Statement Heritage Land at Lower Town Barn, Trewidland, Liskeard

Statement Heritage

Land at Lower Town Barn, Trewidland, Liskeard, Cornwall. PL14 4ST Heritage Impact Assessment

Setting of NHLE13329406 Lower Town Farmhouse.

CSHER – MCO18039 TREWIDLAND – Early medieval settlement. HLC: Anciently Enclosed Land.

SH Ref TWID0920 v1.0 09/02/2021

STATEMENT HERITAGE, 8 PAR LANE, PL24 2DN WWW.STATEMENT-HERITAGE.COM 01726 339217

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All content © Statement Heritage unless stated otherwise.

This project was carried out by Daniel Ratcliffe BA MA MCIfA in September 2020 with reporting in February 2021 following supply of final scheme drawings.

The views and recommendations expressed in this report are those of Statement Heritage and are presented in good faith on the basis of professional judgement and on information currently available. It should not be used or relied upon in connection with any other project than that intended. The client should note that the nature of archaeological discovery is that it is rarely possible to entirely exclude the potential for discoveries being made in the course of work.

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Common acronyms and specialist terms found in Statement Heritage Reports.

Architectural terms are generally taken from the Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture; the glossaries provided by Pevsner Architectural Guides and RW Brunskill’s ‘Vernacular Architecture’

Archaeological terminology is generally compliant with Historic England Thesauri available here.

Historic England’s ‘Introductions to Heritage Assets’ and ‘Designation Selection Guides’ are particularly useful for thematic discussions of heritage asset classes. These may be freely downloaded here.

Archaeological Evaluation. The field testing of land by either remote sensing or direct interventions (digging) to establish the presence / absence, extent, type, date, significance and potential of archaeological features.

Archaeological Interest. The potential for a heritage asset (building, landscape or monument) to hold evidence of past human activity worthy of investigation.

AOD: Above Ordnance Datum. Heights given in ‘AOD’ are quoted in metres relative to ‘Ordnance Datum Newlyn’

CIfA: Chartered Institute for Archaeologists. Professional institute. Individually MCIfA (Member); ACIfA (Associate); PCIfA (Practitioner).

CSHER / HER : Cornwall and Scilly Historic Environment Record. The definitive record of the designated and undesignated historic environment of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly, managed by Cornwall Council.

CLP: Cornwall Local Plan. https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/media/22936789/adopted-local-plan-strategic-policies- 2016.pdf . Planning determinations are expected to be in conformity with local planning policy.

CRO: Cornwall Record Office. References prefixed CRO indicate the local record office reference number of archive documents.

Designated / Protected Heritage Asset. A World Heritage Site, Scheduled Monument, Listed Building, Protected Wreck Site, Registered Park and Garden, Registered Battlefield or Conservation Area designated under the relevant legislation.

GI, GII*, GII etc. Listed Buildings and Registered Parks and Gardens are graded according to their importance. GI and II* are the highest grades triggering consultation by LPAs of Historic England and specific protections under the NPPF.

Group Value. The extent to which the exterior of the building contributes to the architectural or historic interest of any group of buildings of which it forms part – see also ‘setting’. Group value is a consideration in determining whether buildings should be listed.

HE: Historic England. The Government’s statutory advisory body on the historic environment.

Historic Environment. ‘All aspects of the environment resulting from the interaction between people and places through time, including all surviving physical remains of past human activity, whether visible, buried or submerged, and landscaped and planted or managed flora’ (NPPF)

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HIA: Heritage Impact Appraisal. A document assessing the presence / absence, significance of, and impacts to heritage assets, usually prepared in preparation of LPA consent processes.

HLC: Historic Landscape Characterisation. A technique of historic landscape analysis based on the identification of areas sharing common features, patterns and attributes related to their historic development.

LPA: Local Planning Authority.

Mitigation. Measures to limit or avoid the harm of an action. Specifically used within archaeological work to refer to the processes of converting archaeological interest to an archive to advance understanding of a heritage asset, sometimes known as preservation by record.

NA: National Archives. References prefixed ‘NA’ indicate the reference number of archive documents held in the National Archives.

