BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 72(1): 253–260, 2003
REVIEWS
INVERTEBRATES, 2nd Edition, by Richard C. Brusca and Gary J. Brusca. 2003. 936 p. ISBN 0-87893-097-3. Sinauer Associates, Inc., 23 Plumtree Road/P.O. Box 407, Sunderland, Massachusetts 01375. $109.95, hardbound.
For those who have used the invertebrate text by Rich- ard and Gary Brusca, first published in 1990, this updated and extensively revised second edition has been highly an- ticipated. As in the first edition, phyla are introduced and examined according to the underlining themes of functional body architecture (the Bauplan concept) and phylogenetic relationships. Chapters 1 through 4 —an overview of evo- lutionary theory, the principles of classification, systemat- ics and phylogeny, the Bauplan concept, and ontogenesis, life histories and metazoan origins— provide a solid back- ground for these themes, including the interpretation of the cladograms and evolutionary trees that conclude the treat- ment of most phyla. Chapter 5, extensively revised by Diana Lipscomb and Kristen Kivimaki, examines 17 phyla of the Kingdom Protista, unicellular eukaryotes. The eukaryotic multicellular metazoans, members of 34 phyla, are covered in chapters 6 through 23 with a final chapter (24) that presents a cladistic analysis of invertebrate phylogeny. This concluding analysis, concentrating mainly on the evolution of protostome and deuterostome clades, is based on 96 morphological characters that are listed in a data matrix in Appendix B. Molecular and developmental studies that support (or not) the creation of the lophotrocozoan and ecdysozoan clades are also examined vis- à-vis invertebrate origins and evolution. There are several improvements on the first edition of Invertebrates. Exciting new discoveries and developments in the field are interspersed throughout the text. For ex- ample, the discoveries of carnivorous sponges, the phylum Cycliophora, and the insect order Mantophasmatodea are presented. Precambrian and Cambrian fossil representa- tives of the onychophorans and arthropods are examined in terms of their relationships to extant taxa, and evidence is presented supporting the placement of pogonophorans with the polychaetous annelid worms. For quick reference, updated and expanded ver- sions of a metazoan classification scheme (with estimated numbers of described spe- cies) and a geological time table (with descriptions of major physical and biological events) have been moved from the text to the endpapers of the front and back covers of the book, respectively. Numerous color photographs of live animals have been added throughout the text. Information on organisms causing human diseases and their inver- tebrate vectors are now more accessible, e.g. as highlighted boxes in chapter 5 and a summary table in Appendix A. An Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM, containing supple- mental photographs and powerpoint presentations, is available from the publisher upon adoption of the text for course use. The types of organisms and habitats presented in the CD-ROM, in 973 mostly color images, are diverse, ranging from microbes to chordates, and from scenes of marine and freshwater to terrestrial habitats. There is even a sighting of Rectibracea robertii (SpongeBob™ Squarepants) in this collection of pictures. The great majority of the supplemental color photographs are of high quality, however, many
253 254 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 72, NO. 1, 2003 of them are not provided with complete scientific names, size scales, locations, habitat niches, depths, or dates. While most of the technical terminology is defined when first introduced, now and again some terms (e.g. polyteny) are not defined nor listed in the index. A glossary would have greatly improved the reading efficiency of this text, particularly for undergraduate students. I have found few factual errors, however, the coral in figure 6.17 (page 201) is not Montastraea cavernosa, but most likely Siderastrea siderea, and the orientation of the squid in figure 20.11 (page 715) is incorrect, as it also was in the first edition. A few topics not included in the text may have been worth at least some mention. For example, reticulate evolution proposed by J. E. N. Veron (Corals in Space and Time, 1995), having received a great deal of attention recently, may figure importantly in coral speciation and evolution. Also, the intriguing studies by P. N. Dilly (1993, Journal of Zoology; 2000, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica) on the possibly close link between the hemichordate pterobranch Cephalodiscus and some extinct graptolite taxa would have offered aware- ness of this very important Paleozoic group. Richard Brusca is applauded for completing this thoroughly revised second edition of the Invertebrates. In terms of cost, completeness and scholarship, I find this text to be the best available. It is lucidly written, offers high quality and detailed illustrations, and ex- tensive reference sections. Moreover, the available evidence supporting the various phy- logenetic relationships presented is examined critically, i.e., it is evaluated and framed as hypotheses that are subject to change as new findings become available.—Peter W. Glynn, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149.
