 Szondi, G. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similiarities and Differences. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy . Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'. 11 Kim, H. (2011, December). Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age. 2
In this information era where information can be easily obtained by almost everyone, if not all, the utilization of every aspect that can be use to enhance the practice of diplomacy by a nation state is critical for them to be recognized and acknowledged by the international and global community.12 The practices of diplomacy by state actors are now also shifting and constantly changing throughout decades. In establishing relationships, traditional diplomacy practices done by merely established between state representatives and international actors.13 As globalization has becoming more and more mainstream and general public and private actors now can also access almost everything through every media and platform, there have been some improvements in diplomacy practices as well. 14 One of the practices of public diplomacy is cultural diplomacy. Diplomacy, especially public diplomacy, is now not only targeting state representatives. It is now also approaching general public and more specific individuals, organizations, and non-official groups.15 By doing this, there are high chances of diplomacy practices of a state becoming more successful and effective. This opportunity has been seized and used by state actors including Japan.16 After Japan’s utter defeat in World War II, Japan was preoccupied by the Allied forces.17 This brought about radical changes in Japan since the Allied forces brought forth democratic reforms which then led to the end of the Emperor of the country as a living god and transform them into a democratic with a constitutional monarch. Japan then, pledged itself to renounce war completely and preventing it into waging any more war as a
12 Kim, H. (2011, December). Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age. 13 Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (p. 5). Palgrave Macmillan. 14 Kim, H. (2011, December). Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age. 15 Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (p. 5). Palgrave Macmillan. 16 Hayden, C. (2012). The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts. Lexington Books. 17 Scalapino, R. A. (1977). The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan. University of California Press. 3
means in resolving international issues in its Post-war Constitution which come into effect in 1947 until now. 18 In Article 9 of the Constitution paragraph 1 and 2, it is stated that: 1) Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. 2) In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.19
Japan then became sovereign state once again in 1952 with the Treaty of San Francisco. 20 In 1989, Japan’s then reigning Emperor, Hirohito, passed away and constantly replaced by his son, Akihito, as his successor entitled the 125th Emperor of Japan.21 The regime under Emperor Akihito named “Heisei” which is intended to mean as “peace everywhere”.22 Japan then continues to promote peace and understanding in establishing relations with other nation states. There have been many attempts of the Government of Japan through diplomacy practices in order to do it. They have been utilizing every aspect that they can use to gain trust and good relationship including in the social affairs especially in cultural aspect.23 In social cultural aspect, Japan has been cooperating with the United Nations (UN) as Japan is consistently and positively supporting the United Nations’ aims and activities which include the maintaining international peace and security. 24 The Government of Japan believes that cultural
18 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan's Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan's Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 44-54). The Japan Foundation. 19 The Constitution of Japan. (1947, May 3). Retrieved January 15, 2017, from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official Website: http://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html. 20 Murakami, H. (1983). Japan: The Years of Trial 1919-52. Kodansha International Ltd. (pp. 231- 233) 21 Scalapino, R. A. (1977). The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan. University of California Press. 22 Beasley, W. (1995). The Rise of Modern Japan (2nd ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. 23 Agency for Cultural Affairs. (2016). Policy of Cultural Affairs in Japan. Agency for Cultural Affairs: http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/about_us/policy_of_cultural_affairs/pdf/2016_policy.pdf. 24 Ogoura, K. (2008). Japan's Postwar Cultural Diplomacy. Center for Area Studies Working Paper No. 1. 4
exchange with other countries plays an important role in to further deepening the understanding of Japan and promoting international friendship and goodwill.25 As its major part of its diplomatic efforts, the Government of Japan intend to expand and strengthen various cultural exchange activities and govern it mainly through the Japan Foundation (JF) as it special public institution in this specific area of expertise under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA).26 Through JF, the government has extended its cooperation with other international organizations, such as the Southeast Asian Education Ministers Organization.27 In Indonesia, particularly, Japan has been conducting bilateral relationship in many aspects including cultural exchange. In 1979, JF opened its branch for Indonesia in Jakarta.28 Ever since the establishment of its branch in Jakarta, there have been many activities which help Japan to promote its culture in Indonesia through student exchange programs, lectures, workshop, seminars, sports, symposium, and film screening.29 In 2003, JF is renewed and no longer entitled as a special public institution and becoming self-governing as an independent administrative institution. 30 From then onwards, The Japan Foundation is aiming to be more effective and efficient in conducting their projects and becoming more familiar and accessible institutions to wider range of people.
25 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (1973, December). Diplomatic Bluebook for 1972. Retrieved January 2, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1972/1972-contents.htm. 26 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved December 26, 2016, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/index.html. 27 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (1978, December). Diplomatic Bluebook for 1978. Retrieved December 28, 2016, from Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1978/1978-contents.htm#CONTENTS. 28 The Japan Foundation was previously known as Japan Cultural Centre Jakarta (The Japan Foundation). In 1979, The Japan Foundation opened its foreign base in Jakarta. The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Introduction of the Japan Foundation (国際交流基金の紹介). Retrieved February 26, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website (国際交流基金): http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/about/outline/index.html. 29 The Japan Foundation. (1979). Laporan Kegiatan The Japan Foundation di Indonesia (1972- 1978). Japan Cultural Centre (The Japan Foundation). 30 National Diet of Japan. (2002, December 6). Act No. 137 of Independent Administrative Institution Japan Foundation Law (独立行政法人国際交流基金法). Retrieved February 28, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: http://law.e- gov.go.jp/htmldata/H14/H14HO137.html. 5
As Japan needs to present itself as a postmodern culture pioneer, all of its traditional and pop culture aspects play an important role in Japan’s international cultural activities. 31 On Japan-ASEAN 40th Anniversary of Dialogue relations in 2013, it is decided that there will be commemorative activities throughout the year.32 Those activities include expert dispatching activities, exhibition, student exchange, seminars, lectures, workshops, meetings, festivals and concerts, and movie screenings. 33 In December 2013, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe initiated “WA Project – Toward Interactive Asia” which then implemented in April 2014.34 It is then the Asia Center was established within Japan Foundation to engage a deeper understanding and expand interaction cultural exchange and form strong networks of experts from a diverse range of cultural fields. One of the activities of the Asia Centre is to promote Japan’s cultures and introduce other ASEAN movies, Indonesia included, through movie festivals which also cooperate with Tokyo International Film Festival.35
1.2. Problem Identification In the era of globalization, nation states in the world are racing to promote their culture to other countries.36 This needs to be done to create a good impression to other state and non-state actors. Japan is one of the many countries that practice this. It is known that in Indonesia, Japan has a rather
31 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan's Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan's Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 44-54). The Japan Foundation. 32 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2014, May 7). 40th Year of ASEAN-Japan Friendship and Cooperation. Retrieved March 14, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Official Website: http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/asean/relation/ja40/index.html. 33 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2014, May 7). 40th Year of ASEAN-Japan Friendship and Cooperation. Retrieved March 14, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Official Website: http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/asean/relation/ja40/index.html. 34 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2016). Joint Statement by the ASEAN Advisory Committee Members of the Japan Foundation Asia Center. Retrieved March 19, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Official Website: www.mofa.go.jp/files/000212879.pdf. 35 Japan Foundation Asia Center. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2, 2017, from Japan Foundation Asia Center: http://jfac.jp/en/. 36 Kim, H. (2011, December). Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age. 6
bad impression since, during the World War II, Japan colonized Indonesia.37 During that time, there were many Indonesian people that are being abused and die because of physical torture and romusha (forced labor) done by the Japanese government and military.38 However, as the Second World War ended, the Japanese colonisation in Indonesia also comes to an end. Japan then was preoccupied by the Allied forces until it become a sovereign state once again in 1952 through the Treaty of San Francisco.39 Ever since its new Constitution has been taking effect in 1947, Japan has renounce war completely and making the nation’s main and important policy to play a more positive role as a peace-loving and cultural State in international society.40 The Government of Japan believes that to achieve it, the promotion of cultural exchange between various countries is importance so that it will correct prejudice and misunderstanding in which very likely tend to arise especially in international relations, and also plays as an important and pivotal role in eliminating distrust and suspicions towards them.41 As the current regime era is named after “peace everywhere”, Japan has been actively promoting peace, friendship, and mutual understanding with other foreign states including Indonesia in every aspects ranging from economic, social and cultural affairs, technology development, exchange and also defence and security.42 It is expected that Japan will restore its image in the international stage especially in the former countries which were previously colonized by Japan since they may still have the sentiment from the horrible past events during World War II including Indonesia.
37Ma'ruf, A. (1975). Profile of Japan. Cultural Exchange between Indonesia and Japan . Jakarta: Japan Foundation. 38 Khairiah, J. (2015). Peran Japan Foundation dalam Penyebaran Bahasa Jepang di Indonesia. eJournal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 426. 39 Scalapino, R. A. (1977). The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan. University of California Press. 40 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (1973, December). Diplomatic Bluebook for 1972. Retrieved January 2, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1972/1972-contents.htm. 41 Scalapino, R. A. (1977). The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan. University of California Press. 42 Agency for Cultural Affairs. (2016). Policy of Cultural Affairs in Japan. Agency for Cultural Affairs: http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/about_us/policy_of_cultural_affairs/pdf/2016_policy.pdf. 7
In the recent years, Japanese culture has becoming more and more accepted by Indonesian people.43 This can be seen with the growing of Japanese themed business in Indonesia such as restaurants, accessory products, fashion brands, and also the increasing number of Japanese movies in theatres. The rising interest of Japanese culture, traditional and pop cultures, in Indonesia is also undeniable especially for young people. With this growing interest in Japanese cultures, Japan has been very enthusiast to promote and acquaint their very diverse culture. There has been many workshop, seminars, and festivals organized in order to further promote Japan and its cultures to the people in Indonesia.44 In further enhancing cultural exchange between Japan and Indonesia, in 1979, Japan Foundation, the only Japan institution dedicated in comprehensive international culture exchange programs,45 opened one of its foreign base in Jakarta.46 There have been many programs that they organized and support in Indonesia in to encourage expatriates and locals in contributing and participating to promote and introduce Japanese culture to wider audience, such as Japanese film screenings and festivals, Japanese themed festivals (matsuri), sports, workshops, seminars, and lectures and symposium. 47 In this thesis, the author would like to analyse how the Japanese government promote Japan cultures in Indonesia through Japan Foundation especially in the promotion of Japanese movies.
43 This can be concluded since the growing interests of Japanese study program and the rising number of Japanese brands, products, movies and events in Indonesia. Khairiah, J. (2015). Peran Japan Foundation dalam Penyebaran Bahasa Jepang di Indonesia. eJournal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 426. 44 The Japan Foundation. (1979). Laporan Kegiatan The Japan Foundation di Indonesia (1972- 1978). Japan Cultural Centre (The Japan Foundation). 45 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Introduction of the Japan Foundation (国際交流基金の紹介). Retrieved February 26, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website (国際交流基金): http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/about/outline/index.html. 46 Khairiah, J. (2015). Peran Japan Foundation dalam Penyebaran Bahasa Jepang di Indonesia. eJournal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional, 426. 47 The Japan Foundation. (1979). Laporan Kegiatan The Japan Foundation di Indonesia (1972- 1978). Japan Cultural Centre (The Japan Foundation). 8
1.3. Statement of the Problem - How did Japan Foundation play its role in promoting Japanese cultures in Indonesia using Japanese movies as its tool during 2013-2016? 1.4. Research Objectives - To describe how Japan Foundation is promoting Japanese cultures in Indonesia through Japanese movies. - To analyze the works of Japan Foundation in cultural exchange programs with Indonesia through Japanese movies. - To understand the utilization of cultural diplomacy in scheme of international relations through the case study of Japan Foundation in Indonesia. 1.5. Significance of the Study - To explain how Japanese culture is becoming popular in Indonesia nowadays, especially towards young people, through the programs of Japan Foundation. - To provide detailed information regarding the efforts made by Japan Foundation in promoting its culture to a broader scale of people in Indonesia by using Japanese movies as its tool in 2013 to 2016. 1.6. Conceptual Framework To further understand about Japan’s public diplomacy and explain the role of Japan Foundation in promoting Japan culture in Indonesia, there is a few theories that are suitable for this research, those theories are: Public Diplomacy, and Cultural Diplomacy.
1.6.1. Public Diplomacy
Ever since the end of Cold War, international politics has been changing and becoming more dynamic than before. Soft power has the capability to shape others preferences.48 Its ability includes the ability to establish and shape preference in which tends to be associated with
48 Nye, J. S. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. New York: PublicAffairs. 9
intangible assets such as an culture, political values and institution, attractive personality, and policies that are seen as legitimate or have moral authority. 49 The recognition of soft power as a part of the essential components of foreign policy decision making process has been spreading even more since the 9/11 incident by which forced a renewed focus on identity, culture, and communication.50
Public diplomacy has becoming one of soft power key instruments for nation state. Ever since the 9/11 accident occurred, public diplomacy is often discussed in the United States of America as battle of ‘ideas’. Thus, this incident forced them to establish renewal of a more focused on identity, culture, and communication by which resulting the wide spreading recognition in global scale. It means that there are changes in the role of information, culture, and communication in the practice of international politics.51 Sharp stated that:
“Public diplomacy is described as the process, by which, direct relations are pursued with a country’s people to advance the interests and extend the values of those being represented.”52 The term “public diplomacy” was first coined by Edmund Gullion in 1965 at Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tuffs University. 53 Gullion’s concept of public diplomacy is described as “the influence of
49 Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The annals of the American academy of political and social science 616 , 94-109. 50 Hayden, C. (2012). The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts. Lexington Books. 51 Hayden, C. (2012). The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts. Lexington Books. 52 Sharp, P. (2005). Revolutionary States, Outlaw Regimes and the Techniques of Public Diplomacy. In J. Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (p. 106). Palgrave Macmillan. 53 Edmund Gullion is a former American diplomat and Dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (p. 6). Palgrave Macmillan. 10
public attitudes on the formation and execution of foreign policies”. The concept then later, by a Murrow Center, being summarized that:
“encompasses dimensions of international relations beyond traditional diplomacy; the cultivation by governments of public opinion in other countries; the interaction of private groups and interests in one country with another; the reporting of foreign affairs and its impact on policy; communication between those whose job is communication, as diplomats and foreign correspondents; and the process of intercultural communications.”54 The basic distinction between traditional diplomacy and public diplomacy lies on the targets in establishing relationships. In traditional diplomacy, relationships are merely established between representatives of states or other international actor, while public diplomacy is generally approaching general public in foreign societies and more specific individuals, organizations, and non-official groups.55 Public diplomacy is broader in the approach since it also includes individuals in the societies to participate unlike traditional diplomacy.
According to Mark Leonard, there are three dimensions in public diplomacy which are reactive (within hours and days duration), proactive (within weeks and months duration), and relationship building (years in duration). Each one of these dimensions is operating based on different time scale. Leonard argues that reactive news can take place within hours and/or days. While proactive communications and perception changing may take place within weeks and/or months. And last, but not least, building relationships may take years before it shows the desired results.56
54 Cull, N. J. (2006, April 18). "Public Diplomacy" Before Gullion: The Evolution of a Phrase. Retrieved February 4, 2017, from USC Center on Public Diplomacy: https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/public-diplomacy-gullion-evolution-phrase. 55 Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (p. 5). Palgrave Macmillan. 56 Leonard, M. (2002). Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre. (pp. 10-11) 11
1.6.2. Cultural Diplomacy
Cultural diplomacy is becoming the linchpin of public diplomacy which has significant role in reaching out foreign public’s positive perception in international environment and plays as an effective tool on the international ties between countries. Mette Lending argues the new emphasis of public diplomacy showing the fact that the familiar differentiation between cultural and information activities is being eradicated. He argues that:
“cultural exchange is not only ‘art’ and ‘culture’ but also communicating a country’s thinking, research, journalism, and national debate. In this perspective, the traditional areas of cultural exchange become part of a new type of international communication and the growth of ‘public diplomacy’ becomes a reaction to the close connection between cultural, press and information activities, as a result of new social, economic and political realities.”57 The objective of cultural diplomacy is to influence public opinion, domestically and internationally to support particular foreign policy. According to Milton C. Cummings:
“cultural diplomacy can be defined as the exchange of ideas, information, art and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understandings.”58 Cultural diplomacy is utilized and practiced by nation states to represent and promote to inspire people more about them despite their differences in political views and cross border. According to Shizuru Saeki, cultural diplomacy can be defined as a way to exchange information, ideas, arts and culture to promote mutual understandings amongst citizens or
57 Lending, M. (2000). Change and Renewal: Norwegian foreign cultural policy 2001-2005. Oslo: Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 58 Cummings, M. C. (2003). Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey. Washington DC: Center for Arts and Culture. 12
different countries.59 It should be considered as multilateral perspectives to avoid a one-sided cultural policy such as the coercion of implementing ideology and policy to the world as a whole or public relation only to promote its languages course.
In the past time, cultural diplomacy has focusing on the protection and propaganda of their national culture in the process of international exchange. In a way, propaganda and cultural diplomacy may be similar depends on which definition of propaganda is used. Even though that they might be quite similar, there is a basic distinction of cultural diplomacy and propaganda. Melissen argues that cultural diplomacy and propaganda has different pattern of communication since propaganda is a rather one-way communication to narrow other people’s mind and views while modern public diplomacy, including cultural diplomacy, is a two-way communication involving engagement, mutuality, and dialogue.60
As globalization has been spreading across the globe and influences international actors, the focus of cultural diplomacy must not solely on the interest of nation states anymore. The rising influence of non- state actors, such as general public individuals, private organizations, and also regional actors marked the realization of concrete and firm cultural exchange programs in global scale. Cultural diplomacy is a long-term process of strategy which also includes the involvement of a range of policies, initiatives, and activities in achieving its national interests through culture. 61 One of cultural diplomacy practices include the utilization of movies as its tool in cultural exchange. Through movies, practitioners of
59 Kim, H. (2011, December). Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age. 60 Mark, S. (2009). A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy , (pp. 20-21). 61 Kang, H. (2013). Reframing Cultural Diplomacy: International Cultural Politics of Soft Power and the Creative Economy. Retrieved February 4, 2017, from Culturaldiplomacy.org: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/content/pdf/participant-papers/2011-08- loam/Reframing-Cultural-Diplomacy-International-Cultural-Politics-of-Soft-Power-and-the- Creative-Economy-Hyungseok-Kang.pdf. 13
cultural diplomacy may reach wider audience. It is because movies are easier to access by people. Movies can create the illusion of reality which open up new perspectives from those of different cultures and places.62 By using movies in cultural diplomacy, it can further maximize the effects of culture in the conduct of achieving mutual understanding.
