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Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Effects of Apple

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Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Effects of Apple International Journal of Research and Review Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Website: www.ijrrjournal.com Review Article E-ISSN: 2349-9788; P-ISSN: 2454-2237 Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Effects of Apple Poppy Nur Azizah, Husnunnisa, Sestry Misfadhila School of Pharmaceutical Science (STIFARM Padang), Padang, Indonesia. Corresponding Author: Sestry Misfadhila ABSTRACT become mushy for applesauce. Apples are also made into apple cider drinks. [1] Apples are the edible fruit produced by the apple tree Malus domestica. The apple tree is cultivated worldwide and is the most widely grown species in the genus Malus. The apple tree originates from Central Asia. Apple has been developed for thousands of years in Asia and Europe and brought to North America by European colonizers. Apple has a high nutritional value so that it can be a good food source. Humans widely consume an apple. Different cultivars are bred for a variety of flavors and uses, including cooking, eating raw, and juice production. Phytochemically, apples are reported to contain triterpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids, and sterols. Pharmacologically, this fruit is reported to have Antioxidants, Figure 1: Fruit of Apple. [2] Antiobesity, Anticholesterol, Anticancer, Enzyme Inhibitor and Antimicrobial. Keyword: Apple, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological INTRODUCTION The scientific name for the apple tree in Latin is Malus domestica. Apples grown from Malus sieversii are descendants of Central Asia, with most of the genome of Malus sylvestris. Apples are usually red when ripe and ready to eat, but also can be [2] green or yellow skin, fruit skin a bit soft, the Figure 2: Flowers of Apple. meat was hard. This fruit has several seeds Scientific classification [1] in it. The first began to grow apples in Kingdom : Plantae Central Asia. Apple today grown in many Division : Magnoliophyta regions of the world where the air Class : Magnoliopsida temperature is cooler. Most apples eaten Order : Rosales raw or cooked and are also used in many Family : Rosaceae food pasta. Apples are cooked until they Subfamily : Maloideae or Spiraeoideae Nation : Maleae International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 231 Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Poppy Nur Azizah et.al. Review of phytochemical and pharmacological effects of apple Genus : Malus floribunda types Mallus followed by Ambri Species : M. Domestica (0.367 QEA (mg/g), and a minimum of Binomial name: 0.024 QEA flavonoid content (mg/g) was Malus domestica observed in Star Summer Gold, followed by Synonym Apple [1] QEA 0.027 (mg/g) in apples rich in another Malus communis Desf. type has a moderate concentration Malus pumila Mil. Additionally, maximum (0.351 QEA (mg/g) M. frutescens Medik. and minimum (0.002 QEA (mg/g) flavanol content) was observed in Val Orange and M. paradisiaca (L.) Medikus [16] M. sylvestris Mil. Red Fuji. Pyrus malus L. Determination of chemical constituents of skin Red Delicious apples Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L. bioactivity using the method of Pyrus dioica Moench fractionation. Some of the compounds, including triterpenoids, flavonoids, organic DATA COLLECTION acids, and sterols were isolated using a In compiling this review article, the solvent gradient fractionation, ODS Diaion technique used is by searching for sources HP-20, silica gel, and column, and or literature in the form of international preparative HPLC. Based on the results of journals in the last 20 years (2000-2020). the isolation of flavonoids, the main The primary references in this article are flavonoids in the skin of apples are through websites such as ScienceDirect, quercetin - 3 - O - D - glucopyranoside Pubmed, Google Scholar, Pubchen, and (82.6%), and quercetin-3-O - D- other trusted journals with the keyword as galactopyranoside (17.1%), quercetin (0.2 follows: apple, Malus domestica, %), (-) -catechin, (-) - epicatechin, and phytochemicals, and pharmacology. quercetin - 3 - ORL - arabinofuranoside. [8] Phenol content of varieties Gala, PHYTOCHEMICAL REVIEW Fuji and Golden Delicious that 95% is The phytochemical properties of produced by Brazil. Phenols (whole fruit) apples were determined by using the were determined by HPLC, total phenols chromatographic analysis method showed determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau. that the triterpenic content was 9,586 mg/g Golden Delicious has the highest phenol of pomace. Ursolic acid comprises 7,125 content (408 mg/fruit) than Fuji (194 mg/g (about 75% of the total). The amount mg/fruit) and Gala (162 mg/fruit), three of triterpenic acid synthesis was also varieties phenolic profile shows 5- obtained as much as (0.287 mg/g in pomace. caffeoylquinic acid, (2)-epicatechin, And the total content of sterols and their procyanidin B2, and phloridzin as a main derivatives in pomace was 1.716 mg/g. [19] component with procyanidins as the main The results obtained, the total phenol class