Alans War Free
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Germania TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 16 TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 17
TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 15 Part I Germania TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 16 TEG1 8/2/2004 2:52 PM Page 17 1 Land and People The Land The heartland of the immense area of northern Europe occupied by the early Germanic peoples was the great expanse of lowland which extends from the Netherlands to western Russia. There are no heights here over 300 metres and most of the land rises no higher than 100 metres. But there is considerable variety in relief and soil conditions. Several areas, like the Lüneburg Heath and the hills of Schleswig-Holstein, are diverse in both relief and landscape. There was until recent times a good deal of marshy ground in the northern parts of the great plain, and a broad belt of coastal marshland girds it on its northern flank. Several major rivers drain the plain, the Ems, Weser and Elbe flowing into the North Sea, the Oder and the Vistula into the Baltic. Their broad valleys offered attrac- tive areas for early settlement, as well as corridors of communication from south to north. The surface deposits on the lowland largely result from successive periods of glaciation. A major influence on relief are the ground moraines, comprising a stiff boulder clay which produces gently undu- lating plains or a terrain of small, steep-sided hills and hollows, the latter often containing small lakes and marshes, as in the area around Berlin. Other features of the relief are the hills left behind by terminal glacial moraines, the sinuous lakes which are the remains of melt-water, and the embayments created by the sea intruding behind a moraine. -
An Archaeological Analysis of Gender Roles in Ancient Nonliterate Cultures of Eurasia
Flinders University of South Australia Department of Archaeology An Archaeological Analysis of Gender Roles in Ancient Nonliterate Cultures of Eurasia Mike Adamson B.A.(Hons) Thesis Archive Submission March 14th 2005 Mike Adamson B.A.(Hons) 2005 The opened burial of a Sarmatian warrior-priestess at Pokrovka, just to the north of the Caspian Sea. The unambiguous evidence of the burial of women with cultic, warrior and high-status goods amongst the steppe cultures, exposed during the 1990s, has provided the material basis for challenging long-held assumptions concerning the universality of the gender norms with which our culture is familiar. Photograph courtesy Jeannine Davis-Kimball, CSEN, Berkeley, California. I Limited Copyright Waiver The Director of Administration and Registrar Flinders University GPO Box 210 ADELAIDE SA 5001 MASTERS THESIS I hereby waive the following restrictions: (a) for three years after the deposit of the thesis, readers other than academic staff and students of the University must obtain the consent of the Author or the Head of the Discipline or the Librarian before consulting a thesis; (b) for three years after the deposit of the thesis, no copy may be made of the thesis or part of it without prior consent of the author. NAME: .......................................................................... SIGNATURE: .......................................................................... Date: .......................................................................... II Declaration The Director of Administration and Registrar Flinders University GPO Box 210 ADELAIDE SA 5001 MASTERS THESIS I certify that this thesis does not incoporate without acknowledgment any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university; and that to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text. -
Tales of the Narts: Ancient Myths and Legends of the Ossetians
IntRODUctION THE OSSETIAN EpIC “TALES OF THE NARTS” VASILY IvANOVICH ABAEV 1 w CYCLES, SubjECTS, HEROES In literary studies it is established that the epic poem passes through sev- eral stages in its formation. To begin we have an incomplete collection of stories with no connections between them, arising in various centers, at various times, for various reasons. That is the first stage in the formation of the epic. We cannot as yet name it such. But material is in the process of preparation that, given favorable conditions, begins to take on the out- lines of an epic poem. From the mass of heroes and subjects a few favorite names, events, and motifs stand out, and stories begin to crystallize around them, as centers of gravity. A few epic centers or cycles are formed. The epic enters the second stage of cycle formation. In a few instances, not all by any means, it may then attain a third stage. Cycles up to now unconnected may be, more or less artificially, united in one thematic thread, and are brought together in one consistent story, forming one epic poem. A hyper- cyclic formation, if one can use such a term, takes place. It may appear as the result of not only uniting several cycles, but as the expansion of one favorite cycle, at the expense of others less popular. This is the concluding epic phase. The transformation to this phase is frequently the result of individual creative efforts. For instance, the creation of the Iliad and the Odyssey Opposite page: A beehive tomb from the highlands of North Ossetia. -
