Policy Report: Considering the Impact of Education Reform on High-Risk Neighborhoods

The contents of this report reflect the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Urban League, the Urban League of Greater New Orleans, or the National Collaborative for Health for Health Equity. Opinions expressed in National Collaborative for Health for Health Equity publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the staff, officers or governors of the National Collaborative for Health for Health Equity or of the organizations that support the National Collaborative for Health Equity and its research. This work was generously supported by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. We would like to acknowledge the Equity in All Places core team: Florentina Staigers, Esq., Ms. Yvette Wing Merritt, Dr. Marsha Broussard, Ms. Jamilah Peters-Muhammad, and Mr. Brandon Caples for significant contributions to this work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I: THE POLICY ISSUE ...... 4 Background ...... 4 The New Orleans Education Landscape ...... 5 Purpose of this Report ...... 6 PART II: FINDINGS ...... 9 How are schools in New Orleans’ highest risk neighborhoods performing? ...... 10 What is the stability of the schools and student populations in these neighborhoods? ...... 15 Conclusions ...... 18 Policy Recommendations ...... 18 APPENDIX A: SCHOOLS BY NEIGHBORHOOD ...... 21 7th Ward ...... 22 A.P. Tureaud Elementary School ...... 22 Homer A. Plessy Community School (PK-5) ...... 23 McDonogh 35 Preparatory Academy (7-8) ...... 23 McDonogh 35 Senior High School (9-12) ...... 24 McDonogh 42 Elementary Charter School (PK-8) ...... 24 Behrman ...... 26 Crescent Leadership Academy (7-12 and for students experiencing discipline issues) ...... 26 Harriet Tubman Charter School (PK-8) ...... 27 L. B. Landry-O. P. Walker College and Career Preparatory High School (9-12) ...... 27 Murray Henderson Elementary (PK-8) ...... 28 O. Perry Walker (9-12) ...... 28 Paul Habans Charter School (PK-8)...... 28 Central City ...... 30 Cohen College Prep (9-12) ...... 30 Edgar P. Harney Spirit of Excellence (K-8) ...... 31 James M. Singleton Charter School (PK-8) ...... 31 KIPP Central City Academy (5-8) ...... 32 KIPP Central City Primary (K-4) ...... 32 Mahalia Jackson Elementary School (PK-5) ...... 33 Sylvanie Williams College Prep (PK-7) ...... 33 Desire ...... 35

Architecture Design and Engineering Preparatory High (9-12) ...... 36 Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory (PK-6) ...... 36 G.W. Carver Collegiate Academy (9-12) ...... 37 G.W. Carver Preparatory Academy (9-12) ...... 37 Fischer ...... 39 New Orleans Military/Maritime Academy (9-12) ...... 39 Fischer Accelerated Academy (PK-8) ...... 40 Little Woods ...... 41 Lake Forest Elementary Charter School (K-8) ...... 41 Mildred Osborne Elementary (K-8) ...... 42 ReNEW Dolores T. Aaron Elementary (PK-8) ...... 42 McDonogh ...... 44 Martin Behrman Charter School (PK-8) ...... 44 McDonogh 32 Literacy Academy (PK-8) ...... 45 ReNew Accelerated High School: Westbank Campus (6-12) ...... 45 Schwarz Alternative School ...... 46 St. Thomas ...... 47 ReNEW SciTech Academy at Laurel (PK-8) ...... 47 APPENDIX B: WORKS CITED ...... 48

PART I: THE POLICY ISSUE Background Health Equity Equity in All Places (formerly Orleans Parish Place is achieved when every person has the Matters) is part of a network of nineteen teams across opportunity to "attain the United States that are affiliated with the National his or her full health Collaborative for Health Equity. The mission of Equity in potential" and no one All Places, Orleans Parish is to use the Social is "disadvantaged from achieving this Determinants of Health framework to advocate for potential because of place-based policies that create equitable, safe and social position or healthy communities. other socially determined In 2012, our Community Health and Equity Report circumstances. (CHER) demonstrated that the lowest levels of (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) educational attainment by census tract correlate with the lowest life expectancy rates and other health risk factors, including violence. Since then, the Equity in All Places team has focused on education as a key factor in achieving health equity; and in particular, has focused on dismantling the school-to- prison pipeline.

In 2014, Equity in all Places published a second CHER report addressing the impact of Education Policies (CHER-EP) on eight high-risk neighborhoods previously identified by the New Orleans Health Department and the Community Risk Index.1 These neighborhoods included 7th Ward, Behrman, Central City, Desire, Fischer, Little Woods, McDonogh, and St. Thomas. The 2014 CHER-EP report demonstrated

1 The Community Risk Index (CRI), developed for the New Orleans Health Department, was used to compare risks across neighborhoods. The CRI was formulated by statistically combining a set of measures into a single indicator for each census tract. The CRI incorporated data for population below 150% of the Federal Poverty Level, overcrowded households (more than one person per room), households without a vehicle and vacant housing.

the strength of societal factors that act upon children leaving them vulnerable to violence and victimization. The report concluded that New Orleans schools are not protecting children, but are instead making them more vulnerable to violence through their suspension practices. The report also focused on the impact of school choice on students in high-risk neighborhoods and concluded that children who lived in high-risk neighborhoods with low performing schools were being bused to other neighborhoods to attend low performing schools. This finding was further substantiated by the Education Research Alliance’s (ERA) report on student mobility in a post-Katrina landscape.1 The ERA study concluded, “lower-performing students are more likely to move to schools with performance similar to the ones they left.”2 A John Hopkins study also recognized “potential social costs of [students] traveling far across the city every day, possibly alone.”3 As we now examine the relationship between education institutions and neighborhood environments, it is important to acknowledge that while some educational freedoms may be gained from school choice, other freedoms and opportunities may be lost.

The New Orleans Education Landscape4 The Recovery School District (RSD) was created by state legislation passed in 2003 in order to turnaround low-performing schools across the state.5 After Hurricane Katrina, more than 100 of Orleans Parish’s lower performing schools were surrendered to the control of the state’s RSD. The RSD directly governed 75 schools and 60 were charter schools. The remaining relatively higher performing schools in Orleans Parish stayed under local control by the Orleans Parish School Board (OPSB). The OPSB system governed 20 schools, 14 of which were charter schools. Leading a national trend of privatization of public education, more than 80% of public schools students in Orleans Parish attended a charter school. Currently, the RSD is now a 100% charter school system. With decentralization of the public school system and elimination of school attendance zones, a school choice model with open- enrollment has emerged making it possible for students to attend schools in any neighborhood in the city. As of the 2014-2015 school year, nearly 44,000 students were enrolled in public schools in Orleans Parish.6 87% of those students were African American, 7% were categorized as “Other” and 6% were White.7 In 2016, Act

91 passed, which created a process to return RSD schools in New Orleans to OPSB.8 The schools will transfer to OPSB by 2018, or if issues arise, at the latest by July 1, 2019.9

Purpose of this Report Race and equity are two key underlying issues of the controversy involving education reforms. A vocal movement of community advocates has continued to raise concerns about the race dynamics of education reform in New Orleans.10 Conferences, town hall meetings, magazine articles, blogs and even a documentary have been devoted to expressing a number of issues regarding the impact of reform on communities and students of color.11 Key issues include, but are not limited to, the loss of self-determination, high suspension rates coupled with oppressive school environments, and the lack of cultural connection and understanding of new teachers. A central demand of advocates is the need for “meaningful participation from the Black community” in the education of a 97% Black student population.12 Moreover, this vocal faction of pained sentiments of racism and disempowerment is supported by a number of studies and reports. As one journalist noted, there is “growing evidence that the reforms have come at the expense of the city’s most disadvantaged children.”13 The Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education found that “the New Orleans reforms have created a set of schools that are highly stratified by race, class, and educational advantage.”14 This narrative is often lost in light of the larger majority narrative surrounding educational reform, which touts the benefits of public school privatization and the autonomy that it affords. As we updated the data indicators from our 2014 CHER-EP report we set out to highlight these issues.

FIGURE 1. RACIAL/ETHNIC POPULATION DENSITY IN ORLEANS PARISH BY NEIGHBORHOOD, 2014

As determined in the 2012 CHER Report, the highest-risk neighborhoods in Orleans Parish are predominately Black. Residents of these eight neighborhoods experience higher rates of poverty, violent crime, significantly higher health disparities and lower life expectancy outcomes than those living in other neighborhoods across the city. The focus of the 2014 CHER-EP report was to address the impact of new educational reform policies on students living in these eight high-risk neighborhoods across New

Orleans. This 2016 report updates some of the most critical factors from the 2014 CHER-EP report, and examines these data and findings through a race and equity lens. Furthermore, this report considers the impact of these same educational reforms upon neighborhoods themselves.

The report’s approach to addressing race, equity and neighborhood impact is to answer specific questions:

1. How are schools in these predominantly Black neighborhoods performing? 2. What are the suspension rates of the schools in these neighborhoods? 3. What is the stability of the schools and student populations in these neighborhoods? In considering these questions and the data, the report examines further the potential adverse impact on these predominately Black communities already made vulnerable by lower life expectancy, higher concentrations of poverty, health disparities and lower educational attainment.

Equity in All Places hopes that this new examination of these facts will contribute to a statewide commitment to ensure that educational reform policies do not inadvertently increase racial disparities but rather promote more equitable outcomes for our most vulnerable students and communities. Finally, the conclusions will offer new policy recommendations which support equity in educational outcomes for all students regardless of race and which do not further harm vulnerable communities.

PART II: FINDINGS

FIGURE 2. LOCATIONS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN ORLEANS PARISH NEIGHBORHOODS, 2014

How are schools in New Orleans’ highest risk neighborhoods performing? The primary data source for school performance, suspensions, and student stability is the New Orleans Parents’ Guide. The Parents’ Guide relies on state data from the Louisiana Department of Education, which is not available for all schools. This posed some challenges for this report. For example, schools that go through a significant change - such as moving from one charter operator to another - are often not given a score for the year before the change. Additionally, in keeping with our 2014 Education Policy report, the report references the City Planning Commission’s map of the 73 official city neighborhoods. It is acknowledged that the neighborhood boundaries might not coincide with traditional views or conventional wisdom of long- time residents.15

The School Performance Scores in Table 1 highlight how high-risk neighborhoods continue to struggle with low-performing schools. As a result, choices continue to be limited for parents and students who prefer to attend a school in their geographic area or who face barriers such as work schedules, transportation, childcare, etc. Currently, half of the schools in the high-risk neighborhoods have performance scores of ‘D’ or ‘F’. Only three schools have ‘B’ scores, and there are currently no ‘A’ schools. The only two schools with an ‘A’ score both have moved from the neighborhoods in the past three years. Additionally, there were just as many schools that decreased their letter grade in the past few years as those that improved their grade (six schools decreased, while five increased). This remains a concern for parents and students in these high-risk neighborhoods who have geographic preferences and/or limitations.