and quercetin as a minority. The content of apples is 31.5-980.8 GAE/g. results showed that the phenol content of the Flavanol content in apples is 0.004-0.185 varieties Gala, Fuji and Golden Delicious QEA (mg/g), flavonoids range from 0.36 to that 95% is produced by Brazil.Phenol 0.3584 QEA (mg / g). The maximum phenol (whole fruit) were determined by HPLC, the 980.8 GAE/g, this study uses Mallus apple amount determined by the method of Folin floribunda wild type, followed by 722.0 phenol-Ciocalteau. Golden Delicious has GAE/g on Early Tydemans Worcestor and the highest content of phenol (408 mg/fruit) minimum phenolic content of 31.5 mg L 1 compared to Fuji (194 mg/fruit) and Gala was observed in Starking Delicious. Other (162 mg/fruit), phenolic profile of the three types have a moderate range. QEA varieties showed 5-caffeoylquinic acid, (2)- maximum flavonoid content is 0.3884 epicatechin, procyanidin B2 and phloridzin (mg/g) was observed in the wild apple International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 232 Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Poppy Nur Azizah et.al. Review of phytochemical and pharmacological effects of apple as a main component with procyanidins as (8mmat 500 mg/mL). The results showed the main class and quercetin as a minority. that the MIC of M.domestica-AgNPs found [21] to be 35.59 ug/mL for Enterobacter From phytochemical studies, it was aerogenes, 34.17 ug/mL for Escherichia found that the total phenolic levels (TPC) coli, 27.47 ug/ml for Pseudomonas were tested by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, Aerogenosa, and 24.56 mg for Klebsiella HPLC/DAD determined individual Pneumonia. The findings clearly show that phenolics, and TAC was measured using it is stable AgNPs have excellent iron-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). antimicrobial activity against MDR strains Ten grams (10 g) of skin and fresh frozen of Enterobacter aerogenes and the results meat were taken per apple genotype. Then further indicated that the antibacterial dilute methanol in a ratio of 1: 1 (w/v), the activity of M.domestica-AgNPs were equal mixture is filtered, the filtrate is stored at 20 to the antibacterial activity of 20 µg positive oC before analysis. The results showed that control antibiotics. [3] procyanidin was the most dominant From the results of studies, that phenolic group in meat and skin, followed consumption of apples has been proven by hydroxynamic acid in flesh and flavonol effective for relieving symptoms of in the skin. [10] intestinal inflammation. This effect is because apples contain (poly) phenols, PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY including phloretin (Phlor) and glycosides Antioxidant called phloridzin (Phldz).The modulation Apples are carcinogenesis using a effect of these molecules can be seen from test system in-vitro and in-vivo. Apple their impact on synthesisproinflammatory phytochemical content such as flavonoids molecules (PGE2, IL-8, IL-6, MCP-1, and (catechins, flavonols, quercetin) and ICAM-1) in IL-1-treated myofibroblasts of phenolic acids (glycosides of quercetin, the colon CCD-18Co cell line) the potential catechin, epicatechins, procyanidins), for further inhibition of glycation formation vitamins, and fiber, which provides the final products (AGEs). The results showed benefits of antioxidants. The use of natural that Phlor (10–50 M) decreased the materials or synthetic is to prevent and synthesis of PGE2and IL-8 and the inhibit the development of carcinogenesis formation of AGEs by different and can reduce the risk of invasive clinical mechanisms. [23] disease. [13] The results showed that AgNP can Antiobesity be the best alternative to antibiotics for the The results of research conducted on infection control triggered by the MDR adult male Wistar rats gave an inhibitory strain of bacteria. [21] In this study, the agar effect of supplementation with apple pectin diffusion test is used to describe molecule on obesity. The phytochemical M.domestica-AgNPs antibacterial activity effects of apple viz pectin against the against clinical isolates of drug resistance in oxidative effects of a high-fat diet observed. the test. After 24 hours of incubation, clear The study results stated TBARS zones of inhibition observed in the well is concentration in the liver, kidney, and blood filled with AgNPs M.domestica- and serum of mice that received a high-fat diet, ciprofloxacin/chloramphenicol (positive and simultaneously apple pectin (HFD + control). It was found that M.domestica- Pec) decreased by 20%, 29%, and AgNPs have the highest activity against 19%.Tests carried out in this study were Enterobacter aerogenes, (24mmat 500 carried out on a total of 28 adult male ug/mL), Klebsiella pneumoniae (23mmat Wistar rats weighing 230 10 g. [15] 500 ug/mL), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Thin young apple polysaccharide (22mmat 500 mg/mL) and Escherichia coli (TYAP) has been investigated in a high-fat International Journal of Research and Review (ijrrjournal.com) 233 Vol.7; Issue: 9; September 2020 Poppy Nur Azizah et.al. Review of phytochemical and pharmacological effects of apple diet (HFD) induced fat rat due to its effect 95.49 mg / L.
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