UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME

FURNITURE COLLECTOR

G LA SS COLLECTOR

EARTHENWARE COLLECTOR

SILVER AND SHEFFIELD PLATE COLLECTOR

I P I FRO NT S ECE .

T H E ENVELO P E ISS U E D T o CO MMEMO RA TE T H E J UB I LEE G T H E PENN Y PO STA E .

' ‘R - U N I F O R M P E N NQ POS T A O E M m AT S OUT H K G NS ING T ON MUS E U , T J UL Y , 1 890.

AY E S

1 84 0. T H E ST A M P C O L LECT O R A G UIDE T O T HE WORL D ’S P O S T A M P S

°

ST Aflffl c . J OHNSON

. E M A . D . Se . R F . . , , . S .

H E RB E RT J E N K I N S L I MI T E D ’ 3 Y ORK ST REET MES S N x LO DON S .

P REFA CE

TAMP collecting was an unknown hobby two a generations ago , yet its present followers m y d S be counted by hundreds of thousan s . In no ri - pe od of its existence has it been so popular as to day , partly because the War led many people to seek solace from its pursuit and partly because the national - outlook has grown more world wide than heretofore .

In recent years, the collector has indulged, in philately with more method and science than was his former wont so that now there is a demand for in formation and guidance greater than has ever been evinced before . To supply these needs has been our mission in writing the pages which follow . n d But our scheme may be explai e at greater length .

First , we have endeavoured to state the merits of stamp collecting then we have attempted to impart to our u hi readers some of the enth siasm w ch we , ourselves , possess for this Royal pastime and this has been followed by a full recital of the numerous pitfalls which hi beset philately and the p latelist . In this hobby of so ours , there is so much that can be collected and much that ought not to be collected that very definite guidance is necessary for those who are not practised n ha ds . Such guidance , we believe , will be found

7 PREFACE

The first few chapters of the book deal with philately in general terms , whilst the later ones are devoted to a in for description of the stamps of definite areas . The mation given in the earlier divisions is applicable to ’ the whole of the world s issues, whilst that found in the

latter refers to the most noteworthy items only . We have afforded but little space for a description

of the very rare stamps , thinking it best to centre attention rather on the lesser lights which will in

evitably form the bulk of a collection . It is our firm belief that the common and medium adh esives are often o a of m re interest than the st mps worth fortunes , and this opin ion has guided us in the selection of the subj ect

matter .

‘ Though we have constantly kept in view the needs of i the beg nner, the more advanced collector, we hope , will find much within these pages of an instructive

character . To him , the later chapters and the S enlarged diagrams hould prove of special value . i a In writing and arrang ng the ch pters which follow , we have r eceived many kindly suggestions from numer

ous friends , but our particular thanks are due to Mr . ’

. T . he e H W Lewer, F the Editor of Coll ctor s

Ser ies .

S . C . J . ‘K EW , SURREY . CONT ENT S

CH AP TE R P AG E I ON COLLECTING POSTAGE STAMPS II PLANNING A ND ARRANGING T HE COLLE C TION SPECIALI SED COLLECTIONS TECHNICAL MATTERS S S A ND H S STAMP , DE IRABLE OT ERWI E FORGED AND FAKED STAMPS SIR ROWLAND HILL A ND OTHER PIONEERS T HE LINE-ENGRAVED STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN T HE EMBOSSED STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN T HE SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS OF G RE A T BRITAIN (VICTORIAN ISSUES) T HE SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS OF G RE A T BRITAIN (EDWARDIAN AND GEORGIAN ISSUE S) THE STAMPS OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA T HE STAMPS OF T HE UNITED STATE S CONTINENTAL STAMPS (FRANCE EXCEPTED) T HE STAMPS OF FRANCE AND HER COLONIES THE STAMPS OF AUSTRALIA 9 CONT ENT S

CHAP TER SOUTH AFRICAN COLONIALS T HE STAMPS OF BRITISH INDIA T HE STAMPS OF T HE MINOR BRITI SH P OS SESSIONS T HE STAMPS OF CUBA A ND T HE PHILIP PINES T HE STAMPS OF SOUTH A ND CENTRAL AMERICA T HE STAMPS OF WA R RARE STAMPS PHILATELY F OR T HE YOUNG A GLOSSARY OF PHILATELIC TERMS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I O ILLUST RA T IONS

T HE ENVELOPE I SS UED T o COMMEMORATE THE ’ JUBILEE OF T HE PENNY POSTAGE F r on tispzece P LATE T O F ACE P AG E I A N ENLARGED PHOTOGRAPH OF T HE

6d. CURRENT 2 3 . STAMP OF GREAT BRITAIN A N ENLARGED PHOTOGRAPH OF T HE 1 2 C S C 1 860- ; ENT , NOVA S OTIA , 3 EARLY STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN A RECONSTRUCTED SHEET OF THE r od SS . EMBO ED , GREAT BRITAIN C S C H T HE r A RE ON TRU TED S EET OF s . SS A EMBO ED , GREAT BRIT IN LATER STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN A COLLECTION OF CONTROL MARKS EMBOSSED ENVELOPES OF GREAT BRITAIN A SERIES OF REGISTERED ENVE LOPE S OF GREAT BRITAIN ND I d T HE . M S EARLY M A , STA P OF

K ING GEORGE (GREAT BRITAIN) , MUCH ENLARGED A N ENTIRE FROM GIBRALTAR AND ANOTHER FROM SOUTH AFRICA TYPE STAMPS OF CANADA LATE CANADIA N AND NEWFOUNDLAND STAMPS ILLUST RA T IONS

P LATE T O F ACE XIII Tw o CANADIAN POSTCARDS XIV TYPE STAMPS OF T HE UNITED STATES

XV 7 PICTURE STAMPS OF T HE UNITED STATES XVI A N ASSORTMENT OF CONTINENTAL STAMPS XVII TYPE STAMPS OF SPAIN XVIII TYPE STAMPS OF FRANCE AND HE R COLONIES XIX A SELECTION OF AUSTRALIAN STAMPS XX ENLARGED REPRODUCTIONS OF T HE

1 0. 20. AND CANADA (KING GEORGE) r d S AND T HE . QUEEN LAND (QUEEN VICTORIA) XXI AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND STAMPS XXII STAMPS OF SOUTH AFRICA XXIII SOME COLONIALS OF T HE MEDITERRAN EAN RE GION XXIV TYPE STAMPS OF I NDIA - XXV SOME CEYLON , HONG KONG , AND MALAY STAMPS XXVI A PAGE OF COLONIAL PICTURE STAMPS XXVII STAMPS OF SPECIAL NOTE XXVIII A SERIE S OF WA R STAMPS XXIX A MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTION OF INTERE STING STAMPS XXX THREE ENTIRE POST-CARD S XXXI A PAGE OF STAMPS ILLU STRATING TERMS IN T HE GLOSSARY

1 2 LINE ILLUST RA T IONS

T O F ACE P AG E S T HE RE D D IE I AND II OF PENNY, , GREAT C BRITAIN , OMPARED

T HE T HE 2d. U EVOLUTION OF , BL E , GREAT BRITAIN T HE MULREADY ENVELOPE A COLLECTION OF WATERMARKS S CHECK MARKS ON U . S . A . STAMP C S T HE S MINOR DIFFEREN E OF 5 REI , KING

PEDRO V, PORTUGAL

1 3

THE ST AMP COLLECTOR

thousands facts concerning these br anches of lear n ing . But in no way does philately tend towards greater good than in the formation of methodical habits among those who are its devotees . Stamps cannot be collected l intelligently without noting minute detai s of colour, printing , design , etc . , nor can they be arrayed to advantage without precision in grouping and spacing .

All these requisites demand systematic treatment , and , once the habit has been acquired for the purposes of the hobby, it asserts itself in the daily actions of hi the p latelist . Another attractive feature which may be Claimed - for stamp collecting is that it t akes up little room . The China collector requires much space and many expensive cabinets in which to display his treasures the bibliophile needs Shelves upon shelves for the arranging of his books ; the collector of prints and engravings must provide many frames and portfolios

’ for his mmom ; and we might continue in this con

n ection ad in n itum. fi But with stamps , a compact little album and a box or two complete the outfit all , of which may be stored away in the corner of a draw er S - or in a small but well guarded pace in the book case .

As a form of investment , stamp collecting is almost n l a u rival ed . Items that re worth pence one day are O r d ften p iced at pounds a deca e later, and there are numbers of cases on record where collections have been sold at two and three hundred per cent above their cost . As an instance of profitable amassing we may mention the case of a philatelist who Spent £69 s on the contents of his album and sold it to Messr . I 6 ON COLLECTING POSTAGE STAMPS

Stanley Gibbons for the attractive sum of three thou of sand pounds . Every one, course, who falls under the spell of philately cannot hope to buy and sell with such l successful enterprise, though every intel igent devotee can share in the profits conferred by his hobby if he be so minded . But we do not advocate stamp collecting from its al a aspects of commerci ism , nor for the good h bits it engenders, nor yet for the knowledge it imparts we place it in the front rank among hobbies pur ely on its fi r st- l r merits as a rate pastime, ful of cha m and fascina tion . CHAPTER II

P LANNING A ND ARRANGING T HE COLLE CTION

HE average collector has but little knowledge of the influences which led him into the hi paths of p lately, and the matter is one he

seldom questions . All he knows is that one morning , when a parcel or letter reached his home , bearing

some gaily coloured stamps , he evinced a keen desire to appropriate them they seemed too attractive to

throw away , and so he unstuck them and put them

in a safe place . Th is modest beginning was , perhaps , followed by a hint from a friend who casually mentioned r a that he regula ly corresponded with a firm in Chin , an d the Cape, or Ceylon , that he possessed a mass of

old envelopes which could be had for the asking . The thoughts of becoming the owner of some of these treasures completed the good work begun by the un

witting parcel or letter, and philately thereupon r received into its ranks another enthusiastic membe . But though the love of stamps arises in us in some r such mysterious way as here desc ibed , the flame must

soon die out unless it be fed in a methodical fashion . How then to set about the business of collecting in real earnest I 8 PLANNING AND ARRANGING COLLECTION '

— AMASSING T HE STAMPS The best Way to lay a pro per foun dation is to buy a good packet of different ill stamps . This w cost any sum from a penny to a pound, but it will be well for the beginner to make a point of putting as much into this first purchase as his finances allow . He should not , for instance, buy a five shilling packet this week and a packet of Similar on e w ill oth er i value next week , for overlap the n places an d him leave with a number of unnecessary duplicates . S Far better, then , to pend ten shillings in one trans f action on di ferent specimens . And another point ofth e must be mentioned in this connection . The value adhesives supplied by one dealer w ill vary considerably from that given by another, although the cost may be the same in each case . A dealer having a reputation to keep up is more likely to offer good value than an obscure merch ant who does not anticipate a renewal ’ of any particular person s custom . The moral is to patronise a well-known firm whose bon d -fides are beyond reproach . Just how many varieties can be obtained for any particular sum depends on a number of considerations , but , chiefly, on the class of labels for ff included in the packet . Gibbons , instance, o ers 0 0 f s . 1 000 1 00 5 di ferent stamps for 3 , for and 5 for 1 £ , which may be taken as a reasonable price . When the packet has been examined and its con it ll tents sorted, wi be found that some classes of stamps please more than others . This preference should guide the collector in his subsequent purchases , which may well be, at first , in the form of sets, and, later, of f hi individual specimens rom approval Sheets . In t s I 9 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

way, the collection grows , and it is not a little mar vellons how quickly it grows . But there are many considerations which must be kept in mind whilst the early treasures are being amassed . Every stamp is not a worthy specimen , far a S from it , and it is the bl ck heep which must be kept from straying into the album . In another chapter we i deal with th s matter fully, but here it may be laid down ar e that commemorative issues a little suspicious , that South American issues should not be welcomed too freely, and that reprints are none too acceptable . We cast a doubtful eye upon commemorative stamps because in many though by no means all cases they are issued more for selling to collectors than for perfor ming the regular postal duties . What does the reader think of an issue which proclaims that its mission is to celebrate the opening of a new post office in Roumania ! Such a trumpery occasion is; not -r worth celebrating, at least in well egulated albums . Our antipathy to South Amer ican stamps is due to almost Similar reasons . Some of these republics issue set after set at Short intervals without any appar ent cause, varying their questionable practices by giving us an occasional error, purposely . Can anyone believe 1 c en tavoS 1 8 2 l that the , 9 , of Paraguay is the resu t ri r of a genuine oversight , and how does it st ke the reade when we mention that the stamps of Colombia fill fift - ’ y two pages in Stanley Gibbons catalogue , whilst a well; ordered colony like Canada is content with Six dl b e h an ed . As to reprints , they must with care The b Heli olan d old plates used y g , for instance , were taken to 20 PLANNING A ND ARRANGING COLLECTION

Berlin on becoming obsolete and printed from to such an extent that they wore into holes . Surely our appr ecia tion of such unoffi cial productions must be tinged with C humour . In the ase of stamps suspected of being S reprints, the novice hould carefully examine the texture r of the paper, the waterma k and the perforations . l Seldom wil the imitation follow the original , accur ately, in these three particulars . We have suggested a few of the ways open to most philatelists for getting together the nucleus of their collections these may be supplemented by exchanging the lower-grade specimens of-the home countr y with collectors in foreign lands and by purchasing , in bulk, abroad . When the album begins to swell and the n philatelist is no longer a beginner, he may well tur to the catalogues of the great dealers and fill in his blanks with the specimens listed therein . Or, he may reasonably visit the periodical auction sales held almost weekly in the bigger towns . Here he will be able to pick up unusual items of a very desirable nature , often at remarkably low prices . Should he have an opportun r u ity of nning over to the Continent , then his chances are considerable, for, though in these days of cheap i postage one would expect the rul ng prices in London ,

Paris and Brussels to be the same , they are by no means - SO . Desirable copies of the good class stamps of Great Br itain are frequently to be had at a lower figure in hi Brussels than in London, w lst the medium Belgian stamps are generally cheaper in the great . metropolis than in the capital of King Albert . We do not pretend to b e a b t ble to explain this condition of things, u know 21 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

r i l . c ol ec it to be so f om experience Lastly, the med um tor should j oin a stamp society where he can exchange not only his duplicates but his Views and opinions . We know of no better society than the Junior Philatelic . — T HE CONDITION OF T HE STAMPS When a goodly array of items is amassed , the time will have arrived B efo e for placing the specimens in an album . E r this is done , however, each stamp must be carefully u examined and cleaned , if need be . Sho ld the scrutiny reveal the fact that a specimen is torn , better cast it aside than give it a place in the collection unless some exceptional circumstance intervenes in its favour.

Defective stamps , however slight the damage, are S n almost useless , and hould not be accepted knowi gly this rule applies also to specimens that have lost one an d r or more teeth of the perforations , in a lesser deg ee, to imperforated copies which have been severed through part of the design . Stamps that have been heavily obliterated are doubtful quantities , but , in this case, the degree of disfigurement can alone be the determining factor. While examining the obliterations it is well to remember that cancellation marks often influence the value of n a stamp . Some years ago , when ru ning through a parcel of penny, reds , which we had purchased , we found one copy that bore the C obliteration of Constanti n o le th e p , and another BOI mark indicating use in

Alexandria . The two Copies were worth considerably more than we paid for the whole parcel 1 Where stamps serve the dual purpose of postage and en - revenue, it is wise to refrain from buying p cancelled 22

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

’ minutes and then peel off the offending matter . But a a r m m ny st mps , we might even say most mode n sta ps , ar e printed in fugitive and doubly-fugitive inks which

r un . r will when damped Such pigments are , of cou se , employed to prevent the fraudulent removal of ob liter i at on s . Should such examples be floated in water , they will inevitably come to grief . With them the process h is more tedious . We place the ad esive , face down S wards , on a heet of clean dry blotting paper and paint the back with an artist ’s paint brush dipped in tepid water . This needs to be done repeatedly, each time being careful to see that no moisture creeps under the stamp . If a number of stamps be treated at the same W time , the burden of the ork will be considerably lightened . After a while , the water will soak through the superfluous paper and loosen the gum : then the stamp may be peeled and dried . An unused label , if r ca efully handled in this manner, may often come through the ordeal of having its unwanted backing removed without losing its original gum, which is very r c on i ‘ desirable . Whe e a stamp is of s der ab le value and r its backing is firmly adhe ing, it is better to leave the paper than risk spoiling the design .

Cases arise where it will be found that , instead of a stamp appearing brilliant and sparkling , it is dull r hi and lifeless , yet pe fectly clean . T s is , as a rule, r a r the esult of oxidization, state which may be ectified by painting the surface with hydrogen peroxide . The liquid is just dabbed on with a paint brush and the pristine beauty of the colours is restored , but such treatment may be given to stamps printed in fixed 24 PLANNING AND ARRANGING COLLECTION

colour s only . In minor cases where a little Spring u cleaning is needed , benzine is usef l , but here again the renovating must be confined to fast-colour ed adhesives . The value of a specimen is often lowered by the presence of an unsightly crease . When a better copy f cannot be procured, we may remove the o fending mark m at the expense of a little ti e and trouble . We take n a warm but not hot flat iron and , placi g the label I f between two clean thin cards , apply gentle pressure . the crack is obstinate , we may paint the back of the stamp with water, sandwich it between dry blotting paper, and use the iron once more . This will generally remove all traces of the mark and the stamp will pass muster with the best specimens . — T HE . ALBUM And now, let us say a few words a o r about the album . Not so many years g , the ma ket was flooded with German productions which caught the eye but revealed all sorts of tiresome limit ations

l . when the co lection began to grow Happily, these are no longer with us , but there are still a vast number of types available and some words of guidance pr ove necessary . r all S Fi st of , there hould be some sort of fitting relationship between the size of the book and the l dimensions of the collection . A smal array of stamps housed in a mighty volume is a wilderness that S ul ho d be avoided . If the collection is limited to less than a thousand items , the following publications ’ may be recommended : Lincoln s Shilling or half ’

No . 0 crown edition ; Gibbons Improved , at two 25 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

l ’ S . hillings ; or Fred Melvi le s Victory, also at two

shillings . These provide a number of blank pages di with the necessary hea ngs , but without a motley

crowd of poorly executed illustrations, serving the

‘ alleged purpose of assisting the beginner . Albums overloaded with a mass of pictorial facsimiles fall out of date in a ver y Short while and are too full for the

average wants . ’ r For la ger collections , Gibbons Strand or ’

Melville s Triumph are very acceptable, but by far the best album is of the loose-leaf type with pages per fectly blank except for a faintly quadrilled backgr oun d f on one side of the lea only . In such a volume , we are free to reserve as much or as little space for any particular country as our needs dictate we can marshal the countries in Whatever sequence seems most

fitting, and , moreover, such order may be modified

- The blank album , being devoid of page names , courts

the use of the pencil , a most desirable habit if it leads the collector to add brief written par ticulars respecting h e r his treasures . We suggest that every issue p ovided with the following data (a) year of issue (b) style of printing (e) the kind of paper (d) the kind of water ifa n e mark, y ( ) the perforation gauge or particulars

of mode of separation, and, when known , the name of the artist and printer as well as the r eason for the S issue . All these imple matters add considerably to

the interest of a collection, and go far to make it a n living thi g . There is no trouble in finding out such particulars 26 PLANNING AND ARRANGING COLLECTION

as here suggested if a catalogue forms part , as it ’

u . sho ld , of the philatelist s library To attempt to hiloso arrange our stamps without such a guide, p ’ ’ an d pher friend as Gibbons Catalogue , Bright s hi ’ Catalogue, or W tfield King s Standard

Catalogue, is to grope in unnecessary darkness . With n out one of these handy books, the novice can ot determine the origin of a stamp not inscribed with the designation of the country, and he commits such obvious blunders as one sees when unnamed news paper stamps of Austria figure under the head of ” e Greece, and the Postage Due stamps , provid d S l with the word Porto , are given in the pace a lotted to Porto Rico . — ARRANGING THE STAMPS A collection may con C s tain ever so many hoice specimens , but unle s they all are neatly arranged and carefully aligned , artistic f ll a e fect wi be lost . I f an album alre dy spaced be h f used, the p ilatelist should have no di ficulty in making his pieces look r ich and attractive all he must do is to centre each item in its particular rectangle . But - ri should the album be of the blank page va ety, such ll S as we advocate above, the labour wi not be so imple .

In this case, we often have to balance one issue of a few values with another of many , and preserve at

. hi the same time, a sense of proportion To do t s, we must decide on the number of stamps to be placed in a row and then arrange for the spaces between them r ri r n to be equal . This is whe e the quad lled ma ki gs prove of assistance . Though the spaces on one row s all S hould be imilar, there is no reason why any parti 27 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

PLATE I R B RI G EAT TAIN . H a - r n Stam 1 1 — B r n —Water rn ar k lf C ow p of 9 3 , ow , r an d r C own Cyphe . T h e s ame des ign is u s ed for th e r se- ar min e o c .

I os ar e . . , d k blu I r een £ . , g . Pr in ted by s sr s W r l B r s — e ate ow a t n 1 1 . M . o L y o , 9 3 5 r D L Ru Co 1 1 —8 ess s e a e . . M . . , 9 5 B r r n n 1 ar s es sr s . a s Co . 1 8 n M dbu y, Wilki o , 9 o w d .

O S O N VA C TIA . — T h e 1 2 ;L cen ts valu e of 1 860 3 pr in ted in black by th e mer an B an t CO s t s tam s s e m r A ic k No e . Mo p lo uch of thei ea t r eas n t e r s ma m n s n s s en ar e b u y by o of h i ll di e io . Thi l g men t plain ly r eveal s th e gr a ce Of for m an d lin e which ch ar ac ter is d m h r e an t e ea t r ian s s es . it s tan s y of ly Vic o i u AS d , it is a t r e r t a r ame pic u wo hy of f .