Table 1. School Performance Score2 Site Name SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15

D Closed N/A A.P. Tureaud Elementary School Homer A. Plessy Community School N/A * D

7th Ward McDonogh #35 Preparatory Academy N/A F D McDonogh #35 Senior High School C C C

McDonogh 42 Charter School T T D

Crescent Leadership Academy * * F

Harriet Tubman Charter School T D C

Behrman L.B. Landry-O. Perry Walker High B B D

Murray Henderson Elementary * Closed N/A

O. Perry Walker * Closed N/A

Paul Habans Charter School * F F

Cohen College Prep D C B

Edgar P. Harney Spirit of Excellence Academy D C C

James M. Singleton Charter School D C D

Central City KIPP Central City Academy B B B KIPP Central City Primary C C C

Mahalia Jackson Elementary School B B C

Sylvanie Williams College Prep C D D

Architecture Design and Engineering Closed N/A N/A

Desire Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory F Closed N/A GW Carver Collegiate Academy * C C

GW Preparatory Academy * C D

New Orleans Military/Maritime Academy B C A

Fischer Fischer Accelerated Academy C D F Lake Forest Elementary Charter School A A A

Little Woods Mildred Osborne Elementary * D D ReNEW Dolores T. Aaron Elementary T D C

Martin Behrman Literacy Academy B B C

McDonogh #32 Elementary School C D D

McDonogh ReNew Accelerated High School * * * Schwarz Alternative School Closed * *

St. Thomas ReNEW SciTech Academy at Laurel C C B

2 A ‘*’ indicates that data was not available. ‘T’ indicates transition. Schools get a letter grade of “T” in their first two years under new school management.

What are the Rates of School Suspensions? Louisiana is one of thirteen states that are responsible for over half of the nation’s suspensions of Black students.16 During the 2014-2015 school, the Department of Education reported that the average out-of-school suspension rate for Louisiana local education agencies (LEAs) was 8.3%. There is clear statistical evidence that students of color, even those as young as Pre-K, are experience disproportionately harsher discipline in schools.17 For example, the data shows that African American male students were suspended at twice the rate of other students.18 Moreover, zero- tolerance policies have created prison-like environments at schools. For example, in 2014, a group of parents and students filed a civil rights complaint against a New Orleans charter school manager for harsh discipline policies.19 The complaint included allegations of “out of control suspension practices for trivial matters,” such as laughing too much, hugging a friend, not adhering to policies to shake hands with administrators, walk straight on a line, be silent in the hallways or at lunchtime and raise a hand in lock-elbow position.20 These stricter policies coupled with increasing numbers of White teachers and administrators without connections to the communities in which they work has aggravated racial tensions and raised questions of cultural competency.21

Schools in the New Orleans’ most high-risk neighborhoods continue to struggle with high rates of suspension, which has implications for both the students and the neighborhoods (see Table 2). Our previous CHER-EP report concluded that suspension data implied that a significant number of students were out of class or school for a considerable amount of time during the school year, but did not indicate where students were spending time during the suspension. This was also true of the updated 2014-2015 data and remains a concern. During the 2014-2015 school year, Louisiana students missed a total of 375,000 instructional hours, or 62,580 instructional days, due to out-of-school suspensions.22

When students are out of school they fall behind in studies. Students who are suspended even once are associated with a 32% risk of dropping out of school altogether.23 We do not know whether students are returning to their home

neighborhoods or are possibly staying within the school’s neighborhood. What we do know is that suspended students are spending more time outside of the potentially protective environment of school.

School choice might also aggravate “turf-wars” and gang violence because a significant percentage of students are arriving from other high-risk neighborhoods and possibly spending time there as a result of suspensions.24 Students who have been suspended are more likely to be held back a grade and drop out of school entirely, and they are more likely to end up in the juvenile justice system.25 Additionally, as noted in the CHER-EP report, high-risk neighborhoods may have limited resources to serve youth during out-of-school time. Thus, suspensions may be creating additional risks for the residents of predominately Black neighborhoods, already made vulnerable by high rates of poverty, and they are limiting life opportunities for youth of color in New Orleans.

While studies and discourse about school choice often examine the impact of choice on the entire New Orleans education landscape, the equity lens requires a more specific examination of the impact of school choice on these eight highest-risk neighborhoods identified in our previous reports.

Table 2. Percentage of Students Suspended Site Name Grades Classification SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 A.P. Tureaud Elementary School PK-6 RSD Direct Run * Closed N/A Homer A. Plessy Community School PK-5 OPSB Charter N/A * 6.3 7th Ward McDonogh #35 Preparatory Academy 7-8 OPSB Direct Run N/A 8.1 14 McDonogh #35 Senior High School 9-12 OPSB Direct Run <5.0 6.8 7.4 McDonogh 42 Charter School PK-8 RSD Charter 21.6 24.8 21 Crescent Leadership Academy Alt RSD Charter * 12.9 50.9 Harriet Tubman Charter School PK-8 RSD Charter <5 24.3 14.8 Behrman LB Landry-O. Perry Walker High 9-12 RSD Charter * <5 5.1 Murray Henderson Elementary PK-8 RSD Direct Run * Closed N/A O. Perry Walker 9-12 RSD Charter * Closed N/A Paul Habans Charter School PK-8 RSD Charter 10.7 8.9 25 Cohen College Prep 9-12 RSD Charter 46.4 33.6 32.4 Edgar P. Harney Spirit of Excellence K-8 RSD Charter 22.7 28.6 20.2 Academy James M. Singleton Charter School PK-8 RSD Charter 22.4 18.7 15.1 Central City KIPP Central City Academy 5-8 RSD Charter 15.7 12.8 14.4 KIPP Central City Primary K-4 RSD Charter <5 5.7 9.1 Mahalia Jackson Elementary School PK-5 OPSB Direct Run <5 0 <10 Sylvanie Williams College Prep PK-7 RSD Charter 9.7 15.1 <5 Architecture Design and Engineering 9-12 OPSB Charter Closed N/A N/A Desire Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory PK-6 RSD Direct Run * Closed N/A GW Carver Collegiate Academy 9-12 RSD Charter 68.9 62.9 10.3 GW Preparatory Academy 9-12 RSD Charter 61.4 52.4 9.1 New Orleans Military/Maritime Academy 9-12 BESE Charter 35.7 39.4 22 Fischer Fischer Accelerated Academy PK-8 RSD Charter * 10.6 17 Lake Forest Elementary Charter School K-8 OPSB Charter <5 <5 5.3 Little Woods Mildred Osborne Elementary K-8 RSD Charter 6.5 12.5 27.9 ReNEW Dolores T. Aaron Elementary PK-8 RSD Charter 15.5 17.6 7.3 Martin Behrman Literacy Academy PK-8 RSD Charter 0 0 <5 McDonogh #32 Elementary School PK-8 RSD Charter 0 8.2 9.4 McDonogh ReNew Accelerated High School Alt RSD Charter * * * Schwarz Alternative School Alt RSD Direct Run Closed * *

What is the stability of the schools and student populations in these neighborhoods? The previous section on school suspensions described how out-of-school suspensions are causing disruptions to the neighborhood. The following data shows that the eight high-risk neighborhoods have also experienced significant changes in schools and student populations during this short period of time. In addition, Appendix A of this report provides an extensive review of the school landscape of each neighborhood including which schools have opened, closed, moved or experienced other disruptions. The findings show that schools have shuffled in and out of the neighborhoods, and sometimes even within the neighborhood as a result of renovations. Portable buildings have been used for numerous charters that have come and gone from the neighborhood. Additionally, school operators have changed—which often entails turnover in the administrators, and thus employees coming in and out of the neighborhood.

Specifically, in the past three years, the eight target neighborhoods have experienced a decrease from 31 to 20 schools, and thus the loss of eleven schools, (six through closure, and five that have moved from the neighborhoods). Fortunately, with the opening of other schools, the neighborhoods have abated the loss to only five schools since 2012.

Moreover, students are coming in and out of neighborhoods as a result of school choice, which has essentially ended an era of neighborhood schools. During the 2011-2012 school year, 55 percent of New Orleans students attended a school more than two miles from home.26 The change has provoked a backlash and a call for neighborhood schools that is centered on self-determination and preservation of Black culture.27 The emphasis on cultural connection is of particular importance given the rich history and culture of New Orleans. For instance, during the ten-year commemoration of Hurricane Katrina in August 2015, an education conference plenary was devoted to exploring how teachers in New Orleans had historically been cultural and musical ambassadors, particularly in the City’s 9th ward.28 Additionally, New Orleans has a strong tradition of schools that have neighborhood identity,

particularly high schools with strong alumni associations and school team and band identities. These neighborhood school traditions are at risk of being lost in the new choice landscape.

The changing demographics of school administrators and teachers represent an influx of new employees in a neighborhood. Following the highly controversial and legally disputed firing of some 4,500 teachers after Katrina, the number of Black educators has fallen from 71 to 49 percent in the last decade.29 As one news article noted, “white people founded a disproportionate number of the charter schools and, perhaps predictably, hired from within their own often predominantly white networks.”30 It’s no surprise then, how the loss of neighborhood schools has been equated with loss of self-determination.

