Group 4, Identification Key : Viscous Cap, Glandular Stalk with No Ring Or Gaiter
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Field Guide to Common Macrofungi in Eastern Forests and Their Ecosystem Functions
United States Department of Field Guide to Agriculture Common Macrofungi Forest Service in Eastern Forests Northern Research Station and Their Ecosystem General Technical Report NRS-79 Functions Michael E. Ostry Neil A. Anderson Joseph G. O’Brien Cover Photos Front: Morel, Morchella esculenta. Photo by Neil A. Anderson, University of Minnesota. Back: Bear’s Head Tooth, Hericium coralloides. Photo by Michael E. Ostry, U.S. Forest Service. The Authors MICHAEL E. OSTRY, research plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN NEIL A. ANDERSON, professor emeritus, University of Minnesota, Department of Plant Pathology, St. Paul, MN JOSEPH G. O’BRIEN, plant pathologist, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, St. Paul, MN Manuscript received for publication 23 April 2010 Published by: For additional copies: U.S. FOREST SERVICE U.S. Forest Service 11 CAMPUS BLVD SUITE 200 Publications Distribution NEWTOWN SQUARE PA 19073 359 Main Road Delaware, OH 43015-8640 April 2011 Fax: (740)368-0152 Visit our homepage at: http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/ CONTENTS Introduction: About this Guide 1 Mushroom Basics 2 Aspen-Birch Ecosystem Mycorrhizal On the ground associated with tree roots Fly Agaric Amanita muscaria 8 Destroying Angel Amanita virosa, A. verna, A. bisporigera 9 The Omnipresent Laccaria Laccaria bicolor 10 Aspen Bolete Leccinum aurantiacum, L. insigne 11 Birch Bolete Leccinum scabrum 12 Saprophytic Litter and Wood Decay On wood Oyster Mushroom Pleurotus populinus (P. ostreatus) 13 Artist’s Conk Ganoderma applanatum -
Does Fungal Competitive Ability Explain Host Specificity Or Rarity in Ectomycorrhizal
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.106047; this version posted May 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Does fungal competitive ability explain host specificity or rarity in ectomycorrhizal 2 symbioses? 3 4 5 6 7 Peter G. Kennedy1, Joe Gagne1, Eduardo Perez-Pazos1, Lotus A. Lofgren2, Nhu H. Nguyen3 8 9 10 1. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota 11 2. Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 12 3. Department of Tropical Plant & Soil Sciences, University of Hawai’i, Manoa 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Text: 4522 words 20 Figures: 2 21 Tables: 1 22 Supplemental Info: Fig. S1-3 23 Corresponding author: Peter Kennedy, [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.20.106047; this version posted May 20, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 25 Abstract 26 Two common ecological assumptions are that host generalist and rare species are poorer 27 competitors relative to host specialist and more abundant counterparts. While these assumptions 28 have received considerable study in both plant and animals, how they apply to ectomycorrhizal 29 fungi remains largely unknown. -
CZECH MYCOLOGY Publication of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology
CZECH MYCOLOGY Publication of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology Volume 57 August 2005 Number 1-2 Central European genera of the Boletaceae and Suillaceae, with notes on their anatomical characters Jo s e f Š u t a r a Prosetická 239, 415 01 Tbplice, Czech Republic Šutara J. (2005): Central European genera of the Boletaceae and Suillaceae, with notes on their anatomical characters. - Czech Mycol. 57: 1-50. A taxonomic survey of Central European genera of the families Boletaceae and Suillaceae with tubular hymenophores, including the lamellate Phylloporus, is presented. Questions concerning the delimitation of the bolete genera are discussed. Descriptions and keys to the families and genera are based predominantly on anatomical characters of the carpophores. Attention is also paid to peripheral layers of stipe tissue, whose anatomical structure has not been sufficiently studied. The study of these layers, above all of the caulohymenium and the lateral stipe stratum, can provide information important for a better understanding of relationships between taxonomic groups in these families. The presence (or absence) of the caulohymenium with spore-bearing caulobasidia on the stipe surface is here considered as a significant ge neric character of boletes. A new combination, Pseudoboletus astraeicola (Imazeki) Šutara, is proposed. Key words: Boletaceae, Suillaceae, generic taxonomy, anatomical characters. Šutara J. (2005): Středoevropské rody čeledí Boletaceae a Suillaceae, s poznámka mi k jejich anatomickým znakům. - Czech Mycol. 