2 8

CHAPTER III

SPE CIA LISED COLLE CTIONS

IXT Y - r FIVE yea s ago , when stamp collecting

first began to be a popular hobby, it was rare to find an album containing more than two hundred varieties . Every postage label , in those days , was an item of interest and quic kly seized upon by the alert philatelist . Now, however, when issues grow in , number every week , it is quite impossible to keep track S of all the different pecimens , and the enthusiast must f decide either to orm a general collection , which , at best , will reveal a number of tantalising blanks , or to r become a specialist in one particula line of philately . There is little doubt that the specialised collection is the better to form . It leads the hobbyist further his into hobby, it teaches him a great deal more about his stamps , costs him less to keep going and is worth more in the end than a general collection . e By all this, we do not mean to say that , on ent ring devotee S the ranks of philately, the new hould slavishly turn to a particular Class of adhesive for special study . He Should rather take on the mantle of the general collector and gather in his varieties from Britain to

Bechuanaland, from Victoria to Vancouver . And, 30 SPECIALISED COLLECTIONS when he finds that certain stamps appeal to him more w i than others , then and only then ll he be in a position to select some definite branch for detailed pursuit . Wh il enever possible, it w l be wise to strike out a path that other collectors have not trodden , but this i is easier said than done . Philatelists have wide imag na tions and there is little in the world of stamps that has not been treated already by the specialist . Some have limited their work to stamps of the home country , others to those of the colon ies or even to an individual colony . In certain cases , we have met collectors who have devoted their energies to the adhesives of one ul i partic ar printer, such as Perk ns , Bacon , De La Rue , or Harrison , whilst a few have given their special approval to picture stamps ‘ and commemorative issues . m But whether it be a definite country or class of sta p , the scope Should not be so narrow as to seriously limit the Opportun ities of securing additional items ; for instance , we could not advise a collector of modest means to centre his attentions exclusively on the ri a t angular Capes , nor would it be wise to speci lise as in Australian Commonwealths , as the issues are, yet , too few . Having decided on a group of stamps for spec ialisa i tion purposes , the next step is to make oneself famil ar with all the literature bearing on the adhesives in v question . A bibliography gi en at the end of this book will tell what standard wor ks are available in many particular branches, but a great deal of valuable matter is to be found in the bound volumes of the philatelic 3 1 THE STAMP COLLECTOR monthlies as well as in the general magazines and S his newspapers . The pecialist who loves hobby will marvel at the constant flow of material that comes his - way, and it is only the half hearted worker who will complain of a lack of finds . A limited collection is almost useless if explanatory notes do not accompany the stamps , and we hold the far fow opinion that all available forms of , bearing on S the postal items , hould be included . The collection r thus becomes a t ibute to our old friend Granger .

When a philatelist is not certain of his ground, it is a good plan for him to procure a handbook dealing with the particular stamps he has Chosen and to spend his energies in illustrating it by mean s of postal adhe sives r - , p ints , hand bills and other papers relating to the special subj ect . Many years ago , we treated a copy of ’ Philbrick and Westob y s Postage and Telegraph r h Stamps of Great B itain in t is way, and , on parting with it , began afresh with a volume dealing with the - Line Engraved Stamps of Great Britain , by Fred - J . Melville . Copies of the latter are available to day, and the ‘ collector who elects to treat in detail these early stamps of the home country would do well to procure one . Our plan has been to secure a blank r album , the fifty odd pages of which are not much bigge in Size than those of the present work . On the first page, we have neatly printed the main facts which led - up to the introduction of penny postage , supplementing r m this ! by a photograph of Sir Rowland Hill , taken f o the Melville handbook . This completes the page thus it will be seen that the idea is not to overcrowd the 32 SPECIALISED COLLECTIONS

- album . All the left hand pages are preserved in a blank state and on the third page appear the facsimile draw ’ a ings by Hill , now in His M j esty s possession , which suggested the design for the fir st penny and twopenny stamps . Below these , the actual stamps are neatly fixed and after stating that the profile of Victoria ’ was borrowed from William Wyon s City medal, al a picture of the med is appended . This picture al l is so borrowed from the Melvil e handbook . Since using the cut , we have been fortunate enough to obtain an actual copy of the medal struck by Wyon ’ to celebrate the Queen s first officialgvisit to the City o of London , and we have f llowed this by securing four u more medals commemorating the same event by other contemporary engravers— which shows how one interest leads to another . hi - In t s way, the line engraved stamps have been -u - arranged, written p and extra illustrated by means of the pictures given by Melville . His diagrams of watermarks have been particularly useful for placing beside the various issues , as these in their actual form are indistinct . When a stamp has failed us , we have cut its counterfeit from the han dbook and placed the latter in position until an actual copy has been forth a coming . Not only does such a plan do aw y with a aIBum number of aggravating blanks in the , but it also keeps us reminded of the specimens of which we stand in need . We have treated the Whole of the stamps of Great l Britain in a similar way, and the col ection fills three most interesting albums . We cannot claim to posses 33 0 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

S 1 ing the rare high values of £ and £5 , but there are the temporary printings of the Edwardian issue set out with a few explanatory words the early Georg d an d 1 . en i é . and values are supplemented with lar g ed photographs of our own taking to show the minor differences ; control fragments figure in plenty ; and the c olour varieties of such present denominations as d . 0 6 a d 1 d d. 1 3 . 2 2 . r the i ” , , 3 , and appe r in ma tial S array . These latter how conclusively the difficulties r which have conf onted the authorities , during the War, in their endeavour to maintain the correct colour standards when pigments have grown scarce . Towards the end of the album we have inserted a rather attractive exhibit of the stamps of Great

Britain used abroad and in the Colonies . In the years before colonial stamps became general, it was the practice for those of Britain to serve in lieu, and the as c practice h been ontinued abroad to the present day, C under certain ircumstances . We, thus , have penny, A 26 reds, on complete covers , postmarked denoting A O use in Gibraltar, H denoting use in Halifax, l de in noting use Malta ; the halfpenny, vermilion , with ’ B e r out Victoria s profile , postmarked y and Smyrna ; ’

d. 1 d and King George s % , and values postmarked in such widely separated places as Belgium and

. r Palestine In this one depa tment , alone , there is ample material at hand to provide for a specialised collection and the reader who is anxious to strike out along a path but seldom followed by others will do well to weigh up the pr os and con s of the stamps of

Great Britain used abroad and in the Colonies . 34 SPECIALISED COLLECTIONS

r Before b inging these notes to an end, it may be helpful to suggest a few additional groups suitable for limited collecting : US A — Issues printed by the Bureau of Eu

graving and Printing . US A — 2 . Commemorative issues (A group suitable hi for young p latelists) . — 3 Leeward Islands Including the separate issues of

Nevis, Antigua , Virgin Islands, St . Christopher ,

Dominica and Montserrat . — a . 4. War st mps and franks See Chapter XXII a — 5 . Union of South Afric With the colonies now

grouped under this head . - 6 . Fiscal stamps used postally . This is a wide but C little understood lassification . — . nl . 7 . French colonials Used copies o y — 8. American colonials . Including the Spanish and

temporary issues of Cuba , Porto Rico and the

Philippines . — 9. Picture stamps The young collector can gain much pleasure and knowledge by grouping these according to their zoological and geographical b e l needs . In the latter case , it will he pful to number each Stamp and to place corres pond ing numbers on maps which interleave the l co lection , to show the actual position of each

subj ect .

A word or two before concluding . To the specialist , l we would say Do not forsake your general co lection ,

but add to it j udiciously as occasion arises . Do not limit your special collection to one group if your time 35 THE STAMP COLLECTOR and interests enable you to undertake two or three groups satisfactorily . Do not amass a number of rare duplicates if by so doing you are creating a shortage for other collectors . We know there is something to be said for the student who accumulates for purposes of comparison but too often the greatest rarities are gathered together with no concern whatever for others who mav lack Copies .

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

It is used for the present adhesives of Great Britain and may be recognised by the absence of pattern in the texture . I f placed under a microscope it reveals a spongy or felted appearance . G r an ite is a form of wove paper fl eCked with minute 1 8 coloured hairs . The 94 issue of Serbia provides some good examples of granite wove . aid L . This possesses a number of close parallel lines a r formed in the p pe itself, with or without an occasional line running at right angles . The lines are formed by the wir e thr eads of the tray on which the moist pulp rested during the process of manufacture . Laid paper being tough has Often been used for the line-engr aved process . Ribbed paper is a form of wove across one face of r which a oller has been run . The roller bears a num ber of parallel lines which impress themselves into the S paper, on one ide only . M an illa is a comparatively low grade of paper suit W able for use in preparing stamped rappers . Labels cut from such entires are usually found to be printed on this form of material . Quadr illed paper Shows a continuous water-mark formed by horizontal and vertical lines , usually fairly r wide apart . A common specimen printed on this pape 1 C r is the blue , 5 . Peace and Commerce stamp of F ance , issued between 1 892 and 1 897 . P ela r e paper was occasionally employed in the early a m days of st mp printing . It is extre ely light , thin and strong . The best kind of stamp hinges are made from al a very thin grade of this materi . 38 TECHNICAL MATTERS

Dickin son paper is a proprietary brand of paper made d 1 0 . years ago by John Dickinson and Co . for the and S I . embossed adhesives of Great Britain (gm) and also the early embossed envelopes . Its particular feature consists of an arrangement of parallel Silk thr eads embedded in the paper . Chalk-sur faced paper is paper prepared with a sur face of chalky material which breaks up on becoming moistened . It is used chiefly as a guard against the removal of pen cancellations . — PRINTING PROCE SSES Postage stamps have been f printed by a number of di ferent processes , the more common of which the philatelist must learn to recognise .

It is well to point out that in many cases , the same design has been produced by more than one process , a circumstance which leads to difficulty in identifying f the points of the stamps so a fected . Sur face-P r in ting is the process most ’ commonly employed in modern times . The plates reveal a number of raised portions which take the ink and transfer it to the paper . It is , thus, the raised parts of the plate which print the design . A feature of surface printed stamps is that they often have the impression of the S design lightly embossed on the under face . This is caused by the sharp edges of the pattern and the pressure of the machine . Lin e-E n r avin g g has provided some of our finest items , notably the penny, black , and many of the early issues of the colonies . In this case, the recessed portions of the plate are filled with ink, the surface is then wiped and the design produced by the cut out areas . The 39 THE STAMP COLLECTOR under face of line-engraved stamps Often Shows slight depressions caused by the paper being forced up into the recessed portions of the plate . Stamps produced by this method may be recognised by the excellence S T aille of the finer detail . (Also poken of as the - Don ee . , intaglio , or copper plate process ) Lithogr aphy is a form of printing requiring but little expensive plant . The design is drawn on a flat stone with special ink ; the stone is then bathed in acid which eats away the whole of the surface, except the r C po tions protected by the ink . When wiped lean , the raised lines enable the stone to be used as with surface printing . mb n a E ossi g produces raised picture . Two dies are required the upper one is recessed and bears the design in reverse Whilst the under one is domed and gives a r rough endering of the design . It is a curious fact that Sheets of embossed stamps are seldom printed in

r r . one operation , but each label is t eated sepa ately These are the chief processes employed in the printing of stamps but a few others are to be found among mino r - issues . Baden Powell drew upon photography to pro duce the Mafeking stamps the authorities of Br itish ’ Guiana fell back on printer s type for some of their early specimens , the New Republic, once an attribute ul of Zul and , employed rubber stamps within recent date a Long I sland issue was produced by means of a typewriter and duplicating machine whilst many of the native states of I ndia made their first attempts

. r with the most p imitive of wood blocks . — MODE OF SEPARATION The earliest stamps were 40 TECHNICAL MATTERS intended to be severed by cutting with scissors and are 1 8 described by philatelists as imperforated I n 53 , William Archer perfected his perforating machine and in that year the first stamps with edges serrated to ’ facilitate separation were placed on sale . Archer s n i patent was k own as the comb mach ne . Comb perforations are those produced by a machine which descends on the paper and punches the holes along three Sides of a row of stamps in one operation .

When this is done , the sheet is shifted along and the machine descends a second time . Thus in the first two descents , the first row of stamps is perforated on all sides and the second row on three Sides . By con tinning the movements a suffi cient number of times t the whole sheet is even ually perforated . The perfor ated penny , reds , were subj ected to this method of serration . Guillotin e perforations are effected by a machine which punches a straight line of holes in one descent r m of the machine . Acco dingly , a sheet of sta ps

serrated by this method , has to be dealt with in a

vertical as well as a horizontal sense . Guillotine per for ation s may be usually recognised by the central hole in a block of four stamps being slightly out of diflic ult the truth , due to the y of arranging for the vertical line to coincide exactly at the points of junction

w ith the horizontal line . Har r ow perforations are those caused by a machine which punches the holes in a complete Sheet of paper dl in a Single descent of the nee es . P n e r at n s i P r fo io are really a succession of pricks, 41 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

‘ sufiicien tl not holes , which are y close together to guide th e tear . 1 1 1 1 1 . Perforations are described as 4, 3: 3 , etc , which means to say that within the space of two centimetres ar e 1 or 1 (not along one side of a stamp) there 4, 3 r r 1 1 holes . I f described as pe fo ated 5 x 4, as is the

' 1 1 2 case with the 9 issue of Great Britain , we mean that a stamp has fifteen holes per two centimetres on the top and bottom edges and fourteen holes per two centimetres along the left and right hand sides . r a ar e With many stamps , the perfo tions irregular, that is to say they do not present the same number of holes r in a given space , if measured ove a long strip . This n a is due to some idiosy crasy of the perforating m chine , or to the unequal drying of the paper after it has been damped to assist the printing .

The holes or, in the case of individual stamps , the toothed proj ections should always be measured with the aid of a perforation gauge . This consists of a card on which is printed a number of rows of black dots representing all the commoner scales of perforation . Rouletted is the term which describes a line of slits cut m r into the edges of a sta p to facilitate sepa ation . According to whether the slits are in a straight line or r - in the form of cu ves or zig zags , so the rouletting is

en ar e en s eie. spoken of as in line , , or When the slits have coloured edges , we speak of the stamp as rouletted in colour , Other F or ms ofS epar ation are coming into use with th ein troduc tion of mailing and stamp ven din g machin es . These contr ivances are fed with stamps in long strips 42 TECHNICAL MATTERS

which Canada , the States , and other postal authorities r supply with straight edges . Before , howeve , they can ar e be used in the machines they variously notched , r punched with five or six large ound holes , or perfor ated with two hyphen holes , according to the feed of the adjusting fingers . These fanciful edges are not fi l of cial y recognised , but , as they mark a stage in the r progress of the postal services, they are wo thy of r study by the mo e advanced collector . Beyond possessing a knowledge of the technical qualities described above, the philatelist must learn hi to know w ch watermarks make his stamps of value , ar e and , also , which shades of colour most sought after. As such matters vary with every issue and some

' his times with each value, it will be seen that learning must be more than perfunctory if he would claim to rank as an experienced collector . However, the subject is not nearly so diffi cult to grasp as one would suppose , and the store of information which may be gathered in a short while is truly remarkable .

Z

43 CHAPTER V

S S S A ND H S TAMP , DE IRABLE OT ERWI E

’ S the World s issue of postage-stamps now totals about forty thousand distinct vari eties , it is not to be wondered at that within this array of philatelic treasure there are many speci mens which have gained prominence either by their desirable or undesirable qualities . The terms desir able and undesirable , let it be said , are by no means synonymous , in the language of stamp collectors, with rare and common . A desirable stamp is one that makes a useful addition to a collection and yet cannot always claim to be rare; whilst an undesirable label does not possess the ring of honesty which usually enshrines the common variety . We labour this point because , though the merest novice can discriminate between the words rare and common , it is far more difficult for him to draw the dividing line between desirable and undesirable . A S stamps of an undesirable kind are to be met w ith far too frequently, it becomes necessary to give young collectors some hints concerning them b l . un desrr a e by way of caution The stamp is , as a rule , a masterpiece of engraving and of attractive 44

THE STAMP COLLECTOR was originated many years ago by a man of astute a business qu lities . He entered into an agreement with certain impecunious South and Central American r e publics , the conditions being that at the commence ment of each year he would supply, free of cost , a complete set of printing plates, but , whenever a new

‘ set was delivered, the old ones were to be handed back ' to him . The republics entered readily into this a rrangement , as by it their expenses were considerably lightened the contractor was no less satisfied, as he printed large issues from the obsolete plates , sold them and made a fortune ; the only people who did not welcome the deal were philatelists who resented this

form of dumping in the stamp market . r Until a few years ago , it was fai ly easy to avoid these parasites of the album by excluding unused stamps

- of suspected countries from the collection . To day , it

is not so easy, as certain governments , noting that nice a new specimens were losing favour with phil telists ,

promptly obliterated large supplies to order . At first k the sales recovered, but the stamp collector is a een observer and he soon noticed that the doubtfully used

copies were provided with gummed backs . The authorities had forgotten that a stamp which is used u has , as a r le , an impaired adhesive surface . As a a result , the success of the obliter ted label with full gum

- was short lived, and, rather than lose this ill gained f revenue, the o fending governments speedil y renewed their stocks with supplies that had been printed and

cancelled but not gummed . Even now the philatelist can protect himself against this unscrupulous pro 46 STAMPS , DESI RABLE AND OTHERWISE

Vision of philatelic material if he possesses a high power him microscope . Let place an authentic stamp that w ash ed even a has been , for a protr cted period , under the lens and tiny particles of th e origi nal g um may be invariably detected in the pores of the paper . But ll ll the ungummed stamp , specia y provi ded for co ectors , possesses none of these adhering particles and so pro a cl ims its worthlessness . — STAMPS T o AVOID For the sake of the uninitiated a phil telist , we make the foll owing suggestions

1 . . Never all ow more than five per cent of the speci mens in a general coll ection to be of South or

Central American origin . Even though every

item may be above suspicion , it is not well to devote more than average attention to these

countries . i ll 2 . an rua Where a government provides new issues y,

cease collecting its stamps . The multiplication of sets which must accumulate in the course of a few years will operate against a rise in values and th e inference may be reasonably draw n that the stamps are being issued for collecting

rather than postal requirements . m 3 . In cases where unused sta ps are catalogued at a r lower figu e than the same specimens used ,

make enquiries before buying the former . Such

instances should arouse suspicion . r 4. If at any time there appea s on the market a glut of unused copies of a particular variety ,

or set, do not purchase unless it is known that

they are not reprints or remainders . 47 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

r 5 . Count ies that habitually sell their remainders in

large quantities Should be avoided . d 6 . When unused stamps in good con ition are offered r at less than face value , make enquiries befo e

buying . They are probably remainders ,

though, in exceptional cases, they may be specimens that are being dispersed by dis ul appointed spec ators .

7 . Commemorative issues are too often of doubtful value be especi ally cautious when the period of currency is but a few days and the country

of issue has not the best of records . r e 8. Stamps that display errors should only be garded as valuable when issued by a trust worthy government and the error may be n - assumed to be a bo a fide one . hi 9. Do not t nk that South and Central America ,

alone , provide undesirable stamps . Worthless

material has originated in Europe, Asia and

Africa . 1 0 . Never buy obliterated stamps with the original gum in a mint condition and be cautious of obliteration marks consisting of bars and

circles but without date and name of town . There are many such cancelling stamps that are

- above reproach but more that are not . 1 1 . Avoid the purchase of specimens that have never spent some portion of their existence in the r country of their supposed o igin . A stamp printed in Londonto the order of some foreign or overseas possession and sold in London without 48 STAMPS , DESIRABLE AND OTHERWISE

making the j ourney to the possession is an

insult to philately . 1 2 . Because a stamp is of an attractive design , do not conclude that it is necessarily one of the ri made for collectors va ety . It all depends

on the country issuing it .

S S — DE IRABLE STAMP Having described, in general th e terms, stamps one ought to shun , we now propose to pick out some of the items which are worthy of the ’ novice s attentions .

First of all , there are many varieties of Great Britain

C . that are heap, attractive and instructive The al Georgian stamps answer these conditions, especi ly

d 1 03 . when the values between 7 . and are sought and the lower values are collected for shades and minor C variations . Further specimens of a desirable haracter ’ l may be found bearing King Edward s profi e , and the ri cheaper stamps of the Victo an issues, especially those m with check letters and plate nu bers , form admirable ’ mater ial for the young collector s album .

If we leave Britain and turn to the Colonies, we shall find numerous issues of an engaging nature . In l a a general way, it may be stated that any colonia st mp b earin th e g portrait of either Victoria , Edward VII , i or George V is worth collecting , and th s remark applies

' particularly to specimens having a face value of a li shil ng or over . Here are a few desirable issues that may be purchased at a reasonable cost

— 1 B ritish Honduras 1 9 3 (Georgian issue) . — 1 868 1 8 0 n . Canada . to 9 (Victoria, faci g right) 49 D THE STAMP COLLECTOR

1 8 8 . 1 0 9 (Victoria , facing left) 9 3 (Edwardian issue)

1 91 2 (Georgian issue) . —1 8 — 8 Cape of Good Hope . 93 9 (Hope standing) . — 1 1 2 . Ceylon . 9 (Georgian issue) — — — — . 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 Hongkong 90 3 (Edwardian issue) . 9 4 r (Geo gian issue) . — r di . In a All issues , without ove prints , of a later date 1 86 than 5 . — 6 d i -1 . 1 o 1 Jamaica 9 (E ward an issue) . 9 2 (Georgian

issue) . —1 o —1 1 —1 1 G eor Malta . 9 3 (Edwardian issues) . 9 4 (

gian issue) . — 8 0 S 1 8 . Natal . All issues ince - 8 - I New South Wales . 1 97 99 ssue . —1 882— New Zealand . 97 (Various profiles of Queen 1 0 Victoria) . 9 9 (Edwardian issue) . — 1 882 Queensland Issues between and 1 906 . a — 1 1 r Rhodesi 9 3 (King Geo ge in naval attire) . — 1 8 - r South Australia . 94 5 (Victo ian issue) . — — . 1 00 1 1 a Straits Settlements 9 (Edwardi n issues) .