______
HISTORIA NATURAL DE LA BAHÍA DE JOBOS/THE NATURAL HISTORY OF JOBOS BAY, PUERTO RICO by Eddie Nelson Laboy Nieves. 2001. 141 p. ISBN 0-9714413-0-8. 99 color photographs, 6 color maps, 4 color graphs, 4 drawings. InterAmerican University at Guayama, Puerto Rico. $40.00, paperback.
This treatment of Jobos Bay is an excellent, if highly generalized and abbreviated, summary. It forms an outstanding introduction for the high school or college student and general public. This popular-science book only occasionally lapses into improperly ex- plained scientific complexities [e.g., scientific names often used when common names were available and possibly more appropriate]. The book is not a comprehensive treat- ment as might be implied in its Internet page “… a holistic approach to interpret the nature of the biological and physical environment that characterizes the Jobos Bay eco- system.” [www.jobos.homestead.com/jobos.html] as is readily apparent from the total length of the important subheadings (~25 pages). This work was not intended as a scien- tific book as it is not sufficiently specific or detailed. Despite the 99 color photographs, this is not a “coffee-table” book as most of the pictures are small and none are glossy prints. The text is presented in Spanish and English. Only the English portions are noted below, but equivalent ones in Spanish are found in the book. Headings and subheadings are shown below as they appear in the book: ‘Table of Content[s]’ (p. ii) is reasonably complete, but could be confusing because it omits two subheadings, gives incomplete titles of four headings, and contains one page and arrangement error. REVIEWS 255
‘Foreword’ (p. iv) by Dr. Alida Ortiz Sotomayor emphasizes the educational use of this book. ‘Preface’ (p. vi) by Dr. Ariel E. Lugo focuses on the human impacts and threats to the bay. ‘About the Author’ (p. x) briefly notes the training and experience of the author. ‘Introduction’ (p. 35–37) has subheadings of ‘Jobos Bay: A Cybernetic Ecosystem’ (p. 35–36) and ‘Location and General Description’ (p. 36–37). ‘The Physical Environment’ (p. 37–40) has subheadings of ‘Geology’ (p. 37–39); ‘Oceanography’ (p. 39–40); ‘Hydrology’ (p. 40–41); and ‘Climate’ (p. 41–42). ‘Ecological Communities’ (p. 42–52) has subheadings of ‘The Mangrove Forest’ (p. 43–47) with secondary subheadings of ‘Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)’ (p. 44–45), ‘White Mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa)’ (p. 45–46), ‘Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans)’ (p. 46–47), and ‘Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus)’ (p. 47); ‘The Evergreen Litoral Woodland’ (p. 47–49); ‘Mud Flats’ (p. 49–50); ‘Seagrass Beds’ (p. 50–51); ‘Coral Reefs’ (p. 51–52); ‘Fauna Associated to Intertidal and Upland Habitats’ (p. 52–53); ‘Fauna From the Mud Flats’ (p. 53 and 55); and ‘Marine Fauna’ (p. 55). ‘Energy and Nutrient Dynamics’ (p. 56–61) has subheadings of ‘Primary Productivity’ (p. 57–60) and ‘Trophic Interactions’ (p. 60–61). ‘Concluding Notes On the Natural History of Jobos Bay’ (p. 61–62) is a plea to cease or reverse the catastrophic human destruction of our natural resources. ‘References’ (p. 63–69) lists 88 citations. A number of missing citations, miscitations, and typographical errors occurred (see Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 2003). ‘Illustrations’ (p. 70–103) includes 45 figures containing 91 color photographs, 6 color maps, 4 color graphs, 1 color drawing. Some of the color prints are too small or unclear, and the over all quality of the printing is not high. ‘Appendices’ (p. 104–141) appear to be largely based on other people’s work. These sources should have been acknowledged with