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When Did It Happen? Military Action

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When Did It Happen? Military Action NAME ________________________________________ DATE _____________ CLASS ______ Steps Toward Independence Lesson 2: The Winter of 1835–1836 EESSENTIALSSENTIAL QQUESTIONUESTION Why does conflict develop? Terms to Know transport to carry or move objects from place to place assign to give a task or job to campaign a military operation veto to reject a bill passed by the legislature WWhenhen diddid iitt hhappen?appen? 1835 1836 November 25: December 6: January 14: Texas February: Texas Stephen F. Benjamin authorizes attack on provisional Austin leaves Milam leads Matamoros, government for the United attack on San overriding dissolves States Antonio governor’s veto November 26: December 9: January: Santa Anna and The Grass Fight Mexicans surrender his army enter Texas and takes place San Antonio approach San Antonio Military Action Guiding Question What military victories did the Army of the Marking the People gain in late 1835? Text Among volunteer Texans at San Antonio de Béxar were James 1. Circle the number of Bowie and Juan N. Seguín. Seguín led a company of Tejanos. By forces on the Texas and early November, the Texans numbered over 600. Meanwhile, Mexican sides at San another 100 Mexican soldiers arrived to reinforce General Cós. Now Antonio. there were 750 Mexican troops. The Texans were still outnumbered. On November 25, 1835, Stephen F. Austin left for the United States to seek money and supplies for the Texans. Edward Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. classroom for reproduce to is granted Permission Education. © McGraw-Hill Copyright Burleson replaced Austin as commander. Reading Essentials and Study Guide 133 NAME ________________________________________ DATE _____________ CLASS ______ Steps Toward Independence Lesson 2: The Winter of 1835–1836, continued On November 26, a scout, Erastus “Deaf” Smith, reported that Explaining Mexican cavalry, or soldiers on horses, and a mule train were heading to San Antonio. The Texans thought the caravan might be 2. Why did the Texans transporting silver to pay Cós’s soldiers, so they planned an attack the Spanish attack. The Texans captured more than three dozen mules but mule train? were disappointed when they returned to their camp. The mule packs were full not of silver but of grass to feed the animals in Cós’s command. This gave the skirmish its name: the “Grass Fight.” By December, Burleson thought about ending the siege. Then a Mexican officer surrendered and told the Texans that the Mexicans’ Identifying morale was low and supplies were limited. The Texans discussed what to do but decided not to attack. Why did Benjamin 3. Not everyone agreed with that decision. Benjamin Milam had Milam want to attack taken part in the capture of Goliad and then marched with the San Antonio? army to San Antonio. He wanted to attack. He believed that a major victory would encourage Texans to keep fighting. He asked, “Who will go with old Ben Milam into San Antonio?” About 300 men volunteered to go with Milam. The attack began before dawn on December 5. Milam divided his force into two columns, leading one himself and assigning Frank W. Johnson to lead the other. The Texans were able to seize houses north of San Defining Antonio’s public square. The Mexican army responded with 4. What does assigning cannon and musket fire, halting the Texans’ advance. mean? The battle lasted four days. Milam’s troops had the advantage. use. classroom for reproduce to is granted Permission Education. © McGraw-Hill Copyright This is because the Mexican army was trained to fight on open battlefields, not through town streets. On the third day, Milam was killed and Johnson Explaining took command. 5. What happened to Benjamin Milam in the Mexican forces took refuge in the abandoned mission battle? called the Alamo. On December 9, Cós asked for terms of surrender. The Texans lost 2 men, and 21 were wounded. About 150 Mexican soldiers were killed, wounded, or captured. The surrender agreement required Mexicans to move south of the Rio Grande. Cós promised never again to fight against Texans or the Constitution of 1824. 134 Reading Essentials and Study Guide NAME ________________________________________ DATE _____________ CLASS ______ Steps Toward Independence Lesson 2: The Winter of 1835–1836, continued The capture of San Antonio was a great victory for the Texans. Their volunteer army had defeated a larger, trained military force. Marking the They had captured San Antonio and now held the Alamo and the Text presidio at Goliad. More importantly, Texas soil was cleared of Mexican troops. 6. Highlight the names of important Tejanos and The siege of San Antonio de Béxar had divided the Tejanos of African Americans who San Antonio. Most stayed neutral, some helped Cós, and more fought on the Texan side than 100 joined the Texan volunteers. Many Tejanos served in a during the Revolution. scouting company commanded by Captain Juan Seguín. Plácido Benavides (PLAH•see•doh ben•ah•VEE•des) brought 30 Mexican ranchers to join the fight. Manuel Flores volunteered to serve Reading under Seguín, his brother-in-law. Progress Check Several African Americans contributed to the fight for Texas 7. What did Cós promise independence. Hendrick Arnold, a free African American, served as according to the a guide to Milam’s column in the fight for San Antonio. Another surrender terms? free African American, Greenbury Logan, was the third Texan wounded at San Antonio. He suffered a wound to his right arm that crippled him for life. William Goyens played a different role in the fight, but a very important one. He had long had good relations with the Cherokee in East Texas. Sam Houston relied on Goyens to negotiate a promise from the Cherokee not to attack the Texans while they fought Mexico. Defining 8. What is a campaign? Opposing Parties Guiding Question How did differences among Texan leaders affect the Texas Revolution? While the fighting raged in San Antonio, government leaders were battling each other. Quarrels between the War Party and the Peace Party made it nearly impossible to make decisions. The council Explaining wanted to help the Federalists in Mexico. Governor Smith and the 9. Why did Philip Dimmitt War Party favored total independence from Mexico. Party differences think the Texans should came to a head over an expedition to Matamoros. The port of try to take Matamoros? Matamoros was a great source of income. If Texas gained control of it, the income could help pay for the war. It would also provide a base for attacks into Mexico. Philip Dimmitt wanted to try to take Matamoros. A campaign, or military operation, against the Centralists would give restless soldiers a reason to stay and fight. Dimmitt worked with Governor Smith and Sam Houston to plan an attack. Meanwhile, Francis W. Johnson developed a similar plan. The governor and the council argued over who would lead the expedition. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission is granted to reproduce for classroom use. classroom for reproduce to is granted Permission Education. © McGraw-Hill Copyright Reading Essentials and Study Guide 135 NAME ________________________________________ DATE _____________ CLASS ______ Steps Toward Independence Lesson 2: The Winter of 1835–1836, continued Smith did not trust Johnson and vetoed, or rejected, his Reading appointment as leader. On January 14, 1836, the council authorized Progress Check Johnson to lead the expedition anyway. However, no expedition ever took place. The quarreling had caused delays, and news arrived 10. Why did the provisional that Santa Anna was marching toward San Antonio to recapture the government break up? Alamo. That ended all plans for an attack on Matamoros. Another disagreement was over a convention of the people. In December the council voted to hold a convention of the people in the spring. Governor Smith vetoed the proposal. The council voted to override his veto. Delegate elections were set for February 1, 1836, and the convention was scheduled for March 1. Governor Smith tried to dissolve the council. The council responded by declaring that Smith was no longer governor. It recognized Lieutenant Governor James Robinson as governor. Smith refused to leave office, however. Within a few weeks, most of the members of this first provisional, or temporary, government went home. During the month of February 1836, Texas had no real government. WWritingriting Check for Understanding use. classroom for reproduce to is granted Permission Education. © McGraw-Hill Copyright 1. Expository What were the main effects of the Texan victory at San Antonio? 2. Expository What was the cause of the quarrels within the provisional government, and what was the main result? 136 Reading Essentials and Study Guide .
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