1 91 2 (Georgian issue) . a — 1 0 — E ar ia i s Tr nsvaal . 9 2 9 ( dw d n s ues) . — Union of South Afr ica A ll var ieties excepting the h hi ighest values w ch are, in reality , revenue

stamps . —1 88 — Victoria . 5 1 90 1 (With Victorian profile) . d r All the above issues are highly esi able , being typical of what the collector should aim at including

in his album . C oncerning foreign as opposed to British stamps , we can only indicate in a general way the items which 50 STAMPS , DESIRABLE AND OTHERWISE

S : Re are desirable . Here is a hort list Argentine public . Belgium (Any issues , but more especially those of a date prior to Brazil (Can celled copies issued prior to Iceland (All issues) . Egypt a (These are now classed among the Coloni ls) . France f (A ll issues) . Greece (With head o Hermes) . Holland de Ru ter . all (All but the y commemorative issue Also , m m r colonials) . Italy (All but the co me o ative issues) . A ll Luxemburg (All issues) . Norway ( issues) . Portu m r gal (All except the co memorative issues . Simila ly with the Portuguese colonies) . Roumania (All issues r r until 1 899 later issues only when oblite ated) . Se r bia (Used stamps for p eference) . Spain (All issues when cancelled) . Sweden (All issues) . Switzerland (Generally desirable but not the unused copies of 1 855 United States (Most issues) . CHAPTER VI

FORGED A ND FAKED STAMPS

T is one of the misfortunes of collecting , that r r whenever an article is accounted rare , the fo ge appears on the scene with his war es of disr e utab le S p origin , causing the ham to masquerade as ul the genuine . We wo d not grumble were these dis honest vendors to seek their vrc tims among the more knowing collectors , but , in nearly every case , the imposition is forced upon the novice whose ver y help lessness should entitle him to consideration and pro

tec tion . As far as philately is concerned the forger has not a very happy hunting ground in England . The a l ar e uthorities , aided by col ectors , far too alert for e for his liking , and he se s a better field his base enter r r pr ise on the Continent . To make ep oductions of old a stamps s vours too much , in the eyes of the law, of counterfeiting the current stamps with the purpose of defrauding the revenue and is promptly suppressed by l Scotland Yard . Hence , the English stamp co lector of m r li ited knowledge has little to fea , though, of course , th e faked ' wares of the Continent tr ickle into this country and beset his path with thorns . 52

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

differentiate between the good and the bad . It is

a way, too , that grows on the collector who examines large numbers of labels and makes himself conversant u with their individual pec liarities . When he has saturated himself with what might be spoken of as the - stamp sense , he will never fall an easy prey to the

defrauder . But we must speak of more practical means if we are to assist the beginner . When a doubtful case arises, the latter Should turn to the catalogue and note the a particul rs of the stamp as given therein . If the l fol owing tests be applied , the fraud will inevitably reveal itself in its true light

S 1 . Does the questionable pecimen agree as far as r ! colour is conce ned Frequently, the shade

is not reproduced with perfect accuracy .

2 . Does the printing follow that of the original ! We have noticed the most elaborate for geries li r r whereon spel ng e ors have occurred .

' 3 . Are all the peculiarities of design present !

When dangerous imitations are known to exist , the best catalogues hint at points assisting in

detection .

4. Is the correct process of printing employed ! Forgers cannot afford expensive plant and are often forced to use a Cheaper method of r p inting than the one employed for the original . r They fly to ordinary lithog aphy or, more

latterly, to a photographic application of

lithography . 54 FORGED AND FAKED STAMPS

l 5 . Do the perforations tal y with those listed in the catalogue ! P er for atin g machin es are expensive and it generally happens that the products of a bogus press are all toothed with the same gauge m which , of course , condemns ost , though not i the whole , of its output . I f the ph latelist

can recognise the differences between comb , r har ow, and guillotine examination

can be made all the more thorough .

! e r 6 . Is the watermark in order Her is , pe haps , a r the finest test of all , for watermarked p pe is diffi cult to procure and extremely difficult to r a make , privately . Generally, the f ud is turned h O in out on plain paper, the defrauder p g that the absence of the proper device will pass r unnoticed . In some cases , the waterma k is reproduced by thinning the paper with a Shar p a blade or by painting with n oily substance . We have even seen instances wher e an um scrupulous faker has bought a Sheet of genuine m e but cheap stamps , re oved the d sign with r the aid of chemicals , and p inted imitation

rarities on the paper so obtained . In this f way, he overcame the di ficulty of the water

mark .

‘ the paper correct Elsewhere , we describe the various kinds of paper used in starfip print

ing . The notes , there given , will assist in detecting cases where the proper paper has w not been available for the imitated ares . 55 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

8 isused . I f the stamp , is the obliteration a reason able one ! Much may be surmised fr om a judicious examination of the cancellation though the test is seldom suffi ciently definite

to be applied by itself .

Now, let us pass to the second type of fake . This s r group is perhap more insidious than the fi st , as the stamp is real in many particulars though not in all . a Some years ago , while in Paris , we came across a typic l case of Continental faking . There was , at the time , a suspicious glut on the mar ket of the 1 85 2 imperforated ll w Lb is r e 0 issue of the ye o t 1 centimes value . This stamp bears the inscription REPUB . FRANC . , and is - worth a ten shilling note when used . There is , how 1 8 —6 0 ‘ ever, an identical stamp of 53 worth twopence , but with the inscription EMPIRE FRANC . What the r fakers did was to take an Empire stamp , ca efully cover the distinguishing word with the thinnest film of collodion which was painted yellow , and then the word REPUB . was added in a most skilful manner by hand . The result was that , in a few moments , a twopenny article was transformed into a Sham appar ently worth ten Shillings . These fakes were often found on complete envelopes , a condition which some what disarmed suspicion . All the collector can do to guard against such impositions is to examine , min utel f y , any rarity o fered him when he knows that a common stamp is available in an almost Similar pattern . A ~ variation of this kind of faking is sometimes practised with our Colonial stamps where whole issues 56 FORGED AND FAKED STAMPS

follow the same design . We refer, particularly, to the r key and duty types printed in two colou s . The r halfpenny is , we will say, given in violet and g een , and the shilling in Violet an d red the former may be worth a penny, and the latter three or four shillings . The obliging faker takes a nice copy of the halfpenny value and dissolves away the panels containing green

. dr lettering When y, he adds the necessary inscriptions with an unerring hand in red . Thus a cheap stamp —the un passes muster for a respectable one , and principled artist gets a good return for his few minutes ’ labour . A favourite demar che at one time was to take an n t e unused pe ny, black , and remove the two stars in h upper corners , replacing them by the magic letters ,

V R . . The stars were usually scraped away by some e one who knew the art perf ctly , and the letters were

added by pen and Indian ink . This particular fake

is seen but little now, as unused penny, blacks , are

scarce enough in themselves . A common trick with the providers of the unreal is

' r to imitate overprints or surcha ges , thereby giving

a stamp a fictitious worth , many times in excess of h rv . ad es e what it properly commands A common , we u e i will say, is s rcharg d w th a new value because the regular stamps of the latter value have run out of r stock . Perhaps the va iety is in use but a few days ,

and is , therefore , able to command a high figure in the

philatelic market . The fakers provide themselves with a good supply of the Cheap stamp without overprint an d turn their stock into supposed rarities with the 57 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

i a a d . S s of a printing press It is so imple , the hoardings r l say, but it is equally simple for the ha assed col ector to provide himself with a sur charge measurer and to use

it on doubtful specimens . It is comforting to know that a dishonest overprint is seldom exactly the same length as the original . Another artful device is practised occasionally r r though not without great profit to its perpet ato s . The evil-doers hunt around for perforated stamps

' which possess excessively wide margins , and , when a r supply is procu ed , they carefully cut away the toothed h o edges . T e perf rated stamps are thus transformed into imper forated specimens and these they disperse at considerably enhanced prices . We have seen such manipulated adhesives sold on complete envelopes , a tr ick which when planned with care is hard t o detect .

And now we will pass to the third kind of fraud . In this case , the unsavoury obj ects imitate no real stamps r but result purely f om the imaginations of the producers .

It is an impudent method of cheating the unwary, r though one that bears t aces of humour . But , the r ex Ist eader may argue , if the stamps do not they will not be found in the catalogue and thus it is the Simplest thing in the world to tell that they are spurious .

Unfortunately, catalogues get more out of date as every m a new issue co es long, and it is quite reasonable to suppose that if a particular stamp cannot be found in one of these philatelic encyclop aedias it is a new issue . A ls ofw e may remind the reader that catalogues are not a inf llible, for we remember the time when the stamm 8 .5 FORGED AND FAKED STAMPS

e of Sedang , those pioneers of bogus issues , wer listed i in quite a number of such publ cations . An amusing case of stamp originating reached us Mr e . from Spain som years back . . F . J Melville de scribes the little affair in these words 1 A r emarkable instance of planting a bogus set of stamps on collectors occurr ed in connection with the a 1 8 —1 8 r r Melilla c mpaign in 93 94. In the set the e we e fi ft - fi ft - y three or possibly y four varieties , each for a d f in i ferent detachment of the Spanish forces . The ven tor of the scheme apparently launched his ventur e f r by going about amongst the troops , sailors , o fice s , etc distributing specimens of the stamps he had con c eived r in their behoof, and consequently the appea ance of some of the labels on letters emanating from soldiers and others at the war gave colour to the supposition that these gaudy labels had been provided by a gener ous and otherwise unoccupied government at Madrid . The stamps bore the recognised badges of regimental r and othe units , together with miscellaneous coats of arms , unfurled banners and Views . Specimens are found in a used as well as an unused condition , which indicates that the deception misled even the postal authorities . Before concluding this discussion on forgeries and i r fakes , we would l ke to add a wo d of warning with th e regard to practices of certain German firms which , with the assistance of Swiss agents , supply really well executed counterfeits of rariti es . These firms sell their hi productions at a low figure , w ch should deceive no

1 T h e sta e Stam s in W 1 0 ar . . Po g p , p 9 59 THE STAMP. COLLECTOR

one , and state quite plainly that they are of unnatural

i i . or g n They make them , they say, to give collectors an oppor tunity of possessing imitation copies of a r r rities they will neve be able to obtain otherwise . I f ul the matter ended here , nobody co d complain , but we ask what is to prevent an unscrupulous person from c arrying on a lucrative trade by dealing in these fakes with third parties who are not apprised of the nature of m the sta ps Clearly, the business is open to the very u worst forms of abuse , and we suspect that the b lk of

the output serves eventually to victimise collectors .

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

If records in England be examined , we shall find — that Henry III (1 2 1 6 1 272) gave a royal livery t o the runner s who were engaged in carrying written messages .

This , we believe , may be taken as the commencement of a regular British postal system . 1 60 The next date of note is 4 , for in this year Count Roger of Thurn and Taxis organised a service for carry ing letters between certain points in Germany , Austria t h en most . t and their sou hern neighbours Until , of such enterprises had dealt with state communications only but the Austrian nobleman arranged to deliver r p ivate missives , a matter which proved an immense a boon to traders . Roger w s followed by Franz von Taxis and other members of the family Continued the work , usually with unparalleled success , until about 1 0 w as 85 . What the exact position of these counts of Thurn and Taxis is hard to say, but they seem to have had , at one time or another, a monopoly in the business of letter carrying in the greater part of Ger r many and Aust ia , together with portions of Belgium ,

Holland and Italy .

1 6 . Another date of note is August , 53 In this month , Monsieur Jean de Villayer originated L a P etite P aste in

Paris . His Scheme consisted in erecting a number of l pil ar boxes (perhaps , wall boxes would prove a more correct term) in the busiest streets of the French

a da . capital, and these his men cleared once or twice y r At the same time , he placed ornamental wrappe s on sale in certain Shops . These bore his coat of arms

c Ost . a and one sol To fr nk a letter, the sender pur a chased wrapper from the nearest shop , fixed it loosely 62 SIR ROWLAND HILL AND OTHER PIONEERS around his communication and then placed it in one illa ffi V er . of the y boxes When taken to the head o ce , the wrapper was torn off and the letter subsequently carried to its destination . Paris and the inner suburbs al were one served by this post . It is unfortunate ’ that not a Single copy of de Villayer s wrapper s exists to-day it is doubly so when we r emember that from them sprang the idea of postage stamps . Whilst Monsieur de Villayer was endeavouring to familiarise Paris with the blessings of cheap postage , the r ates in England depended on the vagaries of extortionate private individuals . The Government was too preoccupied to organise an efficient service and accordingly farmed out the privileges to the i r h ghest bidders , often reaping thirty to fo ty thousand pounds a year by such action . This , of course , was n o t a plan which led to low rates of postage , and if we turn to original documents of the time of, say, the m Co monwealth , we shall be surprised to read of the high charges then exacted . 1 68 An innovation came in 3 , for a man named Robert

Murray , an upholsterer, organised a penny post for the city of London and a twopenny post for the out skirts . Murray did not survive long and his enterprise passed into the hands of William Docw r a who developed the business until it became most thriving . e f His syst m was to open a number of o fices , scattered th e over City, where people took their letters and the officials at the latter postmarked the communication with a hand-stamp of the kind now used for obliteratin g S adhesives . The stamp howed a triangle within 63 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

which was printed the legend , Peny Post Payd . (Probably there was a Two-peny post payd hand~ - stamp for the longer distance letters , but we have never seen such an impression . ) The post set up by Docw r a was so successful that it fli brought him into con ct with the Duke of York , afterwards James II . The latter had been given the 1 6 monopoly of these services by Charles II , in 75 , and he Claimed that William D ocw r a was infringing r his rights . The matter was taken into the cou t of ’ King s Bench and the Duke won the day . As a sequel it may be added that the Duke of York recognised in William D ocw r a an astute authority on postal matters and engaged him as a kind of postmaster-general at 0 a yearly salary of £50 . The letter Sheets of Sardinia are the next treasures r of interest to philatelists . There we e three kinds — each in a number of varieties of these early relics r r r of postal histo y but all bo e a ound , oval or octagonal impression within which figured a postboy on a gallop — ing steed . These impressed stamps their denomina 1 2 0 — S tions were 5 , 5 and 5 centesimi erved a curious purpose . In the early days of the nineteenth century ( 1 81 9 onwards) the national post of Sardinia was in a i very primitive condition , and many local ties were untouched by its services . Accordingly, a number of pr ivate posts sprang into being to facilitate corre m s on den ce . p with outlying districts The Govern ent , r howeve , held a monopoly over the carriage of letters , but “allowed these private concerns to operate so long as they agreed to handle none but letters bearing the 64 SIR ROWLAND HILL AND OTHER PIONEERS

device of the postboy . In this way, the Sardinian authorities levied a tax on letters delivered by other b e than national channels postage had , of course , to paid to the carrying concerns in addition .

Having pointed out these landmarks of postal history , we may now turn to the agitation for reforms which assumed importance in Great Britain in the early thirties of the nineteenth century . At this time, all manner of abuses and irregularities existed in the postal service and the worst of these , it was , that Sir Row

P . con r er es . . M. land Hill and his two f , Mr R Wallace, , and Sir Henry Cole , set out to reform . Although de Villayer originated a one sol post in 1 653 and the -Docw r a i Murray organisation sprang into ex stence, 1 68 with its penny rate , in 3 , the average levy on a - letter in 1 830 was sixpence farthing . Not only were the rates high but the manner of computing them w as inconsistent . The weight of a letter counted for nothing it was the number of enclosures which deter mined the cost of transmission . To send from London E to dinburgh with one enclosure , that is to say, with a - 1 3 1 d single sheet of note paper, cost . 5 ; with two 3 d d s 2 . . S . enclosure , 3 ; with three enclosures 3 45 ; i and so on . To ridicule th s system of charging , Sir

Henry Cole sent two letters through the post , one a tiny envelope containing two Spare sheets of paper and the other a ponderous cover enclosing a bulky

' S fir st heet of brown paper . The required double the postage of the second 1 Sir Henry produced the two letters at a meeting of the Post-Office Inquiry 1 8 8 if u Committee in 3 , and anything co ld have con 65 E THE STAMP COLLECTOR vin c ed the member s that refor ms in the method of r r cha ging were necessa y these two exhibits did . This committee of enquiry examined a pn umb er of witnesses whose evidence pr oves interesting reading . e h ad A publisher from Glasgow said that .h sent out twenty thousand letter s by illegal means to avoid the m r high govern ent rates befo e he was caught . Richard Cobden Claimed that four-fi fth s of the letters c ir c u lated in Manchester reached their destination without a m ar p ssing through the post . Me bers of P liament testified to the practice which had spr ung up of selling the franked envelopes given fr ee of charge to them . M P a h a . r One . even p id his servant e wages in fr nked

House of Commons envelopes In many cases , people refused to take in a communication when presented by — a the postman postage , we must expl in , was then r a d paid on delivery . They gaz ed at the letter uefully n f shook their heads slowly , saying they could not a ford the fee . But the rueful look and the display of hesita r a tion we e a sham , for all the while they were h stily glancing at the make up of the address which was artfully coded by the friendly sender . In this way, thousands of people received messages through the post but escaped the high Charges . Sir a l All these dishonest practices , Rowl nd Hi l r r claimed , would disappear once the exo bitant ates r were swept away . The Gove nment , however, was f apathetic ; the post o fice , it argued, brought in a r a r comfo table revenue n d mo e could not be Wished . r To its lasting credit , the triumvi ate of agitators was r undaunted . The three men pu sued their work of 66 SIR ROWLAND HILL AND OTHER PIONEERS gathering friends and supporters of the movement slowly but surely until eventually the weight of opinion in favour Of refor m grew so great that Parliament was 1 8 forced to move . In the year 39, an act for uniform

2 . . 2 postage ( and! Vict cap 5 ) became law , but it was never intended to be more than a temporary measure .

Fourpence per letter, weighing half an ounce, was the 1 0 1 8 0 new rate for any destination , but , on January , 4 , the Charge was lowered to a penny . Rowland Hill had accomplished his greatest task . His friends acclaimed him as they might have done a victor return ing from the wars , while poets stooped to writing feeble verses in his praise . Here are a few lines which it may be pardonable to quote :

H a s da ! T h e sta e B l il , j oyou y Po g il B r n s es s n s r eat an d man i g bl i g , g y A n d es t all s a at w e i b of , y wh w ll , I n s a n n t o ly cos t pe y . ’ ’ r m n O r ats to n an s en d F o Joh G o E gl d , r m r l to en n F o No fo k Kilk y , etter m a n ow r ea a r en A l y ch f i d ,

A n d on ly cos ts a pen n y .

auth or i With the introduction of penny postage , the ties very properly anticipated a great increase in the volume of correspondence which would pass through their hands . Accordingly, it became manifest that the old way of collecting the postal fees on deliver y would throw too great a burden on the postmen and the : Committee , mentioned above, suggested

That stamped covers , or sheets of paper, or small — vignette stamps the latter, if used , to be gummed on 67 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

— the face of the letter b e supplied to the public from the Stamp Office and sold at such a price as to include the postage . Letters so stamped to be treated in all respects as franks . That the stamp of the receiving house Should be struck upon the superscription or duty stamp , to prevent the latter being used a second time .

The vignette stamps being portable, persons could ” - carry them in their pocket books . These suggestions were first offered to the Committee by Sir Rowland Hill and Cobden supported them when s he said I have an impression that a Vignette tamp , probably three quarters to half an inch square , to be ffi a xed to the outside of a letter, would be a very

. o e convenient plan I think n source of increase . to the revenue would be the loss of these and the number s

' b e that would given away , like everything else that is ” C n o heap . We are t sure, however, that Sir Rowland S d - hould be cre ited as the inventor of postage stamps .

Many authorities claim that he was , but there is some evidence available to Show that others had conceived the idea long before him . P b repaid uniform postage eing decided upon , the Lords of the Treasury offered prizes amounting to £300 (the sum was afterwards increased to £400 ) for the best designs suitable for postage stamps . About three thousand entries were sent in and a hundred pounds ar hi was aw ded , each , to Mr . Cheverton , Mr . W ting,

r Co . Sir Hen y Cole and Messrs . Perkins , Bacon , but none of the designs were used . In one way or another, they all possessed fatal drawbacks being either insecure ai f ag nst fraud, di ficult to recognise in the course of 68

THE STAMP COLLECTO R

2 PLATE .

EARLY STAMPS OF GREAT B RI TAIN .

n Med al by Wyo . f r h a T h r s di o t e 1 a e . e fi t e . v lu r s i r h 2 d a e b ut t t te es T h e fi t d e fo t e . v lu wi h hick whi lin a e dd d . h 1 d n 2 d n - n r e t etter s in th r T e . a d . e a e 5 . Li E g v d , wi h l fou r n r co e s . 6 T h e s o- a e r ea s een on th e r e er s e th e . c ll d Ivo y h d , v of m h e a er h d e m e s ta s t a e . p , p p of which b co blu d R ffi n B n r e to r m h e V O a e n a . a e t T . . ci l P y , l ck (E l g d p i h h n m a Of com par is on with t e head of t e Wyo ed l . ) 8 1 0 ar s r a e r n te s tam s t a n o e . y , 9 , E l u f c p i d p wi h ( ) ch ck etter s sm a n r e e etter s an d ar e l , (b) ll u colou d ch ck l (C) l g r e r s u n colou ed ch ck lette . h - r r s s T h e 1 d a e r n te t e n e n a e e . 5 . v lu p i d by Li E g v d p oc 2 d 1 8 e 3 ” 73 (blu ) .