citations. Only ‘Appendix I. Phytobiota on the Littoral Woodland of Jobos Bay’ (p. 106–118) contains information about type (tree, shrub, herb), abundance, and origin of 225 species. It also includes scientific, English common, and Puerto Rican common names. The remaining five appendices are ‘bare- bones’ checklists. ‘Appendix II. Common Marine Plants from Jobos Bay’ (p. 119–120) lists 52 species without common names. ‘Appendix III. Representative Phytoplankton’s Genera from the Jobos Bay’ (p. 121) lists 37 genera in Chrysophyta, 6 in Pyrrophyta, and 2 in Chromophyta. ‘Appendix IV. Partial List of Terrestrial Animal Species Inhabiting Jobos Bay’ (p. 122– 128) includes a fairly complete list of common vertebrates (4 amphibians, 13 reptiles, 108 birds, 6 mammals), but a rather incomplete invertebrate list (3 snails, 12 spiders and scorpions, 15 crabs, 1 centipede, 3 millipedes, 25 insects). This Appendix includes scien- tific, English and Puerto Rican common names. It is interesting that the exotic green iguana, Iguana iguana, is established. ‘Appendix V. Partial List of Invertebrates Living in Benthic Substrata of Jobos Bay’ (p. 129–133) omitted many large and important invertebrates (e.g., boulder star coral, Montastrea annularis; great star coral, M. cavernosa; giant basket sea star, Astrophyton muricatum). Common names were not given although most have well-known and ac- cepted common names. ‘Appendix VI. Common Marine Fishes from Jobos Bay’ (p. 134–141) is reasonably complete with 232 species. This Appendix includes scientific, English and Puerto Rican common names. 256 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 72, NO. 1, 2003
We provide an Appendix (below) detailing some technical corrections. Such comments may seem trivial and tedious in a book review, but since this book will be widely used as a reference source, the information may prove useful. The dimensions of the book are 20.3 ¥ 27.3 ¥ 1.0 cm. The paper is of reasonable quality, but thin enough to allow print to show through. The covers and pages 0/0, 33/34, 69/70, and 105/106 are on thicker stock. The copy we examined had some faded or lightly printed pages, and some areas of smeared print. Some pluralization errors, typical of Spanish to English translation, occurred. The author’s photographs are obviously out- standing, but the printing does not do them justice. Revenues from the book sponsor a scholarship fund for low-income students on the Guayama InterAmerican University/ University of Puerto Rico (IAUPR) Campus. Dr. Eddie Nelson Laboy Nieves has the knowledge, experience, accumulated research and literature, other resources, and location, to produce a truly outstanding monograph on Jobos Bay. We look forward to seeing such a comprehensive work for which the present book would serve as a preamble. This is very important because almost all of the research work conducted in Jobos Bay has been recorded in unpublished reports (Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 2003) and despite some efforts to preserve this information (Anony- mous, undated); much of it is being lost. The Center for Energy and Environmental Re- search (CEER) Library [University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (UPRM)], which archived many of these reports, was closed in 2000.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank J. M. López, former Head of CEER, for reviewing the manuscript; and C. González, Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve; A. Ortiz Sotomayor, University of Puerto Rico at Humacao (retired); and G. Breckon, J. R. Garcia Sais, J. Morelock, and P.l M. Yoshioka, UPRM, C. R. Ramos, EPA, New York, NY, and C. Gines-Sánchez, Mayagüez, for help in locating reports.