NHLE: National Heritage List for England. https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/. The definitive record of protected (designated) heritage assets in England.

Non-designated Heritage Asset. ‘Buildings, monuments, sites, places, areas or landscapes identified by plan-making bodies as having a degree of heritage significance meriting consideration in planning decisions but which do not meet the criteria for designated heritage assets’ (NPPF). Buried archaeological remains may fall into this category, unless their significance is ‘demonstrably equivalent to Scheduled Monuments’ (NPPF footnote 63).

NPPF: National Planning Policy Framework. Central Government framework for planning in England.

OS: Ordnance Survey

OS NGR: OS National Grid Reference.

Preservation ‘in situ’. The simplest and best form of archaeological mitigation is to leave the evidence undisturbed, i.e. through an informed foundation design.

Setting: ‘The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral.’ (NPPF)

Scheduled Monument: A site designated for its ‘national importance’ under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.

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Non Technical Summary

This report details an assessment of the heritage values of a site proposed for the development of two dwellings on the southern edge of Trewidland a hamlet to the south of Liskeard. Trewidland does not form part of a conservation area, but is a medieval settlement containing three listed buildings, one of which is the farmhouse historically associated with ‘Lower Town Farm’ which includes the land to be developed.

The historic context of the farmstead is briefly investigated. Lower Town Farmhouse dates to the 17th century, with remodelling in the late 18th century. A barn containing some 10th century fabric, but much expanded in the 20th century and converted to residential use in the 21st century lies to the immediate north east of the proposal site.

Conversion of this barn, the replacement of earlier buildings with poor quality blockworks structures and two modern houses is considered to have much eroded the farmstead setting of Lower Town Farmhouse. These less significant buildings lie between the listed house and the proposal site preventing any development here having an adverse effect on its setting.

Evidence of ground moving operations within the site are noted on 2005 aerial photographs held by the Council. These operations are likely to have reduced the archaeological potential of the site.

It is assessed that development may have a small and less than substantially harmful effect on the medieval countryside to the south and east of the proposal, but the lack of designation of this countryside is observed and the council is invited to take account of the limited nature of such harm in applying Policy 196 of the NPPF dealing with non-designated heritage assets.

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Contents Non Technical Summary ...... 5 1. Introduction and Methods ...... 7 2 Description of Site ...... 9 3 Further historic background ...... 13 4 Site survey and map regression results...... 13 5 Statement of Significance ...... 16 6 Impact Assessment ...... 17 Bibliography ...... 18

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1. Introduction and Methods

1.1 This report has been commissioned, to assess the impacts of proposals for submission of reserved matters pursuant to Outline Consent PA20/04233 at ‘Lower Town Barn, Trewidland, Liskeard, Cornwall PL14 4ST. The consent describes ‘small scale residential development (2 dwellings and garages) using existing access with all other matters reserved’. 1.2 The site (figure 1) comprises 0.18ha of land comprising: • Access via the existing driveway to Lower Town Barn via the site of a modern outbuilding; to • Part of a field, historically in agricultural use currently laid to pasture. 1.3 Cornwall Council’s ‘Historic Environment Planning’ officer commented on the outline application as follows: The site is adjacent to Lower Town Farmhouse, which is GII listed. Our duty under s.66(1) of the Planning (LB&C) Act 1990 requires the planning authority to have special regard to the desirability of preserving the setting of a listed building. The NPPF defines the setting of the heritage asset as ‘the surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not ficed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance of an asset, may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral. The NPPF part 16 requires 'great weight' to be given to the asset's conservation (192) and that any harm to, or loss of, the significance of a designated heritage asset (including from development within its setting) should require clear and convincing justification (194). Local planning authorities should look for opportunities for new development within the setting of heritage assets, to enhance or better reveal their significance (200). A Heritage Statement and Heritage Impact Assessment is required by para. 189 of the NPPF. The HIA should demonstrate how significance would be affected by the proposal, whether positively or negatively, whether and how great any harm might be, and what measures will be taken to mitigate (avoid, reduce or offset) any harm. Heritage Statements and Heritage Impact Assessments will often need to be informed by (usually professional) individuals with relevant expertise. The Heritage Statement and Heritage Impact assessment should use the methodology for assessing visual impacts upon heritage assets - a Heritage Landscape Visual Impact Assessment (HLVIA) as set out in Historic England's 'The Setting of Heritage Assets' - Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3 Dec 2017. Further guidance can be found in the draft Cornwall Design Guide and in the following Historic England Guidance; https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/statements- heritage- significance-advice-note-12/ https://content.historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/gpa2- managing-significance-in-decision-taking/gpa2.pdf/ https://historicengland.org.uk/images- books/publications/gpa3-setting-of- heritage-assets/heag180-gpa3-setting-heritage-assets/ We also note that a historic building existed where the existing barn proposed to be demolished is sited, as shown on the c.1907 plan below. If any part of the existing building pre-dates 1948 this would be deemed to be curtilage listed and as such listed building consent would be required for its demolition.