. 88 d h r m n r r e 1 . 6 w it a e s a . . c i u ch g 3 r d 1 880 r r ed i ” (b ick ) . 6 1 88 1 s s e . . I u of 4 d a 1 881 r m O a er r n t on 1 . . A y ffici l ov p i , lil c , of ’ Victor ia S Jater t e r a er s am een . M. w pp t p of Qu yp

CHAPTER VIII

T HE LINE-ENGRAVED STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN

AD Sir Rowland Hill retired into obscurity on the passing of the Act for Uniform a 1 8 u Post ge in 39, he wo ld have been entitled to the gratitude of ever y member of the nation . As it was , his greatest labours were only just beginning when cheap postage became an accomplished fact .

During his campaign of reform , the authorities had been impressed with the wonderful grasp he had of postal matter s and they saw in him a man who would or ganise the new and extended services as few other s f f could . Accordingly , they o fered him a sta f appoint ment in the General Post Offi ce which was accepted . ' One of his first duties was to arrange for the production of the stamps which his agitations had r called into equest . This was no inconsiderable task , for colour printing and die making were then in their infancy . After considering the various processes by which the adhesive labels might be printed , Sir Rowland asked Sir Henry Cole , who was assisting him , to call on Messrs . k 6 Per ins , Bacon Petch , of 9, Fleet Street , and discuss with them the work he had in hand . Cole went on 71 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

2 1 8 December , 39, and the next day the Perkins firm w rote to Hill to say that they would be prepared to engrave steel dies , transfer them to any number of plates and print stamps in any quantities at a cost of eightpence per thousand , the gummed paper being supplied by the Government . We have onlynamed a fair price for the printing and have considered the plates and dies, which ought to be very costly in the ” as C first instance , given in without harge , they stated , adding We could prepare everything so as to commence printing in a month . Our present belief is that we could print labels per day, or double that number in a day and night , from each press employed upon the work .

Perkins , Bacon Co . were given the contract and the work was put in hand without delay . First , they placed the rough Sketch drawn by Hill with Mr . Henry

Cor b ould who prepared a finished drawing . It is interesting to note that the head of Queen Victoria which formed part of the design was copied from the obverse of a medal struck by William Wyon 1 to commemorate the Queen ’s first official visit to the City after her accession . The Wyon head had found much favour in the Queen ’s eyes and it may be assumed that it was in deference to her wishes that Cor b oirld fil t used it for the stamps . The same pro e , it is interes ing to add, appeared on all the early military medals awarded to our heroes of the Indian Mutiny, the Crimea , and the successive wars in Africa and India . en r av The design now being complete , the work of g

1 — am n e n r a er th e n t 1 82 8 I 8 I . Willi Wyo , Chi f E g v of Mi , 5 72 BRITISH LINE-ENGRAVED STAMPS

on . ing it steel was entrusted to Mr . Frederick Heath Some authorities have ascribed this part of the pro duction to Charles Heath , father of Frederick , but the matter is too involved to follow to a logical conclusion r hi her e . The reader who desi es to study t s point ( ’ in detail is advised to turn to Mr . Fred . J . Melville s m - ad irable little book, The Line Engraved Stamps of C Great Britain , wherein the merits of the laimants are fully set forth .

Before Heath could execute his work , the flat piece of steel was impressed with a maz e of curved lines to form the background . These were produced by means of a Rose engine and may be spoken of as engine f turned . This being e fected , a central portion of the metal was scooped out and it was in the depression so obtained that Heath engraved the familiar head of

ll P sta e . . o Queen Victoria Fina y, the words g , etc , were added , more or less mechanically .

The die was finished , but many operations were still r necessa y before the stamps could be printed . A wheel - of steel having a flat rim , called a transfer roll , was made and by pressing the die , a number of times , against the r o rim , whilst the latter was soft , it was possible to p duce a ring of negative impressions (in relief) on the t - ransfer roll . The roll , having been hardened , was run up and down a soft flat plate of steel in such a way that two hundred and forty sunk impressions wer e made in it . Thus the printing plates were obtained and it will be noted that no matter how many of r a these were made , the o igin l Heath engraving was th e basis of each individual little picture . One point 73 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

remains to be mentioned . The lower corners in - every stamp engraving were blank . Before the plates - were carried to the printing room , a workman took a set of punches and struck sunk letters in these corners . In r ow the squares beside the first head on the uppermost , r he filled in the lette s AA , following them with AB in

' o a the sec n d n d continuing along the top row to AL .

Then he turned to the second row and began with BA . Thus he worked down the plate until the last r ow was r E reached and this he impressed with the lette s TA , T ,

. C r TC , etc When all the heck lette s were filled in , they read as follows

I st Row .

2n d Row .

3r d Row .

L S . 1 9th Row . h 20t Row . TL . Hill introduced these check letters because he thought that counterfeit stamps might be made and if an illegal r r p ess were set up , the offende s would be likely to work

' with a Single stamp die and not a whole plate of 240 engravings . The single die would produce stamps all having the same Check letters and this would attract

r an d . attention , sooner or late , lead to enquiry The printing from the plates was an involved business but the Chief point to note here is that ink was smeared over the Sheet of steel so that all the r ecessed portions C became harged with the liquid , the flat face was then C l wiped lean and the paper, previously moistened, aid in position . The press was brought into action and 74

THE STAMP COLLECTOR stamp h as earned far more fame than it deserves and non-collector s speak of it in a way bordering on rever VR ence . As a matter of fact , the , black , for some unaccountable reason, was never issued and the copies one occasionally sees must have “ leaked out in that mysterious way which rare stamps have a wont to do .

The regular penny, black , with stars, had a short career . Though of admirable appearance , it lent itself to fraudulent practices . All the black pigments known un scr u u in those days were fast and, consequently, the p lous did not hesitate to wash out the obliterations of used copies and pass the labels through the post a second time . Others placed a thin layer of isinglass over the face of the unused stamp (it was invisible on the dark colour) and the obliterating mark was thus prevented from coming in contact with the Queen ’s — a — off head . The recipient confederate stripped the isinglass and the adhesive was pressed into service again . In an endeavour to combat these early frauds , we find that the authorities Changed the first ob liter ating ink , which was red, to black and also tried brown , yellow, marone and mauve but all to no avail ; the dishonesty went on unchecked until the penny stamp 1 1 8 1 . was printed in a fugitive shade of red , early in 4

The black stamp , used , may now be purchased for tw o- l - a shi ling piece , when cancelled in red three shil lings , when in black and either costs fifty per cent more

1 T h e Shade of r ed w as s poken of as bein g fugitive at th e time en n tr e r a n s er it n sl tl wh i oduc d . We Should p ob bly co id o ly igh y t e to-da fugi iv y . 76 BRITISH LINE-ENGRAVED STAMPS

S if on a complete envelope . Unused pecimens range S from a pound to thirty hillings , according to the con dition of the paper, gum , margin , etc . Used or unused blocks are far more valuable than the same number of separated copies . — T HE RE D . PENNY, Towards the end of January 1 8 1 4 , the black penny gave place to the penny, red, which save for minor alterations remained current

1 880 . until , thus having a life of forty years At first , the stamp was issued imperforated being , in fact , exactly similar to its predecessor except in colour . S - The early hades were brown or brick red , but later we find specimens leaning towards rose, lake and even carmine . It was in the first twenty years of the life of the penny, red , that the ivory heads appeared . These were specimens having a greenish back with an i irregular white oval behind the head . Th s peculi ar it u C y res lted , it is supposed , from hemical action set up by moisture in the paper and certain ingredients in the in k . It had nothing to do with the composition of the gum as has been suggested , for Mr . Fred Melville tells us that the imprimatur or specimen Sheets pre served at Somerset House are Similar ly discoloured yet have not been subj ected to the gumming process . Subsequent alterations may be summarised thus : — 1 85 2 Slightly larger Check letters in the bottom m co ers . — 1 . . 845 Stamps issued with perforated edges . Perf 1 6 1 . at first but perf . 4 later 1 8 - 55 . The original die by Heath was becoming worn . A duplicate was , therefore, made and entrusted 77 THE STAMP COL LECTOR

I I A N D I I OMP A D ES C RE D . BRITISH LINE-ENGRAVED STAMPS

to Mr . W . Humphrys to be retouched . The two dies m then beca e known as Die I and Die II . The maj or differ ences between them are shown on the opposite

Page . - 1 864. The number of each plate was engraved in the net-work ornamentation figuring on either Side

of every stamp . The two star s and two Roman Check letters in the r cor ners wer e replaced by lette s in the four corner s . The bottom letters still indicated the position of a st amp on the plate the upper letters were the r everse l of the lower ones . Sir Rowland Hil suggested the four Check letter s in or der to make it diffi cult for un s c ru pulous people to piece together unobliterated portions a of stamps with the ide of making fresh specimens . H T HE d E — C ANGE S IN 2 . BLU The original two n o penny , blue , had better fate than the penny, black , a 20 1 8 1 for the authorities withdrew it on J nuary , 4 , m i substituting a sta p of Slightly mod fied design . The second type may be distinguished from the first as the latter had a white line below the word P ostag e and T w o- en ce in si another above the words p . This almost g n ifi c an t Change was introduced because a more fugitive blue ink came into use in 1 841 and the authorities wished for some visible means of discriminating a between the e rly and later printings . The subsequent history of the stamp may be summarised thus — 1 8 . r P r . 54 Stamps issued with pe forated edges . e f 1 6 r 1 . at fi st but perf . 4 later 1 8 — 55 . Slightly larger check letters in the bottom m co ers . 79 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

T HE B U O T E 2 U . EVO L TI ON F H d. L E 80 BRITISH LINE-ENGRAVED STAMPS

1 — P s a e T o 857 . The white lines below o t g and above w P n e m m e c beca e uch narrower . 1 8 — m 85 . The Hu phry die for the penny value was a - used s the basis for a two penny die II . Check letter s wer e placed in the four corners and the plate r e numbe s were shown in the side network . The whit r 1 lines eturned to the 841 width . 1 86 — 9. The white lines became as narrow as in

1 857 . The twopenny value with no lines is worth anything S from two to fifteen hillings , when used , and half as much again on an original cover . Unused , the stamp — commands a good price fi ve pounds being a minimum ll for mint copies . A other varieties are worth from S ixpence to a shilling , used , and a pound to thirty shillings , unused . T HE N RE D — I n 1 8 0 HALFPE NY , 7 , the halfpenny post for newspaper s and circulars came into bein g and a stamp of this value was accordingly needed . A small - brick red adhesive bearing a profile of Queen Victoria , as before , was issued . When glanced at casually, it S does not how to advantage , but if an unused copy be m l exa ined carefu ly, its beauties become apparent . For some reason , probably because there are few interest ing varieties , philatelists do not value this specimen as much as might be expected . Mint Copies change hands freely at a shilling or two apiece , but plate 9 is m an exception , com anding £5 per copy . T HE H C RE D — T REE HALFPEN E , One more value of r the line engraved stamps remains , that is the th ee

1 8 0 . 1 860 halfpence of the year 7 In , a duplicate of 81 F THE STAMP COLLECTOR the die for the penny (or perhaps the twopenny) s tamp was made and modified so that when pr inted from the labels showed the familiar profile of Victor ia a surroun ded by a tri ngle having curved Sides . This

P osta e T hr ee Hal en ce. was inscribed g , fp Some thou sands of stamps were printed in lilac from the plate made with the help of this die but the issue was never placed on sale . a A decade l ter, the new rate for printed matter called for a three-halfpenny stamp and the ten-year ut old plate was p into commission , the printings - being made in lake red . Two further plates were . subsequently made but the second , possessing certain

. ar e flaws , was rej ected Thus specimens available of

Plates 1 and 3 . The stamps of the latter plate are numbered in the lower curves of the border those of the former do not Show such distinguishing marks . There is an interesting error in the first plate of r this value . The engraving that should bea the check CP P C CP P C letters , , , is impressed , , copies of it being worth three or four pounds used, in consequence . It is thought that the workman entrusted with the task a a of adding these letters to the pl te , pl ced his punch a in an inverted position and having noted the mist ke , rever sed the punch and struck the letter afresh . The inverted and correctly placed C , being superimposed , formed an O . The watermar ks of the line-engraved stamps n eed m but brief mention . A small crown was e ployed 1 8 0 1 8 or r a 1 860 from 4 to 55 pe h ps until but , in the year 1 861 a , we have definite evidence that a l rge crown 82

PLATE 3 . R G EAT B RITAIN . A r econ s tr ucted Sheet of Embos s ed adhesives 1 8 8 4 .

CHAPTER I X

T HE EMBOSSED STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN

NDER this head , we deal with an interesting series of stamps which for the most part have

r . C been neglected by collecto s As a lass , the items mentioned here possess attr actions for the special l ist , are usua ly to be purchased at reasonable prices , and are not so numerous as to require deep research and a long purse before a representative collection can be obtained . In the previous Chapter we mentioned the Mulready envelopes and said that , though Sir Rowland Hill prophesied that the covers would have a successful r r ca eer, the public t eated them with a certain amount m of scorn and they wer e soon withdrawn . We ight add that the scorn was mingled w ith a fl avour in g of for humorous contempt , the best caricaturist of the day lost no Opportunity in ridiculing these weird m 1 envelopes with their sy bolic emblems of Empire . Sir Rowland took the public condemnation of Mul ’ ready s wor k a little too seriously and was loth to recognise that this was a case of providing the people

1 See r n a e t ar e i th e ear 1 8 0 . A Jou l k p by Rich d Doyl , n y 4 Sm t r n e a d CO . ( i h , Eld ) 85 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

l with something they did not want . Envelopes a ready provided with stamps were not in great request and , with so curious a design were severely shunned . The

nl great reformer, however, would o y admit that the pic tor ial effort was to blame for the poor sales and refused to recognise that stamped envelopes were unwanted .

T AD Y O P HE MU LRE ENVEL E .

T HE SS E — PENNY EMBO ED ENVELOP Accordingly, on r the withd awal of the Mulready, a second envelope was '

. 2 r issued (Jan 9, this time bea ing an embossed ’ oval s tamp Sh owing the Queen s head . The design was neat and effective and with but slight variations remained in use until the accession of King Edward . r h as a No stamp in the Wo ld enj oyed longer life and , of i on this account , it is a curiosity worthy the ph late ’ list s attentions . 86 EMBOSSED STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN

l The authorities , in these early days , were great y concerned lest the postage stamps should be for ged and the revenue defrauded ; they, therefore , cast around for methods of production which would be too costly ffi and di cult to imitate . Embossing was supposed to

fill these requirements and , accordingly, the new a envelopes were made by this process . As an addition l l safeguard , a paper in which silk threads were woven , was employed . P osta e On e The stamp was pink and inscribed g , P en n i s y . The earliest die , from wh ch the impression r were made , may be distinguished from later patte ns by the snake-like wisp of hair which descended from ’ the ornamentation at the back of the Queen s head .

In die II , this wisp is missing . h e r At the outset , t stamp bore no date ma ks but il while die I was st l in use , the lower part of the oval an d frame was pierced three date plugs inserted . ’ Towards the end of Queen Victoria s reign ( 1 881 these Check marks disappeared and the unbroken frame was restored . The collector should thus seek for Copies of die I with and without the date in sc r ip~ di tions and a copy of each of the subsequent es . An envelope with a blue two-penny stamp was issued contemporary with the penny, pink . S H — I n 1 8 a S S S . EMBO ED AD E IVE 47, the post ge rate m S i to certain parts of A erica being a hill ng, a stamp of

w as . this amount found necessary At the time , the line-engraved penny and twopenny adhesives were the only values available , which meant that every letter

1 n n s n CO By Joh Dicki o . 87 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

PLATE 4. R B R G EAT ITAIN .

Re n s tr te eet O fth e I s m . e ss e a es es 1 8 A co uc d Sh bo d dh iv of 47 .

EMBOSSED STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN

sent across the Atlantic had to be franked with , at h a Six . w ste least , stamps To obviate t is trouble and , a green octagonal shilling label was issued . The method of production followed that already mentioned for the penny and twopenny envelopes , the stamp being embossed on paper with silk threads embedded in

. 1 8 8 t al the pulp In 4 a enpenny v ue , embossed in brown on similar paper, was issued for correspondence with France . Both the tenpenny and Shilling adhesives were printed in sheets valued at a pound : the former consisted of twenty-four stamps in Six r ows of four and the latter of twenty stamps in five rows of four . It is a little surprising to learn that each stamp was r p oduced separately, that is to say, a sheet required twenty or twenty-four strikings and the machinist had to centre the paper a corr esponding number of r times . As a result of inexact cente ing , we find that

specimens of these stamps may be obtained overlapping , m someti es to the extent of a third of their height . r S This , of cou se , would be impossible were a heet to an be printed in one Operation . We do not know if y regular plan was followed by the printer but all the r a pai s , blocks and portions of sheets we have ex mined give the impr ession that he travelled up and down the m paper and not fro side to side . r m e 1 A thi d e bossed adh sive appeared on March , 1 8 S . 54, the value being ixpence The design consisted ’ of Queen Victor ia s pr ofile framed in a fanciful octagon the colour var ied with successive printings fr om . !

violet to purple . Unlike the two embossed adhesives 89 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

going before , the sixpenny value was issued on paper V R watermarked . . 6d 1 0 6i 1 3 . The . , , and adhesives , mentioned here , 1 8 6 1 8 1 8 6 were withdrawn in the years 5 , 55 and 5 , 1 nl S respectively, o y to appear later in lightly altered r i fo m for telegraph and other serv ces . SS S — I n 1 8 LATER EMBO ED ENVELOPE STAMP 55 , envelopes embossed with stamps of the following values

r d. C d 2 . d (b own) , 3 ( hocolate) , 3 (rose) , 4 . (red) ,

6d. 1 3 . (lilac) , and (green) were placed on sale and , r about the same time , it became possible to pu chase , in large quantities , halfpenny postcards embossed with a pink stamp . All of these items prove of interest to collectors who are prepared to search for the various varieties of dies . 1 8 2 In 9 , a new halfpenny envelope with a red embossed stamp was issued and at th e same time the a d 1 2 . 1 . value was changed to yellow, the to puce and 1 2 6 . . 1 0d the 1 to blue A . envelope with an embossed

r . brown stamp formed part of this se ies The red 3a. C was hanged , ten years later, to green to conform with the requirements of the Postal Union .

On the death of the Queen , envelopes bearing King ’ d r . d l Edwa d s bust were prepared of the 12 and 1 . va ues r and these gave way to the Geo gian issue in 1 91 1 . 1 1 8 r In 9 , when penny postage was tempo arily with r - a d awn , a three h lfpenny brown embossed stamp m a for beca e vailable use . The above sketch of the embossed varieties of

1 e n ot s t to th e er s e n em sse a n d t s Th y would ick cov , b i g bo d , hu a se n c u d much popular disc on te t . 90

CHAPTER X

T HE SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN

I T H E OR SSU S . VICT IAN I E

N issuing the line-engraved and embossed stamps r r r of G eat B itain , the authorities we e actuated by a desire to pr ovide adhesives which did not m permit of fr audulent i itation . The endeavours in this r ma s di ection y be spoken of a eminently successful , for r counter feit specimens are almost unknown . Whe e the f Post O fice erred , however, was in producing stamps which might be cleaned of their obliter ation mar ks 1 8 and used afresh . In 55 , it was found that by treat ing paper with a solution of prussiate of potash and other chemicals a surface could be obtained which disintegrated when moistened . This new safety paper, as it was called , provided the postal authorities with r for just the material equired stamp printing , since it prevented the unscrupulous fr om dissolving away the obliterating ink without damaging the pictorial design . al Accordingly, when foreign post business began to develop apace and it was decided to add a number of S new values to the labels , this pecial paper was em i r ployed for the various print ngs . No longer we e the 92 BRITISH SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS

costly processes of line engraving or embossing n ec es r f sary, as the su face of the paper e fected all the pre i ven t ve measures required . Hence we find that from 1 855 onwards the maj ority of the new issues were r r p oduced by what was termed surface p inting , that s a r is to y, the aised and not the recessed lines on the blocks Caused the pattern of the stamps .

The contract for these adhesives was given to Messrs .

Co . De La Rue , who began their work by printing

d. a the 4 , c rmine , which was issued at the end of July , a 1 855 . This specimen bore a waterm rk known as sub sti the small garter, and as a medium garter was tuted r in the following Februa y and a large garter , a

hi . little later, we must examine t s value carefully An unused copy of the small gar ter on blued paper is r wo th £1 6 on white paper it is almost unobtainable . When the garter is of medium Size and the paper is a 2 1 2 l blue , the stamp is che p at £ 5 , though £ wi l buy it r on white paper . The large garter wate mark is the least r are unused copies in this case being pr iced at l about two guineas . Used specimens of the three va ues ar v y between a shilling and three pounds . Twenty ar r r ye s ago we pu chased two hund ed of these stamps , a r r fi ve sso ted and used , from a deale in Havre for r f ancs . This will give some idea of the upward trend in the value of the early surface-printed stamps of

Great Britain . d . 6d. The 4 carmine , was speedily followed by a h 1 3 . . T e lilac , and a green watermark for these con

i e . r sisted of what is known as emblems , . a ose at either upper corner of the stamp and a Shamrock 93 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

r ar or thistle in the lower corne s . The three values e readily distin guished from later issues as they bor e no check letters in the angles . 1 86 2 In , it was decided to supply check letters to these three stamps and t o supplement the issue with hi d d. two new values w ch were the 3 . and 9 This set

d. contains some interesting rarities . Of the 3 , about a thousand copies were printed with a tiny white dot e on either Side of the word P ostag . When procur

0 0 . able , a used copy is worth from £4 to £5 In the a - d case of the str w coloured 9 . , a part of the issue was ”

i. e . provided with hair lines , a white line placed across the exterior angle of the coloured squares of the 0 check letters . This stamp is worth £3 , used , but , al without the hair lines , only commands h f as many S hillings . A third treasure is the shilling , green , with

. an out perforation marks Being error, this stamp is almost priceless . We have seen a copy in Messrs . 6 Stanley Gibbons , Ltd . , marked at £ 5 , unused . Apart 1 862 a from these three items , the issue m kes an inter esting series, the unused stamps of which are much

sought after .