1.7. Scope and Limitations of the Study In this thesis, the research is aimed in examining the works the Japan Foundation in Indonesia particularly in cultural exchange by using film in channelling the culture of Japan to Indonesian people. The institution itself has been playing an active role in introducing and enhancing the acknowledgement of Indonesian people towards Japanese cultures in various fields. The highlight of this research will be focused on how Japan Foundation governs and execute its programs in promoting Japanese cultures, specifically in movies, in the years of 2013 until 2016. Acknowledging the growing interest and demand of Japanese movies in Indonesia, this research will focused on the promotion of Japanese movies activities and programs that are done by Japan Foundation Asia Center and Japan Foundation Jakarta particularly in Jakarta. 1.8. Definition of Terms Public diplomacy Public diplomacy is one of the key instruments of soft power which is used to engage a more active diplomatic practice that, unlike traditional diplomacy, its approach is not only state representatives but also public general in foreign states, private sectors, more specific individuals, organizations, and non-official groups.63
62 Academy for Cultural Diplomacy. (n.d.). Successful Examples of the use of Film as a Tool of Cultural Diplomacy. Retrieved from Academy for Cultural Diplomacy: http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/academy/index.php?en_loam-2014_successful-examples-of- the-use-of-film-as-a-tool-of-cultural-diplomacy 63 Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Melissen, The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (p. 5). Palgrave Macmillan. 14
Public diplomacy has been identified as “battle of ideas” after the 9/11 incident in the United States by which is the notion of struggle between ideologies competing in broadly framed international relations throughout the twentieth century. As people can access information more freely now in this information age, it gives international actors new challenges in the global stage in the practice of international politics. A renewed focus on culture, identity, and communication for diplomatic strategy is a result of the recognition of soft power as an essential factor in foreign policy decision making.64 Cultural diplomacy Cultural diplomacy is the linchpin of public diplomacy that has significant role in achieving foreign public’s positive perception of the state in international environment.65 Cultural diplomacy plays as an effective tool by state actors on the international ties between nation states. Cultural diplomacy is used by nation states to exchange information, culture, arts, and idea with the aim to promote mutual understanding between people or different countries.66 Cultural exchange Cultural exchange is a program which allows its participants to live and work or learn in another country for a period of time. Cultural exchange program is made by a country to promote their cultures to the foreign participants. In this activity, the participants and the individuals in host countries promote diversity by learning each other’s cultures.67
64 Hayden, C. (2012). The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts. Lexington Books. 65 Kim, H. (2011, December). Cultural Diplomacy as the Means of Soft Power in an Information Age. 66 Cummings, M. C. (2003). Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey. Washington DC: Center for Arts and Culture. 67 What is the definition of the word "cultural exchange"? (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2017, from Reference.com: https://www.reference.com/world-view/definition-word-cultural- exchange-3d8f92fe72f98af6#. 15
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Background
In this information age, it is important for state actors to utilize every aspect to achieve its national interests. Ever since the demise of Cold War, the diplomacy practices as a soft power instrument have been used by countries in the world to foster good images to other foreign nations.68 Many nation states have been using diplomacy as a way to achieve its national interests. In this globalization era, state actors also need to engage with the people of foreign societies rather than just officials and representatives of the countries. The shifting in the practice of diplomacy in targeting its receivers, from state-to-state representatives to private sectors and individuals in foreign societies, is due to this matter.69 Public diplomacy is necessary in order to reach out to the people and establish deeper relationship and mutual understanding.
As a linchpin of public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy plays an important role in promoting and enhancing of the exchange of ideas, information, art and other cultural aspects as suggested by Cummings. 70 Cultural diplomacy of a country is being governed to foster trust and left good image to people in foreign countries. There are many aspects can be used to expand the scoop of cultural diplomacy including movies, traditional
68 Nye, J. S. (2008). Public diplomacy and soft power. The annals of the American academy of political and social science 616 , 94-109. 69 Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (p. 5). Palgrave Macmillan. 70 Cummings, M. C. (2003). Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey. Washington DC: Center for Arts and Culture. 16
and pop cultures, culinary, events (seminars, exhibitions, and festivals), and fashion.71
In this thesis, the author would like to describe and analyze Japan’s cultural diplomacy through one of its institutions named Japan Foundation which specialize on cultural exchange program. The author would like to focus on the movie promotion done by Japan Foundation as a part of its cultural exchange program in Indonesia. In this chapter, there are some literatures that are going to be reviewed and further used to help the author to understand more about the topic for this research. There are some books and journals that are going to be reviewed, those are:
Books: - The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, 2005. Edited by Jan Melissen. - Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese, 1942-45 by Aiko Kurasawa, 1991. Edited by Grant K. Goodman in Japanese Cultural Policies in Southeast Asia during World War 2 (pp. 36-92). - Diplomasi Publik Jepang: perkembangan dan tantangan, 2011. By Tonny Dian Effendi. - Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present, 2009. By Kazuo Ogoura in Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 44-54). Journals: - Promoting culture abroad: the experience of Germany and Japan in the field of cultural diplomacy, 2016. By Alexander Marchukov in Practices and Interpretations: Journal of Philological, Educational and Cultural Studies (Практики и интерпретации: журнал филологических, образовательных и культурных исследований) (pp. 41-54).
71 Szondi, G. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similiarities and Differences. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy . Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'.
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- Japan’s international cultural relations: learn from the west, 2005. By M. Mossadeq Bahri in MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies (pp. 1- 14). - Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power, 2014. By Alexander Bukh in Asian] Perspective 38 (pp. 461-485).
2.2. Books Review 2.2.1. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations.72
The editor of this book, Jan Melissen, is one of the essay contributors in this book. He reminds us that ‘power over opinion’ was ‘not less essential for political purposes than military or economic power and has always been closely associated with them’ in his introductory chapter. Jan Melissen is the Director of the Clingendael Diplomatic Studies Programme at the Netherlands Institure of International Relations. He is also a part-time Professor in the Department of Politics, Antwerp University.
This book provides topical collection of essays on the topic of soft power reflecting on how it changes in policies and practices in international relations. The integral discourse of public diplomacy is the concept of Joseph Nye’s ‘soft power’. ‘Soft power’ conception used here is the power of attraction associated with ideas, cultures, and policies. It also emphasizes on the public diplomacy that has been practiced by the United States.
This book is divided into three parts. The first part is explaining of the definition and contextualization of the conceptual notion of a new public diplomacy. The second part is consisted of essays which the contributors encompasses variety of approaches in the practice of public diplomacy across the world. Last but not least, the third part is explaining mainly on
72 Melissen, J. (Ed.). (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. Palgrave Macmillan. 18
the practices of diplomacy with contributions on topics such as national branding.
This book gives comprehensive explanation on public diplomacy in 21st century. It gives details how some nation states in the world govern its public diplomacy. Some of the contributors are analyzing on the United States’ public diplomacy practices especially after the 9/11 incidents. They described how the United States has been using its public diplomacy and what kind of public diplomacy that they utilized works and have the best results.
2.2.2. Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese, 1942- 45.73
In this book chapter, Aiko Kurasawa describes the use of media by Japanese military government during the Second World War to propagate the civilians of Java Island particularly through films. During the War, Japanese military government realized that the new introduction and development of new media is necessary to propagate the people of Indonesia especially in Java. This was done to execute its policies smoothly in Java during the War. They paid a great deal of attention to “grasp people’s minds” and to “propagandize and tame them” which then eventually resulted in mobilizing the whole society and change the mentality of the people completely. In order to do that, the Japanese military government utilized various media including books, newspapers, posters, pamphlets, radio broadcasting, exhibitions, photography, traditional arts performances, drama, speech-making, music, paper picture shows (or known as kamishibai), and movies.
In this book chapter, the writer explains that, during the World War II, the Japanese military government established an independent department
73 Kurasawa, A. (1991). Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese, 1942-45. In G. K. Goodman (Ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies in Southeast Asia during World War 2 (pp. pp. 36-92). Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd. 19 to manage its propaganda affairs named Sendenbu in August 1942. This department was in charge of propaganda and information that concerned to the civil administration. Its activities were targeting the civilians of Java including Indonesians, Eurasians, Asian minorities, and Japanese. This chapter also explains about the basic framework of Japanese propaganda policy. It gives explanation on the local propaganda organizations, profile of the propagandist, and the scheme and media of propaganda.
The writer then proceeds to explain on the movie propaganda, particularly, as it had the biggest impact on rural society. The writer first laid out the movie policy in Japan with its Motion Picture Law of 1939. Then, the chapter informs the movie policy in Java which basically had the same policy. It also talks about the Japanese movies that are shown in Java which were carefully chosen beforehand and the movies produced in Java during the time. The author also explains about movie distribution in Javanese society and the travelling theatres which allowed them to spread the propaganda scheme to the civilians. The chapter then closed by the writer informing the readers on the perception of Japanese on the propaganda and the effect of Japanese propaganda to the people in Java which was significant and effective among the uneducated mass but also at the same time, less effective in shaping and directing them in the way that the military authorities originally wanted them to.
This book chapter may give some insights on the film distribution and utilization by the Japanese government during the War. This chapter may help the author to see the development of Japanese movies promotion and compare them with the present day movie promotions done by the Japanese government through its cultural agents. This literature will be discussed and applied later in proceeding chapters.
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2.2.3. Diplomasi Publik Jepang: perkembangan dan tantangan.74
In this book, the author, Tonny Dian Effendi, explains Japan’s public diplomacy. The book starts with some explanations on public diplomacy as a conceptual framework according to the conceptions argued by several public diplomacy scholars. Then, the book explains in detail on the importance of public diplomacy for Japan in restoring and mending its national image post war era. The book then describes some institutions that are actively conducting Japan’s public diplomacy including its roles and its duties to achieve the goals of Japan’s public diplomacy.
The book then also emphasis the importance of cultural diplomacy to strengthen mutual understanding between Japan and other nation states. It gives some explanations about the establishment of some Japanese institutions, including JF, JETRO, JICA, and others, and also describes their duties and responsibilities. The book the also discusses the challenges that faced by the Japanese government in conducting its public and cultural diplomacy to foreign nation states.
The author of this book uses the public diplomacy conception pioneered by some major public diplomacy scholars such as Gyorgy Scondi, and Mark Leonard. They are known for their thorough research in the fields of public diplomacy. These conceptions will be discussed later in the following chapter by the author of this thesis.
This book gives good explanation on Japan’s public diplomacy and, also, cultural diplomacy. The author of this book explains the topic really well and is easy to understand. This literature may give further insight on how the government of Japan govern its public diplomacy and will be further analyzed in the following chapters.
74 Effendi, T. D. (2011). Diplomasi Publik Jepang: perkembangan dan tantangan. Ghalia Indonesia. 21
2.2.4. Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present.75
The author of this book, Kazuo Ogoura, was a former president of JF and an invited Professor of Aoyama Gakuin University. In this book, particularly in this book section, the author describes the development of Japan’s cultural diplomacy throughout decades. From this book section, it can be seen that there has been significant development and improvement in the practice of cultural diplomacy. This chapter consists of four sub chapters.
The chapter is first introduced by some explaining on the meanings of cultural diplomacy, cultural exchange, and public diplomacy. It also discusses the distinctions of the former two and how in many countries, including Japan, it is often confused since it may overlap to one another. The author also argues that public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy are not the same even though they may also sometimes overlap. It also explains how Japan’s cultural policies are created. In this sub chapter the author emphasize that Japan is focusing on cultural diplomacy instead of cultural exchange.
In the next sub chapter, the author describes historical explanation on how the Japan’s government managed its cultural diplomacy especially after World War II. It also informs the readers on what the Japan cultural diplomacy is aimed for and to what kind of extend and scoop of their culture that they are going use to represent itself accordingly that fits the national image they are going to project to the world. It describes how eager the government to establish a peace-loving democracy image to the world particularly during the 1950s and early 1960s. The author in this sub chapter also emphasize that Japan’s cultural diplomacy has undergone several stages of evolutions.
75 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 44-54). The Japan Foundation. 22
In the third sub chapter, the author is focused more on the current phase of Japan’s cultural diplomacy. It explains the challenges that Japan face as there are difficulties on the financial resources for overseas activities. The last sub chapter concludes the whole chapter. It emphasizes that Japanese cultural diplomacy has always aimed to dispel negative images of Japan. It has always attempted to correct misconceptions of Japan in foreign countries to show that Japan has changed from its imperial image during the War. The author suggests that Japan must think beyond traditional patterns of cultural diplomacy and have more confidence in its time-honoured cultural traditions and also to share them widely and deeply with people in other countries for the purpose to contribute to the human society enrichment and maintenance of global peace and cultural diversity.
This literature gives the researcher a better insight on Japan’s cultural diplomacy and its development. This chapter will be applied in Chapter V which provides the explanations of Japan’s cultural diplomacy. The development of Japan’s cultural diplomacy will be further described and analyzed with additional explanations from other reliable sources.
2.3. Journals Review 2.3.1. Promoting Culture Abroad: the Experience of Germany and Japan in the Field of Cultural Diplomacy.76
This journal article focuses on German and Japanese efforts to form a positive national image abroad in the field of cultural diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy of both countries is characterized by: the use of social media for cultural promotion; the active role of international broadcasters; the lack of a centralized organizational structure; and the emphasis on intercultural dialogue encouragement and deepening of mutual understanding between nations. The author concludes that one of the main differences between the
76 Marchukov, A. (2016). Promoting culture abroad: the experience of Germany and Japan in the field of cultural diplomacy. Практики и интерпретации: журнал филологических, образовательных и культурных исследований (Practices and Interpretations: Journal of Philological, Educational and Cultural Studies) , 1 (2), 41-54. 23
foreign policy cultural strategies of these countries is the Japanese is putting more emphasis and focus on pop culture as a tool for its public diplomacy. From this point of view, Japanese modern media culture is demonstrating the potential for rapid development in the future.
This journal compares the style of cultural diplomacy that done by Germany and Japan. It gives explanation on how each of the respective countries’ attempt in conducting its cultural diplomacy. It provides detailed examples on the activities that both institutions, Goethe Institute and JF, has done and how they govern the programs and projects.
2.3.2. Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West.77
In this journal article, the author, M. Mossadeq Bahri, discusses about Japan’s international cultural relations, its development especially after the World War 2. The article describes how the Japanese government also fully utilized cultural diplomacy during 1950s onward. The Japanese, as one of its attempts of redemption after the War, tries to be more actively involved in the world and also to dismiss bad images labelled towards them. In this article, the author uses imperialism theory to explain the understand the international relations by analyzing the way advanced industrialized countries carrying out their cultural relations policies towards developing countries through the model of imperialistic relations with an imperialistic theory of development.
This article starts by explaining the international cultures that are being used by the Western states stretches back from the last few centuries. It describes, briefly, the development of cultural dimension as a part of foreign policy in France, Great Britain, Federal Republic of Germany, the United States of America, and other modern nation states. It also discusses how the United States and the USSR deployed the notion of “national
77 Bahri, M. M. (2005). Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West. MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies , 1-14. 24 culture” during the Cold War. The author emphasizes on how it was used as a diplomatic tool in creating favourable images abroad, asserting their own superiority, and using it as diplomatic barometers to signal strategic intentions.
As Japan in its contemporary history has been admitted and accepted as a member of one of the powerful and advanced industrialized countries. Japan needs to learn the way of conducting cultural relations and gradually develop its own approach. International exchange activities in Japan were stretched way back from the early seventh century marked by the dispatching of Japanese whose envoys to China during Tang Dynasty. There was a sudden rising in education exchange, science, and culture in the early Meiji era. After World War 2, it began to recognize the benefits of extensive cultural diplomacy which has been pursued by the Western countries for decades. Japan needs to learn and understand since it has limited experience and disposition to share its cultural heritage to foreign countries and also since the philosophical and spiritual aptitude in reaching out to other foreign societies has not yet being a part of Japan’s foreign policy. Japan’s strategy of its cultural relations, the author noted, was its wide-ranging geographical coverage.
As they have to accommodate its cultural relations with other countries, adequate facilities are needed which then the government of Japan established the Japan Foundation in 1972. On the next part of the article, the author criticized on the one-sidedness of Japan’s cultural relations. Shimizu Hayao (1989) also argues that Japan tends to be very selfish in carrying out its cultural relations with other countries in Asia. He argues that in terms of the process of economic and technological exchange between Japan and other Asian nations are only one direction from Japan to Asian nations. There are also some others that criticize Japan’s one-sidedness in Southeast Asia and also its lack of interest in ASEAN cultures since it has superiority complex towards them. They also argue that Japan has been using its sponsored activities in promoting knowledge of Japan in Southeast Asian
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countries as its propaganda which has ultimately has little effect in the development of Japan’s cultural relations.
It is known that, during some few years right after World War 2, Japan is relatively new as a member of developed countries. It is important for Japan to maintain a strong image but also a benevolent nation. Japan has been following the Western industrialized countries of their way in successfully promoting their economic and political interests through conducting and the maintenance of international cultural relations. The author argues that the principles of cultural relations has not yet being fully observed by Japan and that aid as part of the whole package of its cultural diplomacy is just merely a disguise for Japan’s economic self-interest.
2.3.3. Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent- Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power.78
In this journal article, the author, Alexander Bukh, questions the utility of Japan’s agent-based approach for its cultural soft power. He suggests that cultural diplomacy is not simply only a matter of diplomatic craftsmanship. This article starts on the discussion of cultural diplomacy in recent years and how it has been rising in its importance which attracts interest from international relations scholars and policymakers. This article also discusses about the concept of soft power and the scholars that popularize the concept, mainly Joseph Nye, and also other scholars. It gives explanation on soft power based on the soft power conception according to Nye’s perspective. The writer also points out on how soft power differs a little from the concept of propaganda.
In this article, the writer informs that this literature will be using an analytical framework that is build on one of the most persuasive agency- oriented attempts in theorizing soft power and also outlines the relations
78 Bukh, A. (2014). Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power. Asian Perspective , 38, 461-485.
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between soft, power, national identity, and international structure. Soft power that is construed in this article is become the intention of an agent in manipulating a certain group of people by communicating a particular view of reality which is favourable to the wielder of soft power. The writer also argues that Japan’s cultural diplomacy has always been reflecting to the dominant discourses of its own national identity. He also argues that international structures allow but, then, also limit the emergence on some of the cultural strategies that are designed by the Japanese policymakers through its effect on its national identity.
The analysis started by providing the explanation on Japan’s cultural diplomacy history. It started on the explanation on Japan’s cultural strategies during the imperial era. Then it continues to Japan’s cultural diplomacy in post-war era which includes the debates on the policy and efforts to construct a cultural strategy. After that, the article also explains post-war Japan’s cultural identity and international ideational structures. International ideational structures, as argued by the writer, have exercised a profound effect in shaping Japan’s national identity on Japan’s cultural diplomacy.
This literature gives arguments and detailed explanations on how the government of Japan constructs and deploy its cultural policy throughout the years. It also compares the development of Japan’s cultural diplomacy throughout the era in detail. The author of this literature also gives some critique on the nature of Japan’s cultural diplomacy and the policy making regarding to cultural diplomacy constructed by the Japanese government. This literature will be used to further examine the practices of Japan’s cultural diplomacy in the following section.
2.4. Chapter Conclusion To further analyze and explain on the topic for this research, some literatures are needed. It is since literatures may gives explanations on theories and the topic in other perspective in accordance to the writer of the
27 literatures’ point of view and arguments. The seven literatures, books and journals, are the sources which the author of this thesis uses in order to have a better understanding on the topic and are correlated and relevant to the research. However, those are not the only sources that the author will be use. There will be other sources that can be found on the references of this thesis in later chapter.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Background
In any academic writing, research methodology is important for the researcher(s) to analyze the data that are necessary for the topic discussed in the writing. It helps the writer to focus on what kind of approaches and methods which are useful to explain and support the writer’s arguments. Research can be defined as an effort to gain new knowledge systematically. 79 Research is done by researchers to find and discover answers from questions through scientific application which consists of formulating hypothesis, collecting facts and/or data, analyzing facts and/or data, and gain certain conclusions in form of solution(s) or in certain generalization for some theoretical formulations.80 Methodology refers to the strategy, the plan and action, and the process or design that are lying behind the choice and uses particular method.81
Research methodology is a systematic way to solve research problem. 82 The researcher must also know how to distinguish which methods and techniques that are suitable and relevant for the topic discussed and eventually support the argument and hypothesis that the researcher tries to indicate. This research is going to use qualitative approach in processing analyzing the data and information relevant to the topic discussed. Qualitative research approach is designed to assess subjective attitudes,
79Redman, L., & Mory, A. (1923). The Romance of Research. 80 Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. 81 Marelli, F. B. (n.d.). Qualitative Research Methods & Methodology. Retrieved March 27, 2017, from ATLAS.ti: http://atlasti.com/qualitative-research-methods/. 82 Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. 29
opinions, and behaviour.83 Since this thesis will discuss about the cultural diplomacy of Japan in Indonesia through JF particularly in promoting films, the writer will analyze and identify the process and the development of Japan’s cultural diplomacy and the policies on the topic discussed.
By using qualitative method, the writer shall generate data from primary and secondary sources. Primary resources may be in the form of official government documents and official statements that can be gathered through official websites of the related government. Meanwhile, secondary sources can be in form of journals, books, articles, and news which are relevant to the topic.
