INVERTEBRATES, 2Nd Edition, by Richard C. Brusca and Gary J
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BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, 72(1): 253–260, 2003 REVIEWS INVERTEBRATES, 2nd Edition, by Richard C. Brusca and Gary J. Brusca. 2003. 936 p. ISBN 0-87893-097-3. Sinauer Associates, Inc., 23 Plumtree Road/P.O. Box 407, Sunderland, Massachusetts 01375. $109.95, hardbound. For those who have used the invertebrate text by Rich- ard and Gary Brusca, first published in 1990, this updated and extensively revised second edition has been highly an- ticipated. As in the first edition, phyla are introduced and examined according to the underlining themes of functional body architecture (the Bauplan concept) and phylogenetic relationships. Chapters 1 through 4 —an overview of evo- lutionary theory, the principles of classification, systemat- ics and phylogeny, the Bauplan concept, and ontogenesis, life histories and metazoan origins— provide a solid back- ground for these themes, including the interpretation of the cladograms and evolutionary trees that conclude the treat- ment of most phyla. Chapter 5, extensively revised by Diana Lipscomb and Kristen Kivimaki, examines 17 phyla of the Kingdom Protista, unicellular eukaryotes. The eukaryotic multicellular metazoans, members of 34 phyla, are covered in chapters 6 through 23 with a final chapter (24) that presents a cladistic analysis of invertebrate phylogeny. This concluding analysis, concentrating mainly on the evolution of protostome and deuterostome clades, is based on 96 morphological characters that are listed in a data matrix in Appendix B. Molecular and developmental studies that support (or not) the creation of the lophotrocozoan and ecdysozoan clades are also examined vis- à-vis invertebrate origins and evolution. There are several improvements on the first edition of Invertebrates. Exciting new discoveries and developments in the field are interspersed throughout the text. For ex- ample, the discoveries of carnivorous sponges, the phylum Cycliophora, and the insect order Mantophasmatodea are presented. Precambrian and Cambrian fossil representa- tives of the onychophorans and arthropods are examined in terms of their relationships to extant taxa, and evidence is presented supporting the placement of pogonophorans with the polychaetous annelid worms. For quick reference, updated and expanded ver- sions of a metazoan classification scheme (with estimated numbers of described spe- cies) and a geological time table (with descriptions of major physical and biological events) have been moved from the text to the endpapers of the front and back covers of the book, respectively. Numerous color photographs of live animals have been added throughout the text. Information on organisms causing human diseases and their inver- tebrate vectors are now more accessible, e.g. as highlighted boxes in chapter 5 and a summary table in Appendix A. An Instructor’s Resource CD-ROM, containing supple- mental photographs and powerpoint presentations, is available from the publisher upon adoption of the text for course use. The types of organisms and habitats presented in the CD-ROM, in 973 mostly color images, are diverse, ranging from microbes to chordates, and from scenes of marine and freshwater to terrestrial habitats. There is even a sighting of Rectibracea robertii (SpongeBob™ Squarepants) in this collection of pictures. The great majority of the supplemental color photographs are of high quality, however, many 253 254 BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE, VOL. 72, NO. 1, 2003 of them are not provided with complete scientific names, size scales, locations, habitat niches, depths, or dates. While most of the technical terminology is defined when first introduced, now and again some terms (e.g. polyteny) are not defined nor listed in the index. A glossary would have greatly improved the reading efficiency of this text, particularly for undergraduate students. I have found few factual errors, however, the coral in figure 6.17 (page 201) is not Montastraea cavernosa, but most likely Siderastrea siderea, and the orientation of the squid in figure 20.11 (page 715) is incorrect, as it also was in the first edition. A few topics not included in the text may have been worth at least some mention. For example, reticulate evolution proposed by J. E. N. Veron (Corals in Space and Time, 1995), having received a great deal of attention recently, may figure importantly in coral speciation and evolution. Also, the intriguing studies by P. N. Dilly (1993, Journal of Zoology; 2000, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica) on the possibly close link between the hemichordate pterobranch Cephalodiscus and some extinct graptolite taxa would have offered aware- ness of this very important Paleozoic group. Richard Brusca is applauded for completing this thoroughly revised second edition of the Invertebrates. In terms of cost, completeness and scholarship, I find this text to be the best available. It is lucidly written, offers high quality and detailed illustrations, and ex- tensive reference sections. Moreover, the available evidence supporting the various phy- logenetic relationships presented is examined critically, i.e., it is evaluated and framed as hypotheses that are subject to change as new findings become available.