Ancient Persian Civilization
Ancient Persian Civilization Dr. Anousha Sedighi Associate Professor of Persian [email protected] Summer Institute: Global Education through film Middle East Studies Center Portland State University Students hear about Iran through media and in the political context → conflict with U.S. How much do we know about Iran? (people, places, events, etc.) How much do we know about Iran’s history? Why is it important to know about Iran’s history? It helps us put today’s conflicts into context: o 1953 CIA coup (overthrow of the first democratically elected Prime Minister: Mossadegh) o Hostage crisis (1979-1981) Today we learn about: Zoroastrianism (early monotheistic religion, roots in Judaism, Christianity, Islam) Cyrus the great (founder of Persian empire, first declaration of human rights) Foreign invasions of Persia (Alexander, Arab invasion, etc.) Prominent historical figures (Ferdowsi, Avicenna, Rumi, Razi, Khayyam, Mossadegh, Artemisia, etc.) Sounds interesting! Do we have educations films about them? Yes, in fact most of them are available online! Zoroaster Zoroaster: religious leader Eastern Iran, exact birth/time not certain Varies between 6000-1000 BC Promotes peace, goodness, love for nature Creator: Ahura-Mazda Three principles: Good thoughts Good words Good deeds Influenced Judaism, Christianity, Islam Ancient Iranian Peoples nd Middle of 2 melluniuem (Nomadic people) Aryan → Indo European tribe → Indo-Iranian Migrated to Iranian Plateau (from Eurasian plains) (Persians, Medes, Scythians, Bactrians, Parthians, Sarmatians, -
Mithra Oct 2015
Mithra The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation James R. Russell. 2015. "Mithra." In the Proceedings of Genocide of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire in the Great War, 1915-2015: One Hundred Years of Research. International Conference on the Armenian Genocide, Sorbonne, Paris, France, March 25-28, 2015. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23514774 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Mithra. By James R. Russell, Harvard University. I want to take you to the ancient city of Dura Europos. Dura, whose Aramaic name means something like “fortified place” was a populous, cosmopolitan walled city on a hill looking over the Euphrates frontier of the Roman Empire with the realms of the Arsacid Parthians, near modern-day Deir ez-Zor in Syria. The Seleucid successors of Alexander made what had been a fort into a town, appending its second, Greek name. Dura Europos was destroyed, never again to be inhabited, during a sudden, swift Sasanian attack in AD 256: devastating for the inhabitants but good for archeology. The French occupying forces discovered the ruins in 1918; and over the succeeding two decades a team of archeologists excavated it and for generations art historians and textual scholars have pored over the finds: great scholars such as Franz Cumont, father of Mithraic studies, and Mikhail Rostovtzeff, historian of the Hellenistic era, worked there. -
Download File
ANABASIS 5 (2014) STUDIA CLASSICA ET O RIE NTALIA Habib Borjian (Columbia University, USA) A PERSIAN VIEW OF THE STEPPE IRANIANS1 Keywords: Eurasian Steppes, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Persian Empire, Iranian national traditions, Avesta, Shahnama By the turn of the second to first millennium BCE, the Iranian-speaking tribes of the Steppe Bronze Cultures had parted into two main groups: those who mi- grated south eventually into the plateau which bears their name to this date, and those who expanded their domain within the steppes, westward into the Volga and Pontic regions and beyond, and southward well into the Caucasus and Cen- tral Asia. These two main branches of the same people evolved in the very dif- ferent ways, characteristic to other societies living in the southern and northern Eurasia. Nevertheless, as South and North Iranians – even if separated by deserts and mountains – were often immediate neighbors, they kept influencing each other as long as the Iranian pastoralist riders ruled the Eurasian Steppes. After all, many of the vicissitudes undergone by Persia since the dawn of her history have been related to the Steppe warriors, and, on the other side of the coin, much of what we know today about the history of the Scythians, Sarmatians, and Alans are due to their interactions with the Iranian civilization in Western Asia. In addition to these two groups, which I shall call South and North Iranians for simplicity, we may yet identify a third group: those of Central Asia, whom are usually referred to as Eastern Iranians in scholarly literature. These consist of the settled Chorasmians, Sogdians, and Bactrians, among others, who were the immediate southern neighbors of the nomadic Sacae, Massagetae, Dahae, and Chionites of the area from the river Jaxartes up to the Kazakh Steppe. -