Moreover, there is support for the view that neighborhood schools can be beneficial, particularly in the area of culture. Studies show that when they work together, schools and communities can 1) provide each other with context and environment that can complement and reinforce each other’s values, culture, and learning 2) leverage resources and financial support systems as well as the social and cultural values necessary for success and survival in contemporary society and 3) extend a variety of opportunities to students and to their families -- social, cultural, and vocational.31 Additionally, the Education Research Alliance’s study highlighted that school choice is perhaps more complicated for parents in New Orleans who are economically disadvantaged.32 For example, low-income parents show stronger preferences for qualities like location and extracurricular activities over academics.33 This conclusion is supported by a national survey of 4,000 public school parents in eight cities and in- depth field visits in four of those cities.34 The survey data indicated that parents in the most disadvantaged circumstances can face barriers that limit their ability to choose a school for their child, including inadequate information, lack of convenient transportation, and uneven school quality.35

Table 3. Student Stability3 Site Name SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 A.P. Tureaud Elementary School * Closed N/A Homer A. Plessy Community School N/A * 42 7th Ward McDonogh #35 Preparatory Academy N/A * 77 McDonogh #35 Senior High School 82 81 83 McDonogh 42 Charter School 100 60 65 Crescent Leadership Academy * * * Harriet Tubman Charter School 68 73 83

Behrman L.B. Landry-O. Perry Walker High N/A 77 83 Murray Henderson Elementary * Closed N/A O. Perry Walker 85 Closed N/A Paul Habans Charter School 68 57 73 Cohen College Prep 87 66 75 Edgar P. Harney Spirit of Excellence Academy 97 76 79 James M. Singleton Charter School 83 67 74 Central City KIPP Central City Academy 85 91 95 KIPP Central City Primary 90 93 98 Mahalia Jackson Elementary School 67 83 80 Sylvanie Williams College Prep 91 78 81 Architecture Design and Engineering Closed N/A N/A Desire Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory * Closed N/A GW Carver Collegiate Academy * 73 60 GW Preparatory Academy * 65 59 New Orleans Military/Maritime Academy 49 68 77 Fischer Fischer Accelerated Academy 90 77 81 Lake Forest Elementary Charter School 93 93 93 Little Woods Mildred Osborne Elementary 66 68 83 ReNEW Dolores T. Aaron Elementary 83 77 85 Martin Behrman Literacy Academy 98 88 95 McDonogh #32 Elementary School 83 67 80 McDonogh ReNew Accelerated High School * * * Schwarz Alternative School Closed * * St. Thomas ReNEW SciTech Academy at Laurel 86 76 78

3 A ‘*’ indicates that data was not available.

Additionally, the Parent’s Guide student stability scores (see Table 3) were used to illustrate the changes in the student populations in high-risk neighborhoods. These scores indicate the percent of students who were enrolled at this school for one school year and then re-enrolled the following school year. Students who moved on to grades not offered by the school are not included. Of the twenty schools that are currently operating, 7 (35%) have a student stability score of less than 66%, meaning that 1 in 3 of their students did not return from the previous year. Homer A. Plessy Community School in the 7th Ward had only 42% of their students return from the previous year in 2014-2015 school year. Half of the schools have experienced a decrease in student stability in the past two school years.

Conclusions The data reveals that the schools located in the eight highest-risk neighborhoods in New Orleans continue to struggle with low performance, high suspension rates, and transient student populations. In addition, neighborhood residents have been forced to deal with the impact of school closures, turnover and other disruptions in the past three years. When we view the data through a lens of race and equity, we can see that for the most vulnerable populations, the gains of education reform might seem unremarkable in comparison to the social costs. The neighborhoods have lost critical community and cultural assets such as neighborhood schools and homegrown teachers. This loss has led to an outcry in Black communities and raises serious concerns about the racial dynamics of education reform. One of the objectives of Equity in All Places is to highlight how policies, intentionally or unintentionally, can place high-risk neighborhoods at further risk. In an effort to mitigate the impact of school closures, turnover and other disruptions, we have outlined a number of policy recommendations.

Policy Recommendations School choice has altered the traditional relationship and connection that schools have had with community residents. The result has contributed to the loss of a community asset that should be a part of the neighborhood culture and fabric. The following recommendations cannot fully mitigate the unintended consequences of school choice, but promote creating a stronger relationship between charter organizations and the

neighborhoods they occupy. It is the responsibility of our organization, partner organizations, stakeholders as well as policymakers to examine the impact of education reform through a lens of race and equity and to make efforts to create more equitable outcomes in these neighborhoods. In the past three years there have been many changes in the school landscape of the eight high-risk neighborhoods, which are predominately Black communities that are made vulnerable to lower life expectancy by higher concentrations of poverty, health disparities, and lower educational attainment. These changes include closures and changes in operators in neighborhoods that are already struggling with school performance, high suspensions, and transient student populations. Thus, we recommend the following:

1. Increase investment in schools in our most vulnerable neighborhoods. Equity requires that we lift up neighborhoods that are struggling. Through increased investment in schools in high-risk neighborhoods, we ensure parents and students have better choices, access, and opportunities.

2. Continue to study the impact of education reform on high-risk neighborhoods. The purpose of school choice is to increase opportunities for students, especially those who are economically disadvantaged and come from high-risk neighborhoods. However, school choice might actually increase risks for students by creating further instability in their already high-risk neighborhoods.

3. Reform school discipline laws and policies. Schools with high suspension rates are creating an increased risk of students dropping out of school and ending up in the criminal justice system, thus increasing risks to neighborhoods. Laws and policies should hold schools accountable for lowering their suspension rates and adopting discipline alternatives, such as positive behavior interventions and support and restorative approaches.

4. Explore programming that strengthens connections between communities and schools. In the current educational landscape, there is little to no connection between a neighborhood and its schools. Thus, it is critical to explore alternative ways to create connections for the benefit of our

children and communities, preserve culture, and cultivate a sense of self- determination.

5. Develop community engagement plans. Meaningful community engagement requires a cultural shift in the way policymaking happens, a commitment to power sharing and inclusion, and a genuine integration of community members (especially those who represent marginalized populations) into the policymaking process. Policymakers should develop a community engagement plan that is created in collaboration with the community and which is shared with the public. They should declare and uphold a clear commitment to outreach, making their plans accessible to the public, and be held accountable to having significant community engagement as part of the policymaking process.

6. Conduct dialogues and trainings on issues of race and equity. Every educational institution and policymaking body should declare and uphold a commitment to understanding how implicit bias and discrimination operates on institutional, structural, and interpersonal levels. They should create a plan with action steps to reduce and erase implicit bias and its ill effects upon students and that includes implicit bias trainings and race dialogues.

7. Establish equity advisory councils. Every educational institution and policymaking body should have an advisory entity which focuses on addressing equity issues and outreach to marginalized populations.

APPENDIX A: SCHOOLS BY NEIGHBORHOOD Equity in All Places compared the number of schools operating in 2012 with the number of schools currently operating. School performance, school stability and school suspension was examined for each school in the neighborhood for this period. The report narrowly looked at this four-year period because the 2014 CHER-EP Report used data from 2012. We hope that this policy report will provide continuity in examining that data.

Moreover, we have coded the status of each school in red or green for an easy visual reference that indicates whether or not they are still operating within the neighborhood. Red indicates that the school has closed (or is pending closure) or has moved from the neighborhood, and green indicates that it is still in operation within the neighborhood. We have also marked any significant event in the history of each school that impacted the neighborhood. These include events such as openings, closings, mergers, changes in operators, and relocations that have occurred since 2012. Neighborhood impact is marked with a red triangle . For the purposes of this report, schools moving out of the neighborhood, for any reason, is treated like a closure due to its disruptive impact on the neighborhood.

7th Ward Since 2012, the 7th ward experienced a number of changes in its school landscape. Two new schools opened: an elementary, Homer Plessy, and middle school, McDonogh 35 Preparatory Academy. However, McDonogh 35 Preparatory Academy will soon close, and it has since moved from the neighborhood, along with its high school counterpart, McDonogh 35 Senior High School. Moreover, McDonogh 42 temporarily moved from the neighborhood in 2013, but returned in 2015. Thus, the neighborhood lost an elementary school, gained an elementary school, maintained its combination elementary/middle school, and lost a high school.

School Type 2012 Current PK-5 0 1 PK-6 1 0 PK-8 1 1 7-8 0 0 9-12 1 0 TOTAL 3 2

A.P. Tureaud Elementary School (PK-6)36 Status: Closed Classification: RSD Direct Run Location: 2021 Pauger Street New Orleans, LA 70116

The school was built in 1939.37 It was named after the attorney for the New Orleans chapter of the NAACP during the civil rights movement who assisted Thurgood Marshall in ending Jim Crow segregation of schools.38 The school received a ‘D’ letter grade in 2013, and closed in 2014.39 The Washington Post reported that “[s]ome residents were disheartened to learn of its closing. ‘This don’t make no sense,’ said Derrick Williams, 45, who walked his great-niece to kindergarten... ‘Me and my sister, the whole family, the whole neighborhood went to that school.’”40 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 School Performance Score D Closed Student Stability No data Closed Percent of Students Suspended No data Closed

Homer A. Plessy Community School (PK-5) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 2021 Pauger Street New Orleans, LA 70116

Charter History:  Opened in 2013 by Citizens’ Committee on Education.  Moved into 7th Ward in 2014.  Currently chartered by Citizens’ Committee on

Education. Homer A. Plessy Community School started in the 2013-2014 school year in the St. Claude/Bywater area in a building that they shared with Arise Academy (PK-6).41 The school relocated in 2014 to Pauger St., the former site of the A.P. Tureaud Elementary School.42 School Data Indicator SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score School opened D Student Stability School opened 42 Percent of Students Suspended School opened 6.3

McDonogh 35 Preparatory Academy (7-8) Status: Moved Classification: OPSB Location: 4000 Cadillac St, New Orleans, LA 70122

Charter History:  Opened in 2013.  Moved from the 7th ward in 2015.  School will close in 2017. This school is affiliated with McDonogh 35 College Prep, which serves grades 9-12 on the same campus.43 McDonogh 35 Preparatory Academy became a separate new middle school in the 2013-2014 school Year.44 The Orleans Parish School Board voted unanimously in November 2015 to phase out the seventh and eighth grades of McDonogh 35 over the next year and a half, leaving only the high school.45 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score Not open F D Student Stability Not open No score 77 Percent of Students Suspended Not open No score 6.3

McDonogh 35 Senior High School (9-12) Status: Moved Classification: OPSB Location: 4000 Cadillac St, New Orleans, LA 70122

School History (non-chartered):  Moved from the 7th ward in 2015.