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We additionally recommend HEP (Arch) be consulted to advise on whether an archaeological assessment is required. 1.4 This report, responds to these requirements, which are designed to ensure that all applications for development are based on a proportionate assessment of the significance of any heritage assets affected, including any contribution made by their setting. 1.5 Desk based research and analysis has involved:

• Consultation of historic mapping of the site • Consultation of online Cornwall and Scilly Historic Environment Record Data • Consultation of the National Heritage List for England (NHLE) • Searches of the indexes of Kresen Kernow Archives and Local Studies Collections. • Bibliographic research

1.6 The author undertook walkover survey of the site and its environs on 11/08/2020 during the morning in overcast but generally dry and clear conditions. External photographs were taken and notes made, of Lower Town Farmhouse, the Barn, the site and of the surrounding historic environment of Trewidland. The assessment methodology follows the recommended processes set out in Historic England’s Good Practice Advice Notes (GPAN) in Planning 2 (Decision Making in the Historic Environment) (Historic England, 2015) and 3 (The Setting of Heritage Assets – Second Edition (Historic England, 2017) and is further informed by the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standard and Guidance for Historic Environment Desk Based Assessment 2014 (Chartered Institute for Archaeologists, 2014)

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2 Description of Site

2.1 Location (figure 1) 2.1.1 The site consists today of a 0.18ha piece of agricultural land, to be subdivided from a larger enclosure for the purposes of its development. This will continue the established development line of the residential curtilage of Lower Town Barn, meeting the line of the eastern side of the boundary of Trehalvin. The site lies to the south of the historic core area of Trewidland and to the east of 20th century ribbon development along the lane leading south from the hamlet towards Landlooe. 2.1.2 OSNGR: SX2559159757 2.1.3 LPA: Cornwall Council. 2.1.4 Historic Ecclesiastical Parish: Liskeard. 2.1.5 Modern Civil Parish: Dobwalls and Trewidland. 2.1.6 Geology: Saltash formation – Devonian slates and sandstones