Chapter 2 Usurpers in Gaul.Pdf
1 Chapter 2: Usurpers in Gaul The Gallic provinces faced their own challenges in the first decade of the fifth century. Severe threats to Italy under Stilicho’s regime, specifically the invasions of Alaric (401-402) and of an otherwise unknown Gothic leader named Radagaisus (405-406), forced the MVM to take a series of ad hoc decisions favoring the central provinces over the other regions of the western empire. Stilicho severely reduced the military forces of Gaul in order to supply men for the defense of the Italian peninsula.1 He also allowed the traditional conduct of Roman foreign policy with the barbarians beyond the Rhine/Danube limes to lapse, leading to confusion and tension on the frontiers.2 While Stilicho’s actions were arguably necessary responses to the threats of the period, they nevertheless amounted to a fundamental neglect of imperial management of the Gallic provinces. Under the circumstances, it is perhaps inevitable that such neglect would result in problems for the Honorian regime. The usurpations of Maximus and Eugenius remained a part of living memory and the extension of the control of the Theodosian dynasty into the western empire was a relatively new development.3 The potential for the abuse or rejection of Italian authority was therefore quite real, though it was perhaps an unavoidable risk given the circumstances prevailing in Italy during the first half of the decade. 1 Claudian De Bello Gothico 414-429. For discussion, see Drinkwater, “Usurpers”, 271-275; Janssen, Stilicho, 203- 204; Walter Goffart, Barbarian Tides: The Migration Age and the Later Roman Empire (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006) 95-96; Guy Halsall, Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007) 195-200, 206-211. -
Origin of the Slavs
ORIGIN OF THE SLAVS II Their Language, Institutions And Native Tribes by RA Goryn Table of Contents Origins of Slavonic Language In ancient times when people had to migrate they took with them their most precious possessions, the means to eke their livelihood, their cattle, the seeds to sow in the new country, and above all their gods and sacred objects to sustain their spirit and faith in the new place. The migrations from Central Asia and India to Syria, Anatolia and Europe were caused as far as we know by a natural disaster. The rise of the Himalayas, Hindu Kush and the Pamirs caused the rise of the level of the surrounding country, drying up the rivers and seas, causing drought and desiccation. The tectonic clash of the earth's crusts that produced the mountains forced several massive migrations from the area. The first civilisation in the Nile valley is identified as the product of Central Asian culture. Sumerians maintained long-standing connections between Central Asia and the Nile valley before the second known massive migration c. 5000 B.C. to Mesopotamia. The invasions of 2150 B. C. that brought the Phrygian culture to Anatolia and the Danube valley is identifiable with the first such invasion described in Greek mythology as the invasions of Osiris or Dionysus, the worshippers of Arna, and the culture that brought the Amazons to Syria, Anatolia and the Balkans. Colonisation of the Nile valley started considerably earlier than the reign of the gods and demi-gods in Egypt. The proto-Slavs are seen to have emerged out of the population that came in the third massive migration and are linked firmly by culture and religious ties to Dionysiac religious beliefs and rituals. -
Integrating Magna Dacia. a N Arrative Reappraisal Of
INTEGRATING MAGNA DACIA. A NARRATIVE REAPPRAISAL OF JORDANES OTÁVIO LUIZ VIEIRA PINTO SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS SCHOOL OF HISTORY SEPTEMBER 2016 ii iii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2016 The University of Leeds and Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto iv Al contrario, rispondo, chi siamo noi, chi è ciascuno di noi se non una combinatoria d'esperienze, d'informazioni, di letture, d'immaginazioni? Ogni vita è un'enciclopedia, una biblioteca, un inventario d'oggetti, un campionario di stili, dove tutto può essere continuamente rimescolato e riordinato in tutti i modi possibili. Italo Calvino, Lezioni Americane. […] his own proper person was a riddle to unfold; a wondrous work in one volume; but whose mysteries not even himself could read, though his own live heart beat against them; and these mysteries were therefore destined in the end to moulder away with the living parchment whereon they were inscribed, and so be unsolved to the last. Herman Melville, Moby Dick. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When I crossed the Atlantic to start my doctoral research, I had no real dimension of how much certain people in my life would be fundamental to the completion of this thesis – and to go through, with head held high, the 4-year long process that it entailed. -