McDonogh 35 Senior High School has a rich history from its beginning in 1917, as it was recognized as the first four-year high school for African Americans.46 Nearly a year after Katrina, McDonogh 35 was one of only six public high schools that had re-opened.47 Since 1972 the school had been housed at 1331 Kerelec Street.48 The school recently relocated to the Bayou District in 2015, to the former Phillips/Waters school site.49 The new construction was paid by an RSD allocation of $55 million in Federal Emergency Management Agency recovery funds.50 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score C C C Student Stability 82 81 83 Percent of Students Suspended <5.0 6.8 7.4

McDonogh 42 Elementary Charter School (PK-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 1651 N. Tonti Street New Orleans, LA 70119

Charter History:  Chartered in 2007.  In 2012, the school changed operators.  The school moved to a temporary location in 2013.  The school moved to another temporary location in 2014.  The school moved back to its original location in the 7th Ward in 2015.  The school is currently chartered by Choice Foundation. The Tremé Charter School Association ran McDonogh 42 Elementary for five years, from 2007 through 2012.51 The state announced in January of 2012 that the Choice Foundation would be taking over the school, and at around the same time the decision was made to keep the school running in the same location for the 2012-2013 school year.52 From 2012 to 2015 the school was located at two different temporary locations in the Desire neighborhood: the Carver Campus at 3059 Higgins Boulevard and 4300 Almonaster Blvd.53 The school finally moved into its permanent home in August 2015.54 The Federal Emergency Manage Agency (FEMA) funded the $17 million for the building's construction.55 The school can now house more than 600 students and features 20 core classrooms, science labs, an art classroom and more.56 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score T T D Student Stability 100 60 65 Percent of Students Suspended 21.6 24.8 21.0

School-to-School Comparisons

Table 4. School Performance Score, 7th Ward

Grade School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 PK-6 A.P. Tureaud Elementary School D Closed N/A PK-5 Homer A. Plessy Community School N/A * D 7-8 McDonogh 35 Preparatory Academy N/A F D 9-12 McDonogh 35 Senior High School C C C PK-8 McDonogh 42 Charter School T T D

Table 5. Student Stability, 7th Ward Grade School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 PK-6 A.P. Tureaud Elementary School * Closed N/A PK-5 Homer A. Plessy Community School N/A * 42 7-8 McDonogh 35 Preparatory Academy N/A * 77 9-12 McDonogh 35 Senior High School 82 81 83 PK-8 McDonogh 42 Charter School 100 60 65

Table 6. Percentage of Students Suspended, 7th Ward Grade School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 PK-6 A.P. Tureaud Elementary School * Closed N/A PK-5 Homer A. Plessy Community School N/A * 6.3 7-8 McDonogh 35 Preparatory Academy N/A 8.1 14 9-12 McDonogh 35 Senior High School <5.0 6.8 7.4 PK-8 McDonogh 42 Charter School 21.6 24.8 21.0

Behrman Since 2012, the neighborhood saw the opening of an alternative school that serves grades 7-12, but lost one of its combination elementary/middle schools, Murray Henderson. The neighborhood also experienced the merger of its two high schools into one. Harriet Tubman, another combination elementary/middle school, has changed locations but has stayed within the neighborhood. Thus, the neighborhood lost a combination elementary/middle school and a high school, but gained an alternative school.

School Type 2012 Current Alt. 7-12 0 1 PK – 8 3 2 9-12 2 1 TOTAL 5 4

Crescent Leadership Academy (7-12 and for students experiencing discipline issues) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter, Non-traditional school, Location: 2701 Lawrence Street, New Orleans, LA 70114

Charter History  Rites of Passage Charter opened the school in 2012 in the Desire neighborhood.  It operated a satellite office in the 2013-2014 school year.  The charter combined its two schools and moved in the 2014-2015 school year.  The school is currently operated by Rites of Passage. Crescent Leadership Academy is an alternative school for students in grades 7 thru 12 experiencing disciplinary issues. It opened in 2012 and was originally housed in portable buildings on the former Carver Elementary campus in the Desire area at 4300 Almonaster Avenue. The school shared the campus with McDonogh 42.57 For the 2013-2014 school year the school was operating two sites: the Schwarz building on Park Boulevard in the McDonogh neighborhood as well as the campus in Desire.58 However, the school moved all students to the former campus of St. Julian Catholic Elementary campus in the 2014-2015 school year.59 School Data Indicator SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score T F Student Stability No data No data Percent of Students Suspended 12.9 50.9

Harriet Tubman Charter School (PK-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 2832 General Meyer Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70114

Charter History  School changed operators in the 2011-2012 school year from Algiers Charter Association to Crescent City Schools.  School moved from its campus in the 2013-2014 school year to a temporary location.  The school is currently operated by Crescent City Schools. In February 2011, the state declined to renew Tubman's charter because of financial issues and consistently poor academic performance.60 The school, which was previously run by the Algiers Charter Association, was given to Crescent City Schools in 2011-2012.61 In the 2013- 2014 school year, the school temporarily moved from its campus on 2013 General Myer Avenue, just down the street, and has been housed there until this day.62 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score T D C Student Stability 68 73 83 Percent of Students Suspended <5.0 24.3 14.8

L. B. Landry-O. P. Walker College and Career Preparatory High School (9-12) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 1200 L.B. Landry Avenue New Orleans, LA 70114

Charter History  School merger occurred in 2013.  The school is currently operated by Algiers Charter School Association.

In June 2013, BESE voted to allow the merger of two high schools: L.B. Landry and O. Perry Walker, “despite intense opposition from a group of community members.” It was argued that Algiers had too many high schools for its demographic projections and so it made sense to combine Walker's B-graded academic program with F-graded Landry's $56 million new building. The merged school was opened in August 2013.63 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score B B D Student Stability N/A 77 83 Percent of Students Suspended No data <5.0 5.1

Murray Henderson Elementary (PK-8) Status: Closed Classification: RSD Direct Run Location: 2701 Lawrence Street, New Orleans, LA 70114

Charter History  School closed in 2013.

The RSD closed Murray Henderson Elementary. The school building is now being used by Crescent Leadership Academy (see above).64 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 School Performance Score D Closed Student Stability No data Closed Percent of Students Suspended No data Closed

O. Perry Walker (9-12) Status: Closed Classification: RSD Charter Location: 2832 General Meyer, New Orleans LA 70114

Charter History  School closed/merged in 2013.

O. Perry Walker merged with L.B. Landry in 2013. (See above). School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 School Performance Score B Merged Student Stability 85 Merged Percent of Students Suspended No data Merged

Paul Habans Charter School (PK-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 3819 Herschel St, New Orleans, LA 70114

Charter History The school is currently chartered by Crescent City Schools. The RSD chartered the school to Crescent City Schools in 2013-2014.65 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score No score F F Student Stability 68 57 73 Percent of Students Suspended 10.7 8.9 25.0

School-to-School Comparisons

Table 7. School Performance Score, Behrman Grade School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 7-12 Crescent Leadership Academy * * F PK-8 Harriet Tubman Charter School T D C Lord Beaconsfield Landry-Oliver Perry Walker 9-12 High* B B D PK-8 Murray Henderson Elementary * Closed N/A 9-12 O.Perry Walker B Merged N/A PK-8 Paul Habans Charter School * F F

Table 8. Student Stability, Behrman SY13- Grade School SY12-13 14 SY14-15 7-12 Crescent Leadership Academy * * * PK-8 Harriet Tubman Charter School 68 73 83 Lord Beaconsfield Landry-Oliver Perry Walker 9-12 High* N/A 77 83 PK-8 Murray Henderson Elementary * Closed N/A 9-12 O.Perry Walker 85 Closed N/A PK-8 Paul Habans Charter School 68 57 73

Table 9. Percentage of Students Suspended, Behrman SY12- Grade School 13 SY13-14 SY14-15 7-12 Crescent Leadership Academy * 12.9 50.9 PK-8 Harriet Tubman Charter School <5 24.3 14.8 Lord Beaconsfield Landry-Oliver Perry Walker 9-12 High* * <5 5.1 PK-8 Murray Henderson Elementary * Closed N/A 9-12 O.Perry Walker * Closed N/A PK-8 Paul Habans Charter School 10.7 8.9 25.0

Central City Since 2012, Central City has remained stable. The only school to change locations was Kipp Central City Academy, and the school moved within the Central City neighborhood.

School Type 2012 Current PK-5 1 1 PK-7 1 1 PK-8 1 1 K-4 1 1 K-8 1 1 5-8 1 1 9-12 1 1 TOTAL 7 7

Cohen College Prep (9-12) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 3520 Dryades Street, New Orleans, LA 70115

Charter History  Chartered in 2011 by New Orleans College Preparatory Academies.  Currently operated by New Orleans College Preparatory

Academies. Formerly Walter L. Cohen High School, New Orleans College Preparatory Academies was awarded the charter for Cohen College Prep in 2011.66 The former high school was phased out year-by-year as College Prep took over its campus.67 In October 2015 Orleans Parish and Recovery School District officials announced that the school would be given a new building at its current site rather than merged with and moved to the former Booker T. Washington site, also in Central City.68 According to news media, Cohen alumni and environmental advocates “vigorously opposed” this plan, citing concerns about the impact on the neighborhood caused by construction and the building design.69 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score D C B Student Stability 87 66 75 Percent of Students Suspended 46.4 33.6 32.4

Edgar P. Harney Spirit of Excellence (K-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 2503 Willow Street, New Orleans, LA 70113

Charter History  Opened in 2011 by Spirit of Excellence.  Currently operated by Spirit of Excellence.

The Recovery School District reopened Harney School as a Pre-K to Eighth grade school in 2007.70 On July 1, 2010, E.P. Harney Spirit of Excellence Academy Charter School opened as a kindergarten through eighth grade school.71 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score D C C Student Stability 97 76 79 Percent of Students Suspended 22.7 28.6 20.2

James M. Singleton Charter School (PK-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 2220 Oretha C. Haley Boulevard New Orleans, LA 70113

Charter History  Dryades YMCA opened Singleton in 2006.