2.2 Historic Landscape Character 2.2.1 The Cornwall 1994 Historic Landscape Characterisation (Herring, Cornwall's Historic Landscape: Presenting a method of historic landscape characterisation, 1998), records the all the enclosed land around Trewidland as forming part of the wider Anciently Enclosed (AEL) landscape of Cornwall described by Cornwall Council (Cornwall Council, 2011) as being enclosed since before c.1750 and comprising “the agricultural heartland… much, even most, of this Type will have been enclosed and farmed since later prehistory (Middle Bronze Age onwards, from c1600BC”. 2.2.2 AEL is broken down in our understanding of Cornwall’s historic landscape into a number of subtypes. The majority of the type ‘medieval farmland’ has developed from field systems first established, probably as common arable land, in the early medieval period (410AD-1066AD). Within these landscapes settlement patterns are ‘dispersed’, the basic unit being the small hamlet, sometimes termed, and often prefixed in its placename, using the Cornish element ‘tre’- which is taken to mean ‘hamlet, farmstead or estate’ (Gover, 1948). As at Trewidland the tre- settlements of the medieval farming landscapes of Cornwall are typically linked to adjacent settlement by a network of deeply incised lanes, through small scale patterns of semi-regular field systems often derived from the piecemeal medieval enclosure of earlier medieval open mixed arable strips. AEL tends to correspond to those parts of Cornwall which have been most favorable for settlement since later prehistory, and as a result there is a demonstrable potential for these landscapes to contain buried archaeological remains of all subsequent periods. 2.3 Statutory Designations (Historic England, 2020) (see figure 1iii) 2.3.1 The only designated heritage asset within Trewidland is Lower Town Farmhouse (NHLE132406) which is GII Listed. List Description: “Farmhouse. Circa C17, extended and remodelled in circa late C18. Rubblestone, slate hung on south east and south west fronts and to south west gable end. Cement-washed scantle slate roof with gable end to south east range. Slightly lower slate roof to south west range with hipped end on south west. Continued to rear in catslide. Brick stack on south east gable end and in junction of 2 wings. Large rubblestone lateral stack with slatestone string course on rear of south west range. 'L' shaped plan of single depth on south east and extended to double depth with rear outshut on south west. 2 storeys, regular 2 and 3 window fronts. South east range; 3 window front with two 4-pane sashes on ground floor with central 6- panelled door. Roman Doric porch with moulded cornice. Two 4-pane sashes above flanking central blocked opening. South west range with 2 window front. Ground floor with 12-pane sash without horns on left with open lattice-work porch to right. Partly glazed, 4 panelled door. Above, two 12-pane sashes without horns. Decorative hood over left hand sash. In hipped south west end, 12-pane sash to ground and first floor. Decorative hood over first floor window. interior not inspected.”1

1 At the time of researching and writing this report the listed building was incorrectly identified on the Council interactive mapping as at Lower Town Barn. We have reported this (01/09/2020) to the Council Historic Environment Record Team who will be correcting the public mapping.

STATEMENT HERITAGE, 8 PAR LANE, PL24 2DN WWW.STATEMENT-HERITAGE.COM 01726 339217

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2.4 Undesignated sites (CSHER). 2.4.1 The Cornwall and Scilly Historic Environment Record (CSHER) records three data points within Trewidland village (figure 2i). 2.4.2 MCO18039 records the settlement itself noting that the settlement of Trewidland is first recorded in 1297 (b1). The name is Cornish and contains the elements tre farmstead and widland and a personal name (b1). Tre implies a site of Early Medieval origin. Trewidland is recorded on the modern OS Mastermap 2007 and from the mapping the settlement has expanded in the C20 into a small village. Our desktop research (below) clarifies and enriches this information. 2.4.3 MCO32055 (figure 3iii) records a Bible Christian chapel. Earlier chapel nearby. Painted rubble walls; dry Delabole slate roof with pierced, crested ridge tiles. Gothic and Italianate influence. Features include small gable window with fanlight head. Burial ground to the west of late C19 and C20 date, still extant and in use. The site has been visited and photographed during our field work. The site has been converted to residential use. 2.4.4 MCO32054 records a further Bible Christian chapel, now slightly altered and used as store. Painted rubble walls; dry Delabole slate roof with crested ridge tiles. Simple building with gable ends and round-arched windows with original glazing. Restored1880. This site is also discussed further below and is also now in residential use. The site is identified on historic mapping as a Methodist Church (Wesleyan). 2.4.5 We have identified further non-designated assets within the village via our walkover survey – these are presented visually at figure 2ii and 3. They include TV1 Trewidland Institute [1905 social institute (figure 3i)]; TV2 (Trewidland Village Hall) [Early 20th century (figure 3ii)]; TV3 Gunners Place (pre 1840 century houses or farm); and TV4 Forge Cottage [pre 1840 post-medieval cottage]. These buildings constitute the bulk of the surviving historic fabric of Trewidland village. 2.4.6 Prehistoric / Romano British sites within 1km (figure 4) 2.4.7 MCO40442 (Bronze Age cist) is located at SX 2509 6059, c1km NNW of the site and records The remains of a possible cist was reported after being exposed during clearence of a hedge side at South Lankelly. Three slabs remain of the walls which support the cap stone, It is possible that machinery dragging the face of the hedge may have pulled out the missing side slab. The cist is visible from a hollow-way to the west, appearing two thirds of the way up the hedge side. The top of the cap stone is exposed above the natural rab below a strata of top soil 70cm deep. The cap stone is c 66cm in length and the height of the wall slabs vary between c 28-31cm. ‘Cists’ are stone built chambers usually associated with the interment of human burials or cremations. 2.4.8 MCO38909 (Prehistoric enclosure) lies at SX 2639 5931 (1km SE of site) and records A circular mark, possibly a ditched enclosure,[which] is visible as cropmarks on aerial photographs taken in 1945. The feature, which lies to the south-east of Pensipple, is 52m across. Morphologically, it is similar to prehistoric round enclosures, however a later or modern agricultural origin cannot be