- A Change came . n 1 865 7 when the foregoing stamps were issued with large white Check letters instead of r od small ones . Two new values were added, a , - r red brown , and a blue . All bo e the number of

the plate in figures which , unlike the penny, red, were

visible to the naked eye . A curious error in this series

v . 2 1 3 . was pro ided by the value In the case of plate , the margins of the Sheets wer e inscr ibed 2 but each

1 . stamp bore the figure This discrepancy is, of course , 94

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

we may obtain a copy for half a crown but ten Shillings

will be asked .when the green gives place to a grey

brow n . This latter Stamp must be distinguished from - m d. r the grey brown 4 , with a crown water a k , which is d only worth a sixpenny piece . Copies of the 2 4 . in r osy-mauve of this series should be carefully exam i d n e 2 . , for plate bore an error of lettering The stamp which ought to have been inscribed LH-HL was r - inadve tently lettered LH F L . Such specimens are

priced at £3 , used . 1 880 In , a new series of low values appeared but none of the specimens now cost more than a few pence each in Spite of the fact that they were current less than a four years . At present prices , they appear to offer good investment especially is this the case with

d d. 2 . blocks of the , rose, and 5 , indigo . - The well known penny, lilac , came into being on

1 2 1 881 . July , At first , the corner ornaments contained Six r a fourteen dots but , in less than months , f esh pl tes

S . a appeared with ixteen With fourteen dots , mint

i . copy is worth four shill ngs ; with sixteen , fourpence Varieties of colour are numerous with this penny value f r and though none of them are rare , they o fer inte esting work for those who care to follow the pale lilac shades

through the intermediate stages to deep purple . 8 - A new set of high values was placed on sale in 1 8 3 4.

6d. 3 . 1 0 3 . o 2 3 . These , 5 and labels were printed n paper with an anchor watermar k whilst the £1 appeared with — in three crowns and , later, with three orbs both S m cases , placed ide by side, the sta p being the length

of three ordinary adhesives . Specimens of the half 96 BRITISH SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS

fi ve Shi hi crown , llings , and ten s llings were , for a S hort time, sold on a blue tinted paper and are worth 2 c on si and £5 , respectively, when used and l der ab . y more if in a mint condition The one pound , r 2 b own , with three crowns for watermark realises £ , al -fi ve used , though we could buy it freely twenty

2 3 . . t years ago at 5 a dozen The one pound , brown , wi h three orbs is even more valuable, commanding £4,

20 . used , and £ , unused 1 88 In 4, an unattractive set of ten low values super s 1 eded the issue of 880 . The stamps were coloured either purple or green and check letters figured in the four corners . As a whole, the set commands an a inflated price , £3 being ch rged for the ten values when 2 2 3 6d unused and . . when used . ’ m r a To co memo ate the Queen s Jubilee , dozen new 1 types of stamps were prepared an d these r emained current , with few exceptions until the accession of

King Edward . Each value was given a distinctive design of its own and all but the halfpenny and Shilling b i- appeared coloured . Few sets have evoked such universal praise in the matter of design and general appearance but the colour s employed by the printers were fugitive . Accordingly, collectors must be warned not to clean the paper from the backs of thes e stamps by bathing in water .

As the Jubilee issue was current for fourteen years , a number of minor varieties are to be found . The d 2 . e , green and vermilion , may be had in dark gr en

. d. and carmine The 3 , purple on yellow paper, is

1 T h in 1 8 h i 1 8 e r od. a e a ear 0 t a e n 2 . v lu pp ed 9 ; e 4M. v lu 9 97 G THE STAMP COLLECTOR

PLATE 5 . R B R G I IN . 4 EAT TA

' - 1 . ee s s e e en t r a 1 88 . 4 Jubil i u of Qu Vic o i , 7 — 1 0 . s s e n ar 5 I u of Ki g Edw d . - 1 1 . 3 . n e r e r se ar m 5 Ki g G o g , o c in e . 1 t D 2 . r s ie n e r e d Fi of Ki g G o g , 4 .

1 . Se n D ie n e r e 1 a 3 co d of Ki g G o g , .

1 . hir or r e r a n die Of n r 1 a e e . 4 T d d w Ki g G o g , — 1 1 8. s s e n e r e 5 I u of Ki g G o g .

1 . sta D ue s t m 9 Po ge a p .

BRITISH SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS

known to have been prepared on orange paper . The - d . 4 , green and purple brown , exists with the green head missing, an error due to a single instead of a double - 6d. printing . The , purple on rose coloured paper, can be found in a number of Shades of purple . The 1 00 green , was changed to green and carmine in 9 when , to conform to the rules of the Postal Union , the halfpenny vermilion appeared in green . Thus we come to an end of the Victorian surface

. A S C printed stamps of Great Britain a lass , they rank among the adhesives , the future of which seems to l f . a a o fer the greatest promise Ye r by year, their v ues mount and what could be bought two decades ago for

Shillings now costs pounds . We can think of but one stamp in the whole series which was cor’nered u d for speculative p rposes , and that was the 44 a green and carmine of 1 892 . It was bought by the thousand in an unused state when an official announcement intimated the impending withdrawal . Those who bought to sell and not for their own collections have r long since reg etted the transaction . CHAPTER XI

T HE SURFACE -PRINTED STAMPS OF GREAT BRITAIN

I I T HE R A ND OR SSU S . EDWA DIAN GE GIAN I E

22 1 0 1 li N January , 9 , the long and bril ant r eign of Queen Victoria came to a close an d

Edward VII succeeded to the throne . The occurrence necessitated many changes, among them the preparation of a new series of stamps bearing the ’ r King s head . Long before thei appearance in the -offi c es al post , philatelists and the public in gener , whilst expressing their sorrow at the passing of the r familiar p ofile of the Queen , displayed a keen interest in the Edwardian adhesives , then being printed . Questions concerning them were constantly asked in the House of Commons and the Offi cial repor ts for 1 90 1 r contain many references to their p oduction . a 1 The Edw rdian issue commenced on January , 1 0 2 2 d 9 , with the appearance of the 5 , and 6 l — d. a f v ues all of one p attern but in di ferent colours . Philatelists had anticipated a design worthy of their

King and Country, but were considerably disappointed when, at last , they were permitted to examine copies TOO

6 PLATE . R B RI G EAT TAIN .

on r r en on th e r n er s en t r e s eets C t ol lette s giv co of i h . to r m m r t at n o n um er als in dic atin th e ear s well e e be h , g y of is s u e wer e given befor e 1 90 4 an d th at with Geor gian is s u es a dot between th e letter an d figur es in dicates a Som er s et H ous e pr in tin g whilst th e abs en ce of a dot in dicates th e H ar r s n i o .

1 02

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

fi u places . The rst denomination to s bmit to this m r d . 1 0 change was the 4 and in Dece be 9 9, the beau tiful shades Of brown and green gave place to a crude - reddish or ange the patter n r emained as before . The next value marked out to suffer in this way was the 2d. A more pleasing combination of colour s could hardly be found than the gr een and carmine in m which this sta p had long been printed , yet a ruthless m r e authority , intent on econo y, p ovid d a fresh design in Tyrian plum . The public were never given this adhesive for at the moment when its issue was to take place the death of King Edward occurred and

‘ C further hanges then became inopportune . A little a d previous to this , very delightful 7 . stamp , printed in - . S grey black , appeared This new value certainly howed that a unicoloured design need not be unattractive even though the 4d . orange may have created an oppo site impression . H -S A C R — C ALK URF ED PAPE As we have seen , pre viousl r r b e y , su face p inting for stamps was adopted ’ cause a n ew ly in ven ted safety-paper r ender ed line an d r engraving embossing unnecessary . Cu iously - r enough , the safety pape soon fell out of use though r su face printing was maintained . In the middle of ’ King Edwar d s r eign a new patent paper with a Chalk surface was adopted which made it impossible to remove r a w a oblite ation or writing inks . The p per s used for some but not all values , consequently we have drawn up the following lists in order that the collector may know where discrimination must be

1 04 BRITISH SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS

H ORDINARY PAPER . C ALKY PAPER .

d 1 d r S e . 1 both hades of gr en . 5 “ pu ple and green

a 2d. 1 . red . , green and carmine

d. 1 d u r . 5 " p rple and g een . 3 , purple on yellow

d. 2d r a w . . , g een and c rmine . 4 , bro n and green

z a . 4 q blue . purple and blue

6d. d r . 3 . , pu ple on yellow , purple d d . . 4 . , brown and green . 9 , purple and blue

I Od. . d r . 4 . , o ange , purple and carmine

d . 5 . , purple and blue . green and carmine

6 3 6d. 2 . i . . . , purple , purple - d r . 7 . , g ey black d 9 . , purple and blue . 1 0d . , purple and carmine .

green and carmine . 6d 23 . . , purple . 3 5 carmine .

blue . 1 £ , green .

Chalk-surfaced and ordinary papers cannot be recog n is ed n by casually looki g at them , as many collectors

claim . The only obvious Character istic of the chalk variety is a highly glazed surface but there are many other kinds of glossy paper used for stamp printing r with which the former may be confused . The efore , r test th an some sure i a mere glance is necessary . If the milled edge of a Sixpence be run across the corner

of a stamp , a grey pencil line will result with chalky paper but no such marking appears Should the paper

be of the ordinary kind . A word of caution is n eces 1 05 PLATE 7 .

GREAT B RITAIN .

d I d es el an . a een Embos s e d en velope s tamps of g . v lu of Qu

t r a n ar an d n e r e . Vic o i , Ki g Edw d Ki g G o g

BRITISH SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS

sary before we turn from the subj ect . The value of this patent surfaced paper for stamps lies in the ready way in which the facing breaks up on the application of moisture . It is thus that the fraudulent removal of obliterations is prevented . The preparation is one that assists the authorities but it imposes considerable f di ficulties on philatelists who must , on no account , - r place stamps with a chalk su face in water, either hot or cold . — EDWARDIAN WATERMARKS Edwardian adhesives f 1 were given two di ferent watermarks . The £ value , S being a long stamp , bore three imperial crowns ide by

. 6d. S . 1 0 3 . 2 3 . side The , 5 , and varieties were provided with a large anchor ; while all other denominations appeared with one imperial crown . A number of half-penny 1 and penny stamps may be found with the crown watermark inverted these are not errors , but specimens taken from the stamp booklets 0 which were first used in 1 9 3 . For these handy little k S boo lets , the adhesives were made up into heets of — special size there being four panes of Sixty stamps arranged in ten strips of six . Each pane was cut verti dl cally down the mid e, then along every alternate hori z on tal line and so gave ten blocks of six stamps . As it was necessary to provide a narrow margin of blank paper on the left of each of these blocks for binding s purposes , the panes were arranged with the stamp of the right-hand half inverted but the corresponding inversions were not made in the watermarks ; hence

1 B t th e ar an d t r s s o h d k ligh g een is ue . 1 07 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

ueen sla n Q d ,

’ d o um bl c t ! Oe IQYM cO/K PM: ”16 "4° ‘ e m a a k fel s! c tklt t s l in tfB n n i e W h t w ill b c a ce l d i o ee . e d : a t. e i aco ol Sur f . f ffi f n ” ' “v f i u itiv a m vi ible Nte 5 es ed n e. Co o r 2 s . o t g fg l

M K WATER A R S .

1 0 8

COLLECTOR

PLATE 8.

GREAT B RITAIN .

r th e Re ster e n e e s n e am T h e Histo y of gi d E v lop how by x ples .

I I O REG ISTERED LETT ER. r m M Law n mun ax m u to u O r men or ma : Pow O oc T O or Rem u s ; m o 1 Ru s so: M a m et) m a zx

REG IS T ERED LET T ER.

in THE A008£ $8 “087 I t “MYT H! DI W M t t.

[ Va/( 3 L!

THE STAMP COLLECTOR probably the most expert printers of stamps in the world , they were using worn plates towards the end of their time and the quality of the wor k they turned out was lowered in consequence . far So , the tests have rested , in the main , on con ec tur e j , but the perforation gauge will supply more definite evidence . The De La Rue values were all perfor ated 1 4 along the four edges and so were those of Somerset House but the maj ority of the Harrison 1 ll I Edwardians are perforated 5 , horizonta y, and 4, vertically . Here , therefore , is something definite to ’ r work on . If a stamp with King Edwa d s head is

. 1 x 1 . perf 5 4, it is clearly a Harrison printing A scrutiny of all the copies perforated 1 4 will repay r at the trouble for it is known that , when sepa ed , the per for ated edge of a De La Rue stamp shows fewer broken teeth than do stamps emanating from Harrison or

Somerset House . This is because the paper was of a poorer quality for the temporary printings than had been supplied to the original contractors .

Now let us examine the surface of the stamps . It is a definite fact that no chalk sur faced paper was used al d for any part of the provision issue except for the 6 . value . If , therefore , a chalky stamp be found , of any

6d. value other than , it must clearly be a De La Rue - production . On the other hand , if it be non chalky it is either an ear ly printing of De La Rue or a provisional issue. The early printings of this firm were made on paper that posses sed a good deal of glaze , but the provisionals were mostly on a dull paper i in wh ch the coloured inks sank deeply . I I Z BRITISH SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS

A final point of difference deals with the gum on the backs of the adhesives . De La Rue used a yellowish h fluid and applied it lavis ly , but the two other printers gained some notoriety by providing a whitish mucilage of such poor quality and in such meagre quantity r - that it rende ed the stamps almost non adhesive . ma o With these hints , the collector yg far in allocating the various specimens to their correct groups . In the r case of a doubtful variety, a p oper classification may be effected by comparing and cont r asting it with those about which no such doubts exist . If it is thought that a pattern stamp of each printing would afford a useful guide , such may be obtained for a few pence

r r . t . from a eliable dealer, such as Mess s S anley Gibbons T — A i EARLY GEORGIAN S A MP s . storm of host le criticism arose on the appear ance of the Edwardian m 1 0 ar r G eor sta ps in 9 2 . Nine ye s later the fi st two d gian a hesives were issued and the condemnation , in their case , was even more thorough . Philatelists and the general public wondered , once more , why a great countr y like Britain should have to use stamps that would disgr ace the most insignificant republic of Cen r al ul t America . One thing was certai n Britain co d not be accused of issuing pretty labels to attract the - school boy philatelist . f d The o fending items were a é ” green , and a penny , rose . The profile of the King was satisfactory as a m picture , but unsuited to the requirements of a sta p r where space is limited and lines must be finely d awn .

The new contractors , Messrs . Harrison Son , came in r e for a good deal of adverse comment , but we must 1 1 3 H THE STAMP COLLECTOR

r member that they we e new to the work , that the design was not of their making , that the dies were engraved by the Government , and that the paper which lacked quality was not of their choice . We r know, from various sources , that they t ied every means a r in their power to give the stamps a better ppea ance , and not until a variety of inks of differ ent consistencies and other such-like experiments had been made would m they ad it that the printing plates were beyond them . a al When this decision was re ched , the origin plates were r edrawn or per haps it would be mor e correct to s ay that the dies were deepened in or der that the r e cessed portions would be less liable to become choked with ink . It is a little difficult to distinguish between the original and improved printings , but the student of minor var ieties will notice the following mar ks of identification ue Halfpen ny val .

Die I . The moustache (not the beard) is an almost r solid mass of colour . The colou behind the value, is also solid . The end scale on the body of the right hand dolphin is properly formed . (This can on ly be ai s een with the d of a magnifying glass) .

Die II . The moustache is relieved by a number of lines . The colour behind the value, is, is composed of a series of close horizontal lines . The end scale, see above , is broken on the left hand edge .

P enn y value.

Die 1 . The detail in the crown is clogged with colour and the uppermost row of pearls gives the appearance 1 1 4

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

PLATE 9 .

R R 1 1 1 B . G EAT ITAIN , 9

I a —T h e r r m D I T h e a en t s ie . e eta . upp f g hows d il of th e cr own is clogge d with colou r an d th e p ar tin g of th e hair is s a s r T h e an r n to th e r t u u lly ob cu ed . b d of ibbo igh of th e r n s s a fi n e n e r n n n a r s s its en t r e t c ow how li u i g c o i wid h . ' T h e m ete s tam is D ie I I T h e eta th e r co pl p of . d il of c own is e s a e an d th e art n th e a r is ea r e n e w ll di pl y d p i g of h i cl ly d fi d . T h e ban d of r ibbon to th e r ight of th e cr own s hows a blan k s a e er e th e fi n e n e r es in D ie I p c wh li figu . Th er e is a thir d die which is e as ily r ecogn ised by th e s had n h i g lin es on t e lion . — D I gar T h e left h an d fr agm en t s hows ie . T h e m ousta che is a s olid m as s of colour an d th e s hadin g behin d th e fr action

(i) is als o s olid . T h e s econ d die is eas ily r ecogn is ed by th e lin es which for m th e m ou s tach e an d which for m th e backgr oun d of th e r a t n f c io . T h e complete s tamp is of D ie I I I which r es embles D ie I I b ut h as th e n e th e st a tr fl e n er t an es I or I I ck of bu i lo g h Di .

1 1 6

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

' hi the old crown watermark . T s device , with its heavy lines , was however unsuited to the poorer and thinner kind of paper that had come into usage after

’ ' the termination of De La Rue s contract . It caused a considerable thinning of the fabric where the pattern came and this resulted in an uneven reception of the ink over the surface of the stamp . Accordingly, the device was discarded and what was known as the m le c her w ater mar k si p yp took its place . This consisted of a number of finely drawn crowns surmounting the al G R V letters and numer , . . . The device was so spaced that it figured twice , one above the other, on each fn r sta . i p Late , the dev ces were placed closer together with the result that each stamp bore the crown and l cypher more than once , both vertical y and horizon mu le c her w ater mar lti k. tally . This was styled the p yp r 3 The simple cypher appea s on the values from £ .

to 1 8. the multiple cypher on certain issues of the two

lowest denominations . A specially large single cypher

r r r 6d. 1 . wate ma k is eserved for the values from 2 3 . to £ S — A S CONTROL has been mentioned elsewhere , the margin strips on most complete sheets of Georgian

stamps bear control numbers . They consist of a letter,

to designate the plate used for the printing , and the last

one or two figures of the year of issue . These controls are interesting since they enable the collector to dis tin guish between the work of Harrison and Somerset

House , both concerns sharing in the production of h s am h t e t ps . T e rule which must be borne in mind when discriminating between the printers is a simple

one . If a dot is given after the letter and before 1 1 8 BRITISH SURFACE-PRINTED STAMPS

the numerals , the work should be ascribed to Somer set House without the dot , it emanates from Messrs .

ri . . 1 Har son Thus B 3 is a Somerset House printing . ri M 1 9 is a Harrison p nting .

1 1 9 CHAPTER XII

T HE STAMPS OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA

HERE is a growing tendency among philate ’ lists to give the lion s share of their atten

tions to the stamps of the Br itish colonies . r r Eve y week , we find f esh adherents to this enlightened form of collecting and as time r olls on and issues speedily multiply in the countr ies of doubtful integrity so the m r r colonial specialists will gr ow mor e nu e ous . The e is ’ a r eason for this an over seas stamp with the Queen s ’ or King s head comm ands a respect which incr eases with time but who c an s ay the same of the labels thr ust upon us by the ephemeral states of Centr al Amer ica and elsewher e 9 The collector is growing wear y of the countries which change their issues two or thr ee times - a a a year and , in sheer self defence , cast s round for group of gilt-edged stamps in which he may conveniently

' an d r om specialize . A favourite g r oup one we can ec mend fr om ever y point of view is afforded by the issues ri of B tish North America . The items coming under ’ this head ar e usually fine specimens of the printer s ar t they are suffi ciently numerous to sustain inter est many of them are rar e enough to introduce the sporting me r s ele nt when sea ching for copies , and as an inve t

ment they are generally unsurpassed . 1 20

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

0 PLATE 1 .

A — A n en e e s te in r a tar an d ear n th e mar . v lop po d Gib l b i g k 86 A t s te r a tar s s ess e n o s tam ar I 1 . t a s of M ch , 3 hi d , Gib l po d p r n tr Its ar t of its ow n b ut u s ed thos e of th e Mothe Cou y . p i l r r k 2 6 is s f en t n at n t at th e s tam on a pos tma A . a u fici i dic io h p r did n ot per for m s er vice in G r eat B itain .