 Currently operated by Dryades YMCA. The Dryades YMCA opened Singleton in August 2006.72

School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score D C D Student Stability 83 67 74 Percent of Students Suspended 22.4 18.7 15.1

KIPP Central City Academy (5-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 2514 Third Street New Orleans, LA 70113

Charter History  KIPP Central City opened in 2007.  The school moved from its temporary location on Thalia St. to Third St. in 2013.  The school is currently operated by KIPP New Orleans Schools. Originally built in 1954, the Carter G. Woodson school building has housed KIPP Central City Academy since 2013.73 KIPP was awarded its charter in 2007 and KIPP Central City Academy was originally housed at the Dr. Ronald E. McNair Elementary building on South Carrollton Avenue before than moving to 2625 Thalia St.74 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score B B B Student Stability 85 91 95 Percent of Students Suspended 15.7 12.8 14.4

KIPP Central City Primary (K-4) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 2625 Thalia Street New Orleans, LA 70113

Charter History  KIPP Central City opened in 2007.  The school moved from its temporary location in 2009.  The school is currently operated by KIPP New Orleans

Schools. KIPP Central City Primary opened in 2008 and has been housed in the former William J. Guste Elementary School since 2009.75 It was temporarily housed at the Dr. Ronald E. McNair Elementary building on South Carrollton Avenue.76 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score C C C Student Stability 90 93 98 Percent of Students Suspended <5.0 5.7 9.1

Mahalia Jackson Elementary School (PK-5) Status: In Operation Classification: Orleans Parish School Board Direct Run Location: 2405 Jackson Avenue New Orleans, LA 70113

Charter History  N/A

The school was built in the 1930s, but was dramatically renovated after the storm, using $17 million, mostly in federal money.77 The operation was supervised by the Orleans Parish School Board, but worked with a variety of foundations and organizations to provide services to the neighborhood, even offering curriculum assistance to private day care centers.78 The school reopened in April 2009 after being closed for over a year due to renovations and mold treatment.79 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score B B C Student Stability 67 83 80 Percent of Students Suspended <5 0 <10

Sylvanie Williams College Prep (PK-7) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 3127 Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard New Orleans, LA 70125

Charter History  Opened in 2009 by New Orleans College Preparatory Academies.  Currently operated by New Orleans College Prep Preparatory Academies. New Orleans College Prep was awarded the charter for Sylvanie Williams College Prep in 2009.80 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score C D D Student Stability 91 78 81 Percent of Students Suspended 9.7 15.1 <5

School-to-School Comparisons

Table 10. School Performance Score, Central City Grades School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 9-12 Cohen College Prep D C B K-8 Edgar P. Harney Spirit of Excellence D C C PK-8 James M. Singleton Charter School D C D 5-8 KIPP Central City Academy B B B K-4 KIPP Central City Primary C C C PK-5 Mahalia Jackson Elementary School B B C PK-7 Sylvanie Williams College Prep C D D

Table 11. Student Stability, Central City SY12- Grades School 13 SY13-14 SY14-15 9-12 Cohen College Prep 87 66 75 K-8 Edgar P. Harney Spirit of Excellence 97 76 79 PK-8 James M. Singleton Charter School 83 67 74 5-8 KIPP Central City Academy 85 91 95 K-4 KIPP Central City Primary 90 93 98 PK-5 Mahalia Jackson Elementary School 67 83 80 PK-7 Sylvanie Williams College Prep 91 78 81

Table 12. Percentage of Students Suspended, Central City SY14- Grades School SY12-13 SY13-14 15 9-12 Cohen College Prep 46.4 33.6 32.4 K-8 Edgar P. Harney Spirit of Excellence 22.7 28.6 20.2 PK-8 James M. Singleton Charter School 22.4 18.7 15.1 5-8 KIPP Central City Academy 15.7 12.8 14.4 K-4 KIPP Central City Primary <5 5.7 9.1 PK-5 Mahalia Jackson Elementary School <5 0 <10 PK-7 Sylvanie Williams College Prep 9.7 15.1 <5

Desire In addition to two school closures, Desire has experienced five school transitions in the past four years: the entering, moving, and leaving of McDonogh 42 and the coming and going of Crescent Leadership Academy.

Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory, an elementary school, and Architecture Design and Engineering Preparatory High School closed, which left two high schools operated by Collegiate Academies. These two high schools will soon merge in Fall 2016.

There have also been a number of other changes that are not immediately obvious from a 2012 and current comparison. In 2013, McDonogh 42, which is now in the 7th Ward, was temporarily housed in portable buildings at 3059 Higgins Boulevard in the Desire neighborhood, where it shared the campus with Crescent Leadership Academy, which moved into the neighborhood in 2012.81 In 2013 Crescent Leadership Academy moved from the campus, and the neighborhood in 2014.82 McDonogh 42 also relocated in 2014, to 4300 Almonaster Blvd, which was formerly the Architecture Design and Engineering Preparatory High School in the Desire neighborhood.83 McDonogh 42 stayed in the neighborhood until 2015, when it returned to its original location in the 7th Ward.84 Thus, since 2012, Desire has experienced multiple transitions of schools into and out of the neighborhood.

School Type 2012 Current PK-6 1 0 9-12 3 1 TOTAL 4 1

Architecture Design and Engineering Preparatory High (9-12) Status: Closed Classification: OPSB Charter Location: 4300 Almonaster Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70126

Charter/School History  Opened in 2006.  Priestley School of Architecture and Construction relinquished charter in 2010.  OPSB changed its name in 2011.  In 2012, the school closed/merger with McDonogh 35. Formerly, the Priestley School of Architecture and Construction, the school opened in Mid- City in 2006, a year after Hurricane Katrina, with an architecture and engineering focus. In late 2010, the Priestley Board of Directors voted to relinquish its charter back to OPSB, citing ongoing concerns over finances and enrollment.85 In July 2011, Priestley became the Architecture Design Engineering Preparatory High School.86 In 2012, OPSB approved a plan to merge the school with McDonogh 35, in the Seventh Ward. School Data Indicator SY12-13 School Performance Score Closed Student Stability Closed Percent of Students Suspended Closed

Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory (PK-6) Status: Closed Classification: RSD Direct Run Location: 3059 Higgins Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70126

Charter History  The school was opened in 2009-2010 by Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory School, Inc.  Closed in 2013. In December 2012, BESE voted to close Benjamin E. Mays after “administrators and teachers begged the board for one last chance.”87 In its first three years, the school could not get its students above the standardized pass-mark nor improve test scores by 15 points.88 At the time it was graded an ‘F’. The elementary school had been housed on the Carver high school campus, where some worried that combining elementary and high school students would be problematic.89 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 School Performance Score F Closed Student Stability No data Closed Percent of Students Suspended No data Closed

G.W. Carver Collegiate Academy (9-12) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 3059 Higgins Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70126

Charter History  Opened in 2012-2013 by Collegiate Academies.  In operation, under Collegiate Academies.  G.W. Carver Preparatory Academy will soon merge into

the school. The G.W. Carver High School building was demolished after Katrina and replaced with portable buildings.90 The school was chartered to Collegiate Academies for the 2012-2013 school year despite community opposition.91 The Collegiate board established two small high schools in the space previously occupied by George Washington Carver High School: Carver Collegiate Academy and Carver Preparatory Academy. 92 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score No score C C Student Stability No data 73 60 Percent of Students Suspended 68.9 62.9 10.3

G.W. Carver Preparatory Academy (9-12) Status: Closure Pending Classification: RSD Charter Location: 3059 Higgins Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70126

Charter History  Opened in 2012-2013 by Collegiate Academies.  In operation, under Collegiate Academies.  Will close/merge with G.W. Carver Collegiate in Fall 2016. The G.W. Carver High School building was demolished after Katrina and replaced with portable buildings. The school was chartered to Collegiate Academies for the 2012-2013 school year despite community opposition.93 The Collegiate board established two high schools in the space previously occupied by George Washington Carver High School: Carver Collegiate Academy and Carver Preparatory Academy. 94 The two schools plan to merge in Fall 2016.95 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score No score C D Student Stability No data 65 59 Percent of Students Suspended 61.4 52.4 9.1

School-to-School Comparisons

Table 13. School Performance Score, Desire SY12- SY13- Grades School 13 14 SY14-15 Architecture Design and Engineering Preparatory 9-12 High Closed N/A N/A PK-6 Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory F Closed N/A 9-12 G.W. Carver Collegiate Academy * C C 9-12 G.W. Carver Preparatory Academy * C D

Table 14. Student Stability, Desire SY12- SY14- Grades School 13 SY13-14 15 Architecture Design and Engineering Preparatory 9-12 High Closed N/A N/A PK-6 Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory * Closed N/A 9-12 G.W. Carver Collegiate Academy * 73 60 9-12 G.W. Carver Preparatory Academy * 65 59

Table 15. Percentage of Students Suspended, Desire SY12- Grades School 13 SY13-14 SY14-15 Architecture Design and Engineering Preparatory 9-12 High Closed N/A N/A

PK-6 Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory * Closed N/A

9-12 G.W. Carver Collegiate Academy 68.9 62.9 10.3

9-12 G.W. Carver Preparatory Academy 61.4 52.4 9.1

Fischer Fischer lost the New Orleans Military/Maritime Academy, which had been temporarily situated in the neighborhood while its intended permanent building was being renovated. This leaves a combination elementary/middle school in the neighborhood.

School Type 2012 Current PK-8 1 1 9-12 1 0 TOTAL 2 1

New Orleans Military/Maritime Academy (9-12) Status: Moved Classification: BESE Charter Location: 425 O’Bannon Street, New Orleans, LA 70072

Charter History  New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy opened its charter in 2011.  Moved in 2014.  Currently in operation with New Orleans Military and Maritime Academy The school opened in 2011at the Henderson Middle School on Landry Avenue while its future buildings are being renovated.96 NOMMA’s permanent home was planned to be in the Federal City complex, on what is now the Naval Support Activity.97 The school was able to complete its move in 2014.98 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score B C A Student Stability 49 68 77 Percent of Students Suspended 35.7 39.4 22.0

Fischer Accelerated Academy (PK-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 1801 L.B. Landry Avenue New Orleans, LA 70114

Charter History  Opened in 2006 by the Algiers Charter Schools Association.  Currently operated by Algiers Charter Schools

Association.

In 2006 the school reopened as a charter school, William J. Fischer Accelerated Academy.99 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score C D F Student Stability 90 77 81 Percent of Students Suspended No data 10.6 17.0

School-to-School Comparisons

Table 16. School Performance Score, Fischer SY13- Grades School SY12-13 14 SY14-15 9-12 New Orleans Military/Maritime Academy B C A PK-8 Fischer Accelerated Academy C D F

Table 17. Student Stability, Fischer Grades School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 9-12 New Orleans Military/Maritime Academy 49 68 77 PK-8 Fischer Accelerated Academy 90 77 81

Table 18. Percentage of Students Suspended, Fischer Grades School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 9-12 New Orleans Military/Maritime Academy 35.7 39.4 22.0 PK-8 Fischer Accelerated Academy * 10.6 17.0

Little Woods Little Woods lost one combination elementary/middle school but currently has two in operation. The neighborhood does not have a high school. ReNEW Dolores T. Aaron Elementary moved, but stayed within the neighborhood.