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ruled out. The feature was plotted during the Cornwall NMP [National Mapping Project – a government funded review of crop-mark evidence]. 2.4.9 CSHER Event Record ECO4491 relates to 6 agricultural enclosures to the immediate west of the historic settlement of Pensipple (centred on SX2590159266) and currently in use as the site of a photovoltaic array (‘solar farm’). The development of the installation was informed by a programme of archaeological geophysical survey and evaluation by trial trenching undertaken by Foundations Archaeology (Hood, 2013). The geophysical survey, tested via trial trenching, identified multiple phases of fields and enclosures, the earliest of which is likely to date to the prehistoric period. Two small prehistoric pits were present at the east of the site and an Iron Age/Romano-British Round was located at the northeast. Features associated with the Round included postholes, pits, gullies and a possible industrial feature. A Medieval/Post-medieval agricultural enclosure was situated at the west of the site. The archaeologically significant features were excluded from the array layout, so preserving the archaeology in situ. 2.4.10 Medieval sites within 1km. 8 sites (figure 5) dating to the medieval period (410AD-1540) are identified on the CSHER, 6 of which are settlements identified as medieval or early medieval on the basis of their Cornish language placenames. These are Great Treheer (MCO14613); Landlooe (MCO15243); Lanrest (MCO15305); Pensipple (MCO16239) ; Little Treheer (MCO10358) and Trewidland (MCO18039). The remaining two sites are both very close to one another (MCO 38917; MCO38829 - SX2534359287) Landlooe and relate to lost boundaries identified from aerial photographs as belonging to this period on the basis of their morphology. 2.4.11 Post Medieval sites within 1km. (figure 6) 20 features are identified on the CSHER within 1km of the site dating to later than 1540AD. 2.4.12 The majority of these features relate to the Liskeard-Looe Union Canal which was opened from Moorswater in 1828 (Todd & Laws, 1972, p. 132). The initial goods carried were agricultural produce and stone from the quarries at Cheesewring and coal, iron and timber coming in to the prosperous market at Liskeard. From the 1837 the canal proved the best route to the sea of mineral products from the new copper mining on Caradon Hill, initially via wagons and the ancient medieval lane network to Moorswater until the construction of the Liskeard and Caradon Railway in 1844 (ibid, 41). 2.4.13 CSHER records MCO51912; MCO47967; MCO51904; MCO51906; MCO9603 are all bridges or, in one case, an aqueduct crossing the route of the canal and the railway branch which was laid along its side, superceeding it, from 1859-60 (ibid, 132). MCO51905; MCO51907; MCO51909; MCO51910; MCO51911 record locks 8-12 along the canal; MCO45002 a related lime kiln; MCO51908 a canal side wharf; and 55146 a milestone along the route. 2.4.14 Three quarries are recorded at Pensipple (MCO57302; Trehere Farm (MCO42911) and Landlooe Bridge (MCO39769). 2.4.15 The remaining post-medieval records within 1km of site record the two non-conformist chapels at Trewidland (itemized above) and a National School (MCO51373) built 500m north of the village in

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1880 (School website), probably to serve the dispersed community of the area. The building is still in use as Trewidland Community Primary School. 3 Further historic background 3.1 Desktop Research