3.2. Research Framework
Figure 3.1. Research Framework
83 Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers. 30
The popularity of a nation state’s culture in another country rests on the efforts its government design and execute outside of the country. This also includes Japan since, through its cultural diplomacy, many people in Indonesia, particularly, have taken interests in the culture of Japan either for its traditional or modern/pop cultures. In this thesis, the research will be focusing on the role of Japan Foundation in Indonesia in promoting Japanese movies as one of Japan’s cultural diplomacy. As shown in the figure above, this research will be focusing on film as one of the mediums used in cultural diplomacy.
Nation states plan and implement its own scheme to practice cultural diplomacy and use it to reach maximum results as possible. The Japanese government has been very committed in the succession of its cultural diplomacy. It can be seen since the first few years since the end of WWII, even after they were criticized by many international actors where they thought that Japanese government is orienting its diplomatic overseas activities in the pursuit of economic agenda and, also even, suspected to revive its military.84 To correct these accusations, the Japanese government established a new institution which called JF where they can focus in establishing cultural engagement with other nation states.
The conception of public diplomacy, as coined by Gullion, can be describes as public attitudes’ influence on foreign policies’ formation and execution. 85 Leonard argues that public diplomacy is about building relationships which include the understanding of the need of other countries, cultures, and people; correcting misperceptions; communicating one’s perspective; and find areas that can be common causes.86 The content of public diplomacy, according to Szondi, describes activities which are targeting abroad audiences in the fields of education, information, and
84 Bahri, M. M. (2005). Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West. MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies , pp. 7. 85 Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (p. 6). Palgrave Macmillan. 86 Leonard, M. (2002). Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre. 31
culture with the objective to influence foreign government through its citizens. 87 The activities, as described by Szondi, needs to be planned carefully by the government to successfully implement its public diplomacy. Since culture is one of the contents of public diplomacy, many scholars argue that cultural diplomacy is a part of public diplomacy.88
As a linchpin of public diplomacy, cultural diplomacy, according to Cummings, can be defined as the exchange activities of art, ideas, information, and other cultural aspects between nations and its citizens to establish mutual understandings.89 It is important to note that, according to Melissen and Mark, both public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy have a broader target audience than traditional diplomacy since both public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy are targeting people of foreign nations including individuals, private actors, non-official groups, and organizations.9091
87 Szondi, G. (2008). Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding: Conceptual Similiarities and Differences. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy . Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael'. 88 Mark, S. (2009). 89 Cummings, M. C. (2003). Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey. Washington DC: Center for Arts and Culture. 90 Leonard, M. (2002). Public Diplomacy. London: The Foreign Policy Centre. 91 Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (p. 5). Palgrave Macmillan. 32
Figure 3.2. Conceptual Framework
Simon Mark argues that cultural diplomacy is a subset of public diplomacy. Using Leonard’s conceptualization of public diplomacy, Mark92 argues that cultural diplomacy is about the long-term relationships development that may take years in process to achieve its foreign policy goals. Mark also argues that cultural diplomacy is about combatting ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and conflicts, and developing mutual understanding.93 There are many aspects of cultures that can be used by a nation to further enhance its cultural diplomacy and engage to foreign societies ranging from traditional to pop culture.
As argued by Bukh, cultural diplomacy refers to the utilizing of cultural symbols of a nation state as a way to communicate a particular view of reality. 94 Which means the State utilizes cultures to establish desired reality, by which in this case the image of the State itself. This also applies to Japan as it practices in cultural diplomacy to present and project that Japan is not as it used to before the War. As a Japan’s institution that engaged in the field of cultural exchange and cultural diplomacy, JF plays an important role in the promotion of Japanese cultures in Indonesia, especially films. JF is playing a part as a government agent which carries the responsibilities to promote Japanese culture to other countries including Indonesia to foster mutual understanding and seek to dismiss misperceptions toward Japan.
3.3. Research Time and Place
Place of Research:
- Adam Kurniawan Library, President University
92 Mark, S (2009). 93 Mark, S. (2009, April). A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy , pp. 9. Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. 94 Bukh, A. (2014). Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power. Asian Perspective , 38, pp. 466. 33
- The Japan Foundation Library, Summitmas I Building 2nd Floor, Jakarta - University of Indonesia Library, Depok, West Java
Time of Research - September 2016 – December 2018
3.4. Research Instrument Internet As technology nowadays has becoming more advanced and people can access almost, if not all, information easily, internet has becoming our daily usage. In this research, internet plays an important part for the researcher for this thesis writing. Internet is important for the researcher to gather data and information related to the topic that is being discussed and further broadening the views and perspective. Some examples of some reliable sources that can be obtained through internet that relevant to the research are http://www.kantei.go.jp/, http://www.jf.go.jp/, http://www.jpf.or.id/, http://www.jfac.jp/, and http://www.mofa.go.jp/.
Books One of the most reliable sources that can be obtained by any researchers in academic writing is books. Books may give good explanations on one or more topics which may be not available online. It is especially if the books are published for printed purpose only and/or being published for quite a while. However, there were also some books that can be found on the internet known as e-books but is very limited. Some examples of books are Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy by Kazuo Ogoura, The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan edited by Robert A. Scalapino, Japan: The Years of Trial 1919-52 by Hyoue Murakami, and The Rise of Modern Japan 2nd Edition by W.G. Beasley.
Journals and Reports
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Journals and reports are one of the most important sources for academic writing including this thesis. Journals provide arguments and hypothesis by previous researches which help the author of this thesis to understand and have better views and give other perspective on the topic discussed in the academic writing, for example Asian Perspective Vol. 38, MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies Vol. 1, and Media Transformations. Meanwhile, reports give important information for the writer which usually being published by a body or an institution or a government body, such as the Annual Report of the Japan Foundation, Diplomatic Bluebook, and Laporan Kegiatan The Japan Foundation di Indonesia.
Official Documents and Statements Official documents and statements are very important and very critical for academic writings in especially in this research. It is since this research will be discussing about the cultural diplomacy of a nation state, explaining about the foreign policy specifically related to the subject matter is very crucial as one of its primary sources. Some examples of official documents and statements include government’s letters, Constitution of Japan, the Independent Administrative Institution Japan Foundation Law, and official statements and speeches by Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Japan.
3.5. Research Structure Chapter 1: Introduction
In this chapter, it contains the introductory of the study for this thesis. This chapter talks about the background of the study, problem identification, statement of the problem, research objectives, the significance of the study, the conceptual framework, scope and limitations of the study, and definition of terms that are being used in this research. This chapter provides a general preview on the topic discussed in this thesis and inform the readers the reason and significance of this research.
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Chapter 2: Literature Review
The contents for this chapter are literature reviews of books and journals. The books and journals that are being reviewed in this chapter are those that are relevant to the topic discussed in this research. As the topic of this research will discuss about Japan’s cultural diplomacy through the Japan Foundation, the reviews are come from reliable sources to help further understanding on cultural diplomacy of Japan, the foreign policy of Japan, the opportunities and challenges that Japan face and also the role of one of Japan’s institutions that taking an active part in the development of its cultural diplomacy especially in Indonesia.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
The third chapter of this thesis consists of research methodology that is used by the author to explain which method(s) that being used to collect and analyze data. The author uses qualitative method in collecting data. In this chapter, it also contains the background of the chapter, research framework, research time and place, research instrument, and research structure.
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Interpretation
The next chapter contains the data and information regarding to the overview of Japan-Indonesia bilateral relationships. It contains the partnership and cooperation that Japan and Indonesia have in political, economic, strategical, and also socio cultural aspects. It will also provides explanation on the Japan Foundation.
Chapter 5: Data Analysis and Interpretation
This chapter consists of the analysis of the overview of Japan’s cultural diplomacy, the “WA Project – Toward Interactive Asia”, and the roles of the Japan Foundation in Indonesia in promoting Japanese films in
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2013 until 2016. The chapter will identify and analyze JF activities and programs in promoting Japanese films in Indonesia.
Chapter 6: Conclusion
In this closing chapter, it contains conclusion and recommendations of the topic discussed in the previous chapters. This chapter will provide some additional information on the topic for future research. This thesis is expected to be useful to the readers for academic and non-academic purposes. It is hoped that this thesis can also be helpful for future researchers who would like to discuss the same topic.
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CHAPTER IV
JAPAN-INDONESIA BILATERAL RELATIONS
4.1. Background
Bilateral relations between nations are important as globalization makes the world is becoming more borderless in terms of the change of information, trades, investments and so on. Relations between nations have always been done by a state nation to pursue its national interest which it may get from establishing such relationship. Mostly, bilateral relations between nations are beneficial to both sides in some certain degree. In this chapter, the researcher would like to talk about bilateral relations between Japan and Indonesia. Japan and Indonesia may have a rough past especially during World War II. However, now that the War is over, Japan and Indonesia are trying to bury the hatchet and establishing good relations. After the overview of Japan-Indonesia bilateral relations, the author of this research will continue to explain about the overview of the Japan Foundation. This chapter will discuss the historical relations between the two countries consisting of the political, economic, and socio- cultural aspects.
4.2. Japan-Indonesia Bilateral Relations
Relations between Japan and Indonesia have a very complicated history ever since before Indonesia’s independence. History that they had together during the Second World War has scarred Indonesian people even until now. During 1942 until 1945, Japanese Army occupied the then Dutch East Indies.95 This caused Indonesian people to have a negative impression
95 Kurasawa, A. (1991). Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese, 1942-45. In G. K. Goodman (Ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies in Southeast Asia during World War 2 (pp. pp. 36-92). Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd. 38
on Japan even after the end of the War and Japan was defeated by the Allied forces.96
Japan gained back it independence in 1952 marked by the signed of Peace Treaty in San Francisco.97 The Treaty was signed by 52 UN state members including those that were colonized by Japan during the War in 1951 and implemented in 1952.98 Diplomatic relationship between Japan and Indonesia has been established ever since the signed of Peace Treaty between Republic of Indonesia and Japan in 1958.99 Since then, bilateral relationships between the two nations are going good and keep being developed until recent days.
4.2.1. Political
On the political aspect, bilateral relationship that Japan and Indonesia have has been very strategic. Diplomatic relationship between Republic of Indonesia and Japan established in April 1958 with the signing of Peace Agreement between the two nations states.100 Since then Republic of Indonesia and Japan have been strategic partners in many aspects. In Indonesia, Japan has several consular offices: Japan Consular Office in Makassar (Kantor Konsular Jepang di Makassar), Japan Consulate General Office in Surabaya (Konsulat Jenderal Jepang di Surabaya), Japan Consulate General Office in Denpasar (Konsulat Jenderal Jepang di Denpasar), and Japan Consulate General in Medan (Konsulat Jenderal Jepang
96 Ma'ruf, A. (1975). Profile of Japan. Cultural Exchange between Indonesia and Japan , 5. Jakarta: Japan Foundation. 97 Scalapino, R. A. (1977). The Foreign Policy of Modern Japan. University of California Press. 98 Murakami, H. (1983). Japan: The Years of Trial 1919-52. Kodansha International Ltd. (pp. 231- 233). 99 Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang. (n.d.). Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang Official Website: http://www.kemlu.go.id/tokyo/id/Pages/Jepang.aspx. 100 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. (n.d.). Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia Official Website: http://www.id.emb- japan.go.jp/birel_id.html. 39
di Medan) with its Embassy of Japan office located in Jakarta.101 Meanwhile in Japan, Indonesia established its Embassy of Republic Indonesia in Tokyo.102
There have been many official visits that have been done by the President of Indonesia to Japan and by the Prime Minister of Japan to Indonesia. It is recorded that there have been several visits by the President of Indonesia to Japan and vice versa throughout the years, including Presidential visit to Japan in June 2005 and November 2006, visit on attending the G8 meeting in Hokkaido, and many others. Prime Minister of Japan also has been visiting Indonesia occasionally, including: the Prime Minister visit to Indonesia in 2005 (Junichiro Koizumi), 2007 (Shinzo Abe), 2009 (Yukio Hatoyama), and 2011 (Yoshihiko Noda).103
4.2.2. Economic
In the economic aspect, Japan and Indonesia has several economic agreements and partnerships. Japan and Indonesia has been partnering in trades of goods and becoming one of the major export and import activities.104 There are some agencies of Japan that carry out Japan’s economic activities in Indonesia, such as Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO), and. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). There are also economic agreement and partnership that has been established between Japan and Indonesia, those are including: Official Development Assistance
101 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia Official Website: http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/conind.html. 102 Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang. (n.d.). Kontak Kami. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang Official Website: http://www.kemlu.go.id/tokyo/id/kontak-kami.aspx 103 Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang. (n.d.). Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang Official Website: http://www.kemlu.go.id/tokyo/id/Pages/Jepang.aspx. 104 Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang. (n.d.). Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang Official Website: http://www.kemlu.go.id/tokyo/id/Pages/Jepang.aspx. 40
(ODA), and Japan-Indonesia Economic Partnership Agreement (JIEPA).105
Japan ODA to Indonesia includes Grant, Yen Loan, and Technical Assistance. Grant is financial assistance which the recipient is not obligated to repay. Yen Loan is soft loan in yen with easy conditions and also with a long term and low interest to construct its social economic foundation. Technical Assistance is for human resources training. Japan ODA in Indonesia has been utilized in providing infrastructures and disaster reliefs. Infrastructures that are the result of the Japan ODA in Indonesia are including electrical power capacities, road constructions, communication network constructions, railways restoration, water resources infrastructures, fishing port (in Jakarta), hospitals, schools, and provide vocational training centers and instructors.106
JIEPA or IJEPA is a bilateral economic agreement between Japan and Indonesia signed by then President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in August 2007. 107 Japan and Indonesia have a wide range of areas in terms of economic relationship since both states have mutual commercial interest. This agreement will strengthen and promote beneficial economic ties between them and contributing on the realization of multi-layered cooperation for capacity building in many different ways. For Indonesia, this agreement will be benefitting for them since Japan is Indonesia’s largest trading partner, export destinations and also import sources. Not to mention that Japan is also has been providing
105 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. (n.d.). Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia Official Website: http://www.id.emb- japan.go.jp/birel_id.html. 106 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2004). Japan's Official Development Assistance White Paper 2004. Retrieved May 18, 2017, from http://www.id.emb- japan.go.jp/oda/en/topics_ginanjar.htm 107 日本とインドネシア とインドネシアとの関係 (Japan - Indonesia Relationship). (n.d.). 15. Retrieved May 17, 2017, from http://energy-indonesia.com/datapdf/nihon-indo-relation.pdf 41
a major source of development loans and assistance, and investment for Indonesia.
For Japan, Indonesia is one of its largest import sources and also a significant export destination for its goods. There are three pillars of JIEPA those are liberalization, facilitation, and cooperation. This agreement is hoped to liberalize market access in goods and bring immediate benefits to most of Japan and Indonesia exports, a freer market access in services that will provide benefits to Japan in importing and investing, improving transparency and cooperation in various fields between the two, the commitment of Japan on labor service may benefit Indonesian service providers, Technical Support and Capacity Building will provide concrete assistance to improve the quality of Indonesia’s products, and it will be a stepping stone to a broader regional cooperation with ASEAN plus agreement, APEC and the WTO Doha Agenda.108
4.2.3. Socio Cultural
On the socio-cultural aspect, Japan and Indonesia has been enhancing its relations in international cultural exchange programs, and tourism. There have been some Sister City arrangements between Indonesia and Japan, those are Papua and Yamagata Prefecture, Jakarta and Tokyo, Yogyakarta and Kyoto, Surabaya and Kohchi city, Medan and Ichikawa city, Karawang, West Java and Shiga town, Ishikawa-ken, and Desa Mas, Bali and Misato town, Shimane-ken.109
108 Ministry of Trade Republic of Indonesia. (2007, November 30). Indonesia-Japan Economic Partnership Agreement (IJEPA) and Its Effects on Indonesian and Japanese Economy. Tokyo. Retrieved May 17, 2017, from https://www.indonesia- investments.com/upload/documents/Indonesia-Japan-Economic-Partnership-Agreement-IJEPA- Indonesia-Investments.pdf 109 Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang. (n.d.). Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Kedutaan Besar Republik Indonesia di Jepang Official Website: http://www.kemlu.go.id/tokyo/id/Pages/Jepang.aspx. 42
There are some Japan’s government institutions that are actively conducting its cultural policies in Indonesia. Some of those institutions including: Japan’s MOFA, Agency for Cultural Affairs, and the Japan Foundation (JF). Often times, these institutions ought to cooperate with each other and/or other governmental and private institutions and communities to conduct some of its activities and programs in regards of promoting Japanese culture.
The establishment of one of JF overseas branches in Jakarta is because it is the central institution of Japan’s cultural exchange activities and is Japan independent institution that carries the cultural diplomacy mission alongside with other bodies. This institution governs any cultural exchange initiatives by the government of Japan in Indonesia to foster mutual understanding and good ties with the people in Indonesia. Many of its programs directed to build relationship between Japan and Indonesia, such as the HANDs Project for disaster relief and the education on the disaster relief, supporting local communities in conducting cultural events such as cultural festivals (matsuri), film screenings and discussions, grass- roots grant assistance for art projects, and held Japanese classes for those interested.110 In tourism sector, Japan and Indonesia has been collaborating in gradually eliminates visa requirements to visit and also promote tourism destinations of both countries.111
4.3. Overview of the Japan Foundation
4.3.1. Background of the Japan Foundation In the early years of Japan’s attempt in fostering mutual understanding and to eliminate bad impressions, Japan got a rather negative
110 The Japan Foundation. (2015). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2014/2015. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 111 Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia. (n.d.). Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia-Jepang. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonesia Official Website: http://www.id.emb- japan.go.jp/birel_id.html. 43
feedback rather than its initial purposes especially from countries that were colonized by Japan in the World War II. Japanese were criticized for using its international cultural relations with other countries as a veil to hide its economic purposes.112 This sentiment can be understood since, during the time, Japan was leading in terms of technology and economic aspects. As addressed by the then Foreign Minister Takeo Fukuda, they were accused for orienting their overseas activities for economic pursuit and, even, for reviving its military power. The Foreign Minister also addresses this as an urgent matter to correct the misconception and sentiment toward Japan’s initiatives.113
As pointed by Ogoura, JF is an agent of cultural diplomacy. It is since its purpose is partially pushed by the desire to change Japan’s own perception of itself and it is proved by some of the statements that were made by members of the House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee on the debate in establishing JF.114 The establishment of JF was addressed on the statement of foreign policy by the then Foreign Minister Takeo Fukuda at the 68th Session of the National Diet on 29 January 1972. The Foreign Minister stated:
“...Today when the Japanese are active participants in various phases of the international society, they must deepen their understanding of the realities of the world. Recognizing these urgent needs, the government, intend to establish a new fund, the Japan Foundation, to work toward that end, and requests allocation of necessary fund in next year’s budget... I believe the promotion of broad mutual understanding among peoples to be one of the most important tasks facing the diplomacy of our nation.”115
112 Bahri, M. M. (2005). Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West. MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies , pp. 13. 113 Bahri, M. M. (2005). Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West. MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies, pp. 13. 114 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 48). The Japan Foundation. 115 Cited in: Okatsu, (1977):101-102. Bahri, M. M. (2005). Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West. MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies, pp. 7. 44
The Foreign Minister stated that JF shall play out important tasks in promoting cultural exchange and correcting misconceptions toward Japan. JF is the only Japanese institution that is dedicated in carrying out comprehensive international cultural exchange programs throughout the world. JF was established in 1972 after months of debates in the Japanese Diet. In October 1972, JF was finally established with its Headquarters in Tokyo and has done many projects and programs on cultural exchange with its 20-billion-yen endowment.116
In 2003, JF transforms into an independent administrative institution under the jurisdiction of MOFA.117 It is as the fulfilment of the legislation that was set in 2002 which then became the Foundation’s basic policies called the Independent Administrative Institution Japan Foundation Law Article 3,118 as stated:
“The purposes of the Japan Foundation Independent Administrative Institution are to contribute to the improvement of a good international environment, and to the maintenance and development of the harmonious foreign relationships with Japan, by the efficient and comprehensive implementation of activities for international cultural exchange, which will deepen other nations’ understanding of Japan, promote better mutual understanding among nations, and contribute to the culture and other fields in the world.”119
JF has becoming one of Japan’s important agencies that promote comprehensively the culture of Japan in form of its cultural exchange programs and projects.120 By 2014, JF is largely financed of 77.8 billion yen
116 The Japan Foundation. (1979). Laporan Kegiatan The Japan Foundation di Indonesia (1972- 1978). Japan Cultural Centre (The Japan Foundation). 117 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved December 26, 2016, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/index.html. 118 National Diet of Japan. (2002, December 6). Act No. 137 of Independent Administrative Institution Japan Foundation Law (独立行政法人国際交流基金法). Retrieved February 28, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: http://law.e- gov.go.jp/htmldata/H14/H14HO137.html. 119 The Japan Foundation. (2015). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2014/2015. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 120 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved December 26, 2016, from The Japan 45
from a government endowment. 121 There have been many projects and programs that JF has done. In the next section, there will be further explanation on the objectives, organizational structure, and programs of JF.