—Peter W. Glynn, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Division of Marine Biology and Fisheries, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149. _______________ HISTORIA NATURAL DE LA BAHÍA DE JOBOS/THE NATURAL HISTORY OF JOBOS BAY, PUERTO RICO by Eddie Nelson Laboy Nieves. 2001. 141 p. ISBN 0-9714413-0-8. 99 color photographs, 6 color maps, 4 color graphs, 4 drawings. InterAmerican University at Guayama, Puerto Rico. $40.00, paperback. This treatment of Jobos Bay is an excellent, if highly generalized and abbreviated, summary. It forms an outstanding introduction for the high school or college student and general public. This popular-science book only occasionally lapses into improperly ex- plained scientific complexities [e.g., scientific names often used when common names were available and possibly more appropriate]. The book is not a comprehensive treat- ment as might be implied in its Internet page “… a holistic approach to interpret the nature of the biological and physical environment that characterizes the Jobos Bay eco- system.” [www.jobos.homestead.com/jobos.html] as is readily apparent from the total length of the important subheadings (~25 pages). This work was not intended as a scien- tific book as it is not sufficiently specific or detailed. Despite the 99 color photographs, this is not a “coffee-table” book as most of the pictures are small and none are glossy prints. The text is presented in Spanish and English. Only the English portions are noted below, but equivalent ones in Spanish are found in the book. Headings and subheadings are shown below as they appear in the book: ‘Table of Content[s]’ (p. ii) is reasonably complete, but could be confusing because it omits two subheadings, gives incomplete titles of four headings, and contains one page and arrangement error. REVIEWS 255 ‘Foreword’ (p. iv) by Dr. Alida Ortiz Sotomayor emphasizes the educational use of this book. ‘Preface’ (p. vi) by Dr. Ariel E. Lugo focuses on the human impacts and threats to the bay. ‘About the Author’ (p. x) briefly notes the training and experience of the author. ‘Introduction’ (p. 35–37) has subheadings of ‘Jobos Bay: A Cybernetic Ecosystem’ (p. 35–36) and ‘Location and General Description’ (p. 36–37). ‘The Physical Environment’ (p. 37–40) has subheadings of ‘Geology’ (p. 37–39); ‘Oceanography’ (p. 39–40); ‘Hydrology’ (p. 40–41); and ‘Climate’ (p. 41–42). ‘Ecological Communities’ (p. 42–52) has subheadings of ‘The Mangrove Forest’ (p. 43–47) with secondary subheadings of ‘Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)’ (p. 44–45), ‘White Mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa)’ (p. 45–46), ‘Black Mangrove (Avicennia germinans)’ (p. 46–47), and ‘Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus)’ (p. 47); ‘The Evergreen Litoral Woodland’ (p. 47–49); ‘Mud Flats’ (p. 49–50); ‘Seagrass Beds’ (p. 50–51); ‘Coral Reefs’ (p. 51–52); ‘Fauna Associated to Intertidal and Upland Habitats’ (p. 52–53); ‘Fauna From the Mud Flats’ (p. 53 and 55); and ‘Marine Fauna’ (p. 55). ‘Energy and Nutrient Dynamics’ (p. 56–61) has subheadings of ‘Primary Productivity’ (p. 57–60) and ‘Trophic Interactions’ (p. 60–61). ‘Concluding Notes On the Natural History of Jobos Bay’ (p. 61–62) is a plea to cease or reverse the catastrophic human destruction of our natural resources. ‘References’ (p. 63–69) lists 88 citations. A number of missing citations, miscitations, and typographical errors occurred (see Williams and Bunkley-Williams, 2003). ‘Illustrations’ (p. 70–103) includes 45 figures containing 91 color photographs, 6 color maps, 4 color graphs, 1 color drawing. Some of the color prints are too small or unclear, and the over all quality of the printing is not high. ‘Appendices’ (p. 104–141) appear to be largely based on other people’s work. These sources should have been acknowledged with citations. Only ‘Appendix I. Phytobiota on the Littoral Woodland of Jobos Bay’ (p. 106–118) contains information about type (tree, shrub, herb), abundance, and origin of 225 species. It also includes scientific, English common, and Puerto Rican common names. The remaining five appendices are ‘bare- bones’ checklists. ‘Appendix II. Common Marine Plants from Jobos Bay’ (p. 119–120) lists 52 species without common names. ‘Appendix III. Representative Phytoplankton’s Genera from the Jobos Bay’ (p. 121) lists 37 genera in Chrysophyta, 6 in Pyrrophyta, and 2 in Chromophyta. ‘Appendix IV. Partial List of Terrestrial Animal Species Inhabiting Jobos Bay’ (p. 122– 128) includes a fairly complete list of common vertebrates (4 amphibians, 13 reptiles, 108 birds, 6 mammals), but a rather incomplete invertebrate list (3 snails, 12 spiders and scorpions, 15 crabs, 1 centipede, 3 millipedes, 25 insects). This Appendix includes scien- tific, English and Puerto Rican common names. It is interesting that the exotic green iguana, Iguana iguana, is established. ‘Appendix V. Partial List of Invertebrates Living in Benthic Substrata of Jobos Bay’ (p. 129–133) omitted many large and important invertebrates (e.g., boulder star coral, Montastrea annularis; great star coral, M.