B — A n en e e s te in th e e r n th e S t . v lop po d Fi ld du i g ou h Afr ican War

1 2 2

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

a reappeared on wove paper whilst a l , rose , gave Queen r a 1 0511 r Victo i , facing left , and a , blue , bo e the head of m r r m Jacques Cartier, a Breton a ine , who won fa e by far a a l . s s i ing up the St Lawrence as the site of Montreal , in 1 535 . All these stamps with the exception of used copies of the beaver ar e valuable though specimens are not hard to find . 1 8 a In 59, the coin ge was altered to conform to that in use in the Unit ed States and pence gave way to cents . Accordingly , a new issue of stamps became

r r . necessa y , the contract for it being awa ded to the a American B nk Note Co . The 1 859 issue was perfor ated and pr inted on wove r ar e a a r pape , though copies occ sion lly found on ibbed m r r . r as pape , sometimes i pe forated The designs we e for 1 8 1 — the 5 2 series with the values changed . The

m d. 1 6d. M. beca e cent ; the 3 , five cents ; the , ten d 1 2 0 d 6 . 1 . 1 cents ; the sterling , % cents ; and the , 7 cents . A new value , a two cents , rose , was added later and closely resembled the 1 cent in design an d r an a r our colou . This issue forms tt active addition to r -da r collections and may be pu chased to y, at a figu e which is bound to r ise as the vogue for specialising r m a inc eases . It y be well to point out that pen can celled copies of these stamps ar e fr equently found and ar e not consider ed so desir able by philatelists as those r with postmarked oblite ations . ST A MP s — u a 2 1 86 r . O DOMINION M rch 9, 7, B itish Nor th A m er ic a was r ais ed to the position of a do minion an d new stamps were issued in 1 868 to cele a o . brate the occasi n These splendid dhesives , slightly 1 24 THE STAMPS OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA

r fil larger than customary , gave a ve y fine pro e of the r r al Queen , facing ight . The e were six v ues , all printed - m n . by the British A erican Ba k Note Co of Ottawa , and each m ay be found in two or more distinct shades r of colou . r 1 868 1 8 6 Between the yea s and 7 , the first Dominion ser ies was gradually modified the lar ge stamps gave way to smaller ones of almost similar design and fresh a r values were added . Here gain the e were colour varieties of each denomination and the collector wi ll find much interesting work in obtaining the differ ent

shades . 1 8 20 0 In 93, a cents , scarlet , and a 5 cents , blue , r r a we e placed on sale , the head of Queen Victo i , in ’

these cases , being draped in widow s weeds . This r endering of the royal features , it is interesting to note , though new to the postage stamps of Canada had lent r r distinction to the bill stamps for many yea s p eviously. ’ r To celebrate the Queen s Diamond Jubilee , a ve y r r T h e fine issue of sixteen values was p epa ed . design which was the same throughout showed a diademed a r 1 8 head of Her M j esty, as she appea ed in 37, side by r a r r e r e side with anothe he d , d aped and crowned , p 1 am a senting her in 897. These st ps though be utifully i ar e at engraved and h ghly attractive , still obtainable r easonable prices , perhaps because they partake of the nature of a celebration issue . a r 1 8 L te in 97, a new series became available for pos r tal duties . It gave the Queen , draped and c owned , as she appeared in the declining years of her reign and was

none too flattering to this grand old lady . The set 1 25 THE STAMP COLLECTOR is usually styled the maple-leaf issue as the design - bore a maple leaf in each of the four corners . The 1 897 issue was destined to enj oy a short career for no sooner was it placed in the hands of the public than the Postal Union complained that the values were not given on the stamps in figures . Accordingly , a modified set followed in 1 898 with the requisite in scr ip tions displayed in the two lower corners two of the r four maple leaves we e thus displaced . 1 8 8 Christmas, 9 , was celebrated throughout the Colonies by the intr oduction of penny postage for the n r Empire . Up to this time , the i land letter ate for at r Canada had stood th ee cents , but with the lowered charge for overseas m ails it was necessary to reduce the a a inl nd rate to the same figure . This step h ving been r taken , it followed that the red th ee cents value would be no longer r equired whilst the violet two cents w as r d incorrect as to colour . Acco ingly, the three cents was overpr inted 2 cents an d the violet stamp

e . a r dropp d out of use The incre se of cor espondence , f consequent on the lower tari f, caused a shortage of the 2 cents stamps and the withdrawn 3 cents value with the four maple leaves was similar ly overp r inted until

the stock became exhausted . In order to meet the great demand for 2 cents ad h esives and also to commemorate the reduction in the

postal rate , a curious picture stamp was issued during 1 the Christmas festivities of 898. The design consisted of a map of the world in which the British Empir e was '

coloured red and the oc ean s w er e given in blue . As a

souvenir of this momentous occasion , the label serves 1 26

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

r n c e b er t 1 8 . P i Al , 5 9 1 86 8 3 , 4. .

1 882 . 8 am n ee s s e 1 . 7 . Di o d Jubil I u , 97 T h an es n e ess tate en s ta e w as I O 1 1 1 2 . e 9 , , , ch g c i d wh po g r t r educed f om 3 to 2 cen s .

1 T h a e ea s s e . 4. e M pl L f i u Fig ur es in tr oduced in to lower cor n er s to con for m to th e ’ Pos tal Un ion s r equir em e n ts . I s s u e to commemor ate th e Ter cen ten ar y of th e Fou n din g

of Qu ebec . Stam p is s u ed to commemor ate th e in tr oduction of Imperial en n ta P y Pos ge .

1 28

T HE ST AMP COLLECTOR

C 1 I T . 2 cents cent ( ) , red or carmine 1 I T C 2 cents cent ( ) brown . 2 Of the cents cent , two dies have been prepared and used for both colours . In Die I , a white and black line runs diagonally from the top of the 1 to the left hand angle of the T in Die II th is space is filled by a i patch of shading . Die I in brown and D e II in red are scarce whilst Die II in brown and Die I in red are fairly common . 1 1 r In 9 7, a 3 cents stamp was issued in b own to mar k the fiftieth year of the formation of the Dominion of Canada . The label is of the picture variety and depicts the parliament at Ottawa in session . C — NOVA S OTIA . This province used stamps of its r 1 8 1 1 86 own between the yea s 5 and 7, after which date the Dominion issues of Canada became current . A score of adhesives only are attributed to the peninsula but they are all remarkably attractive and most of them command good prices . The 1 85 1 values wer e four in number and came

P - Co . from the famous firm of erkins , Bacon , a fact which speaks for itself . They were square in shape - 1 a. and of striking design . The , red brown , gave a r i crowned head of Queen Victo ia , placed in a d amond ,

6d. r d. whilst the 3 , blue , the , g een , and the mauve , revealed a pleasing arrangement of the Imperial crown surrounded by an array of her aldic flowers . These stamps are so engraved that their correct posi - tion in the album is diamond wise .

d. 6d. Of the 3 , , and there are varieties of colour but all are valuable . The which is a rarity of high 1 30 THE STAMPS OF BRITISH NORTH ' AMERICA

0 rank , now changes hands at £7 or more , unused , and 1 £ 5 , used , though not so many years ago , fine copies

ul 6 . co d be bought at £7, unused and £ , used It must be particularly noted that the issue was printed on bluish paper ; this is important as a series of well made reprints has appeared in recent years on white paper . — The 1 86 0 3 stamps of Nova Scotia are equally beautiful though less rare . There are two distinct

issues , one on dull dirty yellow coloured paper ; the ffi other on white paper . The former is the more di cult a l to obtain . Six v lues wil be found in the set the 1 2 , , and 5 cents show the Queen , facing left , whilst i d 1 . r 1 0 c . an z o the , % give a full face rende ng

of her as she appeared at the time of her coronation .

Average copies may be picked up , occasionally, at tempting prices and such opportunities should not be

missed . NEW S CK — A S BRUN WI with Nova Scotia , the parti c ular stamps of this province gave way to the general

issues of Canada in 1 867 . 1 8 1 The first issue , that of 5 , was of three values ,

printed in London by the firm of Perkins . All bore the diamond-shaped design described for Nova Scotia with the necessar y change of designation and deno m . d. ination The 3 is worth a sovereign , used ; the 6d . 1 3 1 . , £4 and the £ 5 and upwards 1 A second series came into use in 860 . There were al 1 seven v ues . The cent bore an American railway n : 2 1 0 e gine the , and cents , a portrait of Queen 1 2 m hi 1 Victoria the % cents , a stea s p the 7 cents , a 1 3 1 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

Ed portrait of the Prince of Wales , afterwards King ward and, wonder of wonders , the 5 cents , a portrait P of Charles Connell , ostmaster General of New Bruns wick . There is a curious little story touching on this Connell w a label . The hero of the 5 cents s sent to the States to arrange with the American Bank Note Co . for the

r 1 860 . p inting of the whole issue of No doubt , he h ad wide powers in selecting the necessary designs a a but when the adhesives arrived at he dqu rters , the authorities were shocked to find the fi ve cents value

his . was disfigured by features At first , Connell was merely reprimanded for this display of conceit and lack of taste and it was decided to suppress . the offending label . Thereupon , our hero who now posed as a victim a r flew into rage , efused to withdraw the unfortunate design , and , rather than acknowledge the error of judg f al 6 00 ment , gave up his o fici post which was worth £

er . . p annum And , as he quitted the outraged little province , the people sang to him this little refrain

Six hu n dr ed pou n ds to s ee h is fac e ” Posti n g ar ou n d fr om pl ac e to plac e . The Connell edition of the 5 cents was never placed ’ a into circulation but Queen s head , 5 cents , came along ul in due course and is now fair ly common . It is doubtf if the unissued stamp can be considered a regular item h of p ilately but , whether it is or not , a copy cannot be bought for less than twenty pounds . — PRINCE EDWARD I SLAND T his Colony began the 1 86 1 r 1 8 issue of stamps in and withd ew them in 73 , when the island was admitted into the Dominion of 1 32

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

1 2 PLATE . OU AND NEWF NDLAND .

I E r s u , 2 . dw a dian is e . —8 r a s s e e n . 3 . G o gi I u n e er at n mm em r at n s am . t 9 Co f d io co o io p . 1 0 1 1 War T ax s tam s , . p . ' 1 2 Stam t atr t stm ar . p wi h p io ic po k . 1 ew n an ea e s e 3 . N fou dl d P c I s u . 1 r n e a es 4. P i c of W l . 1 een t r a 5 . Qu Vic o i . 1 6 n ar . Ki g Edw d . 1 een e an r a 7 . Qu Al x d .

1 34

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

1 8 s . The first issue of 57 was printed by Mes rs Perkins , 1 a Bacon Co . and bore various patterns . The . was square and showed a crown surrounded bythe floral r emblems of Great B itain . (Compare the diamond shaped stamps of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick . ) 6 d d. . 2d. The , 4 , and % were quaint conceptions depend ing on a display of the rose , thistle , and shamrock for

d. r their beauty . The 3 was triangula and bore a

- strong resemblance to the three cornered Capes , of r which it was a contempora y . A set of these treasures ,

00 . if on thick but not thin paper, costs about £3 , unused 1 866 l Another issue , that of , is an extreme y fine o fi sh production . A c d is given on the 2 cents a seal

on the 5 cents ; a portrait of King Edward , when 1 0 Prince of Wales , on the cents a profile of the Queen , r 1 2 facing left , surrounded by a garte , on the cents ; a full-rigged sailer on the 1 3 cents ; and a diademed

head of Victoria on the 24 cents . These are all of fair val ue and may be considered items likely to rise

gradually in price . 1 868 1 8 r Between and 79, fresh types we e introduced

and these gave us the Prince of Wales (Edward VII) , ’ in highland costume and Her Maj esty in widow s

weeds . The head of a Newfoundland dog appeared in 1 887 . 1 8 0 0 th An issue of 97, commemorating the 4 anni ver sar y of the discovery of Newfoundland by Jean r Cabot , did not receive a warm eception . Though the r a stamps were interesting , as far as picto ial consider " ir tions go , philatelists were rather dubious as to , the ri me ts and shunned them in an unused condition . 1 36 THE STAMPS OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA

n 1 8 A perma ent 97 series found more favour . There v a r were six lues , each being p ovided with a portrait of some member of the Royal Family .

More disfavour fell on a set provided in 1 91 0 . For hi m those who love storical incident , the sta ps are of fi rs t-rate interest but the true philatelist views them with indifference as they partake of the nature of a speculative issue . The series bears the inscription 1 6 1 0 -1 1 0 9 , and as the former date is connected with the 1 grant of a patent by James to John Guy, a Bristol m merchant , for the foundation of a settle ent in New foun dlan d r which proved a failure , we can ha dly feel that the anniversary warranted such a wealth of b istori

cal effusion . oi 1 1 1 r e r e Another issue, that 9 , was devoted to p s en tation s al 1 of our Roy Family . The cent portrayed 2 0 r 0 Queen Mary the , King Geo ge V the 3 , the Prince 0 c of Wales ; the 4 , Prince Albert ; the 5 , Princess 6c Sc Mary ; the , Prince Henry ; the , Prince George ; 0 1 0c the 9 , the lamented Prince John ; the , Queen

1 20 . Alexandra ; and the , the Duke of Connaught 1 c The 5 , gave the arms of Newfoundland with the ” motto , Haec tibi dona fero . A more r ecent series known as the Trail of the Caribou issue has been prepared to commemor ate

the deeds of Newfoundland in the Great War . Each

stamp reveals the head of a caribou , the emblem of the i dom nion , and below it are inscribed such momentous Suvla B a G audec our t am r a names as y, , Hamel and C b i oii al (one each v ue) .

I 37 CHAPTER XIII

T HE STAMPS OF T HE UNITED STATE S

E W countries offer the philatelist such a wealth of inter esting postage stamps as the United States in fact the embar r as de r ichesse is so profuse that many collectors devote their energies to m this republic alone . For the man of eans , there are ’ r P e the ra e ostmasters stamps of Annapolis , Brattl boro r and other cities for those of lesser fo tune , a whole host of attractive portrait issues is available whilst the lovers of picturesque adhesives will find no lack of fascinating material among the later issues . There Is In for r , short , something eve y kind of taste and purse A i US . n and , let it be said , the issues form a good vestment seeing that the demand for desirable copies is constantly increasing . ’ — T HE P OST MA e Rs ST A MP s . The United States entered the ar ena of stamp issuing countries in 1 845 . There was then no c o-ordination among the postal services of the republic , and each town or city was free l - m to develop at wil its own letter carrying syste s . r a r r In certain a eas, the loc l autho ities ealised that stamps facilitated the work of their postmen and prepared issues of adhesives . This happened at 1 38

PLATE 1 3 . Two Victor ian Postcar ds of

1 40

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

values , in an unused condition , were held by the rebel

r . states . At the same time , the contract with Mess s l T o an . r pp , Carpenter and Co of Phi adelphia for p inting the adhesives expired and the National Bank Note t Co . of New York was appointed the new con ractor . In 1 86 1 his report of , the Postmaster General wrote The contr act for the manufacture of postage stamps 1 0 1 86 1 having expired on June , , a new one was

entered into with the National Bank Note Company , a m upon terms very advantageous to the Dep rt ent , from which there will result an annual saving of more a th n thirty per cent in the cost of the stamps . In order to prevent the fraudulent use of the large r quantity of stamps emaining unaccounted for, in the al hands of postmasters in the disloy States , it was deemed advisable to change the design and the colour of those manufactured under the new contract and to substitute as soon as possible the new for the old

. as issues The old stamps on hand , and such were fi received in exchange , at the larger of ces have been to

a great extent counted and destroyed .

‘ The new stamps were urgently needed and the engraver was requested to press on his work with the

utmost speed . Eight values were issued in August 1 86 1 but they wer e not consider ed quite satisfactory and so a second or improved ser ies was placed on

sale in the following month of September . The r emier es r avur es p g , as the August stamps were termed , are of considerable rarity owing to their limited period l of currency . To enable the col ector to distinguish

between the rare and the cheaper types , we append the 1 42 THE STAMPS OF THE UNITED STATES

following notes but it is well to remember that the r fo mer were always printed on thin , brittle paper , that the design was enclosed in a fancy rectangle with m r s rounded or blunt co e , while the pigments used were

generally rich and vivid . — n One cent (Franklin) . I the upper left hand corner

there is an ornamental tablet containing the figure 1 . On the right of it is a curved leaf r unning inwar ds and r upwards . At its further end , it reaches an oval f ame . In the September gr avure there is a small loop of a nl foli ge , o y seen with the aid of a magnifying glass , al m that cuts into the ov frame . This is issing in the

earlier impression . — Three cents (Washington) . The August engraving was enclosed in a r ectangle having curved Sides and

rounded corners . In the September stamp , these features were retained but scrolls of foliage were added to fill in the portions of the rectangle cut away by the

curves . In the extreme corners , a ball figures . - Five cents (Jeffer son) . The corner ornamentations

are rounded off in type 1 but in type 2 a small added .

leaflet points towards the angles . — Ten cents (Washington) . Along the upper edge of

the stamp ther e is a r ow of five star s . In the August

impression , a white band separates them from the m inscription US . Postage In the Septe ber impres sion a bold lin e of colour runs along the upper edge of r a u this band . Also , the earlie st mp is always fo nd in a deep green but the l ater variety appear s in hues - - ranging from deep blue green to yellow green . — Twelve cents (Washington) . The extreme edge of 1 43 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

fi t 15 6! gh .

HE CK A K ON U . S . A . STAMPS C M R S .

1 44

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

- n h 1 86 1 —66 1 86 . I 7 t is year , the current stamps of were embossed with a gr ill in order to prevent the removal of obliterations by unscrupulous people . The grill had the effect of pr oducing a fine hob-nail pattern on the face of the adhesive and , as it cracked the surface , the obliterating ink sank into the texture of the paper ll and was absorbed beyond removal . The earliest gri s r embossed the whole su face but , later , the affected area r was educed to a central portion of the stamp . 1 — a r 869. This pictori l se ies consists of ten small

r . stamps almost squa e in shape In point of beauty, i - the des gns out class those of all previous issues , yet they wer e received with a storm of protest by Americans r f when delive ed to the post o fices . On this account , they were withdr awn after a shor t existence of twelve months . All values are to be found with and without the grill and the vexatious gover nment imitations of 1 8 r 75 are p inted , as before , on lighter paper and pro r vided with whiter gum than the o iginals . The de nominations wer e as follows — - One cent . Brownish yellow . A head of Benjamin

Franklin . — Two cents Brown . A postboy on horseback . — Three c en tS. Blue . A locomotive emitting much smoke . — . Six cents Ultramarine . A pleasing portrait of

Geor ge Washington . — r Ten cents Yellow orange . The Ame ican eagle standing on a shield . — - a Twelve cents . Blue green . It is cl imed that the design for this value was copied from the headin g of a . 1 46 THE STAMPS OF THE UNITED STATES menu published by the White ' Star Line and that the ” 1 ship was the Arctic . — Fifteen cents Blue and brown . The landing of Columbus as pictured on the walls of the Capitol at

Washington . - — Twenty four cents . Green and violet . The sign ing of the Declaration of Independence , as pictured on the walls of the Capitol . — r s r . U Thi ty cent Ultrama ine and carmine The S A . coat of arms . — Ninety cents Carmine and black . A portrait of

Abraham Lincoln . — ul 1 870 . The previous issue proved so unpop ar — auth or i quite unnecessarily, we think that the postal ties cast around with exceptional car e to find satis 1 8 0 factory designs for the series of 7 . It was finally decided to give each stamp a bust , taken from the 1 cast , of some illustrious man . The cent showed 2 Franklin the cents , Jackson the 3 cents , Washing 6 ton ; the cents , Lincoln ; the 7 cents , Stanton , the 1 0 f 1 2 Secretary of War ; the cents , Je ferson ; the 1 2 cents , Clay ; the 5 cents , Webster ; the 4 cents , 0 General Scott the 3 cents , Alexander Hamilton and 0 the 9 cents , Commodore Perry . Each was , at first , r provided with the g illed surface but , later, this was omitted as it was claimed that instead of tearing along the perforation marks , people often split their stamps in the grooves of the grill . All appeared in a number of shades , a condition which provides much a interesting material for the speci list . Again , we have

1 s e r n er m s . ta e T h e e a ss es US . Sta Eu c Pow , G l I u of p 1 47 THE STAMP COLLECTOR to record that the set was produced on brilliantly white paper for sale at the Centennial Exhibition . 1 8 —I n 73 May of this year, the contract lodged with a the Nation l Bank Note Co . expired , and as certain differences had arisen between the Company and the

Postal Department , in connection , we understand , with 1 86 the square issue of 9, it was not renewed , but handed to the Continental Bank Note Co . Fresh types of m an d sta ps were thought unnecessary, as the plates of 1 8 0 7 were kept in commission , the new contractors placed secret marks on them to distinguish their work r f om that of the retiring firm . These marks , which are

. 1 r sketched on p 44, may be desc ibed as follows — 1 cent A curved line on the white ball touching the left upper edge of the figure 1 . 2 s — A cent slanting line , placed below the ball of the frame , situated just above the S in the inscription

US . . Postage (This stamp was, at first , brown but , later, vermilion) . —A 3 cents . thick line of colour drawn under the r longer tail of the ribbon , posed under the wo d

Three . — 6 cents A mass of shading placed just where the ” ribbon is folded under, below the S of Six . — 7 cents Two curved lines of colour placed where the r ight hand bottom corner circle meets the cur ved — 1 0 cents A line drawn on the ball terminatin g the ” r a f me, just at the end of the word Postage .

' 1 2 -A cents . small portion cut out of both the ball ornaments of the figure 1 48

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

1 PLATE 4. U S S NITED TATE .

n n m er f 1 8 Washi gto (I p ) 5 1 . n er 1 86 0 shi t . 0 a n . 3 : W g o , (P f ) in t n 1 86 1 Se t m c . as e er . 3 , W h g o , , ( p b ) n 1 86 n r e a s . A d w J ck o , 3 8 1 0 . r an n 1 . F kli , 73 8 2 0 a s n 1 . J ck o , 73 1 88 C . a s n . 4 , J ck o , 7 88 c ar e 1 . 5 . , G fi ld , 7 s n t n 1 0 1 1 . a ar s er r n er , W hi g o , v iou upp co s .

c r an t 1 8 0 . 5 . , G , 9 8 0 a 1 . Cl y , 9

2 C as n t n 1 0 2 . . , W hi g o , 9

n t n 1 0 . 2 C . as , W hi g o , 9 3

c a s n 1 0 2 . 3 . , J ck o , 9

ar e 1 0 2 . G fi ld , 9 s n t 80 . ar t a a n 1 0 2 M h W hi g o , 9 . 1 0 0 e s ter 1 0 2 W b , 9 .

