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Proquest Dissertations ???? u Ottawa L'Université canadienne Canada's university FACULTÉ DES ÉTUDES SUPÉRIEURES L=J FACULTY OF GRADUATE AND ETPOSTOCTORALES u Ottawa posdoctoral studies L'Université cañadici ine, Canada's university Jose Marattil AUTEUR DE LA THESE / AUTHOR OF THESIS Ph.D. (Canon Law) GRADE /DEGREE Faculty of Canon Law FACULTE, ECOLE, DEPARTEMENT/ FACULTY, SCHOOL, DEPARTMENT Reverential fear as a Ground of Marriage Nullity with Particular Reference to the Indian Culture TITRE DE LA THESE / TITLE OF THESIS Augustine Mendonça DIRECTEUR (DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS SUPERVISOR Anne Asselin CO-DIRECTEUR (CO-DIRECTRICE) DE LA THESE / THESIS CO-SUPERVISOR EXAMINATEURS (EXAMINATRICES) DE LA THÈSE /THESIS EXAMINERS Jobe Abbass John Renken John Huels Kevin McKenna (St-Bernard's School of Theology and Ministry) Gary W. Slater Të'DOyën'dëiaFaciiité des études supérieures et postdoctorales / Dean of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies REVERENTIAL FEAR AS A GROUND OF MARRIAGE NULLITY WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE INDIAN CULTURE by Jose MARATTIL A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Canon Law Saint Paul University, Ottawa, Canada, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Canon Law Ottawa, Canada Saint Paul University 2009 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et ?F? Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington OttawaONK1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66017-1 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-66017-1 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protège cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ¦?I Canada Abstract Marriage is an intimate interpersonal bond, a juridic reality, between a man and a woman, who are legally habiles, and it comes into being through their mutual, free and irrevocable consent expressed in accord with the norm of law (cf. CIC, c. 1057; CCEO, c. 817). This mutual consent can be affected by several intrinsic and external factors which can render it null or invalid. One among these factors is grave fear imposed from without, which the person is not able to resist except by choosing marriage, and this no doubt invalidates the marriage. One form of grave fear implied in canon 1 103 of the Latin Code and canon 825 of the Eastern Code is reverential fear. The effect of reverential fear on the choices one makes is determined largely by the culture of people. The system of arranged marriages is so deeply rooted in Indian culture that, even today, almost ninety-five percent of the marriages are contracted in accord with that system. Although this system has its own merits within the context of a particular culture, it is not without its negative impact on the freedom of the Christian faithful in the choice of their life-partners. This is particularly evident in cases of reverential fear. The specific question we responded to in our thesis is: What is the impact of reverential fear, which is deeply rooted in the Indian culture, on matrimonial consent? We have organized our response to this question under four sub-questions and the response to these questions is developed in four chapters. In the first chapter we deal with the interpretation of ecclesial law in light of culture. The second chapter deals with the nature and the elements of matrimonial consent. The third chapter is a study of reverential fear as a ground of marriage nullity with particular reference to the factors that underlie reverential fear in the Indian cultural context. The focus of the fourth chapter is canonical jurisprudence on reverential fear. What we have discovered in our study is that there is a very close link between culture and law, and that a proper understanding of the cultural background of a person or of a