57: 1-50. Je předložen taxonomický přehled středoevropských rodů čeledí Boletaceae a. SuiUaceae s rourko- vitým hymenoforem, včetně rodu Phylloporus s lupeny. Jsou diskutovány otázky týkající se vymezení hřibovitých rodů. Popisy a klíče k čeledím a rodům jsou založeny převážně na anatomických znacích plodnic. -
Patterns of Ectomycorrhizal Host-Fungus Specificity in the Pacific Northwest
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Randolph John Molina for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on December 17, 1980 Title: PATTERNS OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAL HOST-FUNGUS SPECIFICITY IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST Redacted for Privacy Abstract approved: Dr. James M. Trappe Results from approximately 400 fungus-host pure culture inoculations indicate that specificity of ectomycorrhizal associations is a complex phenomenon and cannot be based solely on field observations of sporocarp-host associations. Of the numerous sporocarp-host specific fungi tested, most formed ectomycorrhizae with one or more unexpected, non-associated hosts. These results conclusively demonstrate that ectomycorrhizal fungi which produce sporocarps only with a specific host species or genus can still form mycorrhizae with other "non-asso- ciated" hosts. The ability to form ectomycorrhizae with various hosts is termed "ectomycorrhizal host potential". Some fungi, however, showed superior mycorrhizal development on their particular hosts over other non-associated hosts, indicating further specialization in those associations. A large group of fungi known for diverse sporocarp-host associa- tions showed wide ectomycorrhizal host potential by forming abundant, well developed ectomycorrhizae with all or most hosts. It's suggested that these fungi may share similar compatibility or recognition factors common to many ectomycorrhizal hosts thus allowing for diverse host associations. A spectrum from mycorrhizal generalists to specialists was seen among the hosts in their ability to form mycorrhizae with diverse fungi. The ericaceous hosts Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Arbutus menziesii were broadly receptive towards the fungi, forming mycorrhizae with 25 of the 28 tested. This included most of the fungi which produce sporocarps only in association with specific conifers. -
MUSHROOMS of the OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled By
MUSHROOMS OF THE OTTAWA NATIONAL FOREST Compiled by Dana L. Richter, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI for Ottawa National Forest, Ironwood, MI March, 2011 Introduction There are many thousands of fungi in the Ottawa National Forest filling every possible niche imaginable. A remarkable feature of the fungi is that they are ubiquitous! The mushroom is the large spore-producing structure made by certain fungi. Only a relatively small number of all the fungi in the Ottawa forest ecosystem make mushrooms. Some are distinctive and easily identifiable, while others are cryptic and require microscopic and chemical analyses to accurately name. This is a list of some of the most common and obvious mushrooms that can be found in the Ottawa National Forest, including a few that are uncommon or relatively rare. The mushrooms considered here are within the phyla Ascomycetes – the morel and cup fungi, and Basidiomycetes – the toadstool and shelf-like fungi. There are perhaps 2000 to 3000 mushrooms in the Ottawa, and this is simply a guess, since many species have yet to be discovered or named. This number is based on lists of fungi compiled in areas such as the Huron Mountains of northern Michigan (Richter 2008) and in the state of Wisconsin (Parker 2006). The list contains 227 species from several authoritative sources and from the author’s experience teaching, studying and collecting mushrooms in the northern Great Lakes States for the past thirty years. Although comments on edibility of certain species are given, the author neither endorses nor encourages the eating of wild mushrooms except with extreme caution and with the awareness that some mushrooms may cause life-threatening illness or even death. -