The Alans: Neighbours of the Khazars in the Caucasus
THE ALANS: NEIGHBOURS OF THE KHAZARS IN THE CAUCASUS Irina A. Arzhantseva The Alans invariably occupy a key position in the complex, turbulent and sometimes obscure relations between the Khazars and their numer- ous neighbours, not to mention many of the Khazar’s political ventures. As the Alans held, geographically, a strategically important position in the North Caucasus (fig. 1), which was the major cross-roads of Eur- asian trading and military routes, they were, from the moment that they united into a coherent political group, constantly drawn into the orbit of the complicated relationships of the super-powers, whose interests clashed in the North Caucasus. In the sixth-seventh centuries these powers were Iran and Byzantium, who fought for control over the caravan routes that ran across the North Caucasus through territory occupied by the Alans. From the middle of the seventh century the Alans found themselves in the sphere of interest of a new political entity, the Khazar Khaganate (Gadlo, 1979, pp. 74–78, Kuznetsov, 1992, pp. 154, 155). By the middle of the eighth century, the Alans were now virtually under Khazar rule (Artamonov, 1962, с. 360; Kokovtsov, 1932, с. 101–102) and they go almost unmentioned in Byz- antine sources of the eighth and ninth centuries (Kuznetsov, 1992, с. 155; Kulakovskyi, 1899, с. 49, 50). It is difficult to state with any clarity what sort of subordination the Alans endured from the Khazars. The Alans were the force by virtue of which the Khazars emerged victorious from the difficult struggle for overall control in the North Caucasus. -
The Sarmatians: Some Thoughts on the Historiographical Invention of a West Iranian Migration Anca Dan
The Sarmatians: Some Thoughts on the Historiographical Invention of a West Iranian Migration Anca Dan To cite this version: Anca Dan. The Sarmatians: Some Thoughts on the Historiographical Invention of a West Ira- nian Migration. Felix Wiedemann; Kerstin P. Hofmann; Hans-Joachim Gehrke. Vom Wandern der Völker. Migrationserzählungen in den Altertumswissenschaften, Topoi, pp.97-134, 2017, 10.17171/3- 41. 10.18452/18153. halshs-01615459 HAL Id: halshs-01615459 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01615459 Submitted on 10 Jan 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License Anca Dan The Sarmatians: Some Thoughts on the Historiographical Invention of a West Iranian Migration Summary The continuous migration of the Sarmatians from East to West is still considered an his- torical fact. The fundaments of this theory, however, are tricky: the Iranian tie of all the populations on the north-eastern edge of the ancient world is too weak to support the ex- istence of one ancient ethnos; our current image of the Sarmatians is the result of loose readings of texts and archaeological evidence, nourished by nationalistic convictions. -
The Positioning of Iran and Iranians in the Origins of Western Civilization
University of New England DUNE: DigitalUNE All Theses And Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 4-2017 The Positioning Of Iran And Iranians In The Origins Of Western Civilization Sheda Vasseghi University of New England Follow this and additional works at: https://dune.une.edu/theses Part of the Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research Commons, Educational Leadership Commons, Higher Education Commons, and the History Commons © 2017 Sheda Vasseghi Preferred Citation Vasseghi, Sheda, "The Positioning Of Iran And Iranians In The Origins Of Western Civilization" (2017). All Theses And Dissertations. 108. https://dune.une.edu/theses/108 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at DUNE: DigitalUNE. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses And Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DUNE: DigitalUNE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POSITIONING OF IRAN AND IRANIANS IN THE ORIGINS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION by Sheda Vasseghi BA (University of Missouri) 1989 MS (Strayer University) 1998 MA (American Military University) 2008 A DISSERTATION Presented to the Affiliated Faculty of The College of Graduate and Professional Studies at the University of New England Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Education Portland & Biddeford, Maine March, 2017 Copyright by Sheda Vasseghi 2017 ii Sheda Vasseghi March 20, 2017 Educational Leadership The Position of Iran and Iranians in the Origins of Western Civilization Abstract The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore how a select sample of college- level history textbooks position Iran and Iranians in the origins of Western Civilization.