School Type 2012 Current PK-8 1 1 K-8 2 1 TOTAL 3 2

Lake Forest Elementary Charter School (K-8) Status: Moved Classification: OPSB Charter Location: 1110 Lake Forest Blvd, New Orleans LA 70128

Charter History:  The school was chartered in 2006 by the Council for Quality Education.  The school moved in January 2016 from its temporary location in Little Woods.  The school is currently operated by the Council for Quality Education. In 2006, Lake Forest became the first school to reopen east of the Industrial Canal.100 As reported in one news story, “The new school cost approximately $34 million to build and is 134,000 square feet with six connected buildings and expansive atriums… Founded in 1988 as Lake Forest Montessori School in New Orleans East, the school was inundated by Hurricane Katrina’s floodwaters and the subsequent levee failures. Because the original campus was uninhabitable, the school occupied Gaudet Elementary School facility at 12000 Hayne Blvd until moving to the Lake Forest Estates neighborhood.”101 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score A A A Student Stability 66 68 83 Percent of Students Suspended <5 <5 5.3

Mildred Osborne Elementary (K-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 6701 Curran Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70126

Charter History  Opened in 2009 by Pride College Prep.  In 2013-2014 operator changed to ARISE Academy.  Currently operated by ARISE Academy.

Osborne formerly housed Pride College Prep, which opened the school in 2009.102 The school was originally temporarily located on Pratt Drive near Dillard University before moving to its new building on Curran Blvd.103 However, Pride’s charter was not renewed in December 2012.104 The school was taken over by ARISE in the 2013-2014 school year.105 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score * D D Student Stability 66 68 83 Percent of Students Suspended 6.5 12.50 27.9

ReNEW Dolores T. Aaron Elementary (PK-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 10200 Curran Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70128

Charter History  Was chartered by ReNEW in 2011-2012  Moved locations and changed name in 2013.  Is currently operated by ReNEW. Sarah T. Reed Elementary, was taken over by ReNEW in the 2011-2012 school year, and was located at 5552 Read Blvd.106 In 2013 the school moved to its location on Curran Blvd and changed its name to Dolores T. Aaron Elementary, honoring the deceased New Orleans schools advocate and long-time schoolteacher. 107 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score T D C Student Stability 83 77 85 Percent of Students Suspended 15.5 17.6 7.3

School-to-School Comparisons

Table 19. School Performance Score, Little Woods Grade School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 Lake Forest Elementary Charter School K-8 (moved) A A A K-8 Mildred Osborne Elementary * D D PK-8 ReNEW Dolores T. Aaron Elementary T D C

Table 20. Student Stability, Little Woods Grade School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 Lake Forest Elementary Charter School K-8 (moved) 93 93 93 K-8 Mildred Osborne Elementary 66 68 83 PK-8 ReNEW Dolores T. Aaron Elementary 83 77 85

Table 21. Percentage of Students Suspended, Little Woods

Grade School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 Lake Forest Elementary Charter School K-8 (moved) <5 <5 5.3

K-8 Mildred Osborne Elementary 6.5 12.5 27.9

PK-8 ReNEW Dolores T. Aaron Elementary 15.5 17.6 7.3

McDonogh Since 2012, McDonogh experienced the closure of two alternative schools, but has maintained its two combination elementary/middle schools.

School Type 2012 Current Alternative 2 0 PK-8 2 2 TOTAL 4 2

Martin Behrman Charter School (PK-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 715 Opelousas Avenue New Orleans, LA 70114

Charter History:  Opened in 2005 by Algiers Charter School Association.  Currently operated by Algiers Charter School Association. The Algiers Charter School Association founded Martin Behrman Charter Elementary School in December of 2005, three months after the storm, to serve New Orleans residents who had returned to the city.108 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score B B C Student Stability 98 88 95 Percent of Students Suspended 0 0 <5

McDonogh 32 Literacy Academy (PK-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 800 De Armas Street New Orleans, LA 70114

Charter History  Opened in 2006 by Algiers Charter School Association.  Currently operated by Algiers Charter School Association. McDonogh # 32 Literacy Charter School was established in 2006 by the Algiers Charter Schools Association. School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score C D D Student Stability 83 67 80 Percent of Students Suspended No data 8.2 9.4

ReNew Accelerated High School: Westbank Campus (6-12)109 Status: Moved Classification: RSD Charter Location: 709 Park Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70114110 or 700 Lawrence St. New Orleans, LA 70114111

Charter History  Opened in 2011-2012 by Renew.

 Moved in 2013. In 2011-2012 ReNew opened two alternative high schools on two campuses: City Park and Westbank.112 However, in 2013 the network combined the schools to form ReNEW Accelerated High School in Uptown.113 The program continues to serve students between 16 and 21 years of age who are behind in their academic credits.114

Schwarz Alternative School Status: Closed Classification: RSD Location: 701 Park Blvd. New Orleans, LA 70114

Schwarz, operated by the state-run Recovery School District opened as an alternative school for expelled students. In the 2008-2009 school year, Schwarz served students not only from RSD direct-operated schools, but also from RSD charters, OPSB direct- operated schools, OPSB charters and Jefferson Parish Public Schools.115 The school served students who had been found guilty of serious infractions such as those involving weapons possession, aggravated assault or drug possession as well as those who had been released from incarceration and placed on probation.116 In January 2012, Crescent City Leadership Academy won a $1 million grant awarded jointly by the nonprofit New Schools for New Orleans and the RSD after it replied to a specific request for proposals to take over Schwarz.117 Crescent City runs alternative schools in several other states.118 Since opening, Crescent Leadership Academy has been housed in portable buildings on the former Carver Elementary campus in the Desire area at Almonaster Avenue. Crescent shared the campus with McDonogh 42 until McDonogh 42 moved in 2015.119

School-to-School Comparisons

Table 22. School Performance Score, McDonogh School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 Martin Behrman Literacy Academy B B C McDonogh #32 Elementary School C D D

Table 23. Student Stability, McDonogh School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 Martin Behrman Literacy Academy 98 88 95 McDonogh #32 Elementary School 83 67 80

Table 24. Percentage of Students Suspended, McDonogh School SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 Martin Behrman Literacy Academy 0 0 <5 McDonogh #32 Elementary School * 8.2 9.4

St. Thomas St. Thomas has maintained its one combination elementary/middle school since 2012.

School Type 2012 Current PK-8 1 1 TOTAL 1 1

ReNEW SciTech Academy at Laurel (PK-8) Status: In Operation Classification: RSD Charter Location: 820 Jackson Ave, New Orleans, LA 70130

Charter History  Opened by ReNew in 2011.

ReNew took over the school from the RSD in 2011.120 At that time it had a school performance letter grade of ‘F’.121 The school has recently had issues regarding testing fraud allegations, which has called into question the status of its charter contract.122 In January 2016 SciTech principals were accused of special education fraud, failing to follow federal special education law, and breaking state testing rules.123 School Data Indicator SY12-13 SY13-14 SY14-15 School Performance Score C C B Student Stability 86 76 78 Percent of Students Suspended 9.8 10.6 7.2

APPENDIX B: WORKS CITED

1 Harris, D. N., Jabbar, H., Maroulis, S., Santillano, R. (2016). What happened to student mobility after the New Orleans’ market-based reforms? New Orleans, LA. Education Research Alliance. Retrieved from: http://educationresearchalliancenola.org/files/publications/ERA-Policy-Brief-Mobility- Student-Performance-160512.pdf

2 Harris, D. N., Jabbar, H., Maroulis, S., Santillano, R. (2016). What happened to student mobility after the New Orleans’ market-based reforms? New Orleans, LA. Education Research Alliance. Retrieved from: http://educationresearchalliancenola.org/files/publications/ERA-Policy-Brief-Mobility- Student-Performance-160512.pdf

3 Burdick-Will, Julia. (2015). Neighbors but not classmates. John Hopkins University. Retrieved from: http://releases.jhu.edu/2015/09/02/neighbors-but-not-classmates/

4 Information taken from: Orleans Parish Place Matters. (2014). Place matters for education in Orleans Parish: a community health equity report on educational policies. New Orleans, LA.

5 Recovery School District. (2015) Ten Years After Hurricane Katrina: Where We Are Now. New Orleans, LA. Retrieved from: http://www.rsdla.net/apps/news/show_news.jsp?REC_ID=363101&id=0

6 Louisiana Department of Education. (2015). Student Enrollment and Demographics. Baton Rouge, LA. Retrieved from: https://www.louisianabelieves.com/docs/default- source/katrina/final-louisana-believes-v5-enrollment- demographics22f9e85b8c9b66d6b292ff0000215f92.pdf?sfvrsn=2

7 Louisiana Department of Education. (2015). Student Enrollment and Demographics. Baton Rouge, LA. Retrieved from: https://www.louisianabelieves.com/docs/default- source/katrina/final-louisana-believes-v5-enrollment- demographics22f9e85b8c9b66d6b292ff0000215f92.pdf?sfvrsn=2

8LA S.B. 432. (Act 91. 2016).

9 LA S.B. 432. (Act 91. 2016).

10 Carroll, Jamie M. (2015, September 2). The brutal reality of the New Orleans education experiment. Huffington Post Blog. Retrieved from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamie-m-carroll/the-brutal-reality-of-the_b_8077332.html

Gabor, Andrea. (2015, August 22). The myth of the New Orleans school makeover. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/opinion/sunday/the-myth-of-the- new-orleans-school-makeover.html?_r=0

Kimmett, Colleen. (2015, August 28). 10 years after Katrina, New Orleans’ all-charter school system has proven a failure. In These Times. Retreived from: http://inthesetimes.com/article/18352/10-years-after-katrina-new-orleans-all-charter- district-has-proven-a-failur

11 Carroll, Jamie M. (2015, September 2). The brutal reality of the New Orleans education experiment. Huffington Post Blog. Retrieved from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jamie-m-carroll/the-brutal-reality-of-the_b_8077332.html;

Gabor, Andrea. (2015, August 22). The myth of the New Orleans school makeover. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/opinion/sunday/the-myth-of-the- new-orleans-school-makeover.html?_r=0

Ferguson, Pheobe. (2014). The Perfect Storm: The Takeover of New Orleans Public Schools. Retrieved from: https://www.facebook.com/APerfectStormFilm/;

Karp, S., & Sokolower, J. (2014). Colonialism not Reform. (2014). Rethinking Schools. 28 (4). Retrieved from: http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/28_04/28_04_karp_sokolower.shtml; Kimmett,

Colleen. (2015, August 28). 10 years after Katrina, New Orleans’ all-charter school system has proven a failure. In These Times. Retreived from: http://inthesetimes.com/article/18352/10-years-after-katrina-new-orleans-all-charter- district-has-proven-a-failur

11 Orleans Parish Place Matters. (2014). Place matters for education in Orleans Parish: a community

12 Gabor, Andrea. (2015, August 22). The myth of the New Orleans school makeover. New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/opinion/sunday/the-myth-of-the-new-orleans- school-makeover.html?_r=0

13 Gabor, Andrea. (2015, August 22). The myth of the New Orleans school makeover. New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/23/opinion/sunday/the-myth-of-the- new-orleans-school-makeover.html?_r=0