How to Distinguish Amanita Smithiana from Matsutake and Catathelasma Species
VOLUME 57: 1 JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2017 www.namyco.org How to Distinguish Amanita smithiana from Matsutake and Catathelasma species By Michael W. Beug: Chair, NAMA Toxicology Committee A recent rash of mushroom poisonings involving liver failure in Oregon prompted Michael Beug to issue the following photos and information on distinguishing the differences between the toxic Amanita smithiana and edible Matsutake and Catathelasma. Distinguishing the choice edible Amanita smithiana Amanita smithiana Matsutake (Tricholoma magnivelare) from the highly poisonous Amanita smithiana is best done by laying the stipe (stem) of the mushroom in the palm of your hand and then squeezing down on the stipe with your thumb, applying as much pressure as you can. Amanita smithiana is very firm but if you squeeze hard, the stipe will shatter. Matsutake The stipe of the Matsutake is much denser and will not shatter (unless it is riddled with insect larvae and is no longer in good edible condition). There are other important differences. The flesh of Matsutake peels or shreds like string cheese. Also, the stipe of the Matsutake is widest near the gills Matsutake and tapers gradually to a point while the stipe of Amanita smithiana tends to be bulbous and is usually widest right at ground level. The partial veil and ring of a Matsutake is membranous while the partial veil and ring of Amanita smithiana is powdery and readily flocculates into small pieces (often disappearing entirely). For most people the difference in odor is very distinctive. Most collections of Amanita smithiana have a bleach-like odor while Matsutake has a distinctive smell of old gym socks and cinnamon redhots (however, not all people can distinguish the odors). -
Systematics of the Genus Rhizopogon Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Large Subunit and Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Lisa C. Grubisha for the degree of Master of Science in Botany and Plant Pathology presented on June 22, 1998. Title: Systematics of the Genus Rhizopogon Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Large Subunit and Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences. Abstract approved Redacted for Privacy Joseph W. Spatafora Rhizopogon is a hypogeous fungal genus that forms ectomycorrhizae with genera of the Pinaceae. The greatest number and species of Rhizopogon are found in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwestern United States, where members of the Pinaceae are also concentrated. Rhizopogon spp. are host-specific primarily with Pinus spp. and Pseudotsuga spp. and thus are an important component of these forest ecosystems. Rhizopogon includes over 100 species; however, the systematics of Rhizopogon have not been well understood. Currently the genus is placed in the Boletales, an order of ectomycorrhizal fungi that are primarily epigeous and have a tubular hymenium. Suillus is a stipitate genus closely related to Rhizopogon that is also in the Boletales and host specific with Pinaceae.I examined the relationship of Rhizopogon to Suillus and other genera in the Boletales. Infrageneric relationships in Rhizopogon were also investigated to test current taxonomic hypotheses and species concepts. Through phylogenetic analyses of large subunit and internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, I found that Rhizopogon and Suillus formed distinct monophyletic groups. Rhizopogon was composed of four distinct groups; sections Amylopogon and Villosuli were strongly supported monophyletic groups. Section Rhizopogon was not monophyletic, and formed two distinct clades. Section Fulviglebae formed a strongly supported group within section Villosuli. -
Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Relationships of Eastern Asian And