4.3.2. Objectives and Organizational Structure The main objective that JF pursues is the deepening of mutual understanding between the people of Japan and other states/regions. This objective is in accordance to the Article 9 Constitution of Japan. 122 To achieve this objective, like any other organizations, JF has its own bodies within the institution.
Figure 4.1. Organizational Structure of Japan Foundation (JF) Source: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/admin/org.html
As seen on Figure 4.1., JF is headed by a President and assisted by an Executive Vice President and Administrative Vice President/Councillor to the President. The current President of JF is Hiroyasu Ando.123 JF has four global networks which are the Tokyo Headquarters, two Affiliated
Foundation Official Website: http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/index.html. 121 The Japan Foundation. (2015). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2014/2015. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 122 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (1973, December). Diplomatic Bluebook for 1972. Retrieved January 2, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1972/1972-contents.htm. 123 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Message from President. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/president/index.html 46
Organizations, a Branch Office in Kyoto, and 24 Overseas Offices 23 countries, including two Asia Center liaison offices.124
The Tokyo Headquarters of JF has several departments, those are: General Affairs Division, Financial Affairs Department, Planning Department, Arts and Culture Group of Department, Japanese-Language Group of Department, Japanese Studies and Intellectual Exchange Group of Department, Communication Center, and Audit Bureau.
124 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). About Us. Retrieved April 21, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/index.html 47
Figure 4.2. Departments under JF Headquarters Source: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/admin/org.html
In Arts and Culture Group, there are several divisions, those are: the Arts and Cultural Department, Film and Broadcast Media Department, and China Center. In Japanese-Language Group, there are two departments, those are: Japanese-Language Department, and Center for Japanese- Language Testing. Meanwhile, in Japanese Studies and Intellectual
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Exchange Group there are three departments, those are: Japanese Studies and Intellectual Exchange Department, Center for Global Partnership and Youth Exchange Bureau.125
4.3.3. Programs of the Japan Foundation In accordance to the Act No. 137 Independent Administrative Institution Japan Foundation Law, there are some activities to achieve the purposes of JF. Those activities are to: 1) create understanding between Japan and other countries through culture through cultural exchange activities; 2) introduce Japanese language to the world through Japanese- language studies activities abroad; 3) introduce Japanese culture through various educational programs, such as student exchange program; 4) creating, collecting and providing information and materials that are necessary to introduce Japanese culture for exchange programs.126
JF develops its programs in three main fields; those are Japanese Studies and Intellectual Exchange, Japanese-Language Education Overseas, and also Arts and Cultural Exchange.127 These three fields are hoped to foster good relations and mutual understanding between people. There are programs that can be applied in each of these fields, and support is provided for activities that are conducted by organizations and individuals which involved in international exchange. 128 In each and every field, there are some applicable programs and JF provides support activities that are conducted by organizations and individuals which are also involved in international exchange. To apply to these programs, the applicants must
125 The Japan Foundation. (2017, April 1). Organizational Chart and Addresses. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/admin/org.html. 126 Kholisuddin. (2014, August 26). Peran Japan Foundation dalam Diplomasi Kebudayaan Jepang di Indonesia Tahun 2011-2013. pp. 54-55. Retrieved from UMY Repository - Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Official Website: http://repository.umy.ac.id/handle/123456789/9624 127 The Japan Foundation. (2016). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2015/2016. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 128 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). General Instructions. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/instruction.html. 49
follow the instructions for the program that they want, fill the application forms, and submit it to the specified office which then later JF will provides support to successful applicants that passed the applications selection.129
4.3.3.1.Arts and Cultural Exchange Field
On the Arts and Cultural Exchange field, JF has been working to introduce diverse variety of facets of Japanese culture to the world which are including from art, music, drama, and film to fashion and design.130 The contributions to the international society through arts and culture are done by interactive collaboration/co- production, cooperation, and efforts on the global common issues. This creates opportunities for people to share the joy and experience of co-creation and better understanding transcending language barrier which eventually facilitates people-to-people exchange.
There are some categories under the field of Arts and Cultural Exchange, those are: performing arts, visual arts, publication, film and broadcast, and human exchange and cultural cooperation.131 There are some applicable programs for in this field including: Performing Arts Japan for North America, Grant Program for Dispatching Artists and Cultural Specialists, Performing Arts Japan for Europe, Exhibitions Abroad Support Program, Support Program for Translation and Publication on Japan, and U.S. and European Museum Infrastructure Support Program.132 Some of the past projects of the Arts and Cultural Exchange field are including Overcoming the Disaster – Gratitude from Japan to the World –, LIGHT UP NIPPON, Japan-Russia Cultural Exchange Project 2012,
129 https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/dl/guidelines_e_2017.pdf 130 The Japan Foundation. (2016). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2015/2016. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 131 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Arts and Cultural Exchange. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/index.html. 132 The Japan Foundation. (2017). Program Guidelines. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/dl/guidelines_e_2017.pdf 50
India-Japan: Passage to the Next Generation, and JENESYS Programme. 133 There have been 346 projects and 31 television program broadcasts and 150 people dispatched/invited in the Japan Foundation China Center Projects that are done and executed by JF in this field by the end of 2015 Fiscal Year.134
4.3.3.2.Japanese-Language Education Overseas
On the Japanese-Language Education Overseas field or the Language field is more focused on the Japanese language education and teaching. This field is aimed to make it easier to learn and teach Japanese language by people from other countries. JF develops and establishes infrastructures and environment in order to provide for the Japanese language overseas. 135 JF also coordinates with educational institutions and governments in other countries and regions in providing effective support aiming the local needs.136
In this field, there are several programs, such as: the Japanese Language Proficiency Tests (JLPT), the JF Nihongo Network, Japanese Language Educational Projects by Japan Centers and JF overseas offices, JF Language Courses/Cultural Japanese Courses, Japanese Language Specialists overseas, and Japanese Language training Projects for Overseas Learners. 137 The institution has readjusted its grant programs for Japanese language education abroad. This leads to the termination of some grant programs, such as: the “Grant Program for Developing Networks of Japanese-
133 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Archives of Arts and Cultural Exchange. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/culture/archive/index.html. 134 The Japan Foundation. (2016). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2015/2016. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 135 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). General Instructions. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/instruction.html. 136 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Projects. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/japanese/index.html. 137 The Japan Foundation. (2016). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2015/2016. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 51
Language Teachers and Institutions”, “Grant Program for Japanese- Language Courses Abroad”, “Grant Program for Japanese- Language Teaching Materials”, and “Japanese Speech Contest Support Program”.138
Activities that the JF does through this field are including on providing trainings to Japanese language teachers, developing materials for teaching, holding Japanese language proficiency test, and so on.139 There are also some applicable programs in this field, those are: Overseas Internship Program of Japanese-Language Education (“NIHONGO Partners in collaboration with Japanese Universities), Support Program for Organizations in Japanese- Language Education (Grants), Overseas Internship Program of Japanese-Language Education, Graduate Program in Japanese Language and Cultural (Master’s Course), Training Program for Teachers of the Japanese-Language (Long-Term/Short-Term [special quota for Japanese Descendants]/Specific Theme/Project- Based), Japanese Language Education Assistant Program (J-LEAP), and Program for Specialists in Cultural and Academic Fields.140
4.3.3.3.Japanese Studies and Intellectual Exchange
The programs in this field are hoped to encourage greater understanding of Japan by supporting and promoting Japanese studies overseas. To support scholars in Japanese Studies, JF organizes collaborative projects and symposiums to deepen dialogue among experts in various countries. It promotes dialogue on the international common issues and develops human resources by
138 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Grant Programs in the Past. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/japanese/archive/end_support/index.html. 139 The Japan Foundation. (2016). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2015/2016. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 140 The Japan Foundation. (2017). Program Guidelines. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/dl/guidelines_e_2017.pdf 52
which may play as a key role in future dialogues and exchange initiatives. This field has several activity categories, those are: Japanese Studies Fellowships, Intellectual Exchange programs, Support for Japanese Studies, and Center for Global Partnership Programs (CGP).141
There are some applicable programs in this field, such as Grant Program for Intellectual Exchange Conferences, Grant Program for Japanese Studies Projects, Grant Program for International Exchange by Youth and Community Leaders, and Japan Foundation Japanese Studies Fellowship Program.142 Some of the past programs and projects of Japanese Studies and Intellectual Exchange field are include The Japan Foundation 40th Anniversary Symposium Transcending Borders: New Trends in International Cultural Exchange, JENESYS East Asia Future Leaders Programme, Youth Exchange, and Library Support Program.143
4.4. Chapter Conclusion
Relations between Japan and Indonesia may have a very rough history. After the Treaty of Peace between Indonesia Japan has been signed in 1958, Japan and Indonesia trying to rebuild its bilateral relationship. Japan-Indonesia relations have becoming important to both sides especially in the term of political, economic, security and strategic, and also social cultural aspects. The establishment of the Japan Foundation is one of Japan’s proves that Japan has been actively play a role in the international community and its commitment in portraying its image as peace-loving democratic nation. Through this institution, Japan may carry out its cultural
141 The Japan Foundation. (2016). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2015/2016. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 142 The Japan Foundation. (2017). Program Guidelines. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/dl/guidelines_e_2017.pdf 143 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Archives. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/intel/archive/index.html. 53 diplomacy agenda throughout the world as Japanese culture is also a heritage not only to the Japanese people, but also to all the people in the world.
54
CHAPTER V
THE JAPAN FOUNDATION’S ROLES IN PROMOTING JAPANESE MOVIES IN INDONESIA DURING 2013-2016
5.1. Overview of Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy
The history of Japan’s international exchange can be traced back to the early 7th century. Back then, there were Japanese that envoy to China during the Tang Dynasty.144 It continued with the sudden burst of cultural exchange on education, science, and culture in early Meiji era. Fast forward to the time period of the Second World War, cultural policies were used by the Japanese military for propaganda purposes in occupied areas. The Japanese military government used variety of media such as books, newspapers, posters, pamphlets, radio broadcasting, exhibitions, photography, traditional arts performances, drama, speech-making, music, paper picture shows (or known as kamishibai), and movies.145
Among the countries that were occupied by Japan, Indonesian and other Southeast Asian countries were included. In Indonesia, particularly in Java Island, they believed that in order to carry out their policies smoothly in the Island, they had to influence the people in the occupied area through variety of media to shape and direct their minds and propagandize them. They were focused more on the visual and auditory media, such as performing arts, movies, music, and kamishibai since, during the time, the people in rural areas were uneducated and illiterate. Movie distributions to
144 Bahri, M. M. (2005). Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West. MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies , pp. 5. 145 Kurasawa, A. (1991). Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese, 1942-45. In G. K. Goodman (Ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies in Southeast Asia during World War 2 (pp. 36-92). Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd. 55
rural areas, then, were done through “travelling theatre” or “mobile cinema” which was one of Japan’s propaganda policies. However, the people in Java were also often distrusted the Japanese authority and eventually the propaganda policies were less effective in directing the people as they wanted them to. 146 It might also since during the War, Javanese were tortured and being treated unfairly, they already had the sentiments toward the Japanese.
After Japan’s utter defeat in the Second World War and the occupation of the Allied forces, Japan was influenced by the United States and its democracy and made changes in its Constitution and policies. Its commitment in Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan has led them to no longer utilize any of its military power.147 Japanese also traumatized by the defeat and the negative images that were implied on them because of the War. The urges to remove bad impressions and correct misperceptions toward Japan have made the government in striving to improve and play an active role in international stage. The image that Japan wants to project to the world is that they want to change and transform the militaristic image they had during the pre-war into a peace-loving democracy country.148 This image that they wanted to seek is how Japan proves its dedication and initiative of their commitment to obey Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan paragraph 1 and 2.
As Japan is somewhat “crippled” by the Treaty, Japan must think of other ways to be able to gain the international society’s trust. Many intellectuals and government officials come forward and stating the importance of Japan’s soft power more than ever, one of which is through
146 Kurasawa, A. (1991). Film as Propaganda Media on Java under the Japanese, 1942-45. In G. K. Goodman (Ed.), Japanese Cultural Policies in Southeast Asia during World War 2 (pp. 36, 57-58, 64-65). Macmillan Academic and Professional Ltd. 147 The Constitution of Japan. (1947, May 3). Retrieved January 15, 2017, from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official Website: http://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.html. 148 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 45-46). The Japan Foundation. 56
its culture.149 The government of Japan starts to put forward the importance and benefits of international cultural relations after the World War II. Japan began to realize the importance of public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy as many Western countries such as the Great Britain, United States, Germany, and France has been pursuing for decades.150 Cultural policy is not only used as to correct Japan’s image in to the international society but also to ensure its geopolitical position especially in the Asian region.151
Public diplomacy in Japan is conducted by several government and administrative independent institutions. The first body that conducting Japan’s public diplomacy is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). This institution holds important roles in bridging relations between Japan and other state actors. Activities in MOFA on public diplomacy includes cultural exchange program, public relations abroad, people-to-people exchange, culture grant assistance, and cooperation with international organization. The second institution is the Japan Foundation which is more focusing on comprehensive international cultural exchange programs. This institution was formerly administered under MOFA. However, in 2003, the institution was transformed into an independent administration but still under the jurisdiction of MOFA. This means that JF can manage and administer its projects and programs independently whilst annually report to the MOFA on the progress of its projects and programs. The next actor that also plays a part on Japan’s public diplomacy is Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). JICA regulates and manages many projects throughout the world involving volunteers. JICA’s activities include giving assistance in preventing armed conflict, natural disaster prevention, and relief assistance
149 Cited in: Sugiura, et al. (2004:30). Otmagzin, N. K. (2012). Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan's Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy. Asia-Pacific Review, 52. 150 Bahri, M. M. (2005). Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West. MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies, pp. 6. 151 Otmagzin, N. K. (2012). Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan's Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy. Asia-Pacific Review, 48. 57
for the long term in infrastructure.152
Meanwhile, the evolution of Japan’s cultural diplomacy has undergone several stages. In 1950s and early 1960s, Japan’s cultural diplomacy has the goal to change the pre-war image of Japan as an imperial military country into a new image as a peace-loving democracy country. This was symbolized by the restoration of its status in international organizations by joining UNESCO in 1951 and engaging cultural activities overseas emphasizing Japan’s traditions such as ikebana (flower arrangement), and tea ceremony. During this period, Japan was very careful in selecting its culture and traditions that they are going to present to the international society. During this period of Japan’s cultural diplomacy, some certain traditional culture and values, such as the samurai spirit in particular or its other feudal tradition, were excluded.153
In late 1960s until early 1970s, Japan’s cultural diplomacy entered its second stage. Due to the response of the Western community’s (United States and European countries) reactions to its economic development, Japanese government done some shifting in projecting itself as “peaceful Japan” image into economically advanced Japan. Cultural diplomacy of Japan during this stage was to emphasize that Japan’s economy is going to enter new stage and also to portrays that Japan has been advancing in economy and technology as well. The Japanese government maximizing its cultural diplomacy in this period to established a more positive approach in diplomacy to replace its “reactive” diplomacy which was aimed to dismissed its militaristic façade. Japan was also strengthening its cultural activities such as establishing overseas cultural and information centres that are attached to the embassies. This period the government also begin to enthusiastically introduce Kabuki and Noh theatre to international
152 Effendi, T. D. (2011). Diplomasi Publik Jepang: perkembangan dan tantangan. Ghalia Indonesia. 153 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 46). The Japan Foundation. 58
society.154
However, due to the shift of means in the practices of cultural diplomacy conducted by the Japanese, the Asian countries, particularly the Southeast Asian countries, give negative responses. This anti-Japanese sentiment is due to the increasing dependence of economy in terms of investment, development assistance, and trade is claimed as economic incursion by the Japanese. In 1972, the then Foreign Minister of Japan, Takeo Fukuda, brought this problem into the debate during the 68th Session of the National Diet in 29 January 1972.155 The Foreign Minister argues that Japan must change its way in seeking its own prosperity in the world and that the whole nation must also be conscious and aware of Japan’s involvement in the international community. In this debate, the Foreign Minister and some members of the House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee proposed the establishment of the Japan Foundation.156 In October 1972, the Japan Foundation was established under the jurisdiction of Japan’s MOFA.157
As stated in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) of Japan’s Diplomatic Bluebook of 1972, the government believes that cultural exchange is very important to deepen understanding of Japan and promote international friendship and goodwill.158 One of its attempts in doing so is the establishment of a cultural agency which specialized on the international cultural exchange named the Japan Foundation (JF).
154 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 47). The Japan Foundation. 155 Bahri, M. M. (2005). Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West. MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies. 156 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 48). The Japan Foundation. 157 The Japan Foundation. (1979). Laporan Kegiatan The Japan Foundation di Indonesia (1972- 1978). Japan Cultural Centre (The Japan Foundation). 158Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (1973, December). Diplomatic Bluebook for 1972. Retrieved January 2, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1972/1972-contents.htm. 59
As argued by Simon Mark, 159 cultural diplomacy is a subset of public diplomacy.160 It is also stated by Ogoura161 that the practice of public diplomacy and cultural diplomacy may overlap one another. By using Leonard’s conceptualization of public diplomacy, he argues that cultural diplomacy is about the long-term relationships development that may take years in process to achieve its foreign policy goals. This is acknowledged by the Japanese government as argued by Ogoura that the practice which the government of Japan is used until now is cultural diplomacy instead of cultural exchange.162 This means that cultural diplomacy conducted by the Japanese government is also part of its long term public diplomacy.