3.1.1 Trewidland has been identified (Darby & Versey, 1975, p. 56) as probably the settlement of Treviliud included within the Domesday Book, pushing back the earliest reference to the place name given in the CSHER some 2 centuries and confirming, if accepted, its early medieval origins. Treviliud is one of the smallest settlemetns identified in Domesday Cornwall containing only 5 households in 1086 and land enough for 3 ½ ploughs. 3.1.2 Various 13th and 14th century archive references illustrate the evolution of the place name through the alternately spelt form Trewythelen / Trewithelion / Trewythylane. A Nicholas of Trewithelon is recorded in 1299 with Padel suggesting that the name could be interpreted as farm of Gwdhelon (known to be a Welsh ,and a Brittonic Celtic personal name that may also have been used in Cornwall (Padel, 1990) 3.1.3 By 1564 the name was given as Trewydland in a Bargain and Sale of lands in Tremodret and Duloe (CRO/BW/10/10). 3.1.4 In 1568 the settlement was described as lying in the manor of Liskeard Coleshill (Quitclaim CRO/CM/198). The manor took its name from the Colshill family who held it in the 15th century (Lyson & Lysons, 1814, p. 201) 4 Map regression results.

4.1.1 For the purposes of understanding the development of the current landscape of the location OS map extracts at 1:2500 (original survey) scale County Series maps dating to c1880 and c1907 were examined (figure) along with the Tithe Map for Liskeard relating to a similar area (1840) have been gathered and georeferenced using a geographic information system (GIS2). This technique allows historic map data to be compared against modern survey data allowing changes in plan form to be easily identified. 4.1.2 The c1840 Liskeard Tithe map (figure 7i) depicts mid 19th century Trewidland in detail. Two possible ‘townplaces’3 are shown, one at what is now Lower Town Farm and a second to the north,

2 We use ‘QGIS’ documented at https://qgis.org/en/site/ 3 In Cornish historic sources a townplace describes the small common spaces, typically at the junction of 3 or more lanes, around which the early medieval tre- type settlements were arranged, initially as loosely organised

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adjacent to site TV4 (Forge Cottage – see site survey). Lower Town Farmhouse is shown, as is the western range of the Barn (our ref TV5) against the eastern side of the townplace. Trehalwen (probably also a medieval tre- settlement) is also shown. The Bible Christian Chapel and the buildings recorded by our site survey as TV3 Gunners Cottage and buildings on the footprints of the later block built structures TV6 Shed and TV7 Cart Shed. The location of the site is recorded as plot 2550 described as Moyles Meadow in arable cultivation. The plot is part of a dispersed tenement described in the apportionment as Parts of Trewidland, Knilly and Skants. The tenement totalled 94 acres in all and was owned by Anthony Olver and farmed by Francis Olver. The current Lower Town Farmhouse is identified as the homestead of the tenement. The lands are intermingled around Trewidland, Knilly and Skants as part of a dispersed tenurial pattern – characteristic of the piecemeal enclosure of blocks of strips from an early medieval common field, rather than being a coherent contiguous block of land. This is a process well recognized within much Anciently Enclosed Land see (see Cornwall Council, 2011 and Herring, 1998). 4.1.3 The c1880 first edition mapping (figure 7ii) shows few changes since 1840. The Barn is now shown with a semi-circular range to rear, presumably a roundhouse containing a whim house. An open sided building, probably a linhay, and a further linear building project from the south east corner of the barn. The ‘Methodist Chapel: Wesleyan to the west is now shown. A footpath, still extant as a right of way, is shown to the east of the site. 4.1.4 The c1907 mapping (figure 7iii) shows the loss of the north east boundary of the field in which the development is proposed otherwise little development is shown 4.1.5 Modern map and aerial photograph data (not reproduced – visible via Cornwall Council Interactive Mapping) demonstrates expansion of the village taking place principally in the form of detached properties to the west of the lane to Landlooe; detached and terraced properties on the villages north west edge around the road to Reedy and of detached bunglalows around the road leading north east from the village. A large sectional portal barn is shown on aerial photos dating to 2000 and 2005 on the site of what is now the garden to the converted Lower Town Barn. This is shown associated with areas of hard standing to the upper slopes of the fields in which it stands. The 2005 aerial photograph shows earth moving machinery operating within the site and indicates disturbed ground across much of the site. The data demonstrates that Oakfield House and The Court, two large, detached dwellings to the west of Lower Town Barn date to between 2000 and 2005.

homesteads farming initially collective common arable systems surrounding the settlement. Many tre-settlements were generally consolidated into one or two farms over the course of the post-medieval period.