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution Vol. 17, No. 1, October, pp. 37–47, 2000 doi:10.1006/mpev.2000.0812, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on Phylogenetic and Biogeographic Relationships of Eastern Asian and Eastern North American Disjunct Suillus Species (Fungi) as Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal RNA ITS Sequences Qiu-Xin Wu,*,1 Gregory M. Mueller,* Franc¸ois M. Lutzoni,* Yong-Qing Huang,† and Shou-Yu Guo,† *Department of Botany, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois, 60605-2496; and †Systematic Mycology and Lichenology Laboratory, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People’s Republic of China Received August 24, 1999; revised April 7, 2000 tween putative eastern Asian and eastern North Amer- Species of Suillus produce fleshy, pored mushrooms. ican disjunct species. Wu and Mueller (1997) discussed They are important symbiotic (ectomycorrhizal) part- the north temperate disjunct distributions of some ners of many coniferous trees. The genus includes macrofungi based on morphology and herbarium spec- several putative eastern Asian and eastern North imen records. They concluded that (1) the similarity American disjunct species, i.e., the S. americanus–S. between the mycota of eastern Asia and eastern North sibiricus and S. decipiens–S. spraguei complexes. Phy- America is relatively high as compared to that ob- logenetic relationships among the groups were deter- served between other regions in the north temperate mined to further understand the biogeographic pat- zone; and (2) disjunct distributions of macrofungi are tern. Analyses were based on 40 sequences of the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA tandem repeats, usually only seen at species or lower taxonomic levels. -
Focus on Suillus Brevipes and Suillus Sibiricus Samina Sarwar, Muhammad Hanif, A
Diversity of Boletes in Pakistan - focus on Suillus brevipes and Suillus sibiricus Samina Sarwar, Muhammad Hanif, A. N. Khalid, Jacques Guinberteau To cite this version: Samina Sarwar, Muhammad Hanif, A. N. Khalid, Jacques Guinberteau. Diversity of Boletes in Pak- istan - focus on Suillus brevipes and Suillus sibiricus. 7. International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA). UR Unité de recherche Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (1264)., Oct 2011, Arcachon, France. hal-02745612 HAL Id: hal-02745612 https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-02745612 Submitted on 3 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products (ICMBMP7) 2011 DIVERSITY OF BOLETES IN PAKISTAN – FOCUS ON SUILLUS BREVIPES AND SUILLUS SIBIRICUS SAMINA SARWAR1, MUHAMMAD HANIF1, A. N. KHALID 1, JACQUES GUINBERTEAU2 1Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan, 2 INRA, UR1264, Mycology and Food Safety, F33883 Villenave d’Ornon, France [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRACT During the exploration of diversity of non-gilled fungi and their ectomycorrhizal morphotypes from Pakistan, Suillus brevipes was found ectomycorrhizal with Quercus incana while Suillus sibiricus was found associated with roots of Pinus wallichiana and Salix alba. -
B735: Ectomycorrhizae of Maine 1: a Listing of Boletaceae with the Associated Hosts Richard L
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Bulletins Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station 1-1977 B735: Ectomycorrhizae of Maine 1: A Listing of Boletaceae with the Associated Hosts Richard L. Homola Paul A. Mistretta Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/aes_bulletin Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Homola, R.L., and P.A. Mistretta. 1977. Ectomycorrhizae of Maine 1: A listing of the Boletaceae with the associated hosts. Life Sciences and Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 735. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletins by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ECTOMYCORRHIZAE OF MAINE A Listing of Boletaceae with the Associated Hosts Richard L. Homola and Paul A. Mistretta LIFE SCIENCES AND AGRICULTURE EXPERIMENT STATION . UNIVERSITY OF MAINE AT ORONO BULLETIN 735 JANUARY 1977 CONTENTS Introduction . .. 1 Mycorrhizal List . 2 Summary .. .... .. .. ......... ............ ... 7 References Cited . .. 