Mark also argues that cultural diplomacy is about combatting ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and conflicts, and developing mutual understanding.163 As Japan has been eager to correct misperceptions and misunderstandings regarding its past during the War164, it can be seen that Japan is actively maximizing its culture and use it to achieve its foreign policy.165 As argued by Bukh, cultural diplomacy refers to the utilization of cultural symbols by states with the goal to communicate a particular view of reality.166 He implies that Japan’s cultural diplomacy has been using this framework in order to achieve its national interest to gain reputable image as peace-loving states. He also argues that Japan’s cultural diplomacy has always been reflected to the dominant discourses of its national identity and
159 Mark S., (2009). 160 Mark, S. (2009, April). A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy , pp. 1. Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. 161 Ogoura, K., (2009). 162 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 45-46). The Japan Foundation. 163 Mark, S. (2009, April). A Greater Role for Cultural Diplomacy. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy , pp. 9. Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. 164 Bahri, M. M. (2005). Japan’s International Cultural Relations: Learn from the West. MANABU: Journal of Japanese Studies, pp. 13 165 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 45). The Japan Foundation. 166 Bukh, A. (2014). Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power. Asian Perspective , 38, pp. 466. 60
that there are traces of international structures in shaping these discourses.167
In the late 1980s until 1990s Japan’s cultural diplomacy practices has becoming more of a two-way interaction rather than one-way interaction as before. However, Japan’s cultural policy since the 1990s, Japanese culture promotion is not started with the government’s initiatives and vision, but rather was a reaction to an already acknowledged and popularize of the Japanese culture abroad by the private sectors. Though, they have become more aware of the promotion of culture and start to consider what culture may play in the future. There are several numbers of opinions by the intellectuals and politicians that supports the idea of exporting culture in which it may play a diplomatic role in presenting a friendlier image of Japan abroad.168
In the current phase of Japan’s cultural diplomacy, Japan yet again confronted with new challenges. The difficulty in the mobilization of financial resources to finance overseas cultural activities can be count as one its challenges. It is because there is a growing doubt and sentiment on the immediate benefits demonstrated by the cultural exchange programs. 169 Another challenge raise as the globalization phenomenon allows other states to gain more access to deploy its own cultural diplomacy hence the practice of cultural diplomacy has blurred since it becoming hard to distinguish Japan and other Asian states such as People’s Republic of China, Republic of Korea, and other Asian nations.170
Efforts in designing cultural strategy for Japan’s diplomacy at the policy level increased in 2004 as a part of the then Prime Minister Koizumi
167 Bukh, A. (2014). Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power. Asian Perspective , 38, pp. 467. 168 Otmagzin, N. K. (2012). Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan's Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy. Asia-Pacific Review, 51. 169 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 51). The Japan Foundation. 170 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 50). The Japan Foundation. 61
Junichiro’s attempt to elevate Japan’s role in international affairs.171 The Japanese government embraced the notion of cultural soft power wholeheartedly and create think tanks to explore possible ways to further utilize the cultural resources of Japan. One of which was named A Discussion Group on the Promotion of Cultural Diplomacy. This group is aims to bring “depths into Japan’s diplomacy by providing it with a firm cultural basis”.172 Japan may hold a role as the bridge of various culture since it manage to protect its identity which means it has the ability to understand problems that are faced by other non-Western states.173
Many aspects of cultures that can be used by a nation to further enhance its cultural diplomacy and engage to foreign societies, including fine and performing arts, film, academics, language educations, traditional and pop culture, traditions and etiquettes, culinary, fashion, and other aspects of culture. Japan also utilizes its cultural diplomacy by combining its traditional and modern cultures.174 Although, it is criticized and pointed out that Japan has been leaning toward using more modern culture rather than traditional cultures in its recent practices.175 Through JF, Japan plays an active role in international cultural exchanges which include people-to- people exchange, intellectual exchange, and providing language education in other countries.176
171 Bukh, A. (2014). Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power. Asian Perspective , 38, pp. 472. 172 Cabinet Office. (2004). Cited in: Bukh, A. (2014). Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power. Asian Perspective , 38, pp. 473. 173 Bukh, A. (2014). Revisiting Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: A Critique of the Agent-Level Approach to Japan’s Soft Power. Asian Perspective , 38, pp. 473. 174 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 50-51). The Japan Foundation. 175 Marchukov, A. (2016). Promoting culture abroad: the experience of Germany and Japan in the field of cultural diplomacy. Практики и интерпретации: журнал филологических, образовательных и культурных исследований (Practices and Interpretations: Journal of Philological, Educational and Cultural Studies) , 1 (2), pp. 50. 176 The Japan Foundation. (2015). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2014/2015. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 62
5.2. “WA Project – Toward Interactive Asia” and the Japan Foundation Asia Center
During Japan-ASEAN 40th Anniversary of Dialogue relations in 2013, there were held commemorative activities throughout the year. The commemorative activities were done in Japan and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries. It has so many activities in many aspects. Activities that held during the commemorative program are including expert dispatching activities, symposiums, exhibitions, student exchanges, seminars, lectures, workshops, meetings, festivals and concerts, and movie screenings.177 By the end of this chain of activity programs, in December, during the ASEAN-Japan Commemorative Summit Meeting held in Tokyo, the Prime Minister Shinzo Abe announced Japan’s new Asian cultural policy to strengthen cultural exchange relations between Japan and ASEAN countries name the “‘WA Project – Toward Interactive Asia’ through ‘Fusion and Harmony’”178 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe stated in his remark:
“From Japan to ASEAN; from ASEAN to Japan. Exchanging cultures; exchanging people. The government of Japan will forge a new cultural exchange policy for the next seven years in order to bring to life our ‘heart to heart’ connections on both sides. This will build up and strengthen the ‘wa’--W-A- -that exists between us. In Japanese, ‘wa’ means ‘links’, and ‘wa’ also means ‘peace’. It means linking together with each other, our sights set on stability and peace and greater prosperity. That is ‘wa’. Our gala tonight celebrates our ‘wa’.”179
177 Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2014, May 7). 40th Year of ASEAN-Japan Friendship and Cooperation. Retrieved March 14, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Official Website: http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/asean/relation/ja40/index.html. 178 Inauguration Ceremony for "WA Project": Toward Interactive Asia through "Fusion and Harmony". (2014, April 15). Retrieved April 24, 2017, from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official Website: http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/actions/201404/15ajia.html. 179 Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. (2013, December 14). The ASEAN-Japan Commemorative Summit, Gala Dinner, Prime Minister’s Remarks. Retrieved from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official Website: http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/statement/201312/1202816_7801.html 63
The Japan Foundation Asia Center was established in 2014 as the body that has the responsibilities for this new Japan policy on Asian cultural exchange.180 The Asia Center then officially starts operating on April 2014.181 The Asia Center is aimed to nurture common awareness for mutual coexistence and understanding as neighbours through activities which embrace the 4Cs: Collaborate, Communicate, Create, and Connect and Share.182
The JF Asia Center is based within the Tokyo Headquarters. The activities of Asia Center are centered on two main initiatives, those are: Support for Japanese-language Learning, and Arts and Cultural Exchange. In its two years since the establishment, the Asia Center has been doing so many activities. In its 2015 fiscal year, the JF Asia Center has carried out 379 projects. This has doubled from the previous fiscal year. Programs that they have been doing are including: NIHONGO Partners, Grassroots Exchange Programs, Network-building Programs, and Cultural Collaboration Programs.183 The Asia Center also conducts many projects throughout ASEAN and Japan by collaborating and cooperating with JF Overseas Offices in the respective country.184 There are some applicable programs that can be applied by both individuals and organizations through the Asia Center including Grant Program for Enhancing People-to-People Exchanges, “NIHONGO Partners” Program, The Asia Center Fellowship Program, and Grant Program for Promotion of Cultural Collaboration.185
180 Inauguration Ceremony for "WA Project": Toward Interactive Asia through "Fusion and Harmony". (2014, April 15). Retrieved April 24, 2017, from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official Website: http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/actions/201404/15ajia.html. 181 The Japan Foundation. (2015). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2014/2015. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 182 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Japan Foundation Asia Center. Retrieved March 25, 2017, from Japan Foundation Asia Center Official Website: http://jfac.jp/en/. 183 The Japan Foundation. (2016). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2015/2016. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. (pp. 6, 7, 8). 184 The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Japan Foundation Asia Center. Retrieved March 25, 2017, from Japan Foundation Asia Center Official Website: http://jfac.jp/en/. 185 The Japan Foundation. (2017). Program Guidelines. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/dl/guidelines_e_2017.pdf 64
5.3. The Japan Foundation in Indonesia
The establishment of JF in Indonesia began in 1972 with the name of Japan Cultural Centre Jakarta.186 It was then in 1979 the Japan Cultural Centre Jakarta was expanded and became the Japan Foundation, Jakarta (JF, Jakarta hereafter). JF, Jakarta has four major activities, those are: the execution of JF, Jakarta programs in contributing on the introduction of Japanese culture or exchange activities; research and collecting information and provision of those results; and the execution of programs oriented by the headquarters of JF, supporting and establish cooperation to external organizations.187
The current (per 2016) Director General for JF, Jakarta is Tsukamoto Norihisa. JF, Jakarta executes programs that are implemented by JF Headquarters of its main three fields in cultural and art exchanges, Japanese- language education, and Japanese studies and intellectual exchange, and also the Asia Center’s programs. They coordinate those programs locally and handles administration which concerning on invitation for Indonesian scholars, intellectuals, public figures, and so on to Japan while also conducting programs of their own to promote and introduce Japanese cultures.188
JF in Indonesia has been very supportive in the initiatives that are done by individuals and communities. This can be seen as JF has been giving supports in sponsorships in events such as cultural festivals, concerts, competitions, and so on.189 JF, Jakarta also cooperates with the Embassy of Japan, Consulate General of Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Agency of
186 The Japan Foundation. (1979). Laporan Kegiatan The Japan Foundation di Indonesia (1972- 1978). Japan Cultural Centre (The Japan Foundation). 187 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). Tentang Kami. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Official Website: http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/. 188 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). Tentang Kami. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Official Website: http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/. 189 The Japan Foundation. (2015). The Japan Foundation Annual Report 2014/2015. Tokyo: The Japan Foundation Communication Center. 65
Cultural Affairs and the Japan Foundation Asia Center in conducting cultural exchange activities in Indonesia.190
5.4. The Japan Foundation on the Promotion of Japanese Films in
Indonesia One of the aspects of culture that is used by JF in Indonesia is film. As globalization is shifting the world becoming more modern than ever because of the development of technology, Japan realizes in order to present itself as a pioneer of postmodern culture, they have to also utilize every means of culture that they have to maximize its cultural diplomacy including films.191 It can be seen on its participation in international film festivals such as the Tokyo International Film Festival. The Japan Foundation, Jakarta (JF, Jakarta) is one of the JF Overseas Offices that is based in Indonesia and conducted activities that are oriented by the Tokyo Headquarters and its own programs which aimed in introducing Japanese culture or exchange activities.192 There have been some activities that are conducted by the Culture Division of JF, Jakarta to introduce and promote Japanese films to the people in Indonesia. They have been conducting various movie screenings in many places in Indonesia. Most of these activities are centered in Java Island, particularly in Jakarta and its surrounding areas, though occasionally, if requested, may be also conducted in other provinces and islands.
190 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). Tentang Kami. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Official Website: http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/. 191 Ogoura, K. (2009). Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy, Past and Present. In K. Ogoura, Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy (pp. 50). The Japan Foundation. 192 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). Our Office. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Official Website: http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/ 66
Figure 5.1. Cinema Caravan Brochure Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts Many of its movie screenings are conducted in its office in Jakarta as monthly activities. JF, Jakarta also has a program named Cinema Caravan by which to encourage communities, organizations, or schools to know Japan more through film screenings and discussion. 193 This program is only conducted if there is application by community or group that are interested in
193 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Facebook Fanpage. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts 67
the screening of Japanese films. Therefore, this program does not have certain schedule as to when and where it will be held. Japan notices their weakness in distributing and exporting films to ASEAN countries. There are two major reasons for this, 1) first is the availability of strategic infrastructure by public and private sectors, and 2) lack of interest in Japanese movies in the area. 194 Even though that Japan has conducted film festivals in ASEAN for years, apparently it still has not reach the comprehensive brand building which is interlocked between countries. For this situation, the Asia Center launched the Japanese Film Festival: Asia- Pacific Gateway Initiative collaborating with the Tokyo International Festival (TIFF) in 2016. It is hoped that this Initiative will increase the interest of Japanese films and also resulting in a larger and wider audience in ASEAN countries.195
5.5.1. JF, Jakarta Film Promotion Activities in 2013 In 2013, JF, Jakarta has done some activities on the promotion of Japanese movies. Moreover, JF has also do some collaborative projects with other communities and organizations such as the Freedom Institute and SOKOLA. JF, Jakarta in 2013 has conducted movie screenings in its office in Jakarta monthly from January to November 2013. Not only that, they also conducted Cinema Caravan in collaboration with Pondok Pesantren Darunnajah, Jakarta in 20 September 2013 and some film screenings that are included on the Japan-ASEAN 40th Anniversary Commemorative activities. 5.5.1.1. Cinema Caravan In 2013, there has been held two Cinema Caravan that were held by JF, Jakarta. In October 2013, JF, Jakarta held Cinema Caravan in Garut as one of its events in Workshop Pelatihan Journalistik Pelajar III in
194 The Japan Foundation Asia Center. (n.d.). The Japanese Film Festival: Asia-Pacific Gateway Initiative. Retrieved May 3, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Asia Center Official Website: http://jfac.jp/en/culture/dictionary/japanese-film-festival/ 195 The Japan Foundation Asia Center. (n.d.). The Japanese Film Festival: Asia-Pacific Gateway Initiative. Retrieved May 3, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Asia Center Official Website: http://jfac.jp/en/culture/dictionary/japanese-film-festival/ 68
collaboration with Komunitas Ngejah, Garut (Ngejah, Garut Community). The event was attended by students age ranging from primary school to senior high schools.196
Figure 5.2. The Japan Foundation “Cinema Caravan” in Workshop Pelatihan Journalistik Pelajar III Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts Cinema Caravan was held in Pesantren Darunnajah, Jakarta on 20 September 2013. This event is held in collaboration with JF, Jakarta and Pesantren Darunnajah, Jakarta. The movie shown in this event is titled “Shodo Girls”. This event has the most participants for this particular program as it is participated by roughly 1500 santri (students). The event consists of movie screening and open discussion of the movie.197
Figure 5.3. The Japan Foundation “Cinema Caravan” in Pesantren Darunnajah, Jakarta Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts
196 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Facebook Fanpage. Retrieved May 24, 2018, from Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts 197 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Facebook Fanpage. Retrieved May 24, 2018, from Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts 69
5.5.1.2.Movie Screenings In 22 January 2013, there are two movies that were showed at The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Lobby Hall in Summitmas 1 in Jakarta, those are “Torokko” and “Hana no Ato”. In 2 February 2013, in its event called “Ramah Tamah & Nonton Film Bersama”, a movie titled “5 Centimetre per-Second” was screened after some chain of activities during the event. In 13 and 14 March 2013, there are three movies that were shown in its event named “Pemutaran Film Animasi Karya Makoto Shinkai” (Animation Film Screening by Makoto Shinkai) those are The Place Promised in Our Early Days (Kumo no Mukou Yakushoku no Basho), Children Who Chase Lost Voices (Hoshi o Ou Kodomo), and 5 Centimetre per-Second (Kyoshoku 5 Senchimeetoru). On 18 and 19 April 2013, there was movie screening of two movies about culinary, those are Noriben and Nankyoku Ryori Nin. On 10 and 14 May 2013, International Film Festival for Environment, Health and Culture collaborated with JF, Jakarta held a Special Film Screening that shown five movies, those are Inori: Conversation with Something Great, Kizuna: Taste of Aji Stone, 10,000 – Winning a War on Suicide in Japan, Cans of Hope, and Gareki. On 20 May 2013, JF, Jakarta collaborated with SOKOLA held movie screening and discussion. The name of the event is “From Kamaishi to Bukit Duabelas Rainforest – How can Education Meet the Needs of the People?” that shown two movies titled “Japan After 3.11- Disaster Prevention Education”, and “Guru Rimba, Dimanapun Jadi Sekolah”.
Figure 5.4. Movie Screenings at the Japan Foundation, Jakarta Lobby Hall Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts
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From 23 to 24 May 2013, JF, Jakarta held Animation Film Screening that shown two movies, those are Uchuu Kyodai (also known as Space Brothers), and Hoshi o Ou Kodomo. In June 2013, for its film screening program, JF, Jakarta shows four movies, those are Shodo Girls, Hankyu Railways, Torokko, and The Wife of Gegege on 13, 14, 27, and 28 June 2013. On July 2013, with the theme of horror comedy, they held movies screenings showing three movies, those are: Izakaya Yurei, KAIRO, and Gakkou no Kaidan IV in 11, 12, 18, 19, 25, and 26 July 2013. In 23 August, the Foundation held a movie screening about sumo titled Semangat Sumo (Shiko Funjatta). This movie screening was also as a part of sumo tournament event that was held in 24 to 25 August 2013 at Istora Senayan. This sumo tournament itself is also a one of the events that was held in the “40th Year of ASEAN-Japan Friendship Cooperation Commemorative Event”. In 17 September, there was held a film screening about Japanese Traditional Tea Ceremony (Cha no Yu).
Month Movie Title January Torokko Hana no Ato February 5 Centimeter per-Second March The Place Promised in Our Early Days (Kumo no Mukou Yakushoku no Basho) Children Who Chase Lost Voices (Hoshi o Ou Kodomo) 5 Centimeter per-Second (Kyoshoku 5 Senchimeetoru) April Noriben Nankyoku Ryori Nin May INORI: Conversation with Something Great KIZUNA Taste of Aji Stone 10,000 – WINNING A WAR ON SUICIDE IN JAPAN CANS OF HOPE GAREKI ; Bangkit dari reruntuhan Japan After 3.11-Disaster Prevention Education “Guru Rimba, Dimanapun Jadi Sekolah” Uchuu Kyodai Hoshi o Ou Kodomo June Shodo Girls Hankyu Railway Torokko
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The Wife of Gegege July Izakaya Yurei KAIRO Gakkou no Kaidan IV Augustus Semangat Sumo (Shiko Funjatta) September Film Screening about Tea Ceremony (Cha no Yu) Pacchigi 1 / Kelak Kita Mengalahkannya Pacchigi 2 / Love and Peace Himitsu no Hanazono Kamikaze Taxi Shodo Girls October- Murasaki November Komaneko – The Curious Cat Komaneko’s Christmas – A Lost Present Table 5.1. Table of movie screenings held by the Japan Foundation, Jakarta in 2013 Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts For its usual film screening program for September 2013, JF, Jakarta, with the theme of action movies and youth power, showed four movies, those are: Pacchigi 1, Pacchigi 2, Himitsu no Hanazono, and Kamikaze Taxi. On 1 October 2013, there was held a talk-show and film screening event as a part of “Memorial Event for 55th Anniversary of Indonesia-Japan Diplomatic Relationship” named “Talkshow dan Pemutaran Film by Sachio Yoshioka”. The title of the movie shown in this event is titled Murasaki. On 31 October and 1 November 2013, the Foundation plays two stop motion movies in its movie screening event, those are Kumaneko – The Curious Cat, and Kumaneko’s Christmas – A Lost Present.
5.5.2. JF, Jakarta Film Promotion Activities in 2014 5.5.2.1. Cinema Caravan
In 2014, JF, Jakarta conducted Cinema Caravan in Bandung. The event was held in Pesantren Daarut Tauhid on 1 May 2014. The Movie that is shown in this event is titled “Shodo Girls”. In this event, JF, Jakarta collaborating with Pesantren Daarut Tauhid, founded by KH. Abdullah Gymnastiar on also publicly known as AA Gym, held not only movie
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screening and discussion. In this event, JF, Jakarta also held origami workshop and introduce yukata and kimono to the participants. This event is participated by 600 of Pesantren Daarut Tauhid’s santri (students).198
Figure 5.5. The Japan Foundation “Cinema Caravan” in Pesantren Daarut Tauhid, Bandung Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts
5.5.2.2. Movie Screenings Unlike 2013, in 2014 JF, Jakarta conducted movie screenings started from March until November 2014. From 19 to 21 March 2014, JF, Jakarta played three movies in its event named “Film Screening Movies by Yaguchi Shinobu”, those movies are: Happy Flight, Swing Girls, and ROBO-G. On 6 and 8 May 2014, it was held “Pemutaran Film Animasi Karya Makoto Shinkai” (Animation Film Screening by Makoto Shinkai). In this event, there are Hoshi no Koe, 5 Centimeters per second, and Children who Chase Lost Voices. On its usual film screening program, JF, Jakarta held film screening in 23 and 24 May 2014. There are two movies that were screened, those are Uchuu Kyodai, and Hoshi o Ou Kodomo.