5 Site Walkover

5.1.1 Walkover fieldwork was undertaken by Daniel Ratcliffe MA MCIfA on 11th August 2020 in bright sunny weather informed by photography and written notes. 5.1.2 The site is proposed to be formed by continuing the south eastern boundary of the garden of Lower Town Barn to the historic south western boundary of the field to its south which divides it from the curtilage of Trehalvin. The site will be approximately 50m x 50m. 5.1.3 An access to the site (figure 8) would be formed between the west elevation of Lower Town Barn and Oakfield House / The Court joining the public highway via the gateway of Lower Town Farmhouse. (Figure 8i) shows this gateway from where the north gables of Lower Town Barn are visible. 5.1.4 Lower Town Farmhouse (figure 8 ii) is as described by the List Description. Its most significant elevations are to its south west and south east elevations which face onto a small lawn. These elevations retain the slate hanging, timber windows and timber door surround which are noted in the building’s list description. 5.1.5 The access passes TV6 (figure 8iii) a mid-twentieth century block-built and rendered shed with asbestos sheet roof, and the modern detached housing to the west of Lower Town Barn. These houses (figure 8iv) are large, with what is probably Lantoom stone clad ground floors with modern brick dressings and rather austere and lifeless slate hanging above. The buildings have pitched dormer windows with brown casement windows. The attempt at local reference in the building materials is not complimented by the bare concrete block walls which form the edge of the curtilages. 5.1.6 Lower Town Barn (figure 9i) is today a double pile building with a double gable to its northern end facing the former farm yard. The oldest part of the building is the western range. The building is traditionally built in partly coursed light killas sandstone with modern ‘kiss-marked’ Fletton type brick dressings used over most openings. The eastern half of the building is traditionally built and detailed, and probably dates to the early part of the 20th century (but after 1907). Fenestration of the converted building is robust but modern. Bare concrete block has been used to reduce some full height openings which reads in a robust way. Some openings are clearly modern interventions particularly on the eastern elevation where two large patio doors have been inserted. The barns have a modern garden curtilage (figure 9ii) to their south east laid mostly to lawn and surrounded by close boarded timber fencing. This appears to be situated on a mass of made ground, likely dating to the construction of the portal frame barn which used to occupy the site. 5.1.7 TV7, an opensided shed (figure 9iii) with no historic fabric embodied within its structure is shown at figure. Its oldest part is to the rear and is built of rendered concrete block, with evidence that the building has been extendered in unrendered block. The building is supported internally on reused telegraph poles and has a corrugated metal roof. It is considered likely to be of mid-20th century date and was likely built as a hay, vehicle or implement storage shed. 5.1.8 The interior of the site is shown at figure 9iv. There is evidence of ground disturbance across most of the site, likely that visible on the 2005 aerial photograph. 5.1.9 The south western boundary with Trehalvin is formed by a traditional Cornish hedge with mature trees growing from and along it. The north western boundary which forms the edge of the lane to Trehalvin is similar in character.

STATEMENT HERITAGE, 8 PAR LANE, PL24 2DN WWW.STATEMENT-HERITAGE.COM 01726 339217

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5.1.10 The north eastern boundary is formed by the bund of made ground which formerly formed the site of modern farm buildings. 5.1.11 Land falls away to the south of the site into anciently enclosed countryside.

