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The-Human-Capital-Index-2020-Update-Human-Capital-In-The-Time-Of-COVID-19.Pdf The Human CapitalIndex Public Disclosure Authorized The Human Capital Index 2020 2020 2020 UPDATE Public Disclosure Authorized UPDATE Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized The Human Capital Index 2020 UPDATE The Human Capital Index 2020 UPDATE Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19 © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 24 23 22 21 This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The orldW Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2021. The Human Capital Index 2020 Update: Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1552-2. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO. Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail: [email protected]. ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1552-2 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1647-5 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-1552-2 Cover and interior design: Jihane El Khoury Roederer, World Bank Library of Congress Control Number: 2020951890 Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... XV About the Authors .......................................................................................................................... XVII Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................... XIX Introduction ....................................................................................................................... XXII Overview .................................................................................................................................. 4 The HCI 2020 update ...................................................................................................................... 5 Income alone does not explain cross-country differences in human capital ............... 5 Most economies achieved human capital gains in the decade before COVID-19 ....... 6 The extent to which disadvantaged households benefited from human capital gains over time varies across economies ..................................................................... 7 HCI simulations reveal COVID-19’s large impact on human capital ............................... 8 A measure of utilization of human capital highlights significant gender gaps ............. 9 Better measurement enables better policy ............................................................................. 10 Notes ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 References .......................................................................................................................................... 12 1 The Human Capital Index 2020 Update .................................................................. 14 1.1 The HCI methodology .......................................................................................................... 16 1.2 The HCI 2020 .......................................................................................................................... 18 1.3 HCI 2020: Index components ........................................................................................... 23 1.4 HCI measures of gender gaps in human capital ......................................................... 30 1.5 Human capital in fragile and conflict-affected contexts ............................................ 34 1.6 The HCI 2020 update .......................................................................................................... 39 Notes .................................................................................................................................................... 42 References .......................................................................................................................................... 43 2 Human Capital Accumulation over Time .................................................................. 46 2.1 Human capital accumulation over the past decade ..................................................... 47 2.2 Changes in key human capital dimensions over the past decade .......................... 52 VIII CONTEnts 2.3 A longer-run view of country progress ........................................................................... 72 Notes ......................................................................................................................................................76 References .......................................................................................................................................... 78 3 Accumulation Interrupted? COVID-19 and Human Capital ................................... 82 3.1 Transmission of the COVID-19 shock to human capital .......................................... 83 3.2 The COVID-19 human capital shock: A life-cycle perspective .............................. 87 3.3 Using the HCI to simulate the impact of the pandemic ......................................... 92 Annex 3A. COVID-19 shock to the under-5 cohorts ............................................................ 97 Annex 3B. CO VID-19 shock to school-age cohorts ............................................................. 99 Notes ................................................................................................................................................. 100 References ....................................................................................................................................... 103 4 Utilizing Human Capital .............................................................................................. 108 4.1 Methodology and the basic UHCI measure ................................................................. 110 4.2 The basic UHCI in the data ............................................................................................... 112 4.3 The full UHCI ....................................................................................................................... 114 4.4 The full UHCI in the data ................................................................................................... 117 4.5 Comparing the utilization measures.............................................................................. 118 4.6 Disaggregation by region .................................................................................................. 120 4.7 Disaggregation by sex ......................................................................................................... 120 Notes .................................................................................................................................................. 125 References .......................................................................................................................................
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