community is very important to provide a just and equitable interpretation of law, marriage law in particular, and to apply it to a concrete case. Hence, a careful analysis of various cultural factors which impinge on matrimonial consent leads us to conclude that cultural factors can have a serious impact on the consent of the spouses and, indeed, the culturally rooted reverential fear can substantially affect the freedom of choice of marriage itself and/or of the marriage partner. Table of Contents Table of Contents i Acknowledgements vi Abbreviations vii General Introduction 1 Chapter One: Interpretation of Ecclesial Law in Light of Culture Introduction 9 1 . 1 Culture as a Vehicle of Formation and Conveyance of a Community's Values 11 1.1.1 Concept of Culture 12 1 . 1 .2 Culture as a Formator of a Community's Values 1 5 1.1.2.1 Definition of Value 15 1.1.2.2 Culture as a Formator of Values in a Community 1 6 1.1.3 Culture as a Conveyer of a Community's Values 17 1 . 1 .4 Language as Vehicle of a Community's Culture 1 8 1 . 1 .4. 1 Notion of Language 1 8 1 . 1 .4.2 Relation between Language and Culture 1 9 1.1.5 Culture ' s Impact on Human Personality 20 1.1.5.1 Concept of Personality 21 1.1.5.2 Culture and Personality 22 1 .2 The Relationship between Culture and Law 24 1.2.1 Concept of Law 24 1 .2.2 Law in the Context of Culture 25 1.2.3 Dynamic Interaction of Culture and Law 26 1.2.4 Interpreting Law in Light of Culture 27 1 .3 Culture and Ecclesial Law 29 1.3.1 Notion of Ecclesiastical or Ecclesial Law 29 1.3.2 Ultimate Goal of Ecclesial Law 30 1 .3.3 Role of Culture in the Formation of Ecclesial Law 32 1.3.4 Role of Culture in the Interpretation of Ecclesial Law 35 1.4 Essential Elements of the Indian Culture vis-à-vis Marriage & Family 37 1.4.1 Culture and Marriage 38 1.4.2 Understanding of Marriage in Indian Culture 40 1.4.2.1 Marriage among the Hindus 41 1 .4.2.2 Marriage among the Indian Christians 44 1.4.2.2.1 Christianity in India 44 1.4.2.2.2 Institution of Marriage and the Indian Christians 47 11 Table of Contents 1.4.3 Joint or Extended Family System 48 1 .4.4 Contemporary Nuclear Family System in India 5 1 1 .4.5 The System of Arranged Marriages in Indian Culture 52 1 .5 The Factors Affecting a Marriage in the Arranged Marriage System 55 1.5.1 Parental Authority 5 5 1.5.2 Filial Reverence 57 1.5.3 Social and Financial Status 57 1.5.4 Dowry System 58 1.5.5 Caste System 61 1.5.6 Age 63 Conclusion 65 Chapter Two: The Nature and the Elements of Matrimonial Consent Introduction 68 2.1 The Elements of a Juridic Act 71 2.1.1 Habilitas for a Juridic Act 7 1 2. 1 .2 The Constitutive Elements of a Juridic Act 77 2.1.2.1 The Subj ective Constitutive Elements of Juridic Act 77 2.1.2.1.1 Abstract Knowledge of the Object 78 2.1.2.1.2 Critical Knowledge of the Object 79 2.1.2.1.3 Internal Freedom to Choose the Object 79 2. 1 .2.2 The Objective Constitutive Elements of a Juridic Act 80 2.1.2.2.1 Substance of the Object of a Juridic Act 80 2.1.2.2.2 Substantial Elements of the Object of a Juridic Act 81 2.1.2.2.3 Substantial Qualities of the Object of a Juridic Act 81 2.1.2.2.4 Accidental Qualities of the Object of a Juridic Act 82 2.1.3 Formalities (sollemnid) and Requirements (requisita) of a Juridic Act 82 2.2 The Factors that Invalidate a Juridic Act 83 2.2.1 Incapacity to Elicit a Juridic Act 83 2.2.2 Force 84 2.2.3 Grave Fear 86 2.2.3.1 Common Fear 86 2.2.3.2 Reverential Fear 87 2.2.4 Fraud (Deceit) 89 2.2.5 Ignorance 90 2.2.6 Error 92 2.2.7 Condition 93 2.2.8 Simulation 93 111 Table of Contents 2.3 The Nature and the Elements of Matrimonial Consent 95 2.3.1 Habilitas for Matrimonial Consent 95 2.3.2 The Constitutive Elements of Matrimonial Consent 96 2.3.2.1 The Subjective Constitutive Elements of Matrimonial Consent 97 2.3.2.1.1 Abstract Knowledge of the Object of Matrimonial Consent 97 2.3.2.
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