Statement of Significance 5.1.12 Trewidland, whilst not identified by Cornwall Council under its powers to designate areas of ‘special architectural or historic interest’ is a much altered and expanded tre settlement. Despite twentieth century expansion a number of heritage buildings of interest survive, notably the two listed chapels and some interesting, if altered non designated vernacular cottages and social halls. However 20th century expansion, likely as a rural satellite to nearby Liskeard, has much diluted the character of the historic settlement and divorced much of its historic fabric from the surrounding medieval farmland here also much altered by boundary loss and field amalgamation. The setting of the listed chapels is considered here to lie in their immediate streetscape away from the proposal site. 5.1.13 Lower Town Farmhouse is also Listed GII. Positive aspects of its setting include the streetscape to the north west (from which only parts of the building may be glimpsed) and its garden curtilage. Its historic setting and group value with Lower Town Barn is now much eroded by the hard landscaping around the new buildings to its south. 5.1.14 Lower Town Barn is a much-altered farm building. The building was not treated as a curtilage structure to Lower Town Farmhouse when converted and the creation of its garden curtilage and other design elements of its conversion have resulted in the domestication of the building and reduced its historic character and authenticity. 5.1.15 Buildings LV6 and LV7 are poor examples of mid 20th century farm buildings, of poor material quality and no archaeological or historic merit. 5.1.16 Archaeologically it is evident that whilst lying within anciently enclosed (medieval) farmland, which, (as demonstrated by the account above of the archaeological richness of the local area for remains of all periods), is generally expected to have a high potential to contain archaeological remains, modern ground disturbance is likely to have reduced this potential. Particularly given the small amount of development proposed (two properties) it is considered that there is note a high likelihood of archaeological remains. The traditional boundaries to the north and west of the site may be medieval in origin and should be considered to be of greater archaeological significance. 5.1.17 The historic landscape sensitivity of the site is considered low, assuming conservation of historic boundary features, due to the degree of harm caused by modern development around the site, particularly to the north and east.

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6 Impact Assessment 6.1.1 A proposed site plan has been shared with Statement Heritage reference OL-App 001RevA, accompanied by a Landscape plan showing detailing of boundaries. This shows creation of 42m of well designed stone faced Cornish hedge laid out along the south west boundary, and the subdivision of the plot into two to accommodate 2 detached dwellings and one detached garage. 6.1.2 The dwellings are detailed in elevational drawings supplied by Ken Hawsley. The buildings mass walling would be finished mostly in white render with smaller areas of vertical timber cladding on end gables. The buildings are shown with fairly shallow pitched roofs clad in zinc. 6.1.3 The proposals are not considered to impact the setting of Lower Town Farmhouse (a matter to which the LPA will have ‘special regard’ under s66 of the 1990 Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas Act). This assessment is made on the basis that the buildings will not be visible from locations where the significance of the listed building can be appreciated. 6.1.4 The proposal site is not considered to have a high archaeological potential. This assessment is made despite the location of the site within anciently enclosed (medieval) farmland as a result of the minimal footprint of two dwellings and the evidence of modern ground disturbance within the site. No specific archaeological mitigation is recommended. 6.1.5 Landscape impacts are considered to deliver no more than minimal less than substantially harmful change to an undesignated historic landscape of low significance. In coming to this view the assessment takes into account the degree of existing change around the site, particularly to its north and east as a result of 20th century alteration of topography to form the site of now demolished agricultural buildings and the modern curtilage and conversion impacts of Lower Town Barn. Some residual harm may result from the introduction of the modern and non-locally distinctive forms of the proposed buildings which should be assessed subject to policy 196 of the NPPF which states that the effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighing applications that directly or indirectly affect non-designated heritage assets a balanced judgement will be required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset. In forming such a view we would draw the attention of the decision maker to the positive mitigation of the development through the creation of a traditionally detailed Cornish hedge.

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7 Conclusion.

7.1.1 It is considered in summary that the proposal would,

• constitute no harm to designated heritage assets, • have a minimal potential to affect archaeological remains, and • would cause no more than minimal and ‘less than substantial harm’ to a non- designated historic landscape.

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STATEMENT HERITAGE, 8 PAR LANE, PL24 2DN WWW.STATEMENT-HERITAGE.COM 01726 339217

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STATEMENT HERITAGE, 8 PAR LANE, PL24 2DN WWW.STATEMENT-HERITAGE.COM 01726 339217