14 Adamson, F., Cook-Harvey, C., & Darling-Hammond, L. (2015). Whose choice?: Student experiences and outcomes in the New Orleans school marketplace. Stanford, CA: Stanford Center for Opportunity Policy in Education. Retrieved from: https://edpolicy.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/scope- report-student-experiences-new-orleans.pdf

15 Times-Picayune. (2015, April 23). The 73 'official' New Orleans neighborhoods: Why they exist, and why they shouldn't. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/neighborhoods/2015/04/new_orleans_neighborhoods_73.html

16 Sanchez, Claudio. (2015, August 25). Study Tracks Vast Racial Gap In School Discipline In 13 Southern States. NPR. Retrieved from: http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2015/08/25/434650842/study-tracks-vast-racial-gap-in- school-discipline-in-13-southern-states

17 National Public Radio. (2014, March 21). Black Preschoolers Far More Likely To Be Suspended. NPR. Retrieved from: http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/03/21/292456211/black-preschoolers-far- more-likely-to-be-suspended

18 Sanchez, Claudio. (2015, August 25). Study Tracks Vast Racial Gap In School Discipline In 13 Southern States. NPR. Retrieved from: http://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2015/08/25/434650842/study-tracks-vast-racial-gap-in- school-discipline-in-13-southern-states

19 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2014, May 13). Civil rights complaint alleges unequal treatment for New Orleans' black public school students. Times-Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2014/05/civil_rights_complaint_alleges.html

20 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2014, May 13). Civil rights complaint alleges unequal treatment for New Orleans' black public school students. Times-Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2014/05/civil_rights_complaint_alleges.html

21 Neason, Alexandria. (2016, June 5). The Color of School Reform. Slate. Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/articles/life/tomorrows_test/2016/06/new_orleans_needs_more_bl ack_teachers_and_knows_it_why_is_progress_so_slow.html

22 Coco, Jennifer. (2016). Support House Bill 1159 – Rep. Walt Leger, “Safe Supportive Discipline Act of 2016” New Orleans, LA. Southern Poverty Law Center.

23 Losen, D., & Martinez, T. (2013, April 8). Out of School and Off Track: The Overuse of Suspensions in American Middle and High Schools. The Civil Rights Project. Retreived from: https://www.civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/resources/projects/center-for- civil-rights-remedies/school-to-prison-folder/federal-reports/out-of-school-and-off-track- the-overuse-of-suspensions-in-american-middle-and-high-schools

24 Orleans Parish Place Matters. (2014). Place matters for education in Orleans Parish: a community health equity report on educational policies. New Orleans, LA.

25 Lind, D., & Nelson, L. (2015, February 24). The school to prison pipeline, explained. Justice Policy Institute. Retrieved from: http://www.justicepolicy.org/news/8775

26 Kamenetz, Anya. (2014, September 2). The end of neighborhood schools. National Public Radio. Retrieved from: http://apps.npr.org/the-end-of-neighborhood-schools/

27 Karp, S., & Sokolower, J. (2014). Colonialism not Reform. (2014). Rethinking Schools. 28 (4). Retrieved from: http://www.rethinkingschools.org/archive/28_04/28_04_karp_sokolower.shtml

28 Kennedy, Al. (2015, August 4-5). Proceedings from: The history of education in New Orleans still matters: A conversation with historical Al Kennedy. The “New Orleans Model” of Urban Reform: A Guide or a Warning for Cities Across the Nation. New Orleans, LA.

29 Neason, Alexandria. (2016, June 5). The Color of School Reform. Slate. Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/articles/life/tomorrows_test/2016/06/new_orleans_needs_more_bl ack_teachers_and_knows_it_why_is_progress_so_slow.html

30 Neason, Alexandria. (2016, June 5). The Color of School Reform. Slate. Retrieved from: http://www.slate.com/articles/life/tomorrows_test/2016/06/new_orleans_needs_more_bl ack_teachers_and_knows_it_why_is_progress_so_slow.html

31 The Importance of School and Community Collaboration. (N.d). Retreived from: https://www.michigan.gov/documents/The_Importance_of_School_and_Community_Col laboration_156613_7.pdf

32 Harris, D. N., Jabbar, H., Maroulis, S., Santillano, R. (2016). What happened to student mobility after the New Orleans’ market-based reforms? New Orleans, LA. Education Research Alliance. Retrieved from: http://educationresearchalliancenola.org/files/publications/ERA-Policy-Brief-Mobility- Student-Performance-160512.pdf

33 Harris, D. N., Jabbar, H., Maroulis, S., Santillano, R. (2016). What happened to student mobility after the New Orleans’ market-based reforms? New Orleans, LA. Education Research Alliance. Retrieved from: http://educationresearchalliancenola.org/files/publications/ERA-Policy-Brief-Mobility- Student-Performance-160512.pdf

34 DeArmond, M., Jochim, A., Lake, R. (2014). Making school choice work. Seattle, WA: Center on Reinventing Public Education. Retrieved from: http://www.crpe.org/sites/default/files/CRPE_MakingSchoolChoiceWork_Report.pdf

35 DeArmond, M., Jochim, A., Lake, R. (2014). Making school choice work. Seattle, WA: Center on Reinventing Public Education. Retrieved from: http://www.crpe.org/sites/default/files/CRPE_MakingSchoolChoiceWork_Report.pdf

36 Louisiana School Finder. (2013). A.P. Tureaud Elementary School. Retrieved from: http://laschoolfinder.com/schools/detail/59/A.P.-Tureaud-Elementary-School

37 Layton, Lyndsey. (2014, May 28). In New Orleans, major school district closes traditional public schools for good. Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/in-new-orleans-traditional-public- schools-close-for-good/2014/05/28/ae4f5724-e5de-11e3-8f90-73e071f3d637_story.html

38 A.P. Tureaud Elementary School. (n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the A.P. Tureaud Elementary School wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Tureaud

39 I A.P. Tureaud Elementary School. (n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the A.P. Tureaud Elementary School wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Tureaud

40 I A.P. Tureaud Elementary School. (n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the A.P. Tureaud Elementary School wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Tureaud

41 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2014). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

42 “Gamboni, Leslie. (2014, May 13). Plessy Community School assigned to former site of A.P. Tureaud Elementary on Pauger Street. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2014/05/13/plessy-community-school-adds-board-member-and- new-committee-restaurant-aids-fundraising/

43 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2014). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

44 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2014). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

45 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2015, November 17). McDonogh No. 35 middle school will close in 2017. Times-Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2015/11/mcdonogh_35_middle_school_clos.ht ml

46 McDonogh 35 High School.(n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the McDonogh #35 High School wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonogh_35_High_School

47 McDonogh 35 High School.(n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the McDonogh #35 High School wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonogh_35_High_School

48 McDonogh 35 High School.(n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the McDonogh #35 High School wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonogh_35_High_School

49 McDonogh 35 High School.(n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the McDonogh #35 High School wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonogh_35_High_School

50 McDonogh 35 High School.(n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the McDonogh #35 High School wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonogh_35_High_School

51 Jewson, Marta. (2012). Questions arise over McDonogh 42 school takeover. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2012/07/06/questions-arise-in-handover-of- power-over-mcdonogh-42-elementary/

52 Akinyemi,Yomi. (2012, June 2). McDonogh 42 delays move until 2013; test score results show gains. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2012/06/04/mcdonogh-delays-move/

53 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2013). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2014). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

54 Davis, Kelsey. (2015, August 19). Dedication ceremony celebrates opening of McDonogh 42 Elementary Charter School. WDSU. Retrieved from: http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/mcdonogh-42-elementary-charter- school-building-dedication-scheduled-for-wednesday-morning/34797102

55 Davis, Kelsey. (2015, August 19). Dedication ceremony celebrates opening of McDonogh 42 Elementary Charter School. WDSU. Retrieved from: http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/mcdonogh-42-elementary-charter- school-building-dedication-scheduled-for-wednesday-morning/34797102

56Davis Kelsey. (2015, August 19). Dedication ceremony celebrates opening of McDonogh 42 Elementary Charter School. WDSU. Retrieved from: http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/mcdonogh-42-elementary-charter- school-building-dedication-scheduled-for-wednesday-morning/34797102

57Dreilinger, Danielle. (2013, December 06). New Orleans alternative school suggests neighboring schools improve security. Times-Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/12/new_orleans_alternative_school.html

58Dreilinger, Danielle. (2014, September 24). New Orleans school for expelled students makes changes for 2014-15. Times-Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2014/09/new_orleans_school_for_expelle.html

59 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2014, September 24). New Orleans school for expelled students makes changes for 2014-15. Times-Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2014/09/new_orleans_school_for_expelle.html

60Chang, Cindy. (2011, February 21). Sarah T. Reed Elementary will become a charter school; Harriet Tubman will get a new charter operator. Times-Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2011/02/sarah_t_reed_elementary_will_b.html

61 Chang, Cindy. (2011, February 21). Sarah T. Reed Elementary will become a charter school; Harriet Tubman will get a new charter operator. Times-Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2011/02/sarah_t_reed_elementary_will_b.html

62 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2014). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2016). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

63 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2013, June 18). Landry, Walker high schools merger gains BESE committee backing. Times-Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/06/state_board_of_education_commi.ht ml

64 Williams, Jessica. (2013, June 11). Most students leaving RSD’s 4 closed, failing schools are headed to other substandard schools. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2013/06/11/most-students-leaving-from-rsds-4-closed-failing- schools-are-headed-to-other-substandard-schools/#

65 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2013). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

66 New Orleans College Prep. (n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the New Orleans College Prep website: https://nolacollegeprep.org/about-us

Morris, Robert. (2012, July 06). Open-Admission Uptown high schools miss state averages in most subjects. Uptown Messenger. Retrieved from: http://uptownmessenger.com/2012/07/open-admission-uptown-high-schools-miss-state- averages-in-most-subjects/

67 New Orleans College Prep. (n.d). Retrieved May 19, 2016 from the New Orleans College Prep website: https://nolacollegeprep.org/about-us

68 Morris, Robert. (2015, December 03). New Cohen High could be built on school’s original site. Uptown Messenger. Retrieved from: http://uptownmessenger.com/2015/12/new-cohen-high-could-be-built-on-schools- original-site/

69 Morris, Robert. (2015, December 03). New Cohen High could be built on school’s original site. Uptown Messenger. Retrieved from: http://uptownmessenger.com/2015/12/new-cohen-high-could-be-built-on-schools- original-site/