1 50

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

(Washington) is found in various shades of carmine the 3 cents (Jackson) was violet the 4 cents (Lincoln) sepia the 5 cents (Grant) , brown as well as chestnut 6 - 8 the cents (Garfield) , brownish plum ; the cents 1 8 (Sherman) , puce (this value was introduced in 93 to serve for registered corr espondence) the 1 0 cents 1 th e (Webster) , green ; the 5 cents (clay) , rich blue ; 0 f 0 3 cents (Je ferson) , black ; and the 9 cents (Com

I modor e . Perry) , deep orange 2 r The cents value is a favou ite with specialists as , f beyond the di ferent shades of colour, it may be found “ with little caps or White patches sur mounting the r 2 figu e . Copies are obtainable with this distin in r g uish g mark over either or both the nume als . — T HE COLUMBIAN I SSUE OF 1 893 Few issues have given rise to more comment than this picture set which commemorated the four hundredth anniversar y of the r discovery of Ame ica by Columbus and , incidentally , advertised the Columbian Exhibition held in 1 893 at m Chicago . The adhesives were a great i provement on those then in vogue in the greater par t of the wor ld and they gave an undoubted impetus to the art of m stamp designing which i mediately followed . The stigma attached to many commemorative issues hard ly affects these beautiful adhesives as they ser ved a a al r perfectly legitim te post use . Eve y one, however, is not of this opinion . Senator Wolcott , who was strongly opposed to the issue , expressed his views in the following words : 1

1 ’ te r m F e e s U Quo d f o . J . M lvill n ited States Postage Stamps — ' 1 870 1 893 3 T HE S TAMPS OF T HE UNITED STATES

I have been at a loss to understand why the Colum bian stamps Were ever manufactured . I find upon re - r al f erring to the report of the Postmaster Gene , in which he asks , and very properly, for increased appro r iation s r p , appropriations agg egating some eighty ll mi ion dollars , that he expects to receive one and a half million dollars extra profit out of these stamps by selling the to stamp collectors . This is a trick practised by the Central American States when they ar e

shor t of funds . They get up a new stamp and sell to m l r sta p col ectors all the wo ld over, and get money for r it . It seems to me that this is too great a count y to subject sixty million people to the inconvenience of using this big concer n in order that we may unload a cruel and unusual stamp upon stamp collectors to fill r in thei albums . I have received a letter this r morning f om a physician , who suggests that , if the

sale of this stamp is abandoned, those on hand might r p operly be used as chest protectors . a There were sixteen v lues , fourteen of which depicted scenes connected with the activities of Columbus whilst the remaining two gave pr ofiles of Queen Isabella and

Columbus . The scenes , unfortunately, were not given a in chronological order, as the following particulars Show 1 — cent (deep also light blue) . , Columbus in sight of m . . ar land Painted by Willia H Powell . Copies e sup r ColomRus r posed to exist bearing the wo d , in erro . 2 - - cents (purple also rosy purple) . The Landing of Columbus ; after a painting by Vanderlyn in the

Capitol at Washington . I SS THE STAMP COLLECTOR

— 3 cents (green) . The flagship of Columbus , the Santa r Ma ia , from an engraving . l r — 4 cents (light u t amarine) . The fleet of Columbus , a a n mely the S nta Maria , the Pinta , and the Nina . One sheet of this stamp was printed in a shade appr ox i m a 1 r . ting that of the cent , by erro — a 5 cents (brown) . Columbus soliciting aid of Isabell fr om a painting by B r oz ik in the Metropolitan Museum

of Art , New York . 6 or r — cents (mauve pu ple) . Columbus welcomed at Barcelona from a panel by Rogers on a bronze door

in the Capitol . 8 — cents (claret) . Columb us restored to favour .

Painted by F . Jover . 0 - — 1 cents (br own also brown black) . Columbus pre senting natives after a painting by Luigi Gregori in a the University of Notre Dame , South Bend , Indi na . 1 - — an n oun c 5 cents (dark peacock green) . Columbus ing his discovery after a painting by Baloca in Madrid . — 30 cents Columbus at La Rabida after a painting by Maso . - — 50 cents (steel blue) . The recall of Columbus after a painting in the Capitol by A . G . Heaton . r r — 1 dolla (sca let) . Isabella pledging her jewels after r a painting in Madr id by M . Deg ain . r - — 2 dolla s (lake red) . Columbus in chains ; after a painting at Providence, Rhode Island . - — 3 dollars (yellow green) . Columbus describing his third voyage , painted by F . Jover . — 4 dollars (carmine) . Two portraits in medallions ;

Isabella , on the left , and Columbus , on the right . 1 54

THE STAMP COLLECTOR rapid succession and stamps printed with them form the u n cleus of a very interesting specialised collection .

Then , the plates wore down with curious rapidity and , with the introduction of fr esh ones we find slight differ en c es i in the triangular ornamentat on mentioned above . th es e th r ar r . 1 . e e e See p 44 Of j th ee distinct patterns . 1 — o Type . The horiz ntal lines constituting the back ground oi the stamp pass acr oss the triangle without being influenced by it . — r Type 2 . As the ho izontal lines enter the triangle they become lighter, with the result that the body of the tr iangle appears lighter than the background . T e — yp 3 . The horizontal lines do not run across the frame of the triangle . Types 2 an d 3 ar e only found in the 2 cents value type 1 is the standard for all other denominations . Water marked paper for the prepar ation of United m 1 State sta ps was employed for the first time in 895 . Th e patter n adopted consisted of the letters (United States Post al Service) of such size that one r er e lette , or parts of two , three , or four lett s w re given on every adhesive . 1 8 8 f In 9 , to con orm to the requirements of the e a r r P stal Union , certain ch nges of colou we e introduced m a all r . but the designs , in cases , e ined as before — 1 898 The Columbian stamps had served their pur l a it pose so we l th t the Postal Department , seems , was anxious to r epeat the exper iment of issuing a com m emor ative set at the fir st suitable opportunity . The chance came in 1 898 when the promoters of the Tr ans Mississippi Exposition of Omaha petitioned the auth or i 1 56 THE STAMPS OF THE UNITED STATES

ties to provide an issue to advertise their exhibition . Wh en it became known to philatelists that some new m O aha picture stamps were under consideration , they caused a great outcry but no heed was taken of their protests in offi cial quarters and the series was duly received in the month of June . The Trans-Mississippi commemorative issue consisted of nine values of fair pictorial merit . Mr . F . J . Mel ville 1 describes them as follows :

1 . cent Marquette on the Mississippi , from a Mar painting by Lamprecht , now in possession of the uette q College of Milwaukee , Wisconsin , representing

Father Marquette in a boat on the Upper Mississippi ,

r . preaching to the Indians . Colour, dark g een 2 fr om a h oto ra h cents . Farming in the West , p g p representing a western grain-fi eld with a long row r - of ploughs at work . Colou , copper red .

4 cents . Indian Hunting Buffalo , reproduction ’ of an engravin g in Schoolcrafts History ofthe I n dian T r i e b s . Colour, orange .

5 cents . Fremont on Rocky Mountains, modified n r from a wood engravi g, rep esenting the pathfinder n U S planti g the . flag on the highest peak of the Rocky

Mountains . Colour, dark blue . “ 8 s — r e r es en tin a cent Troops Guarding Train , p g r detachment of U S . soldiers convoying an emig ant r n t ain across the prairies , from a drawi g by Frederic

Remington . Colour, dark lilac . 1 0 . a cents H rdships of Emigration , from a dl painting kin y loaned by the artist , A . G Heaton ,

1 Un te States sta e Stam s 1 3 - 1 1 0 i d Po g p . 94 9 I S7 THE STAMP COLLECTOR representing an emigrant and his family on the plains r in a p airie schooner, one of the horses having fallen from exhaustion . Colour, slate .

0 . 5 cents Western Mining Prospector , from a r drawing by Frederic Remington, epresenting a pros ector p with his pack mules in the mountains , searching for gold . Colour , olive .

1 . r r dollar Western Cattle in Sto m , epresenting a e herd of cattle , preceded by the leader, seeking saf ty from a gathering storm , reproduced from a large steel Ma Wh ir t r . c e . engraving, after a picture by J Colour, black .

2 r . dolla s Mississippi River Bridge , from an — engr aving a r epresentation of the great bridge over - the Mississippi at St . Louis . Colour , orange brown . There has never been any great demand for this set among philatelists and copies may be purchased at al reasonable prices . The lowest v ues are obtainable for a few pence each whilst the 2 dollars can o ften be

picked up for half a crown . — - 1 901 The Pan Amer ican Exhibition was held in f 1 0 1 r ad Bu falo during the summer of 9 and , mo e to ver tise r the fact than to exploit philately, a commemo a r tion series of stamps was issued . There we e six r ' values , each p inted in black and one other colour the format was smaller than that selected for the

Columbian set . The subjects consisted of a lake r steame , an express train , an automobile , the bridge a over the Niag ra Falls , the Canal Locks at Sault Sainte a M rie and an ocean liner . Copies are known with the

centre picture inverted . 1 58

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

PLATE 1 5 .

UNITED STATES .

P ictur e an d Commemor ative — 8 1 4 . Columbian I s s u e of 1 93 .

5 . News p ap er s tamp . 6 - s r an s s . . T Mis s is s ippi I ue - . P I s u 7 an Amer ican S e . 8 r s er Stam . . Exp e s Deliv y p R . T h e er m n t on H s n . 1 0 . 9 Cl o ud o , 9 9 m 1 0 r a m n n en ten ar s ta . . Ab ha Li col c y p - r s tam Alas ka Y ukon commemo ation p .

J am estown comm emor ation is s u e .

1 r m . 3 . Pa cels Post Sta p r s s San Fr an cis co commemo ation i u e .

1 60

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

— 1 0 8. 1 0 2 9 The 9 series , though pleasing and artistic , was so ornate and loaded with fine lines , that the dies n quickly lost their sharp detail . Accordi gly, a new 1 0 8 issue was arranged , in 9 , of a more simple character . Washington appeared on all the values except the 1 cent which bore a profile of Franklin . Later, the first ’ president 5 bust was r emoved from certain of the values and that of Franklin took its place It is a r diflic ult to suggest a reason for this ch nge . Mino i al r . CO es te ations , also , affected the issue The first p of the 1 and 2 cents were inscribed with the denomina tions in words subsequent specimens bore the values fi 1 ur es . in g Also , many stamps of this set underwent one or more modifications of colour whilst the lowest values ar e found with a multitude of varying

‘ n a perforations , the product of the maili g and st mp

a . vending m chines The stamp booklets , too , must be mentioned as being responsible for the examples w ith one or two imperfor ated sides . 1 0 —I n r 9 9 this year, th ee commemorative stamps of

2 . cents were issued The first , welcomed by all c en ten admirers of Abraham Lincoln , celebrated the 2 ary of the birth of the martyred president . His bust a ppeared on the one value . The second stamp had for its obj ect the adver tising of the Seattle E xh ib i tion ; whilst the third bore a View of the Hudson river with the Half M oon sailing-ship passing the

1 T o m t th e r e t n th e sta n n co ply wi h bgula io of Po l U io which r e ir e all s ta m s o ar th ir es in fi r es qu d p t be e valu gu . ’ 1 r es en t n n w as s t in th e ea at r 3 eatr e P id Li col ho h d Fo d Th , as in t n on r 1 1 86 es B t an d e th e W h g o , Ap il 4, 5 , by Wilk oo h , di d n r n n followi g mo i g . THE STAMPS OF THE UNITED STATES

e m n Ct r a t steamer . This adhesive was inscribed Hud - son Fulton Celebration . 1 — A 1 9 3 . series of four labels designed to announce the opening of the Panama Canal bear the date of this year . They are of interest to philatelists who make a special point of collecting picture stamps . More recent issues are the Air-line postage stamps and the adhesive of 3 cents commemor ating the ces~ i sation of host lities in the Great War . — OTHER STAMPS Beyond the various issues men tion ed in the foregoing pages , advanced collectors and specialists will find many attractive sets among the P Departmental , Newspaper, arcels Post , Special

Delivery and Postage Due Stamps . The issues of the Confederate stamps of 1 86 1 -3 are also worthy of

consideration .

1 63 CHAPTE R XIV

CONTINENTAL STAMPS (FRAN CE EXCEPTED)

HAT a wealth of philatelic treasure is to be

found in this group , but , let it be said , there is much c haff with the wheat To the beginner, all that falls in his net is of interest , yet a little discrimination will be wise , even for him . r Therefore , let us run briefly th ough the various countries and point out the items that may be looked ces de r es an ces upon as pi e ist . BELGIUM — To begin with the little kingdom ruled r by Albe t the Brave . The first stamps issued by this country bear a head and Shoulders portrait of Leopold

I . They are known as the epaulette series because they show his majesty adorned with shoulder ornaments . There are two values (1 0 and 20 centimes) and each may o be found in ne or more shades of colour . Belgian collectors are particularly eager to obt ain specimens of these and so it is not surprising to learn that the hand of the deceiver has been at work and forgeries exist .

To be sure of our copies , we must look for the water mark , LL , reversed and interlaced, a feature lacked by the spurious specimens . The second issue of Belgian stamps gave the same 1 64

THE STAMP COLLECTOR the aver ag e B elgian showed his appreciation by fixing these little notices not to his letters but to the walls al ffi of the loc post o ce , where they formed weird patterns suggesting the art of a Cubist . A curious stamp is the terra-cotta 1 0 0 value of the

Brussels celebration issue . Depicted thereon is a fine rendering of St . Michael encountering Satan . Collectors who place this label in their albums will speedily wish ’ the offensive thing was in the company of St . Michael s adversary rather than in their collections . The stamp was printed with some mysterious pigment which has the power of spreading through a dozen thicknesses of paper and an y colour with which it comes in contact is irretrievably spoiled . Our specimen reposes in a tin box where it can do no harm . — CRETE This island in the Mediterranean Sea began 1 8 8 the issue of stamps in 9 , since which time it has become responsible for a prodigious number of varieties .

The earliest specimens, used in the British sphere of h an dstr uck Administration , were and resembled i obliteration marks , wh lst later issues , lithographed at

Athens , proved no more attractive . In the Russian

. A sphere , the designs were equally primitive ll these stamps could be forged with little trouble, and , in the 00 absence of guaranteed pies, the reader is advised to pass them over . h W en a permanent government came into being , a far more presentable issue was prepared . The designs r in this case we e of much interest , consisting of such h myt ological characters as Hermes , Hera , Minos , Diana,

Jupiter, and Ariadne . Young collectors should make 1 66 CONTINENTAL STAMPS (FRANCE EXCEPTED) a point of only placing these; stamps in their albums when they know the legends attributed to the subjects depicted on them . 1 0 In 9 5 , a revolution broke out in the island and unattractive designs became current once more . Later, the provisional government issued adhesives bearing an allegorical figure of a woman who represented Crete si n ifi enslaved Of these stamps, Gibbons says g c an tly : Thes e provisionals are listed with a great deal of reserve , as we are unable to say definitely whether they were issued by any established authority . e bum en V r sat sapi ti. 1 0 Since 9 7, a number of issues , produced we believe by Messrs . Bradbury, Wilkinson Co in London, have appeared . They are of an extremely complex e U nature, are frequently ov rprinted , and are sually found in an unobliterated condition . All these con siderations detract from their interest and make them stamps of an undesirable character . — DENMARK Here we have a group which has been much neglected in the past probably because the designs are usually simple and not produced with a view ’ to catching the philatelist s eye . The issues between 1 8 1 1 8 0 l 5 and 7 are wel worth attention , yet many of the items may be purchased for a penny or two-pence each . We must beware of the reprints of these sets , but , as the originals are furnished with a cr own watermark f r and the counterfeits appear on plain paper, the di fe ence is not hard to detect . 1 0 Since 9 4, more presentable desig ns have been of k used, though some the issues bear the unmista able 1 67 STAMP COLLECTOR

I 6 PLATE . S CONTINENTAL STAMP . — m 1 B e . 5 . lgiu — m r 6 en a . 7 . D k — 8 1 0 r ee e . . G c 1 - 1 2 H an 1 . oll d . —1 ta 1 3 4. I ly .

I em r . 5 . Lux bu g — 1 6 1 r a . 7 . No w y

1 8; Por tugal . — 0 R s sia: 1 9 2 . u

2 1 Ser a . . bi — S e en . 2 2 2 3 . w d —2 S tz er an 2 4 5 . wi l d .

1 68

CONTINENTAL STAMPS (FRANCE EXCEPTED)

impress of the Imperial Printing Works of Berlin . For a truly simple yet artistic arrangement of line and 1 0 colour, the 9 5 series , engraved by Danielsen , would be hard to beat . V Speaking generally, we iew Denmark as a capital country for the specialist who wishes to do pioneer work without expending considerable sums on his hobby . These remarks apply with equal force to the

bleak and inhospitable island of Iceland . — GREECE The early stamps of Greece are r emin is ar e cent of the Napoleonic issues of France they , in n fact , identical except for the i scriptions and the

different head . This is accounted for by the fact that é M . Albert Barr , a Frenchman, was the designer in

both cases . The various issues between 1 861 and 1 879 are a little ifi d f cult to follow, but classification is simplified if it be remembered that there are three main types

1 . . Stamps printed in Paris It appears that. when,

new dies were struck in Paris , an order for a certain

number of adhesives was given at the same time . Thus the Paris impressions being made from fresh dies ar e

always fine prints . (The shading on the cheek of Hermes is composed of a series of minute dots and

broken lines) .

2 . Stamps printed in Athens . Such specimens were made from dies in various stages of wear and the machinery used for printing these was never so well

regulated as it was in Paris . Consequently, the impres

sions are less fine, also , the colours are not so true

to type . (The Shading on the cheek of Hermes is 1 69 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

r composed of a se ies of lines due , probably, to plates showing wear and a too generous use of ink . )

‘

3 . Stamps printed in Athens from plates that had ’ r r been gone over with the eng aver s tool . He e we 1 0 . 8 . have deep but clear lines (Period , 7 onwards ) With these varied pr intings at our disposal it is obvious that much detailed study must be undertaken by the student who wishes to understand the early

Greek stamps , which , of course , makes them highly i interesting and suitable for special sation . A later type of Greek adhesive revealing a small head of Hermes was printed first at the Belgian State P Stamp rinting Works at Malines and , afterwards , at

Athens . Here again , we have material for careful discrimination but as the first impressions are finer m classifi c atiOn than those ade later, the work of should not be considered insurmountable . I 1 8 6 The Olympic Games ssue of 9 , with its tableaux bf l - g adiators and disc throwers , is certainly interesting fib m a pictorial point of View but the stamps have been - in ‘ over circulated an unused condition , which is a pity . D — HOLLAN Wiener, the engraver of the epaulette stamps of Belgium is responsible for the first issue of Holland . No name of the country is given on these P os t Z e et adhesives but the legend g , should prove a ffi i e su cient clue . Both of the two values were pr nt d in a variety of shades , on paper that was thick and thin , and from dies that were untouched and retouched . g

A second issue , engraved at Amsterdam by J .

Kaiser, consisted of three values . Though these 1 70

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

0. 2 25 The foot of the is narrow . 0 500 . The is unduly narrow at the top and

bottom . e Other Dutch stamps are of less inter st , but 0 values of 5 cents and over are much sought for . — . . ITALY Many of the stamps of the original states of Italy are among our rarest specimens . The 1 860 0 tornese of Naples , issued in , is worth £5 , unused 60 c r az ie 1 8 1 the of Tuscany ( 5 ) has sold for £35 , in the l same condition ; whilst the 3 lire , ye low, also of

1 0 . Tuscany, commands as much as £ 5 But most of our readers will never have the oppor tun ity of either seeing or possessing the foregoing ll stamps of worth , and their interests wi lie with the

less valuable specimens . To understand these , it will be of assistance to glance at the following summary of the Italian States : 1 1 8 1 . Tuscany issued stamps of its own between 5 and 1 861 then used those of Sardinia during 1 86 2

and has since employed those of Italy . 1 8 1 2 . Sardinia used its own stamps between 5 and

1 861 t 1 862 . , urning to those of Italy in 1 8 2 3 . Modena began the issue of stamps in 5 took those of Sardinia into currency in 1 860 and has since

employed the Italian issues .

4. Parma did exactly the same as Modena , but first

employed Sardinian stamps in 1 859.

5 . The Roman States , often called the States of the 1 8 2 Church , issued stamps of their own between 5 and 1 870 and then withdrew them in favour of It alian

stamps . 1 72 CONTINENTAL STAMPS (FRANCE EXCEPTED)

1 8 8 6 . Naples was a stamp issuing state between 5 and 1 861 ; then used those of the Neapolitan Pro — vinces during 1 86 1 2 ; and afterwards turn ed to the regular issues of Italy .

7 . Sicily (as for Naples) . u 8. Romagna began to issue stamps in 1 859 t rned d to those of Sar inia in the same year, and followed 1 86 with the Italian issues in 2 .