LITERATURE CITED
*Anonymous. undated. Jobos Bay NERR – Inventory of historic and recent data (including Water- shed impacting Jobos Bay, Special planning area of the Jobos Bay NERR, Management area of the Jobos Bay NERR, 1995 Landuse/Landcover around Jobos Bay, 1995 Mangrove stands around Jobos Bay, 1997 Mangrove stands around Jobos Bay, Coral reef in Jobos Bay, and data from the 1974 Puerto Rico Nuclear Center Jobos Bay Annual Environmental Report). Estua- rine Research Reserve System (NERR) Data Rescue Project, NOAA [www.csc.noaa.gov/pagis/ html/esdim/jobos.html] Williams, E. H., Jr. and L. Bunkley-Williams. 2003. Bibliography of research publications con- cerning Jobos Bay. Carib. J. Sci. Online caribjsci.org/publications.html
APPENDIX (MINOR TECHNICAL CORRECTIONS)
Jobos Bay can no longer be “… being closed by … the expansion of small coral reef colonies …” (Laboy Nieves, 2001:40) since “… 90% of the coral reef is dead.” (Laboy Nieves, 2001:43) and eroding, not growing. Table 1 is a “Partial list of epibionts that inhabit the red mangrove rizosphere” (Laboy Nieves, 2001:54). This might have better REVIEWS 257 been treated as an appendix. The purpose or advantage of a partial list is not explained. The two most common and abundant species on the mangrove roots in Jobos Bay are Chthamalus stellatus [Poli’s stellate barnacle] and Balanus amphitrite [striped barnacle] (Yoshioka, 1975). Oddly, neither species is listed in Table 1. Kolehmainen (1973b) lists 41 algal and 118 animal species found in 1971–1972, and Anonymous (1975b) lists 29 algal and 106 animal species found in 1974–1975 on the roots of red mangroves in Jobos Bay. However, Table 1 only lists 14 (~34–48 %) and 27 (~23–25 %) of these, respec- tively. The West Indies [=Indian] Manatee, Trichnectus manatus, is mentioned (Laboy Nieves, 2001:55) and illustrated (Laboy Nieves, 2001:Figs. 42, 45), but the bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, noted in Jobos Bay by Martin (1973b) is not mentioned. Any popular-science treatment of Jobos Bay should have mentioned the periodical produced there and printed by Sea Grant “Bahía de Jobos: Boletin Informativo de la Reserva Nacional de Investigación Estuarina Bahía Jobos.” It has been published in Spanish [often also in English] in one volume and three numbers (issues) per year since 1995. Some interesting popular-science topics have been published (e.g., Anonymous, 1996; Pérez, 1995; Santiago Rivera, 1995; Sharpe, 1999; Vélez, 1996); however, only Sharpe (1999) was cited by Laboy Nieves (2001). Tripneutes esculentus (Laboy Nieves, 2001:100) is a junior synonym of Tripneutes ventricosus, West Indian sea egg [T. ventricosus is listed in Laboy Nieves (2001:Appen- dix V)]. Appendix I (Laboy Nieves, 2001:106–118) does not list Erythrina galuca which was pictured as D in Figure 29. Trees inhabiting the littoral woodland surrounding Jobos Bay” (Laboy Nieves, 2001:88). This is apparently an incorrect spelling of E. glauca, which is also a junior synonym of E. fusca, coral bean. Fig. 29H. Bauhinia monandra [Orchid-tree] (Laboy Nieves, 2001:88) is also omitted