198 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Facebook Fanpage. Retrieved May 24, 2018, from Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts 73
Figure 5.6. Animation Film Screening by Makoto Shinkai Poster Source: https://www.kaorinusantara.or.id/newsline/10701/japan- foundation-jakarta-kembali-mengadakan-pemutaran-anime
In 26 and 27 June 2014, there are four movies that were shown in its June movie screening, those are: Mimpi Malam Musim Panas, Chikara: The Sumo Wrestler Son, Kontak Mata (Eye Contact), and Quartet. From 1 to 3 July 2014, there are three movies that were shown, those are: Pinguin Langit (Penguins in The Sky), Nankyoku Ryorinin (The Chef of South Polar), and Negeri Salju (Yukiguni).
Month Movie Title March Happy Flight Swing Girls ROBO-G May Hoshi no Koe 5 Centimeters per second Children who Chase Lost Voices Uchuu Kyodai Hoshi o Ou Kodomo June Mimpi Malam Musim Panas Chikara: The Sumo Wrestler Son Kontak Mata Quartet July Pinguin Langit (Penguins in The Sky) Nankyoku Ryorinin (The Chef of South Polar) Negeri Salju (Yukiguni) August The Place Promised in Our Early Days The Garden of Words Voices of a Distant Star 5 Centimeters per Second Uchuu Kyodai
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October Gonta Beruang Malang Kisah Hachiko Wanko November The Place Promised in Our Early Days 5 Centimeters Per Second Garden of Words Table 5.2. Table of movie screenings held by the Japan Foundation, Jakarta in 2014 Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts
On its event in 13 to 15 August 2014, JF, Jakarta once again held an event that showcases animation movies. The name of the event is “Animation Fiesta”. This event plays four movies, those are: The Place Promised in Our Early Days, The Garden of Words, Voices of a Distant Star, 5 Centimeters per Second, and Uchuu Kyodai. On 8 to 10 October 2014, the movies that were shown have the theme of the heart-warming story between human and animal, such as Gonta Beruang Malang, Kisah Hachiko, and Wanko. And finally, on 21 and 28 November 2014, JF, Jakarta held another special film screening that shown The Place Promised in Our Early Days, 5 Centimeters Per Second, and Garden of Words. However, it took place in Kineforum Taman Ismail Marzuki, Jakarta unlike the other movie screening which took place in The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Lobby Hall, Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jakarta.
5.5.3. JF, Jakarta Film Promotion Activities in 2015 5.5.3.1.Cinema Caravan
In 2015, JF, Jakarta held Cinema Caravan at the “Nihon Bungaku Days” Japanese cultural festival. This event was held in Pakuan University by Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Jepang Universitas Pakuan Bogor (Japanese Student Association of Universitas Pakuan) on 18 to 19 December 2015 in Bogor. The event was held with the theme of “Education and Culture”. Cinema Caravan by JF, Jakarta is one of the programs that are
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being held on this cultural event along with competitions, performances, workshop, and bazaar.199
Figure 5.7. Nihon Bungaku Days Event Poster by Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Jepang Universitas Pakuan Bogor Source: https://www.instagram.com/p/_CI90vD1zV/
5.5.3.2.Movie Screenings In 2015, movie screenings that were conducted by JF, Jakarta started from March to July 2015. In 5 and 19 March 2015, the Foundation held a movie screening which shown two movies, those are: Wanko, and Éclair. On 9 to 10 April 2015, the movie screening played two movies, those are: Hana no Ato, and Oh.. Musim Semi. In 20 to 26 April 2015, at the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding of Film Student Exchange Indonesia Program with the cooperation of JF Asia Center, Japan Institute of the Moving Image and Institut Kesenian Jakarta (IKJ), the event also includes movie screening of movies directed by Ken Takakura, those are: The Red Peony Gambler: Flower Cards March, Hot Pursuit, Saputangan Kuning, Panggilan Musim Semi, Stasiun, and Yasha.
199 HIMJA Universitas Pakuan Bogor. (2015, December 8). HIMJA Universitas Pakuan Bogor. Retrieved October 10, 2018, from Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/p/_CI90vD1zV/ 76
Figure 5.8. Invitation of “Penandatanganan MoU IKJ-JIMI, Lektur Tadao Sato & Pemutaran Film ‘Ken Takakura’” Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/photos/a.198931390179179.49239.15 0311718374480/819661028106209/ On 21 and 26 May 2015, JF, Jakarta held movie screening that shown two movies, those are: Rail Truck, and Hankyu Railways. On 10 and 25 June 2015, there were movie screenings with the theme of heart-warming story of teacher and student. There are two movies that were shown, those are: Sekolah II (Gakkou II), and Dua Belas Pasang Bola Mata (Tokubetsu 24 no Hitomi). Finally, on 7 and 9 July 2015, JF, Jakarta held its movie screening which shown classic movies. There are two movies that were played in this time, those are: Saputangan Kuning, and Panggilan Musim Semi.
Month Movie Title March Wanko Éclair April Hana no Ato Oh.. Musim Semi “The Red Peony Gambler: Frower Cards March” “Hot Persuit” Saputangan Kuning Panggilan Musim Semi Stasiun Yasha May Rail Truck Hankyu Railways
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June Sekolah II (Gakkou II) Dua Belas Pasang Bola Mata (Tokubetsu 24 no Hitomi) July Saputangan Kuning Panggilan Musim Semi Table 5.3. Table of movie screenings held by the Japan Foundation, Jakarta in 2015 Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts 5.3.3.2.Japanese Film Festival 2015
Figure 5.9. Japanese Film Festival 2015 Brochure Source: https://www.kaorinusantara.or.id/newsline/39056/cgv-blitz-the-japan- foundation-persembahkan-japanese-film-festival-2015
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Japanese Film Festival 2015 (JFF 2015) was held by the Embassy of Japan with the Agency of Cultural Affairs of Japan, JF, and Japan Image Council from 26 November until 1 December 2015 at CGV Blitz Grand Indonesia, Jakarta (now known as CGV.ID). This event is an annual event of the Agency of Cultural Affairs of Japan ever since 2004. This event was established to deepen understanding and knowledge on Japanese culture to encourage exchange and development for young creators in film and animation industry.200 According to Kozo Hensei, the Deputy Ambassador of Japan to Indonesia, JFF 2015 is held in Jakarta since Indonesia is one of the countries that have great interest and enthusiasm for Japanese culture. Movies that are shown are ranging from various genres, such as colossal drama, school life, action, horror, and also robot (mecha).201
Figure 5.10. Press Conference JFF 2015 at CGV Blitz Grand Indonesia Source: https://japanesestation.com/ayo-siapkan-diri-kalian-puluhan-film-terbaik- negeri-sakura-siap-meramaikan-festival-film-jepang-2015/
There are thirty movies that were shown in JFF 2015. Those movies are categorized into Live Action Movies, and Animation Movies. These thirty movies are also divided into 11 long movies and 19 short movies. JFF 2015 has various movies which are popular, unique, and recent which were
200 Embassy of Japan in Indonesia. (2015, November 19). Japanese Film Festival “Nikmati Film Jepang Terkini! Pekan Film dan Animasi Jepang Terbesar di Indonesia 2015”. Retrieved April 29, 2017, from Embassy of Japan in Indonesia Official Website: http://www.id.emb- japan.go.jp/news15_47.html 201 Joy, M. (2015, November 21). Ayo Siapkan Diri Kalian!! Puluhan Film Terbaik Negeri Sakura Siap Meramaikan Festival Film Jepang 2015!! Retrieved May 11, 2017, from Japanese Station Official Website: https://japanesestation.com/ayo-siapkan-diri-kalian-puluhan-film-terbaik- negeri-sakura-siap-meramaikan-festival-film-jepang-2015/ 79
not shown in Jakarta before and also movies that receive high appreciation in some movie festivals inside and outside Japan. The event was formally opened by the screening of “A Samurai Chronicle” movie which is a popular movie in 2014 that got so many awards one of which is the Japan Academy Prize.202
Live Action Movies 1 Film Pembuka :A Samurai Chronicle 2 The Kirishima Thing 3 The Great Passage 4 The Complex 5 The Little House 6 The Pearls of the Stone Man 7 Being Good Animation Movies 1 The Tale of The Princess Kaguya 2 Giovanni's Island 3 Tamako Love Story 4 Evangelion : 3.33 You Can (not) Redo. 5 Short Animation Selection 1 〜Avantgarde〜 (12 film) Fully Cooked for You Pamon A Place to Name Waiter Boundery Line Poker Recruit Rhapsody It's Time for Supper Sato no Chihiro I Can't Breath Heart Yokosobokudesu Selection 6 Short Animation Selection 2 〜Drama〜 (7 film) Decorations Scutes on My Mind Fox Fears Sunset Flower Blooming Way Back to the Sea My Milk Cup Cow
202 Embassy of Japan in Indonesia. (2015, November 19). Japanese Film Festival “Nikmati Film Jepang Terkini! Pekan Film dan Animasi Jepang Terbesar di Indonesia 2015”. Retrieved April 29, 2017, from Embassy of Japan in Indonesia Official Website: http://www.id.emb- japan.go.jp/news15_47.html 80
Golden Time
Table 5.4. List of Movies by category that are shown in JFF 2015 Source: http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news15_47.html
5.5.4. JF, Jakarta Film Promotion Activities in 2016 5.5.4.1. Movie Screenings In 2016, movie screenings that are held by JF, Jakarta were held from January to December 2016. On 21 January 2016, the Foundation held a movie screening of Semangat Sumo (Shiko Funjatta). On 11 February 2016, it held ROBO-G movie screening. On 5 and 12 April 2016, JF, Jakarta shown two movies, those are: Happy Flight and Ayo Berjuang/Give It All ( がんばっていきまっしょい). On its photography exhibition in May 2016 named “Metamorphosis of Japan after the War 1945-1964”, JF, Jakarta also conducted movie screening as part of the programs on the event. The movies that were shown during this event are Higanbana, Ugetsu Monogatari, Tokyo Monogatari, and Izu no Odoriko. This event tells us the story of the Japanese people after the war from their perspective about how the Japanese people used to and how they change their way of life after the War and poverty spreading throughout the country from the aftermath.203
203 Mas Joy - Japan On You. (2016). Metamorfosis Jepang: Revolusi Mental, Revolusi Gaya Hidup. Retrieved from Japanese Station Offcial Website: https://japanesestation.com/metamorfosis- jepang-revolusi-mental-revolusi-gaya-hidup/
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Figure 5.11. Poster of Metamorphosis of Japan after the War 1945- 1964 Source: https://www.facebook.com/JFJakarta/photos/a.198931390179179.49239.1 50311718374480/1043153842423592/
June 2016 was the month of Ramadhan. With this, JF, Jakarta conducted its movie screening events that named “Ngabuburit Nonton Bareng di Japan Foundation” on 16, 21, 23, and 28 June 2018. There are four movies with the theme of music that were shown this time, those are: Swing Girls, Rock Berkabung, Éclair, and Quartet. On 16, 18, 23, and 25 August 2016, there are four “Tora Jiro” film series that were shown, those are Tora Jiro dan Kembang Sepatu, Tora Jiro Menjadi Alim, Tora Jiro Pamanku, and Tora Jiro Kisah Cinta dari Shibamata. In 15 and 20 September 2016, there are two movies that were shown, those are: Hotaru no Haka (Grave of Fireflies), and 5 Centimeters per Second. On 20 October 2016, Kappa no Kampei movie was screened by JF, Jakarta.
Date Schedule January Semangat Sumo (Shiko Funjatta) February ROBO-G April Happy Flight AYO BERJUANG/ がんばっていきまっしょい /GIVE IT ALL May Higanbana (1958) Ugetsu Monogatari (1953)
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Tokyo Monogatari (1953) Izu no Odoriko (1963) June Swing Girls Rock Berkabung Eclair Quartet August Tora Jiro dan Kembang Sepatu (1981) Tora Jiro Menjadi Alim (1983) Tora Jiro Pamanku (1990) Tora Jiro Kisah Cinta dari Shibamata (1986) September Hotaru no Haka (Grave of Fireflies) 5 Centimeters per Second October Kappa no Sampei The Chef of South Polar Akanezora Beyond the Crimson Sky Karaage USA A Drop of the Grapevine Noriben Ramen Samurai November Karaage USA The Place Promised in Our Early Day December A Class to Remember IV: Fifteen (2001) Table 5.5. Table of movie screenings held by the Japan Foundation, Jakarta in 2016 Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts On 31 October to 13 November 2016, JETRO held an event named “Japan Food Festival” in Mall Kota Kasablanka, Jakarta. This event is also supported by JF. In this event, JF also conducted film screening with culinary theme to suit the event. There are six movies that were shown during the event on 3 to 4, and 10 to 11 November 2016, those are: The Chef of South Polar, Akanezora beyond the Crimson Sky, Karaage USA, A Drop of the Grapevine, Ramen Samurai, and Noriben.
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Figure 5.12. Japan Food Festival Poster Source: https://www.facebook.com/JFJakarta/photos/a.198931390179179.49239.1 50311718374480/1200752543330387/
On 13 November 2016, on the event of “Wisata Balaikota bersama The Japan Foundation”, JF, Jakarta includes movie screening as one of its programs. The event consists of performances, movie screening, Japanese culinary introduction, and other activities. The movie that was shown in this event titled Karaage USA. In 17 November 2016, JF, Jakarta participated in an event named Baros International Film Festival and screened a movie titled The Place Promised in Our Early Day. Finally, on 15 to 17, in an event named “Somewhere New (Someone New)”, held by Kineforum partnering with Goethe Institute, JF, and LifeLike Pictures there was a Japanese movie that included on the movie screening program, that movie is A Class to Remember IV: Fifteen by Yoji Yamada on 16 December 2016.
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Figure 5.13. Wisata Balaikota bersama the Japan Foundation Poster Source: https://www.facebook.com/JFJakarta/photos/a.198931390179179.49239.1503117 18374480/1206223652783276/
5.5.4.2. Japanese Film Festival 2016 In 2016, Japanese Film Festival 2016 (JFF 2016) initiated by JF, Jakarta from 24-27 November 2016. JFF 2016 takes place in Cinemaxx Theatre, fX Sudirman in Jakarta. In its second instalment in Indonesia, JFF 2016 conducted by JF, Jakarta in Indonesia as a part of Japanese Film Festival ASIA-PACIFIC (JFF APAC). JFF APAC itself is a Japanese film platform which has the aim to raise the interest of audience in ASEAN countries in Japanese movies. It is hoped to create new opportunities and market for Japanese movies. JFF APAC created to provide opportunities for to gather online and offline to build extensive bridge among the film market of Asia Pacific and Japanese film industry. It has three schemes; 1) organize PR events which the fans can join and participate, 2) strengthen network by carry out Japanese film festivals in ASEAN countries and Australia, and 3) construct online platform.204
204 The Japan Foundation. (2016). Japanese Film Festival 2016 Booklet. 8. The Japan Foundation. 85
Figure 5.14. Japanese Film Festival 2016 Poster Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFFJakarta/photos/a.832299860246238.1073741828.82 6917270784497/859913687484855/
Prior to the event, JF, Jakarta conducted PR event in one of Jakarta’s biggest Japanese cultural festival, HelloFest 2016, in 24 September 2016. The PR event for JFF took place on the Island Stage HelloFest 2016. The Director General, Norihisa Tsukamoto, and Assistant Director, Daisuke Kato, attended the event as the speaker for it. In this event, they introduce Japanese Film Festival 2016 to the participants of the event and give some information regarding to the event. In this event, the teaser for JFF 2016 was first being played to the public. In this event, there was also quizzes in which the participants can get JFF merchandise if they can give the correct answer
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to the questions.205
Figure 5.15. PR Event of Japanese Film Festival 2016 Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts On his remark contained in the booklet of JFF 2016, H.E. Yasuaki Tanizaki, Ambassador of Japan to Indonesia, stated that: “the opportunities for Japanese movies in Jakarta has becoming more and more common, however, there has been not so many chances to view movies with the lineup that JFF 2016 offers since its ranging in genres from animation to historical drama movies.”206
The director of JFF 2016 also stated that currently build up the “JFF Asia-Pacific Gateway” which has the purposes of giving Indonesian people more opportuunities and chances to watch Japanese movies and also to connect with the fans of Japanese film fans not only in Japan, but also in other countries.207 The director of JF, Jakarta, Norihisa Tsukamoto, also stated in his remark that in JFF 2016, in responding to the high interests in Japanese movies and dramas, JF establish this event to present the recent movies on the big screen which invites Indonesian people to know more about Japanese culture from this event.208
205 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Facebook Fanpage. Retrieved October 9, 2018, from Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts 206 The Japan Foundation. (2016). Japanese Film Festival 2016 Booklet. 5. The Japan Foundation. 207 The Japan Foundation. (2016). Japanese Film Festival 2016 Booklet. 4. The Japan Foundation. 208 The Japan Foundation. (2016). Japanese Film Festival 2016 Booklet. 6. The Japan Foundation. 87
Figure 5.16. Shuhei Nomura (left), Chelsea Islan (middle), and Norihiro Koizumi (right) in Japanese Film Festival 2016 Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFFJakarta/photos/a.832299860246238.1073741 828.826917270784497/869739899835567/
The event has side event called Japan Fun Day Show (JFDS) at Atrium F3 fX Sudirman. The activities in this side event are including performances, quizzes and competitions, and bazaar. It also held stamp collecting contest by watching films that are shown during the event which allowed the visitors to participate and get prizes such as JFF 2016 official merchandise from tote bag to t-shirt. JFF 2016 invites a special guest star, Shuhei Nomura, to come to Indonesia. He is the main actor of Chihayafuru Part 1 and 2, two of 14 movies that are shown in JFF 2016. Not just that, JFF 2016 also invited Norihiro Koizumi, the director of Chihayafuru Part 1 and 2. This event also invites an Indonesian actress as its brand ambassador, Chelsea Islan. She is famous for her performance in the movie “Refrain” and also other movies, sitcom, and advertisement. She also acted in a television movie titled “When You Wish upon a Sakura” which is a collaboration project between Japan and Indonesia.209
209 The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (2016, November). Nuansa: Japanese Film Festival Tinggal Hitungan Hari! Halo Jepang!, IV, 21. The Daily Jakarta Shimbun. 88
During the press conference of JFF 2016, Shuhei Nomura expresses his gratitude to be invited to the event and hoped that this event can make Indonesian people to know about Japanese people through movies. Nomura hoped that through the movies that he is starring in can introduce the culture of Japanese people and is accepted and loved by Indonesian people.210
Figure 5.17. Press Conference JFF 2016 at Cinemaxx fX Sudirman Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFFJakarta/photos/a.832299860246238.1073741 828.826917270784497/865725366903687/
There are 14 Japanese movies from various genres that are shown in JFF 2016. On 24 November 2016, the film festival opened with the screening of Chihayafuru Part 1. This movie is the live action of a comic book and cartoon series (manga and anime) with the same title about Japanese traditional card game named Karuta which based on classic Japanese literature. Norihisa Tsukamoto believed that the screening of this movie to formally open the event since it depicts classical tradition of Japan that is still maintained in modern society.211 On the next day, 25 November
210 Audrey, A. (2016, November). Datang ke Indonesia, Shuhei Nomura Bawa Misi Pertukaran Budaya. Retrieved from Japanese Station Official Website: https://japanesestation.com/datang- ke-indonesia-shuhei-nomura-bawa-misi-pertukaran-budaya/ 211 The Japan Foundation. (2016). Japanese Film Festival 2016 Booklet. 6. The Japan Foundation. 89
2016, the festival played 11 movies, those are Chihayafuru Part 1 and 2, The Anthem of the Heart, Sanada Ten Braves., What a Wonderful Family!, Over the Fence, Kako: My Sullen Past, The Mohican Comes Home, The Boy and the Beast, The Magnificent Nine, and Creepy. On the third day of the festival, there are 11 movies that are shown which 8 of them were also played on the previous days and 3 new movies were being played: Rudolf the Black Cat, Tsukiji Wonderland, and Sweet Bean. On the last day, there are 9 movies that were shown; those are What a Wonderful Family!, Over the Fence, Chihayafuru Part 2, Rudolf the Black Cat, Tsukiji Wonderland, Creepy, The Anthem of the Heart, and Sweet Bean.212
212 The Japan Foundation. (2016). Japanese Film Festival 2016 Booklet. 13. The Japan Foundation. 90
Figure 5.18. Screening Schedule of Japanese Film Festival 2016 Source: https://www.kaorinusantara.or.id/newsline/63546/nikmati- beragam-film-jepang-dalam-japanese-film-festival-2016
This event also provides and distributes the event’s booklet which contains information of the event such as general information of the event, the schedule of the screenings, synopsis of the movies, trivia of the theme 91
of the movies, and also some other advertisements from media partners. The JF Asia Center also collaborated with the 11th Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival to screen some of the movies that are shown in JFF 2016 to be screened in the event. The 11th Jogja-NETPAC Asian Festival itself was held on 28 November to 3 December 2016 in Yogyakarta.