8 IIIustrations . .... ... .......... ... .. .... .... " 9 LSA EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 735 ECTOMYCORRHIZAE OF MAINE' 1. A LISTING OF BOLETACEAE WITH THE ASSOCIATED HOSTS. Richard L. Homola and Paul A. Mistretta Department of Botany and Plant Pathology University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04473 INTRODUCTION Mycorrhizae are intimate associations of fungal hyphae and the roots of higher plants. The roots of most shrubs and many, if not all, trees form mycorrhizal associations. There are two basic types of root-fungus associations: ectomycor rhizae and endomycorrhizae. Ectomycorrhizae are root-fungus associa tions where the fungal hyphae form compact mats covering the root's surface, but where the hyphae do not actually penetrate the root cells. -
Phylogenetic Assessment of Global Suillus ITS Sequences Supports Morphologically Defined Species and Reveals Synonymous and Undescribed Taxa
Mycologia, 108(6), 2016, pp. 1216–1228. DOI: 10.3852/16-106 # 2016 by The Mycological Society of America, Lawrence, KS 66044-8897 Phylogenetic assessment of global Suillus ITS sequences supports morphologically defined species and reveals synonymous and undescribed taxa Nhu H. Nguyen1 Collectively, this comprehensive genus-level phyloge- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, University netic integration of currently available Suillus ITS ‘ ‘ of Hawai iatMa¯noa, Honolulu, Hawai i 96822 molecular data and metadata will aid future taxonomic Else C. Vellinga and ecological work on an important group of ectomy- Thomas D. Bruns corrhizal fungi. Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Key words: Boletales, bolete, geography, molecular California, Berkeley, California 94720 phylogenetics, Suillaceae, suilloid, systematics, taxonomy Peter G. Kennedy INTRODUCTION Departments of Plant Biology and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, The genus Suillus Gray comprises approximately 100 Minnesota 55108 mushroom-forming species that are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Suillus species associate almost exclusively with members of the family Abstract: The genus Suillus represents one of the most Pinaceae and exhibit strong patterns of host specificity recognizable groups of mushrooms in conifer forests among different genera (Smith and Thiers 1964a, throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Although for Klofac 2013). They can also be found where hosts decades the genus has been relatively well defined mor- have been planted and have subsequently invaded in phologically, previous molecular phylogenetic assess- the Southern Hemisphere (Chapela et al. 2001, Dickie ments have provided important yet preliminary insights et al. 2010, Walbert et al. 2010, Hayward et al. -
Identification Key
GROUP 3, STALK WITH A RING, VEIL OR GAITER : IDENTIFICATION KEY. GROUP 3 A GROUP 3 A Stipe surrounded by a 6 species. gaiter. GROUP 3 GROUP 3 B Stipe with a ring, without GROUP 3 B 6 species. gaiter, often glandular; usually slimy cap. GROUP 3, STALK WITH A RING, VEIL OR GAITER : IDENTIFICATION KEY. 3,1 Cap adorned with many Painted Suillus wine-red scales or Suillus pictus patches. Fuscoboletinus pictus 3,2 Brown cap; white Slippery Jack secondary veil. Suillus luteus 3,3 Pale brown to reddish Larch Suillus brown cap. Suillus grevillei Suillus clin- GROUP 3 A torianus Stipe surrounded by a gaiter. 3,4 Cap brown to dark Breal Bolete reddish brown. Suillus glandulosus Fuscoboletinus glandulosus Cap covered Stipe pale Pore surface Pale yellow flesh with dark brown yellow at the pale yellow, reddening or 3,5 Cap covered with velar velar remains on apex, red-brown browning with browning a little Bog Bolete remains. a pale on the rest of age. when cut. Suillus background. the stipe. spectabilis Cap sulfur Stipe sulfur Pore surface Flesh whitish or 3.6 Sulfur yellow fruitbodies. yellow, often yellow, often yellow, olive at yellow, bluish Powdery Sulfur Bolete GROUP 3 B reddish in the radicating. maturity. slightly when Pulveroboletus center. cut. ravenelii GROUP 3, STALK WITH A RING, VEIL OR GAITER : IDENTIFICATION KEY. 3,7 Pale brown to yellowish Acidulated Bloete brown cap. Suillus acidus 3,8 Cap brown to yellowish Alutaceus Bolete brown. Suillus subalutaceus 3,9 Swamp Bolete Wine red cap, scaly. Suillus paluster GROUP 3 B Fuscoboletinus Stipe with a ring, paluster without gaiter, often glandular; usually 3,10 slimy cap.