from Appendix I. Kolehmainen (1973a) reported Diplanthera wrightii [=Halodule wrightii, shoalgrass] and Halophila baillonis [sea vine] from Jobos Bay, but these were not listed in Appen- dix II (Laboy Nieves, 2001:119–120). Almodovar (1964) stated he found 90 species of algae [We only count 89 in his list] from Jobos Bay, but only 48 species are listed in Appendix II. Appendix IV (Laboy Nieves, 2001:122–128) has few errors [e.g., Striped-headed Tana- ger, Spindalis zena, is pictured and named in Figure 37 “Common birds of Jobos Bay” (Laboy Nieves, 2001:95), but is not listed in Appendix IV; Snowy Plover, Pluvialis dominica, is listed (not in Anonymous, 2000), but is only known to occur in Cabo Rojo in Puerto Rico (Raffaelle, 1989); the Green Mango, Anthracothorax dominicus, and Lesser Antillean Pewee, Contopus latirostris, were reported from Jobos Bay by Anonymous (1973), but were not listed (Raffaele, 1989, suggested that the Lesser Antillean Pewee does not occur in Jobos Bay). Clearing up these inconsistencies would have been most useful.]. Agraulis spp. (gulf fritillary, a butterfly), Pachydiplax longipennis (blue dasher, a dragonfly), and Umbonia crassicornis (thorn bug, a leaf hopper), listed in Figure 38 “Common arthropods from the Jobos Bay” (Laboy Nieves, 2001:96) are not included in Appendix IV. Diploria labyrinthiformis [grooved brain boral] is pictured in Figure 42 “Common animals of Jobos Bay” (Laboy Nieves, 2001:100), but is not listed in Appendix V (Laboy Nieves, 2001:133). The blue brab, Callinectes sapidus, discussed (Laboy Nieves, 2001:53), illustrated (Laboy Nieves, 2001:99), and listed (Laboy Nieves, 2001:130), is more likely to be the Bocourt swimming crab, C. bocourti. The Bocourt swimming crab is much more common than the rather rare blue crab in Puerto Rico, and unless collected and 258 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 72, NO. 1, 2003 carefully examined, these two species cannot be distinguished. Excolarana antillensis [=Excorallana antillensis] (Laboy Nieves, 2001:130) is an interesting isopod since it occasionally parasitizes marine fishes. Anonymous (1975a) lists four other species of isopods that sometimes infect fishes (Alcirona krebsii, Excorallana quadricornis, E. sexticornis, and E. tricornis) that were found in Jobos Bay. However, none of these were listed in Appendix V (Laboy Nieves, 2001:130). Appendix VI (Laboy Nieves, 2001:134–141) has few omissions [e.g., graysby, Epinephelus cruentatus, occurs in the bay (pers. observ.), but is not listed, nor was it listed by Anonymous, 1975c, 2000; Martin, 1973a, 1975; Martin and Patus, 1973; how- ever, Garcia and Castro, 1997, did note it from the bay]; and includes a few questionable species [e.g., remora (=shark remora), Remora remora, is an off-shore species unlikely to be seen in the bay; and sailor’s choice, Haemulon parrai (=parra), is unlikely to com- monly occur in the bay as it is rarely found anywhere in the insular Caribbean, even though Anonymous (2000), Martin (1975), and Martin and Patus (1973) reported it from the bay, but not Garcia and Castro (1997)].