70Edgar P. Harney Elementary School. (n.d.). Retrieved from the Edgar P. Harney Spirit of Excellence Academy website: http://www.soeanola.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=179993&type=d&pREC_ID= 363978

71 Akinyemi, Yomi. (2012, June 4). McDonogh 42 delays move until 2013; test score results show gains. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2012/06/04/mcdonogh-delays-move/

72Dreilinger, Danielle. (2014, July 07). Auditor says Singleton Charter failed to enroll employees in teacher pension plan; doctored records. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2014/07/auditor_singleton_charter_fail.html

73Dreilinger, Danielle (2013, June 12). Six school buildings herald new era in New Orleans. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/04/six_school_buildings_herald_ne.html

74Simon, Darren. (2009, December 03). Five new N.O. charter schools now have homes. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/03/charter_school_sites_chosen.html

KIPP Central City Academy. (n.d.). Retrieved from KIPP New Orleans website: https://www.kippneworleans.org/school/kipp-central-city-academy

New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2012). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

75Simon, Darren. (2009, December 03). Five new N.O. charter schools now have homes. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/03/charter_school_sites_chosen.html

76Simon, Darren. (2009, December 03). Five new N.O. charter schools now have homes. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/news/index.ssf/2008/03/charter_school_sites_chosen.html

KIPP Central City Academy. (n.d.). Retrieved from KIPP New Orleans website: https://www.kippneworleans.org/school/kipp-central-city-academy

77 Murray, David. (2011, April 08). Reform and recovery: New Orleans school provides services from birth, and assistance for families. Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved from: http://www.mlive.com/news/grand- rapids/index.ssf/2011/04/reform_and_recovery_new_orlean.html

78 Murray, David. (2011, April 08). Reform and recovery: New Orleans school provides services from birth, and assistance for families. Grand Rapids Press. Retrieved from: http://www.mlive.com/news/grand- rapids/index.ssf/2011/04/reform_and_recovery_new_orlean.html

79 Buchanan, Susan (2011, October 18). Post-Katrina, Mold Worries Subside But Hardly Disappear. Huffington Post. Retrieved from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan- buchanan/postkatrina-mold-worries-_b_925851.html

80 New Orleans College Prep. (n.d.) Retrieved from New Orleans College Prep website: https://nolacollegeprep.org/about-us/#history

81 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2013). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

Dreilinger, Danielle. (2013 December 06). New Orleans school alternative school suggests neighboring school improve security. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/12/new_orleans_alternative_school.html

82 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2014 September 24). New Orleans school for expelled students makes changes for 2014-15. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2014/09/new_orleans_school_for_expelle.html

83 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2014). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

84 Davis, Kelsey. (2015, August 19). Dedication ceremony celebrates opening of McDonogh 42 Elementary Charter School. WDSU. Retrieved from: http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/mcdonogh-42-elementary-charter- school-building-dedication-scheduled-for-wednesday-morning/34797102

85 Davis, Kelsey. (2015, August 19). Dedication ceremony celebrates opening of McDonogh 42 Elementary Charter School. WDSU. Retrieved from: http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/mcdonogh-42-elementary-charter- school-building-dedication-scheduled-for-wednesday-morning/34797102

86TEG. (2011, July 22). OPSB Renames Priestley School as Architecture Design Engineering Preparatory High (ADEP High). The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/nops/index.ssf/2011/07/opsb_renames_priestley_school.html

87 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2012 December 04). New Orleans' Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory School makes case to stay open. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2012/12/benjamin_e_mays_preparatory_sc.ht ml

88 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2012 December 04). New Orleans' Benjamin E. Mays Preparatory School makes case to stay open. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2012/12/benjamin_e_mays_preparatory_sc.ht ml

89 Carr, Sarah. (2009 September 28). School within a school is new strategy to transform education. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2009/09/post_2.html

90 Carver High School. (n.d.) Retrieved from George Washington Carver High School wiki: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carver_High_School_(New_Orleans)

91Vanacore, Andrew. (2011 November 28). Recovery School District announces which schools it will charter next year. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2011/11/rsd_announces_which_schools_it.htm l

92 Peterson, Jenny. (2012 May 01). Board vows to move forward with plans to incubate two high schools at Carver. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2012/05/01/collegiate-academies-board-meets-2-2/

Foster, Kelsey. (2012 March 27). College acceptance rate tops 90 percent; Carver group resists plans for two-school phase-in. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2012/03/27/collegiate-academies-board-meets/

93Vanacore, Andrew. (2011 November 28). Recovery School District announces which schools it will charter next year. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2011/11/rsd_announces_which_schools_it.htm l

94 Peterson, Jenny. (2012 May 01). Board vows to move forward with plans to incubate two high schools at Carver. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2012/05/01/collegiate-academies-board-meets-2-2/

95 Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education. (2016 Jun 21). School Innovation and Turnaround Committee Meeting. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QO_zbk7QGqM

96 Purpura, Paul. (2014 January 04). Marine Corps-influenced charter high school comes to life in Algiers. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2014/01/marine_corps_influenced_charte.html

97 Purpura, Paul. (2014 January 04). Marine Corps-influenced charter high school comes to life in Algiers. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2014/01/marine_corps_influenced_charte.html

98 Purpura, Paul. (2014 January 04). Marine Corps-influenced charter high school comes to life in Algiers. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2014/01/marine_corps_influenced_charte.html

99 William J. Fischer Accelerated Academy. (n.d.). Retrieved from the William J. Fischer Accelerated Academy website: http://wjfacademy.org/about/

100Filosa, Gwen. (2010 September 12). Lake Forest Charter Elementary School beats the odds. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2010/09/lake_forest_charter_elementary.html

101 (2016, January 16). Lake Forest Charter School Moves Into Brand New Building. Biz New Orleans. Retrieved from: http://www.bizneworleans.com/January-2016/Lake-Forest- Charter-School-Moves-Into-Brand-New-Building/

102Dreilinger, Danielle. (2012, December 04). BESE voting on recommendation to end charter contracts with 4 New Orleans schools. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2012/12/louisiana_to_recommend_ending.html

103 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2012). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

104 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2012). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

105Dreilinger, Danielle. (2013, August 30). New Orleans’ summer of school change: Where did the students go? The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/08/charter_schools_and_change_whe.ht ml

106Chang,Cindy. (2011 February 21). Sarah T. Reed Elementary will become a charter school; Harriet Tubman will get a new charter operator. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2011/02/sarah_t_reed_elementary_will_b.html

New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2013). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

107 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2013). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

Dreilinger, Danielle. (2013, January 17). Successful charters can now open new schools without state OK. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/01/successful_charters_can_now_op.ht ml

108Martin Behrman Charter School Academy of Creative Arts & Sciences. (n.d.) Retrieved from Behrman Charter School website: http://www.behrmancharter.org/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=206822&type=d&pRE C_ID=407496

109 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2013, October 24). New Orleans schools see major gains in 2013 letter grades. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/10/new_orleans_schools_see_major.htm l

Williams, Jessica. (2015, November 19). Check out results: New Orleans-area high school performance scores rise. The New Orleans Advocate. Retrieved from: http://theadvocate.com/news/neworleans/neworleansnews/13836758-123/check-out- results-new-orleans-area

110 ReNew Accelerated High School West Bank. (n.d.) The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/school/renew-accelerated-high-school-westbank/

111 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2012). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

112 Ferguson, Barbara. (2014 June) Closing Schools, Opening Schools, and Changing School Codes: Instability in the New Orleans Recovery School District. Research on Reforms, Inc. Retrieved from:

http://www.researchonreforms.org/html/documents/RSDClosingOpeningChangingCode s.pdf

113 Jewson, Marta. (2013, May 08). ReNEW’s proposed budget expands as it takes over Schaumberg Elementary. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2013/05/08/renews-proposed-budget-expands-as-it-takes-over- schaumberg-elementary/

New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2012). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2013). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

114 New Orleans Parents’ Guide. (2013). New Orleans Parents’ Guide to Public Schools. New Orleans, LA.

Thoren, Thomas. (2013, November 15). ReNEW looks for changes in scoring for alternative schools. The Lens. Retrieved from: http://thelensnola.org/2013/11/15/renew- looks-for-changes-in-scoring-for-alternative-schools/

115Carr, Sarah. (2009 October 15). Responses from Recovery School District: Schwarz Academy. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://blog.nola.com/news_impact/2009/06/Schwarz-Camelot.pdf

116 Carr, Sarah. (2009 October 15). Responses from Recovery School District: Schwarz Academy. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://blog.nola.com/news_impact/2009/06/Schwarz-Camelot.pdf

117Carr, Martha. (2012, January 18). Three New Orleans charter school groups awarded $2.8 in federal grants. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2012/01/three_charter_groups_awarded_2.ht ml

118 Carr, Martha. (2012, January 18). Three New Orleans charter school groups awarded $2.8 in federal grants. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2012/01/three_charter_groups_awarded_2.ht ml 119Dreilinger, Danielle. (2013, December 06). New Orleans alternative school suggests neighboring school improve security. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/12/new_orleans_alternative_school.html

Davis, Kelsey. (2015 August 19). Dedication ceremony celebrates opening of McDonogh 42 Elementary Charter School. WDSU. Retrieved from: http://www.wdsu.com/news/local-news/new-orleans/mcdonogh-42-elementary-charter- school-building-dedication-scheduled-for-wednesday-morning/34797102

120 Martin, Robert. (2012 May 20). ReNEW hopes to lift Laurel and Live Oak schools out of “failing” status next year, and will open accelerated high school at Bauduit campus in the fall. Uptown Messenger. Retrieved from: http://uptownmessenger.com/2012/05/renew-hopes-to-lift-laurel-and-live-oak-schools- out-of-failing-status-next-year-and-will-open-accelerated-high-school-at-bauduit- campus/

121 Martin, Robert. (2012 May 20). ReNEW hopes to lift Laurel and Live Oak schools out of “failing” status next year, and will open accelerated high school at Bauduit campus in the fall. Uptown Messenger. Retrieved from: http://uptownmessenger.com/2012/05/renew-hopes-to-lift-laurel-and-live-oak-schools- out-of-failing-status-next-year-and-will-open-accelerated-high-school-at-bauduit- campus/

122 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2016, January 29). Fraud in testing, special education found at ReNEW charter school. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2016/01/renew_charter_fraud_report.html

123 Dreilinger, Danielle. (2016, January 29). Fraud in testing, special education found at ReNEW charter school. The Times Picayune. Retrieved from: http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2016/01/renew_charter_fraud_report.html

For more information about Equity in All Places please visit our website at: www.equityinallplaces.org