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U niversi^ Micionlms International SCO N. Z88b Road Ann Aitor, Ml 48106 8400318 Zimmerman, Janet Robbins THE MUSICAL EXPERIENCES OF TWO GROUPS OF CHILDREN IN ONE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1983 University Microfilms I nternstionsi300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1983 by Zimmerman, Janet Robbins All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V 1. Glossy photographs or pages. 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print. 3. Photographs with dark background i / 4. Illustrations are poor copy______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy. 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page. 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several __p ag es 8. Print exceeds margin requirements_____ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in______ spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print. 11. Page(s)___________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) ___________ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered___________ . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages______ 15. Other_____________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International THE MUSICAL EXPERIENCES OF TWO GROUPS OF CHILDREN IN ONE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Janet Robbins Zimmerman, B.M.E., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Committee: Approved By A. Peter Costanza Ojo Arewa Nancy MacGregor A. Jeanette Sexton Advisor School of Music ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The completion of this project is due in part to my teachers, family and friends, who supported my ideas and guided me throughout the various stages of this study. I am particularly grateful to my advisor, Peter Costanza, for encouraging this ethnographic endeavor in a field where few models exist, and for giving me his trust and friendship during my graduate studies. Members of my family gave me constant support and were valuable resources to me. Laura Rolfe shared her work space and graphic talents for the final document; my father, Edwin Robbins, provided a house full of tradi­ tion in which to carry on; Jim Zimmerman helped convince me that it could be done; and Jeanne and Dick Zimmerman provided endless hours of childcare so that I could have the time to do it. A final thank you goes to the music teacher and the children of "Cumberland School," who let me into their lives and music classes, where, among other things, we learned to sing and play together. VITA August 28, 1949 ......... Born in Kansas City, Missouri 1971 .................... B.M.E., The Ohio State University. Columbus, Ohio 1972-1977 ............... Music Resource Specialist, Arts Impact Program, Columbus, Ohio 1977-1981 ............... Graduate Teaching Associate, School of Music, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1978 .................... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1982-1983 ............... Music Consultant, Program for Young People, Continuing Education Non-Credit Courses, The Ohio State University PUBLICATIONS "The Power of Play in Orff-Schulwerk," in Music of Young Children: Current Issues in Music Education, Vol., 12, University Press, The Ohio State University: Columbus, Ohio 1980. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Music Education Studies in Music Education. Professors A. Peter Costanza, Jere Forsythe, Joan Lehr, James Major. Studies in Arts Education. Professor Nancy MacGregor. Studies in Ethnography. Professor Ojo Arewa. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................ ^ VITA ................................................... ii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................... vi LIST OF PLATES .......................................... vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ................................... i Statement of the Problem .................. 3 Rationale ................................... ' P u r p o s e ...................................... Limitations ................................. II. RELATED RESEARCH MODELS 15 General Classroom ........................... Arts Education ............................. Art Education ............................... Ethnomusiology ............................. Music Education ............................. III. P R O C E D U R E S .............................. 26 Choosing the Teacher ................ 26 Seeking Permission ........................ 29 Observations ............... 30 Researcher as Participant Observer .... 32 Student Interviews ........................ 34 J o u r n a l ............................... 38 D o c u m e n t s ............................. 38 A n a l y s i s ............................. 40 1 1 1 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE SETTING, SUBJECTS AND SCENES ........................................ 42 The Community and School .................. 42 The Music R o o m ............................. 47 The Students ............................... The Music Teacher ........................ 54 Inside the Music Classes: Mrs. Weber's Group E n t e r i n g ............................... 61 S i n g i n g ................................. «2 M o v e m e n t ............................... /y Playing Instruments .................... °4 Inside the Music Classes: Mrs. Hoke's Group E n t e r i n g ............................... S i n g i n g .................................. 92 Playing Instruments .................... M o v e m e n t ............................... 11' Listening to Records .................. 121 V. INTERPRETATION OF THE FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION OF STUDENT REACTIONS ............. 12/ Classroom Relationships .................. 128 Classroom Control ........................ Iy5 Classroom Experiences .................... 143 S i n g i n g .................................. 148 Playing Instruments .................... •'■y® M o v e m e n t ............................... 1°9 Listening to Records .................. 1'® VI. SUMMARY AND C O N C L U S I O N S ....................... 184 S u m m a r y .................................... 184 Conclusions ............................... 188 Reactions and Implications ................ 190 Recommendations ........................... 198 APPENDIXES A. Letter to P a r e n t s ............................. 200 B. Human Subjects Review Committee Approval Form 202 IV C. Student Interview Consent Form .............. 204 D. Observation Schedule ......................... 206 E. Mrs. Kay's Schedule of Music Classes .... 208 F. Photographic Documentation .................. 210 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................... 219 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Sketch of Cumberland School ............... 46 2. Diagram of Music R o o m ....................... 51 3. Dance Formation .............................. 77 4. Dance Formation .............................. 78 5. Game Formation ............................. 119 6. Chart of Musical Experiences ........... 147 7. Student's Sketch of Xylophone ........... 164 8. Student's Sketch of Xylophone ........... 165 9. Student's Sketch of Xylophone ........... 166 10. "Ionization" Collage .................... 180 11. "Ionization" Collage .................... 180 VI LIST OF PLATES Plate Page I. Clapping rhythm patterns: boys and girls from Mrs. Weber's Class .................... 211

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