Anonymous. 1973. Bird fauna of Jobos Bay: 1972 census. Pages 254–256. In Aguirre Power Project, Environmental Studies 1972 Annual Report, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. ______. 1975a. Aguirre Environmental Studies, Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico, Final Report, June 1975, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Volume I:vi. and 95 p. ______. 1975b. List of species found on mangrove roots in Jobos Bay, 1974-1975. App. J, Pages 162–169. In Aguirre Environmental Studies, Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico, Final Report, June 1975, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. ______. 1975c. Seasonal occurrence of [fish] species taken in two or more collections. App. L, Pages 182-184. In Aguirre Environmental Studies, Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico, Final Report, June 1975, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. ______. 1996. Contaminación de aguas subterráneas/Underground water contamination. Bol. Inform. Res. Nat. Investig. Estuar. Bah. Jobos 2(3):1–3 and 2 p. insert. ______. 2000. Management plan for the Jobos Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Office of the Governor, Planning Board, San Juan, Puerto Rico. 226 p. Garcia, J. R. and R. L. Castro. 1997. Survey of marine communities associated with coral reef, seagrass/algal beds and mangrove root habitats at Jobos Bay Natural [=National] Estuarine Research Reserve System (JOBANERR). Final Report submitted to JOBANERR, DNER/ NOAA. 70 p. Kolehmainen, S. 1973a. Ecology of Turtle Grass (Thalassia testudinum) beds in Jobos Bay. Aguirre Power Project, Environmental Studies 1972 Annual Report, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center 162: 115–140. ______. 1973b. Ecology of sessile and free-living organisms on mangrove roots in Jobos Bay. Aguirre Power Project, Environmental Studies 1972 Annual Report, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center 162: 141–173. Laboy Nieves, N. L. 2001. Historia natural de la Bahia de Jobos/The natural history of Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico. InterAmerican University at Guayama, Puerto Rico. x + 141 p. Martin, F. D. 1973a. The distribution and ecology of the fishes of Jobos Bay. Aguirre Power Project, Environmental Studies 1972 Annual Report, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center 162: 225–251. ______. 1973b. Mammals of Jobos Bay. Aguirre Power Project, Environmental Studies 1972 Annual Report, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center 162: 252–253. ______. 1975. Diversity, seasonal distribution, and feeding ecology of the fishes of Jobos Bay. Aguirre Environmental Studies, Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico, Final Report, June 1975, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Vol. 1: 66–71. REVIEWS 259
______and J. W. Patus 1973. Comparison of fish faunas in a highly stressed and less stressed tropical bay; Guayanilla and Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico. 27th Ann. Conf. SE Assoc. Game Fish Comm. 27: 675–688. Pérez, I. 1995. La Bahía de Jobos: un estuario differente. Bol. Inform. Res. Nat. Investig. Estuar. Bah. Jobos 1(3): 1–3. Raffaele, H. A. 1989. A guide to the birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Princeton Univer- sity press, New Jersey. 254 p. Santiago Rivera, H. 1995. Caractísticas del acuífero de Bahía de Jobos. Bol. Inform. Res. Nat. Investig. Estuar. Bah. Jobos 1(3):3. Sharpe, J. M. 1999. Impacto del huracan Georges en el helecho de mangle Acrostichum danaeifolium/ Impact of Hurricane Georges on the mangrove fern Acrostichum danaeifolium. Bol. Inform. Res. Nat. Investig. Estuar. Bah. Jobos 5(1): 1–2 and 2 p. insert. Vélez, L. L. 1996. GIS: un avance technológico al service del manejo. Bol. Inform. Res. Nat. Investig. Estuar. Bah. Jobos 2(1): 1–2. Yoshioka, P. M. 1975. Mangrove root communities in Jobos Bay. Aguirre Environmental Studies, Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico, Final Report, June 1975, Puerto Rico Nuclear Center, Volume 1: 50–65.
—Ernest H. Williams, Jr., Department of Marine Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 908, Lajas, Puerto Rico 00667-0908, E-mail:
______
FOOD INTAKE IN FISH edited by Dominic Houlihan, Thierry Boujard and Malcom Jobling. 2001. 418 p. ISBN0-6320-5576-6. Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, Oxford 0X2 OEL, United Kingdom. Hardback, $128.95.
Food Intake in Fish is an extensive compilation of re- search findings which have a direct and practical applica- tion to fish farming issues. The book explores food intake in great detail, from feed composition and feed formula- tion to feed selection. Scientific research methods, such as food consumption measurement techniques and the calcu- lation of feed amounts are reviewed. A great deal of atten- tion is given to the physiological effects of behavior and hormones on food intake. Environmental influences on food intake as well as temporal rhythms are also discussed. The book addresses practical issues of feed management by using insights into the biological and environmental fac- tors underlying fish feeding responses. Food Intake in Fish emphasizes the application of feeding study results in the practical context of fish aquaculture. An extensive 38 page glossary of aquaculture-terms complements the book.—Robert Robbins, Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149.