Figure 5.19. 11th Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival Poster Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/photos/a.198931390179179.49239.15 0311718374480/1217917161613925/
5.6. Critical Analysis of Japan’s Success in Promoting Its Cultural Diplomacy in Indonesia
According to Katzenstein, governments, through cultural diplomacy, are seeking specific images in favor to support or alter the existing state identity.213 By this definition, cultural diplomacy is used by states to create desired image and identity to foreign nations. As the results of occupation by the Allied forces and the Peace Treaty of San Francisco in 1952, Japan had to renounce any of its military power. There had also been pressure from its intellectuals, citizens, and government officials to change the perception towards Japan which, at the
213 Cited in: Katzenstein (2005:38). Aoki-Okabe, M., Kawamura, Y., & Makita, T. (2006, February). The Study of International Cultural Relations of Postwar Japan. Discussion Paper No. 49. Japan: Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO. pp. 10. 92
time, Japan still get so many negative impression and resentment due to its involvement in the War. Several of its government officials have been indicating that the utilization of Japan’s soft power abroad is the solution to the constitutional constraints which preventing Japan from using its hard power in its international conducts.214
Ever since Japan acknowledges the importance of cultural diplomacy’s role in re-branding itself as a “peaceful loving” and “culturally exciting” country, they have been utilizing the export of cultural products especially in the Asian nations.215 It is argued by intellectual and popular discourse in Japan that Japan needs to step up and put extra attention on the development of cultural policy and the export of culture as it is beneficial not only on diplomatic aspect, but also in economic aspect as the popularization of cultural products in foreign countries may resulted in the increase of the consumption of Japanese consumption products and, even, the increase in the consumption of the cultural products itself..216
Japan have to secure its geopolitical position in Asia to assure its foreign policies and international conducts. Since the resentment and tension of Japan in the Southeast Asia region was alarming for Japan’s economic and diplomatic endeavors, the government has changed its course in public and cultural diplomacy to help restore its image in the region. The once passive, seemingly one-way interaction of international cultural relations policies has become into a more interactive initiatives and methods encouraging a two-way interaction between host countries and home country.217
214 Cited in: Sugiura, et al. (2004:30). Otmagzin, N. K. (2012). Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan's Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy. Asia-Pacific Review, 52. 215 Otmagzin, N. K. (2012). Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan's Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy. Asia-Pacific Review, 39. 216 Otmagzin, N. K. (2012). Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan's Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy. Asia-Pacific Review, 51. 217 Aoki-Okabe, M., Kawamura, Y., & Makita, T. (2006, February). The Study of International Cultural Relations of Postwar Japan. Discussion Paper No. 49. Japan: Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO. 93
As argued by Ogoura218, the means of cultural policies must now also utilize contemporary art forms abroad, for example: music, film, manga, and anime, alongside the Japanese high culture, such as: bunraku (puppet theater), noh theater, chanoyu (tea ceremony), and ikebana. He also believes that with the combination of both, the cultural policies still “transmit the Japanese spirit” and also offers “international asset” to the world.
In this globalization era, where nation states must adapt to the advancement of technologies, they ought to gradually change and improvise its method and medium to further expands and maximizes its cultural policies. Young generations nowadays are more likely to prefer an easier and fastest way in learning and open to new information and ideas. By combining cultural products such as food, music, or films together, it may become an important measurement in regional interactions by promoting contact and cooperation among the local civil society groups and encourage communalities of lifestyle and consumption habits.219
According to Iwabuchi220, the local popular culture markets of Asia has endorsed a wide range of cultural products, such as television programs, animation, movies, comic books, fashion magazines, music, and other popular culture fields and artifacts in the recent years which now plays an integral part in the cultural lives of many young people in the region. This can be seen by the increasing enthusiasm of the local people in the region, one of which is in Indonesia. Japan has been conducting its cultural diplomacy in Indonesia through some of its government agencies and independent institutions, such as Japan’s MOFA, the Agency of Cultural Affairs of Japan, JETRO, the Japan Foundation (JF), and other private institutions.
218 Ogoura, K. (2004). Kokusai zai’ no shin ni Kachi koso Sekai ni Hasshin Shiyo (Sharing Japan’s Cultural Products as “International Assents). Chuo Koron, 210-217. 219 Otmagzin, N. K. (2012). Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan's Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy. Asia-Pacific Review, 55. 220 Cited in: Iwabuchi (2002). 94
There are a lot of local communities that actively conduct many events that celebrates the cultures of Japan in Indonesia, such as festivals, workshops, seminars, and exhibitions. As the aforementioned Japanese government entities (JF, Jakarta particularly) has been accommodating, supporting, and acknowledging the activities that these local communities do, Japanese cultures are gaining more popularities and enthusiasm within the local audiences. JF, Jakarta has becoming one of the most important cultural diplomacy instruments for Japan in Indonesia as its existence in Indonesia established a more harmonious diplomatic relationship between Indonesia and Japan.
However, even though that there may have been approvals by some of the Indonesian of Japan, there still this little resentment towards Japan. Since there are still some War sentiment within Indonesian people, as mentioned before, the Japanese government is trying to correct this view and bring forth an understanding, for example, with showcasing and present their struggles of poverty after the War (even though most Japanese people would prefer not talk about it) that may have never been heard or taught in Indonesia from the Japanese people perspective through exhibitions, discussions, and film screenings.
JF, Jakarta is carrying one of the most important roles in Japan’s cultural diplomacy as it is the central institution which conducts Japan’s cultural exchange activities and in carrying out Japan’s cultural policies.221 Its main goal is not only to introduce Japanese culture to Indonesian people but also to change and establish a more favorable image which may further develop and tighten the relationship between Japan and Indonesia in diplomatic and economic aspects.
221 Aoki-Okabe, M., Kawamura, Y., & Makita, T. (2006, February). The Study of International Cultural Relations of Postwar Japan. Discussion Paper No. 49. Japan: Institute of Developing Economies, JETRO. 95
In his public lecture as part of the Japanese Seminar Series conducted by Budi Luhur University with the theme of “Japanese Culture Diplomacy in Global Era” in 11 June 2015, Kenichi Takeyama, then Director of Information and Culture of the Japan Embassy, stated that Japan’s cultural diplomacy in Indonesia throughout the years have shown favourable results. He argues that this can be seen as there is an increasing number of Indonesian people who love Japanese cultures, especially among young people. Some of notable efforts that the Japanese government to improve Indonesian people’s interest in Japanese culture are include sending Japanese language teachers to high schools, conducting speech contest for high school and university students, conducting exchange program through JENESYS Program, conducting Japanese cultural festivals, and more.222
To further expand the reach of Japanese cultural products to the local audiences, JF, Jakarta cooperating with other Japanese government and private institutions are seizing the opportunities to introduce, educate, and promote Japanese culture in Indonesia through Japanese movies. It is since there has been an increase in the popularity of Japanese movies, both animated and non- animated. 223 There have been programs conducted by JF, Jakarta (often associated with other local and Japan’s governmental and private institutions) to promote Japanese culture through films to Indonesian people, such as seminars, workshops, film festivals, and exhibitions.
On its regular programs, JF, Jakarta has been conducting bi-weekly program in film screenings, and the “Cinema Caravan” program. Although with these programs and the screening Japanese movies in local cinemas has becoming more common, there are still so many of Japanese movies that have not got the chance to be shown in Indonesia. For that, in 2015, the Agency of Cultural Affairs of Japan, Japan Foundation, and Japan Image Council held
222 Universitas Budi Luhur. (2015, June 11). Seminar: Diplomasi Budaya Jepang di Era Global oleh Kedutaan Jepang di UBL. Retrieved October 25, 2018 from Universitas Budi Luhur Official Website: http://www.budiluhur.ac.id/en/seminardiplomasi-budaya-jepang-di-era-global-oleh- kedutaan-jepang-di-ubl/ 223 The Japan Foundation. (2016). Japanese Film Festival 2016 Booklet. The Japan Foundation. 96
Japanese Film Festival 2015. This event gained positive feedbacks and enthusiasm by Indonesian people and also Japanese people who live in Indonesia. With the success of this event in 2015, JF, Jakarta, with collaboration of JF Asia Center, then in 2016 held another Japanese Film Festival with broader and bigger event from the previous event.
Through movies, the Japanese government can further introduce Japanese culture. By screening movies with the themes of either of its traditional or modern culture (or also a combination of both), the target audiences, Indonesian people, can know even further and learn of Japanese culture that they may have not known yet. They can also have an understanding and a glimpse of the lifestyle and the daily lives of Japanese people and also about the environment in Japan. These will gradually bring a more harmonious relations between the people of the two countries in which will benefits in the diplomatic relationship between Republic of Indonesia and Japan.
Japan’s cultural diplomacy in Indonesia may serve Japan a very beneficial results in its international relations conduct considering that Indonesia has a populous number of citizens which is great for foreign ventures in many sectors. As argued by Kartikasari224, culture plays important role in Japanese international relations in which has three dimensions to it. The first one is in social role which provides the opportunity to introduce Japanese cultures and common values to the foreign countries and to create mutual understanding between countries involved. The second role is in political aspect since culture is utilized as a tool to gain political benefits through public and cultural diplomacy as soft power element to persuade and establish cooperation between Japan and other nation states to achieve its national interests. The third role is in economic aspect as the increasing interests of cultural products is beneficial to its economy since people may want to buy and use Japanese products and services whether for its quality and/or its appeal.
224 Kartikasari, W. (2018). The Role of Anime and Manga in Indonesia-Japan Cultural Diplomacy. 筑波学院大学紀要 13 (Tsukuba University Bulletin 13), 41-47. 97
Hence, culture may help benefitting Japan in, not only on regaining trust and restoring the image of the country, but also benefits Japan’s other foreign policy agendas. Through its cultural diplomacy, Japan can further their relations with Indonesia in diplomatic relationship and economic partnership and cooperation. It can also increase the variety of products to export to Indonesia due to the popularity of Japanese product and culture. Many of its cultural products is being sought out and preferred by Indonesian people, for example in fashion, movies, music, culinary, and sports. Japan now can be more proactive in promoting and implementing its cultural policies unlike in its first few decades of cultural diplomacy practices in postwar era has been very cautious and inward looking.225 It is since the way Indonesian, and other Asian nations in the region, perceive its image has been shifting gradually. Moreover, as Japan’s cultural diplomacy is putting more emphasis on Indonesian youth, Indonesian people becoming more familiar with Japanese cultures and products as they have known it since they were little.
With globalization making the flow of information is becoming easier for people to interact, nation states must also adapt to this phenomenon. It is in order to keep in touch and up-to-date on the trends of what would be best way and strategy to implement its foreign policy to achieve its national interest. Culture plays an important role in promoting, introducing, and shaping the image of a nation state. For a nation state to engage with the people of another countries, they must utilize anything that can help in pursuing its foreign policy agenda and national interest. One of the most preferable media to promote a nation’s culture is through movies. By exporting movies to other countries, it contributes in promoting its culture whether it is in the aspects of its culinary, folklores, urban legends and myths, daily lives, fashions, music, traditional games, fine arts, sports, and others.
225 Otmagzin, N. K. (2012). Geopolitics and Soft Power: Japan's Cultural Policy and Cultural Diplomacy. Asia-Pacific Review, pp. 42. 98
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSION
As relations between states have becoming more complex, to further extend bilateral relationship that has been established, states must utilize and maximize every aspect that they have. Culture is one of the aspects that play an important role in diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy has been used by many states to carry out its foreign policy to achieve its national interests. Japan is one of the nation states that practice cultural diplomacy. The main goal of Japan’s cultural diplomacy is to correct misunderstanding and misconception that are addressed towards them. As the goal is to change the view of Japan from this “militaristic image” from the prewar era to a peace-loving country is also as a part of its commitment to its Constitution, it can be seen that the goal of Japan’s cultural diplomacy is to achieve its national interest.
Japan has done many projects and programs in decades through various institutions including JF. It was established in 1972 after the 68th Session of the National Diet on 29 January 1972. JF was first working under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA Japan). JF is the sole institution of Japan government which conduct comprehensive international exchange programs. In 2003, JF transformed into an administrative institution which means JF can manage and make its own programs and plan its budget that allows them to raise funding if necessary, though it still get subsidize from the government of Japan. JF has been operating in all over the world through its overseas offices. As argued by Bahri, Japan has been devoting more attention to the Southeast Asian countries since the region is Japan’s key trading partners. This explains JF has been more focusing on the region with the establishment of the Japan Foundation Asia Center in 2014.
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JF also has one of its overseas offices in Indonesia, named the Japan Foundation, Jakarta (JF, Jakarta). JF, Jakarta has been conducting various cultural exchange programs and projects in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta. One of the many activities of JF, Jakarta in Jakarta is the promotion of Japanese movies. The Foundation has its, almost, monthly movie screenings in its office building and Japanese film festivals. It also has a program named “Cinema Caravan” which invites communities, organizations, and schools to know more about Japan through movie screening and discussion. The goal for this Japanese film promotion program is to introduce Japanese culture to Indonesian people and strengthen understanding between the people of Indonesia towards Japan, such as culinary, traditions, traditional cultures, pop cultures, beliefs, way of life, music, tourism, and many others.
Japanese film festival held by JF gained many positive responses and enthusiasm from Indonesian and Japanese that are residing in Indonesia alike. It is because Japanese film is still quite hard to find in Indonesia and, also, it attracts audiences by inviting popular actor and actress of the two nations as representatives to be guest star and ambassador to the event. The event gets bigger every year compared to its predecessor event to gain bigger audiences. It is hoped that this event will continue to be held in Indonesia annually until 2020.
To reach out to the people of Indonesia about these programs, JF, Jakarta uses its official social media accounts such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Most of its online activities are done in its Facebook fan page since the official website of JF, Jakarta was temporarily shut down for about a year. Not only through social media, JF, Jakarta also used media partners such as Halo Jepang! newspaper, KAORI Indonesia, Japanese Station, and other websites for Japanese lover communities. Throughout the years, particularly during 2013 until 2016, Japan has been expanding and developing its programs in promoting Japanese movies. By cooperating with cinemas in Indonesia, Cinemaxx Theatre and CGV.ID (or previously known as CGV Blitz), other institutions and communities, they expanded the scale of its program. One of its main selling points in the Japanese
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Movie Festival 2016 is that they appointed one of Indonesian popular actress to become the brand ambassador for the event. Not only that, they also invited one of Japan’s famous actor and the producer of one, or two, of the movies that are being shown in the event. This rare opportunity is seized by the fans of the actor to finally meet him in person and to congratulate him on his endeavours. They also conduct sub event where the participants can win prizes and have fun with its fringe event where they showcase Japanese cultures, traditional and modern culture, and held some competitions and quizzes. The inclusion of some of the movies being shown in the 11th Jogja-NETPAC Asian Film Festival gives them the opportunity to see the response of the people and use it as consideration for the next event.
Through these programs, there has been an increase in the interest of Japanese movies from Indonesian people. However, its regular program of movie screenings has been criticized that the JF, Jakarta is only doing it in weekdays on working hours. There are some people that wanted to participate in the programs but they cannot attend since they are working or still in school or have other activities. It is best that JF, Jakarta starts to consider conducting these programs outside the working hours and/or on the weekends. The author of this thesis also recommends that JF, Jakarta keep increasing the variation of movies that are going to be shown in the programs and covers more regions in Indonesia so they can gain even bigger audiences and participants.
It can be said that the Japan’s government achieved some of its desired results for its cultural diplomacy in Indonesia. It is since there have been positive response from Indonesian public, especially from the local communities. With the program fully equipped with many aspects of its culture, for example; the screening of movies with the theme of Japan’s mythical creatures and folklore, traditional game, the daily lives of the Japanese people, documentary and periodical themed movies, it gives the audiences a little glance on what the culture in Japan is like which build the interest in the audience for Japanese cultures.
As for Indonesia, with the increase of interests in Japanese cultural products, it expands the making of a more variety in jobs opportunities. With the increase in
101 the interest of the Japanese culture, Indonesian people can know Japan better and will gradually have mutual understanding. As it is beneficial for Japan, it is also very beneficial for Indonesia as it can maintain the diplomatic relations between states and also gives the opportunities for Indonesian youth to engage in projects that assimilates the culture of both countries and to improve the quality of Indonesian human resources in some aspects. It is also can be utilize as a mean to bring Indonesian culture to the Japanese audiences through said projects.
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The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). General Instructions. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/program/instruction.html.
The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Grant Programs in the Past. Retrieved April 24, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/japanese/archive/end_support/index.html.
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The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Official Website: http://www.jpf.or.id/en/
The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Introduction of the Japan Foundation (国際交流基 金の紹介). Retrieved February 26, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website (国際交流基金): http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/about/outline/index.html.
The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Japan Foundation Asia Center. Retrieved March 25, 2017, from Japan Foundation Asia Center Official Website: http://jfac.jp/en/.
The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Message from President. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/president/index.html
The Japan Foundation. (2017, April 1). Organizational Chart and Addresses. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/about/admin/org.html.
The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Facebook Fanpage. Retrieved from Facebook: Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts
The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). Our Office. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Official Website: http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/
The Japan Foundation. (n.d.). Projects. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: https://www.jpf.go.jp/e/project/japanese/index.html.
The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). Tentang Kami. Retrieved April 22, 2017, from The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Official Website: http://www.jpf.or.id/en/office/.
What is the definition of the word "cultural exchange"? (n.d.). Retrieved February 5, 2017, from Reference.com: https://www.reference.com/world-view/definition- word-cultural-exchange-3d8f92fe72f98af6#.
Official Statements
Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. (2013, December 14). The ASEAN- Japan Commemorative Summit, Gala Dinner, Prime Minister’s Remarks. Retrieved from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official Website: http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/statement/201312/1202816_7801.html
Inauguration Ceremony for "WA Project": Toward Interactive Asia through
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"Fusion and Harmony". (2014, April 15). Retrieved April 24, 2017, from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official Website: http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/actions/201404/15ajia.html.
Inauguration Ceremony for "WA Project": Toward Interactive Asia through "Fusion and Harmony". (2014, April 15). Retrieved April 24, 2017, from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official Website: http://japan.kantei.go.jp/96_abe/actions/201404/15ajia.html.
Official Documents
Agency for Cultural Affairs. (2016). Policy of Cultural Affairs in Japan. Agency for Cultural Affairs: http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/about_us/policy_of_cultural_affairs/pdf/2016_pol icy.pdf.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2016). Joint Statement by the ASEAN Advisory Committee Members of the Japan Foundation Asia Center. Retrieved March 19, 2017, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan Official Website: www.mofa.go.jp/files/000212879.pdf.
National Diet of Japan. (2002, December 6). Act No. 137 of Independent Administrative Institution Japan Foundation Law (独立行政法人国際交流基金 法). Retrieved February 28, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Official Website: http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/H14/H14HO137.html.
The Constitution of Japan. (1947, May 3). Retrieved January 15, 2017, from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet Official Website: http://japan.kantei.go.jp/constitution_and_government_of_japan/constitution_e.ht ml.
Press Release
Embassy of Japan in Indonesia. (2015, November 19). Japanese Film Festival “Nikmati Film Jepang Terkini! Pekan Film dan Animasi Jepang Terbesar di Indonesia 2015”. Retrieved April 29, 2017, from Embassy of Japan in Indonesia Official Website: http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news15_47.html
Universitas Budi Luhur. (2015, June 11). Seminar: Diplomasi Budaya Jepang di Era Global oleh Kedutaan Jepang di UBL. Retrieved October 25, 2018 from Universitas Budi Luhur Official Website:
109 http://www.budiluhur.ac.id/en/seminardiplomasi-budaya-jepang-di-era-global- oleh-kedutaan-jepang-di-ubl/
News Articles
Audrey, A. (2016, November). Datang ke Indonesia, Shuhei Nomura Bawa Misi Pertukaran Budaya. Retrieved from Japanese Station Official Website: https://japanesestation.com/datang-ke-indonesia-shuhei-nomura-bawa-misi- pertukaran-budaya/
Joy, M. (2015, November 21). Ayo Siapkan Diri Kalian!! Puluhan Film Terbaik Negeri Sakura Siap Meramaikan Festival Film Jepang 2015!! Retrieved May 11, 2017, from Japanese Station Official Website: https://japanesestation.com/ayo- siapkan-diri-kalian-puluhan-film-terbaik-negeri-sakura-siap-meramaikan-festival- film-jepang-2015/
Joy, M. (2016). Metamorfosis Jepang: Revolusi Mental, Revolusi Gaya Hidup. Retrieved from Japanese Station Offcial Website: https://japanesestation.com/metamorfosis-jepang-revolusi-mental-revolusi-gaya- hidup/
N., Rafly. (2015, November 18). CGV Blitz & The Japan Foundation Persembahkan Japanese Film Festival 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2017, from KAORI Nusantara: https://www.kaorinusantara.or.id/newsline/39056/cgv-blitz- the-japan-foundation-persembahkan-japanese-film-festival-2015
The Japan Foundation Asia Center. (n.d.). The Japanese Film Festival: Asia- Pacific Gateway Initiative. Retrieved May 3, 2017, from The Japan Foundation Asia Center Official Website: http://jfac.jp/en/culture/dictionary/japanese-film- festival/
The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (2016, November). Nuansa: Japanese Film Festival Tinggal Hitungan Hari! Halo Jepang!, IV, 21. The Daily Jakarta Shimbun.
Miscellaneous
日本とインドネシア とインドネシアとの関係 (Japan - Indonesia Relationship). (n.d.). 15. Retrieved May 17, 2017, from http://energy- indonesia.com/datapdf/nihon-indo-relation.pdf
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The Japan Foundation. (2016). Japanese Film Festival 2016 Booklet. The Japan Foundation.
The Japan Foundation, Jakarta. (n.d.). The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Facebook Fanpage. Retrieved April 23, 2017, from Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts
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APPENDIX
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The Japan Foundation, Jakarta Movie Screenings
2013
Date Event Name Conducted by Place Schedule Notes 22 Jan Pemutaran Film The Japan The Japan 14:00-16:00 Januari 2013 Foundation, Foundation, Torokko Jakarta Jakarta Lobby 16:30-18:30 Hall, Hana no Ato Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta 02 Feb “Ramah Tamah & The Japan The Japan 12.00 – 12.30: Nonton Film Foundation, Foundation, Information of Bersama” Jakarta Jakarta Lobby library and Hall, activities of JF Summitmas 1 12.30 – 13.00: 2nd Floor, Jl. Appreciation Jend. Sudirman for library Kav. 61-62 members of JF Jakarta 13.00 – 14.00: ‘5cm per- second’ Movie Screening
13-14 Pemutaran Film The Japan The Japan 13 Maret Mar Animasi Karya Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 The Makoto Shinkai Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Place Hall, Promised in Summitmas 1 Our Early 2nd Floor, Jl. Days (Kumo Jend. Sudirman no Mukou Kav. 61-62 Yakushoku Jakarta no Basho) 16:30 Children Who Chase Lost Voices (Hoshi o Ou Kodomo) 14 Maret 14:00 Children Who Chase
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Lost Voices (Hoshi o Ou Kodomo) 16:30 5 Centimeter per-Second (Kyoshoku 5 Senchimeetor u) 18-19 FILM seru di bulan The Japan The Japan 18 April Apr April – Film Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 Bernuansa Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Noriben Makanan Hall, 16:30 Summitmas 1 Nankyoku nd 2 Floor, Jl. Ryori Nin Jend. Sudirman 19 April Kav. 61-62 14:00 Jakarta Nankyoku Ryori Nin 16:30 Noriben 10 May SPECIAL FILM International The Japan 10 May 14 May SCREENING Film Festival Foundation, Title: INORI: for Jakarta Lobby Conversation Environment, Hall, with Health and Summitmas 1 Something Culture, and 2nd Floor, Jl. Great The Japan Jend. Sudirman Directed by Foundation, Kav. 61-62 Tetsu Jakarta Jakarta Shiratori Time: 10:30- 11:30 Title: KIZUNA Taste of Aji Stone Directed by Hideaki Kataoka Time: 14:00- 15:30 14 May Title: 10,000 - WINNING A WAR ON
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SUICIDE IN JAPAN Directed by Rene Duignan, USA Time: 10:30- 12:00 Title: CANS OF HOPE Directed by Hirokazu Kishida Time: 14:00- 14:30 Title: GAREKI ; Bangkit dari reruntuhan Time: 14:30- 15:00
20 May FROM KAMAISHI The Japan Conference 20 May TO BUKIT Foundation, Hall The Japan (14.30-18.00) DUABELAS Jakarta, and Foundation, - Japan After RAINFOREST SOKOLA Jakarta 3.11-Disaster “How can Summitmas I, Prevention Education Meet the 2nd Floor Jl. Education Needs of the Jend. Sudirman - “Guru Rimba, People?” Kav 61-62 Dimanapun Jadi Sekolah”
23-24 ANIMATION Film The Japan The Japan 23 May May Screening Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Uchuu Hall, Kyodai Summitmas 1 16:30 2nd Floor, Jl.
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Jend. Sudirman Hoshi o Ou Kav. 61-62 Kodomo Jakarta 24 May 14:00 Houshi o Ou Kodomo 16:30 Uchuu Kyodai
13-14 FILM SERU The Japan The Japan 13 June Jun BULAN JUNI Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 Shodo 27-28 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Girls Jun Hall, 16:30 Summitmas 1 Hankyu nd 2 Floor, Jl. Railway Jend. Sudirman 14 June Kav. 61-62 14:00 Jakarta Hankyu Railways 16:30 Shodo Girls 27 June 14:00 Torokko 16:30 The Wife of Gegege 28 June 14:00 The Wife of Gegege 16:30 Torokko
11-12 FILM SERU The Japan The Japan 11 July Jul BULAN JULI – Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 18-19 HORROR Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Izakaya Yurei Jul COMEDY Hall, 12 July 25-26 Summitmas 1 14:00 Jul 2nd Floor, Jl. KAIRO Jend. Sudirman 18 July Kav. 61-62 14:00 Gakkou Jakarta no Kaidan IV 19 July
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14:00 Izakaya Yurei 25 July 14:00 KAIRO 26 July 14:00 Gakkou no Kaidan IV 23 Aug Pemutaran film The Japan The Japan 23 August mengenai SUMO Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Semangat Hall, Sumo (Shiko Summitmas 1 Funjatta) 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta
17 Sep Film Screening The Japan The Japan 17 September about Tea Foundation, Foundation, 16.00-16:50 Ceremony (Cha no Jakarta Jakarta VIP Yu) Room, Jl. Jend Sudirman Kav 61-62 Gd. Summitmas I Lt-2 19-20 FILM SERU The Japan The Japan 19 September Sep BULAN Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 : 26-27 SEPTEMBER – Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Pacchigi 1 / Sep YOUTH POWER Hall, Kelak Kita Summitmas 1 Mengalahkan 2nd Floor, Jl. nya Jend. Sudirman 16:30 : Kav. 61-62 Pacchigi 2 / Jakarta Love and Peace 20 September 14:00 : Kamikaze Taxi
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16:30 : Himitsu no Hanazono 26 September 14:00 : Himitsu no Hanazono 16:30 : Kamikaze Taxi 27 September 14:00 : Pacchigi 1 / Kelak Kita Mengalahkan nya 16:30 : Paccigi 2 / Love and Peace 20 Sep Cinema Caravan The Japan Shodo Girls “Shodo Girls” Foundation, Jakarta and Pondok Pesantren Darunnajah
01 Oct TALKSHOW DAN The Japan The Japan Murasaki PEMUTARAN Foundation, Foundation, 10.00-12.00 FILM by Sachio Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Yoshioka Hall, Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta
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31 Oct Pemutaran Film The Japan The Japan 31 October and 01 Nov STOP MOTION- Foundation, Foundation, 01 November ANIMATION Jakarta Jakarta Lobby 14.00 Hall, Komaneko – Summitmas 1 The Curious 2nd Floor, Jl. Cat Jend. Sudirman Komaneko’s Kav. 61-62 Christmas - A Jakarta Lost Present
2014
Date Event Name Conducted by Place Schedule Notes 19-21 Film Screening The Japan The Japan 19 March Mar Movies by Yaguchi Foundation, Foundation, 14.00 : Happy Shinobu Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Flight Hall, 20 March 14.00 : Swing Summitmas 1 Girls 2nd Floor, Jl. 21 March Jend. Sudirman 14.00 : Kav. 61-62 ROBO-G Jakarta 6 May Pemutaran Film The Japan The Japan 6 May 8 May Animasi Karya Foundation, Foundation, 14.00 : Hoshi Makoto Shinkai Jakarta Jakarta Lobby no Koe Hall, 14.30 : 5 Summitmas 1 Centimeters nd 2 Floor, Jl. per second Jend. Sudirman 8 May Kav. 61-62 14.00 Jakarta Children who
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Chase Lost Voices 16.00 Hoshi no Koe 23-24 FILM seru di bulan The Japan The Japan 23 May May Mei Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Uchuu Hall, Kyodai Summitmas 1 16:30 nd Hoshi o Ou 2 Floor, Jl. Kodomo Jend. Sudirman 24 May Kav. 61-62 14:00 Jakarta Houshi o Ou Kodomo 16:30 Uchuu Kyodai 26-27 FILM SERU The Japan The Japan 26 June Jun BULAN JUNI Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 Mimpi 30 Jun 2014 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Malam Musim Hall, Panas Summitmas 1 27 June 2nd Floor, Jl. 14:00 Jend. Sudirman Chikara: Kav. 61-62 The Sumo Jakarta Wrestler Son 14:30 Kontak Mata 30 June 14:00 Quartet 01-03 NONTON The Japan The Japan 1 July Jul BARENG FILM Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 : Pinguin SALJU Jakarta Jakarta Langit Summitmas I, (Penguins in 2nd Floor Jl. The Sky) Jend. Sudirman 2 July Kav 61-62 14:00 : Nankyoku Ryorinin (The
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Chef of South Polar) 3 July 14:00 : Negeri Salju (Yukiguni) 13-15 Animation Fiesta The Japan The Japan 13 August Aug Foundation, Foundation, 14.00 : The Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Place Promised Hall, in Our Early Summitmas 1 Days (雲の向 nd 2 Floor, Jl. こう,約束の場 Jend. Sudirman 所) Kav. 61-62 14 August Jakarta 14.00 : The Garden of Words (言の 葉の庭) 15.00 : Voices of a Distant Star ( 星の声） 15 August 14.00 : 5 Cm per Second ( 秒速 5 セン チメートル) 16:30 Uchuu Kyodai 8-10 FILM SERU The Japan The Japan 8 October Oct BULAN Foundation, Foundation, Gonta Beruang OKTOBER Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Malang -Kisah Hall, 9 October Kisah Hachiko Mengharukan antara Summitmas 1 nd 10 October: Manusia dengan 2 Floor, Jl. Wanko Hewan- Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta
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21 Nov Special Animation The Japan Kineforum 21 November 28 Nov Film Screening by Foundation, Taman Ismail 14:15 : The Makoto Shinkai Jakarta Marzuki, Place Jl. Cikini Raya Promised in No.73, Central Our Early Jakarta Days 17.00 : 5 Centimeters Per Second 19.30 : Garden of Words 28 November 14.15 : 5 Centimeters per Second 17.00 : Garden of Words 19.30 : Place Promised in Our Early Days
2015
Date Event Name Conducted by Place Schedule Notes 05 Mar Film Seru Bulan 5 March 19 Mar Maret – Perjuangan 14.00 : Wanko seorang anak pasca 19 March bencana 15.00 : Éclair
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09-10 Film Seru The Japan The Japan 9 April Apr "Indahnya Musim Foundation, Foundation, 14.00 Semi" - Hana no Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Hana no Ato Ato - Hall, 10 April Summitmas 1 14.00 2nd Floor, Jl. Oh.. Musim Jend. Sudirman Semi Kav. 61-62 Jakarta
20-26 Penandatanganan The Japan Art Cinema 20 April Apr MoU IKJ – JIMI, Foundation, Kompleks 14.00-15.40 Lektur Tadao Sato Institute of Taman Ismail The Red & “Ken Takakura” Moving Image Marzuki (TIM) Peony Film Screening (JIMI), and Jl. Cikini Raya Gambler: Institut no. 73 Flower Cards Kesenian Jakarta Pusat March Jakarta (IKJ) 21 April 15.30-18.00 Hot Pursuit 22 April 16.00 Saputangan Kuning 23 April 16.00 Panggilan Musim Semi 24 April 16.00 Stasiun 25 April 16.00 Yasha 26 April 13.00 Hot Pursuit
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21 May Film Seru Bulan The Japan The Japan 21 May 26 May Mei 2015 Foundation, Foundation, 14.00 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Rail Truck Hall, 26 May Summitmas 1 14.00 2nd Floor, Jl. Hankyu Jend. Sudirman Railways Kav. 61-62 Jakarta
10 Jun PEMUTARAN The Japan The Japan 10 June 25 Jun FILM SERU JUNI Foundation, Foundation, 14.00 2015 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Sekolah II -Kisah Hall, (Gakkou II) Mengharukan Guru Summitmas 1 25 June & Murid- 2nd Floor, Jl. 14.00 Jend. Sudirman Dua Belas Kav. 61-62 Pasang Bola Jakarta Mata (Tokubetsu 24 no Hitomi)
07 Jul Classic Film The Japan The Japan 7 July 09 Jul Screening Foundation, Foundation, 14.00 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Saputangan Hall, Kuning Summitmas 1 9 July 2nd Floor, Jl. 14.00 Jend. Sudirman Panggilan Kav. 61-62 Musim Jakarta Semi
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2016
Date Event Name Conducted by Place Schedule Notes 21 Jan Film Screening The Japan The Japan Semangat Sumo “Semangat Sumo” Foundation, Foundation, (Shiko Funjatta) (Shiko Funjatta) Jakarta Jakarta Lobby 13.00 Hall, Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta 11 Feb Film Screening The Japan The Japan ROBO-G “ROBO-G” Foundation, Foundation, 13.30 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Hall, Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta 05 Apr Film Screening The Japan The Japan Happy Flight “Happy Flight” Foundation, Foundation, 13.00 Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Hall, Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta 12 Apr Film Screening The Japan The Japan AYO AYO BERJUANG/ Foundation, Foundation, BERJUANG/ が がんばっていきま Jakarta Jakarta Lobby んばっていき っしょい/GIVE IT Hall, まっしょい ALL Summitmas 1 /GIVE IT ALL nd 2 Floor, Jl. 13.30-15.30 Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta
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18 May Post World War II The Japan Bentara 18 Mei 26 May Film Screening on Foundation, Budaya, 13.30 "Metamorphosis of Jakarta Jakarta Higanbana Japan after The Jl. Palmerah (1958) 16.00 Ugetsu War", Selatan No. 17 Monogatari (1953) 26 Mei 13.30 Tokyo Monogatari (1953) 16.00 Izu no Odoriko (1963) 16 Jun NGABUBURIT The Japan The Japan 16 June 21 Jun NONTON Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 Swing 23 Jun BARENG di Japan Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Girls 28 Jun Foundation Hall, 21 June Summitmas 1 14:00 Rock 2nd Floor, Jl. Berkabung Jend. Sudirman 23 June Kav. 61-62 14:00 Eclair Jakarta 28 June 14:00 Quartet
16 Aug Screening of “Tora The Japan The Japan 16 August 18 Aug Jiro” Comedy Film Foundation, Foundation, 14:00 Tora Jiro 23 Aug Series Jakarta Jakarta Lobby dan Kembang 25 Aug Hall, Sepatu (1981) Summitmas 1 18 August 2nd Floor, Jl. 14:00 Tora Jiro
Jend. Sudirman Menjadi Alim Kav. 61-62 (1983) Jakarta 23 August 14:00 Tora Jiro Pamanku (1990) 25 August 14:00 Tora Jiro Kisah Cinta dari Shibamata (1986)
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15 Sep Film Screening The Japan The Japan 14.00-15.45 “Hotaru no Haka” Foundation, Foundation, Hotaru no (Grave of Fireflies) Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Haka Hall, Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta 20 Sep Film Screening "5 The Japan The Japan 14.00-15.45 Centimeters per Foundation, Foundation, 5 Centimeters Second" Jakarta Jakarta Lobby per Second Hall, Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman Kav. 61-62 Jakarta 20 Oct Film Screening The Japan The Japan 14.00-15.30 "Kappa no Sampei" Foundation, Foundation, Kappa no Jakarta Jakarta Lobby Sampei Hall, Summitmas 1 2nd Floor, Jl. Jend. Sudirman
Kav. 61-62 Jakarta 31 Oct Japan Food Festival Japan External Food Society 3 November Trade (Ground Floor) 10:00 The Organization Mall Chef of (JETRO) Kasablanka South Polar 13:00 Akanezora Beyond the Crimson Sky 16:00 Karaage USA 4 November
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10:00 A Drop of the Grapevine 13:00 Noriben 16:00 Akanezora Beyond the Crimson Sky 10 November 10:00 Ramen Samurai 13:00 A Drop of the Grapevine 16:00 The Chef of South Polar 11 November 10:00 Noriben 13:00 Karaage USA 16:00 Ramen Samurai 13 Nov Wisata Balai Kota The Japan Balai Agung, 09.00-15.00 - Wisata bersama The Japan Foundation, Balai Kota “Karaage Balai Kota Foundation Jakarta and DKI Jakarta USA” - Pemaparan Pemerintah Jakarta Smart Provinsi DKI City Jakarta - Pemutaran Film Jepang “Karaage USA” - Pertunjukan Tari Jepang “Yosakoi Kochi” - Pertunjukan
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Perkusi Jepang “Taiko Okinawa” - Pengenalan Kuliner Jepang - Kegiatan lainnya 17 Nov Baros International 16:00-18:00 Film Festival The Place Promised in Our Early Day 15-17 Somewhere New Goethe Institut, Taman Ismail 14:15 1. Berlin is in Dec (Someone New) The Japan Marzuki A Class to Germany Foundation, Jl Cikini Raya Remember IV: (Hannes LifeLike No.73, Jakarta Fifteen (2001) Stöhr, 2001) Pictures by Yoji 2. Tabula Yamada Rasa (Adriyanto
Dewo, 2014) 3. When We Leave (Feo Aladag, 2010) 4. A Class to Remember IV: Fifteen (Yoji Yamada, 2001)
Source: https://www.facebook.com/JFJakarta/posts/
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Source: http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/news15_47.html
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Source: https://www.facebook.com/JFFJakarta/photos/a.832299860246238.1073741828.8269172 70784497/868051596671064/
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Source: https://web.facebook.com/JFFJakarta/photos/a.870232246452999.1073741829.82691727 0784497/870232159786341/?type=3&theater
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