9. The Neapolitan Provinces made one issue in 1 86 1 and withdrew it in favour of Italy in 1 862 . 1 0 . Italy began the issue of its own stamps in 1 862 and absorbed the lesser states on various occasions as mentioned above. Most of the issues of these states reveal a pr imitive style of printing, but the designs are usually imposing . Tuscany may be recognised by the arms of Savoy (a crowned shield bearing a white cross with red quarter l ing) , also by the crowned Tuscan ion supporting a -S heart haped shield . Sardinia and the Neapolitan

Provinces portrayed the features of Victor Emmanuel . hi Modena gave a spread eagle , crowned , wit n a wreath which was the arms of Este, also the cross of Savoy , S ff fl ur — - imilarly wreathed . Parma a ected the e de lys r of the Bou bon family . The Roman States used the th e al cross keys , surmounted by pap mitre . Naples favoured a simple rendering of the Savoy cross for some issues but on others gave the ornate arms of the Sicili s Two e . These consisted of the rampant horse ‘ i of Naples , the Sicilian head of Medusa from wh ch three fl ur - - e . legs emerged , and the Bourbon de lys Romagna was satisfied with a simple arrangement of lettering I 73 T HE STAMP COLLECTOR

f from which all e fect at ornamentation was absent .

And, lastly, Sicily used a well executed but most ugly r di a “ portrait of King Fe n n d. Concerning this latter personage , there is a story worth recounting . Bomba ,

‘ h man as e was familiarly called , was a of vanity , and though keenly desir ous of having his features portrayed on the stamps of Sicily he was equally averse to seeing them disfigured by obliteration marks . What was to be done All sorts of useless suggestions were made by his anxi ous ministers until one of them hit upon the idea of making circular cancelling stamps with plain centres . If the contrivance were handled with caution , explained this councillor seeking preferment , the plain centre would leave the features undamaged whilst the circular rings ensured the obliteration of the edges of the adhesives . Bomba was rej oiced at the t clever suggestion and adopted it for hwith , as we may see by turning to the used Sicilian stamps reposing in our collections . The regular issues of Italy are of no great value but

all are desirable . With regard to the commemoration h l w sets , we s ou d advise the reader to proceed arily

and purchase used copies for preference . Of the P ostage Due issues, there are endless streams which

would be more attractive were they less numerous . — LUXEMBURG . The stamps of the Grand Duchy pre sent a good many points of interest especially in so far f as they a fect methods of separation . First there are m l i perforated , then rouletted and fina ly perforated im s ec en s . p The rouletted issues , in their turn , permit s s ‘ of cla sification , there being copies with plain slit I 74

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

S . ign , embodying the Norwegian lion Both series are of moderate scarcity . But the most interesting stamps of this country are those showing a bold numeral within the curve of a NORGE posthorn , the whole on an oval garter inscribed a h un dr ed r Of this design , there are more than va ieties hi w ch call for c areful classification . The following hints will assist the student to group his copies acc urately — 1 871 . This issue is easily recognised as all the values l are given in Skil ing whilst later issues are in ore . 1 8 - 87 . The posthorn is heavily shaded above the 1 8 1 numeral . (As in the 7 issue , which will serve for comparison . ) The values are in ore . — 1 882 (Type A ) . The posthorn is not shaded above the numeral . The values are in ore . — 1 882 (Type B ) . As Type A but the extreme width of the printed design is slightly less in B than A . — 1 894 The wor d NORGE appears for the first time with serifs . The values are in ore . Perforated

1 >< 1 2 a 1 0 20 3 § (The 3 , and ore are found with this perforation and also 1 4% 1 8 — 1 8 1 97 . As for 94 but perforated 45 Since 1 8 s 1 0 20 the 94 is ue of the 3 , and ore is partly com posed of stamps with this gauge , it is necessary to distinguish them by their colours as follows — 1 8 . : 1 0 : 20 . 94 3 ore , orange ore , rose ore , blue — - 1 8 . : 1 0 : 2 0 97 3 ore , orange yellow ore, crimson ore , ultramarine of varying shades . L — I n r u PORTUGA this g oup , there are a n mber of attractive issues but those known as the Cameo sets should claim most attention . The first cameo issue , 1 76 CONTINENTAL STAMPS (FRANCE EXCEPTED)

with the head of Queen Maria II comprises four values , i all of which are rare with the exception of the 25 re s . The stamps ar e decidedly ugly though the colours ap pear well chosen they were made by the die-stamping process , the dies being supplied by Dryden who pro

a h c irc l g me s t e. e

I N O I F F E E N E O F T HE h rs O F I G O M R D R C S 5 K N PEDR V . vided the necessary equipment for the embossed adhe sives of Great Britain , about the same time . Each r a di stamp was embossed sepa tely, a most te ous under

. taking Of the 5 reis , there are two varieties of design . l is In Die I , the front vertica line of the neck straight , I 77 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

. 2 whilst in Die II it shows an ugly fold of flesh The 5 , 5 and 1 0 0 reis ar e found on both thick wove and thin 0 pelure paper but the 5 reis , on the stouter material only .

When King Pedro V came to the throne , a new

Cameo series of four values was prepared . This issue forms one of the most inter esting little groups of stamps that could well be found . Each value appeared from time to time in a numb er of minor varieties which prove fascinating to the serious collector . It would be impossible to detail all the differ ences of the issue within the limited space at our disposal but we will analyse the 5 reis value to show how the whole series S hould be treated . - The stamp is brownish lake , imperforated , and the a d head faces r ight . There are varieties of paper n gum but the chief point of interest lies in the various dies ’ r S used for the p intings . Dies I to VII how the King s head with straight hair but Die VIII with curly hair . a fil The circle of pe rls framing the pro e , presents the r second point of diffe ence . In Die I , there are 75 : 6 pearls in Dies II and III , 7 ; in Dies IV and V ,

81 8 82 . ; in Dies VI and VII , 9 ; and in Die VI II ,

Next , let us turn to the word CORREIO . The letters RR in Die II ar e shor ter than the other letter s whilst an d R touch es in Dies III , V , VI , VII , the second , or

u . almost touches, the circ lar frame In Die VI , the whole word is composed of rather large letters and fills ’ up th e allotted space more completely than is the case

with the other dies . The word REIS offers further opportunities for discrimination between one die and 1 78

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

inoffensive philatelists with the idea of monetary gain . ROUMANIA offers a number of issues of varied 1 8 8 interest . The first series , known as the 5 Moldavias , ’ is a curious h an dstr uc k production showing a bull s a head and a posthorn , within circle . All the four values are great rar ities having sold at auction for sums a ranging between £20 and £350 . There has been l dec ine in their values , however , of late years and the Moldavias must be reckoned among th e few valuable m a sta ps which are n ot gradu lly mounting in price . r r 1 86 The lithog aphed issue of P ince Cuza of 5 , r eveals pr imitive workmanship but is none the less

sought after by philatelists . Good copies are rather r r 1 8 —1 880 ha d to find . A better p oduction is the 72 r r issue depicting Pr ince Cha les . The design ecalls the Empire stamps of France and the Hermes issue of

Greece , probably because it came from Paris about the r a same time as these appea ed . As in the c se of the r Greek adhesives , we find Paris p intings showing fine impr essions an d local pr intings of less satisfactor y r r an production . This is a little g oup of much inte est d as the var ious items can usually be purchased for a few

pence each , it is one we recommend for special attention . More r ecent issues are fairly attractive but the Brad ’ bury , Wilkinson series commemorating the forty years r l r r u e of Cha les , first as p ince and then as king,

though well executed , is of doubtful value . — R USSIA The land of the Tsar s has given us many am l st ps, but none of outstanding interest unti the por a of 1 1 tr it set 9 3 became current . For more than fifty years the staple design consisted of a split eagle placed 1 80 CONTINENTAL STAMPS (FRANCE EXCEPTED)

s os h o above a pair of posth or n . At times the p t r n s were woven round thunderbolts at others , these latter — were missing a difference which constituted a variation often overlooked by young collectors . When , however, 1 1 al the fine series of 9 3 was placed on s e, philatelists were given a beautiful portr ait gallery of famous - Russian people . The ill fated Nicholas figured in company with the following : F eodor ovitch f Michael , founder of the Romano f dynasty .

Peter the Great . h a t e . Peter II , grandson of Peter Gre t

Elizabeth , daughter of Peter the Great .

r . Kathe ine II , wife of Peter III

Paul , son of Katherine .

Alexander I who aided in the overthrow of Napoleon .

A . Nicholas I , brother of lexander I

Alexander II .

Ale xander III . i h Alexei M c aelovitch .

We prefer these stamps in a used condition , except for the highest values . A N MA RIN o — S . There have been so many celebration issues and remainder-stocks of this little republic that the confidence of philatelists h as been considerably shaken . Here is one of four letters which we have personally received from the postal authorities . It speaks for itself :

C . REPUBLI OF S . MARINO SIR , I have the honour to inform you that you can 1 81 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

0 obtain our commemorative stamps at a rebate of 3 , 0 0 4 and 5 per cent , according to the importance of your

20 . order which must reach , at least , the figure of £ In the hope that you will transmit to me your orders to which I will devote all my attention ,

I remain , Sir,

Yours devoted ,

. Secr etar . V SERAFINI , y

un e 1 8 . 4 j , 95

A — So SERBI far , there has been little of a speculative nature introduced into the stamps of gallant little Ser bia and collectors may look upon them as honest r postal labels . The first issue gave the a ms and the second issue the portrait of Pr ince Michael Ob r en ovic

III , who spent the latter part of his life in an endeavour to rid the principality of Turkish influence . Just when r r his labours bo e fruit , he was assassinated in Belg ade e and his grandnephew, Milan IV succe ded him . The profile of this pr ince figur es on the stamps between 6 1 0 1 8 9 and 89 . Milan ruled unconstitutionally and di was forced to ab cate in favour of his son , Alexander

1 88 . . I , in 9 The fate of the latter is known to all He , m r in co pany with his wife , D aga , was murdered and

King Peter ascended the throne . The Death Mask stamps of Peter are of some r m impo tance . Originally intended to ark the cen ten ar y of the K ar ag eor g evic dynasty they are in r m r r r eality emo ials to the mu de ed Alexander . The design , we must explain , includes the j ugate heads of of Kings George and Peter . If one these 1 82

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

accordingly, the issues are few and of interest . They may be briefl y classed as the shield stamps of i Oscar I , the l on stamps of Charles XV, the numeral and portrait stamps of Gustav V . It must be noted that certain series bear a blue posthorn on the under surface, a device which needs recognition when the issues are classified and arranged . — SWITZERLAND Few countries have provided so

. 1 8 many rarities as Switzerland The 4 rappen , 43 , of 0 Zurich sells at £4 , unused ; the double Geneva of 0 0 1 8 at 1 8 0 r ed 5 + 5 of 43 , £75 whilst the 494 , and black , of the same canton has changed hands at no less than

1 00 . £ Of later stamps , there have been a fair number of issues but the Swiss government has a habit of flooding the mar ket with remainders which sadly reduces the value of unused specimens obtained in the regular manner . All things considered , the collector of modest means will find it best to confine his attentions to used specimens .

1 84 C HAPTER XV

T HE STAMPS OF FRANCE A ND HER COLONIE S

E election of Louis Napoleon to the presidency of the French Republic in December 1 848 resulted in the temporary restoration of law al and order . With the placing aside of marti weapons , more peaceful avocations were possible and on January 1 1 8 c oun tr h ad , 49, the y so far recovered from its shadow of blood and death that postage stamps were issued . The 1 849 issue bore the head of a female figure

li . typifying Ceres , the goddess of smi ng corn The upper edge of the design bore the legend , REPUB . FRANC . , whilst the denomination was written along the bottom

edge . The stamps were imperforated and colour

varieties of each of the six values may be found . 1 8 2 — 1 8 8 5 But the calm of 4 was of short duration . ’ ’ 1 8 1 cou d etat In 5 , a p was engineered by Napoleon and

the legislative assembly dissolved . Chaos once more

reigned for a while and , when it died down , two new

stamps were provided . Instead of the head of Ceres , we find that of Louis Napoleon whilst all other features

r . remained as befo e , including the inscription , REPUB

. t u FRANC These two stamps , though not par ic larly

hard to procure , are of great interest in showing the

course of French history . 1 85 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

I PLATE 7 .

SPAIN . I 1 8 2 een s a e a I . 5 , Qu I b ll

8 2 s as t e an d e n . 2 . 1 r m 5 , A of C il L o I I 1 8 een s a e a . 3 . 5 5 , Qu I b ll I I 1 86 0 een s a e a . 4. , Qu I b ll I I 1 86 2 een s a e a . 5 . , Qu I b ll I 8 een s a e a I . 6 . 1 6 5 , Qu I b ll

1 86 een s a e a I I . 7 . 7 , Qu I b ll I I 8 1 86 een s a e a . . 7 , Qu I b ll I I 1 86 een s a e a . 9 . 7 , Qu I b ll

1 0 1 8 0 H ea er t . . 7 , d of Lib y

1 1 1 2 r n n ma e s . , . C ow of Ki g A d u

I 1 8 2 n m a e s . 3 . 7 , Ki g A d u I I 1 1 8 6 n n s X . 4. 7 , Ki g Alfo o X I I 8 n n s . 1 . 1 8 5 7 , Ki g Alfo o 1 6 1 88 n n s X as a a . 9 , Ki g Alfo o I I I , b by - 1 1 8 1 0 0 n n s X as a . 7 . 9 , Ki g Alfo o I II , boy X 1 1 0 n n s . 9 . 9 9 . Ki g Alfo o I I I

2 0 ar s t s tam 1 8 . . C li p of 74

1 86

STAMPS OF FRANCE AND HER COLONIES

2 1 8 2 On December , 5 , Napoleon was proclaimed

Emperor of the French , with the title of Napoleon III . Why he was kn own as the third Napoleon when there was no second emperor of this name is a mystery to many people but the explanation is so amusing that it cannot be told too often . The draft of the pro clamation issued by the Government announcing his ascendancy to the throne commenced with the follow ing words Vive Napoleon l l The printer took the three exclamation marks to be the figures III , and his press accor dingly reproduced the mistake some thousands of times over . Before the error was dis t covered , Paris and the other grea towns had been

r . placa ded with the incorrect imprints There. was m no time to lose , so the Emperor, much to the amuse ent r of his courtiers , ag eed to take the title of Napoleon 1 III . — 1 853 . The change of title necessitated a change of 1 stamps and a new issue appeared in 853 . The head remained as before but the words REPUB . FRANC . gave way to those of EMPI RE FRANC . This imper for ated set is of considerable interest , there being many varieties of colour as well as some examples of privately 6 r . 1 8 2 applied pe foration marks In , the whole issue was officially provided with perforations (1 4 — 1 86 . A 3 s is well known , Napoleon undertook a successful campaign in Central Europe , gaining victories in Austria , Italy , and elsewhere . To cele r b ate these , his head appeared on the stamps and coinage wreathed in laurels . The stamps were issued ” 1 Reto r m ee s at sta e Stam s th e r esen t a t r ld f o P p Po g p , by p u ho . 1 87 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

in 1 863 and are kn own as the laureated type ; they were é the work of Albert Barr , the engraver responsible

for the Greek adhesives showing Hermes . 1 8 0 — l 7 . Vicissitudes once more befel the French 1 8 0-1 nation , and , in 7 , the Germans were surrounding r the walls of Pa is . The Government removed to Tours

and then to Bordeaux, where at the latter place a printing press was set up under the direction of Mon sieur Yon for providing the stamps required by the e country . Pr viously , Napoleon had been cast adrift

1 8 0 . (Sept . 4, 7 ) and the republic restored The

, Bordeaux issue , therefore , gave the head of Ceres

once more and the legend REPUB . FRANC . again

appeared . This issue , though of great importance , is f l not di ficu t to obtain , some of the values being worth

no mor e than twopence each . Bordeaux supplied the stamps for the whole of the un

oi . occupied area France , with the exception of Paris al which w as isolated . The capit sought out the old Ceres plates of 1 849 and put them into commission

once more , supplementing them by new plates for l 1 a 2 . the low v ues of , , 4, and 5 centimes Thus France r was using, at the same time , tempo ary plates engraved

by Monsieur Yon at Bordeaux, new plates of small r r é values eng aved by Albert Bar , and old plates r r é engraved many yea s ea lier by J . L . Barr (father b nl f of Al ert) . The o y di ficulty in grouping these

stamps is to distinguish between the Yon and J . L . m Barré impressions . A scrutiny of the post arks is of ul en some assistance, but as a r e they are not very lightening ; a better method is to examine the designs 1 88

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

various changes , and the printers , at first , were the r Bank of France , but later the wo k was undertaken by the Government . Undoubtedly, this is a cheap and interesting series , well worth careful study by young collectors . — A r 1 9oo . change of issue was felt necessa y in 1 899 r 1 0 0 r and , in the yea 9 , three new types we e introduced . th e 1 an d m For low values of , 4 5 centi es , an allegor ical gr oup including a female figur e r epr esenting a France in company with cherub was used . It was a stir r ing little pictur e but h ad th e appear ance of-a r ough sketch rather than a finished draw ing and can f e . 1 0 1 20 only be describ d as ine fective For the , 5 , , a d a r 2 n 0 . 5 3 centimes values , bette design was executed ’ A female h olding a scr oll insc r ibed D r oits de l Homme

r r . fo med the pictu e Though skilfully executed, it r a caused a ce tain amount of friction , women sking why the weaker sex should not be mentioned in the 0 legend . For the values of 4 centimes to 5 francs , a r a a ar still bette dhesive w s prep ed . This consisted of a r m r long ho izontal picture introducing a fe ale wo ker . ’ The D r oits de l Homme stamps in their original form ar r lasted but two ye s , a better rende ing of the same r pattern being p oduced in 1 91 2 . The easiest way to discr iminate between the fir st and second type is to a r r look t the tablet bea ing the value . The fi st consists of a plain r ectangle whilst the second is an ornate shield with curved sides . Even this improved design did not give satisfaction ‘ r e and , as the current silve coins were considered so b au tiful , it was decided to adapt the pattern of the coinage 1 90 STAMPS OF FRANCE AND HER COLONIES

for the stamps . Accordingly the Sower type of ’ adhesives supplanted the D r oits de l H omme type in r 1 903 . This design showed a g aceful figure of a woman r scattering seed in the fu rows , with the rising sun in the b ackground . The first value to appear of the new issue was the 1 50 . which was printed in a crude shade of sage green . The ugly colour killed the artistic line work and people turned against the set without further consideration . So the quest for a really satisfactory picture pro r a l c eeded. All were ag eed that the sh pe y sower should be retained but that more fitting surroundings be f provided for her . These suggestions were given e fect in a second Sower type which was really the first rendering with the line background replaced by a a solid mass of colour . This little engraving won a f ir measure of praise an d has been slightly modified from time to time to incorporate improvements as they have ’ D r o ts de l omme been conceived . To trace out the i H and Sower types is a fascinating piece of work that if r th e may well be undertaken , especially cuttings f om French press bearing on the controversy th ey have caused are available for placing with the stamps . 0 a d 1 Certain patterns of the 1 n 50 . denominations

M. are found with the overprint , F . (Franchise Mili taire) . These are stamps given free to the military a forces in accordance with a l w instituted in 1 900 . — ' FREN CH COLONIES France began the issue of colonial stamps by providing one series common to all her overseas possessions . The same adhesive did -B é u duty in Nossi or G adaloupe , Mayotte or Martinique 1 91 THE STAMP COLLECTOR and the only clue to its place of origin was afforded by the postmark . The earliest issue consisted of six values, all having the same design which was the French eagle within a circular garter, the whole framed in a square . Wh ‘ en this set was withdrawn , the custom arose of using the current stamps of France printed on tinted papers and imperforated . As some of the home labels also appeared on paper that m ay be descr ibed as tinted al and imperforated , a good de of confusion amongst these items resulted in consequence . In some cases , the colonial specimens are easily discerned , but , in others , the only sure guide is afforded by the oblitera tions . When these are indistinct , no discrimination can be made . 1 881 In about , a fresh set bearing the word Colon ies appeared and these were used, as with the earliest

r . issues , th oughout the overseas possessions One design consisting of a seated female figure served for all the values but each denomination was given in a distinct r colour . Here again , the postma ks must be relied on to distinguish the particular colony of origin . Wh en the 1 881 stamps had been in use a considerable while , there gradually sprang up the practice of apply ing an overprint to indicate the colonyof issue . As a rule , this was done locally, often by means of primitive presses and with uneducated labour ; consequently, there are many spelling mistakes in such overprints .

These generally command good prices .

1 8 2 . In 9 , a more comprehensive system was adopted A new design revealing two figures seated beside a 1 92

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

1 8 PLATE . R H E R S F ANCE AND COLONIE .

1 8 a e n I I I m er r 5 3 , N pol o , E p o . 1 86 2 a e I I I m r r n e . , N pol o , E p o 1 86 a t a r e r e n eat . 3 , N pol o wi h l u l w h

1 8 0 er es . 7 , C

1 8 2 er es . 7 , C 1 8 6 ea e n d mm r a e e . 7 . 7 , P c Co c t m 1 0 0 1 en e . 9 , c i 1 0 0 en t m e 0 s . 9 , 5 c i ’ T h tw o t es o f h D 1 1 e t e r its de l omme s s e . . yp o H i u 1 t es th e ow r s S e s e . 3 . Two yp of i u Stamp to s er ve for postal pur pos es as well as to collect m n e for th e o y fu n d of Orphan s of the Wa r . n a s tam er r n te t n me n Colo i l p ov p i d wi h a of colo y . r en s tam ove1 r in ted t n m e n F ch p p wi h a of colo y . nia s s e 1 8 2 Colo l i u of 9 .

1 2 0 . ar s t r e s s es th e n es . 9 , V iou pic u i u of colo i m e er r n t - l ise a e T o o Occu a tion r an co an a . D ho y, ov p i d g , p f g

1 94

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

There are many varieties of the Sydney Views . Though the design is substantially the same in all

cases , we find some examples with a cloudless sky, r i in othe s there are clouds in plenty, wh lst varieties ’

are to be had with no trees on the hills, with the worker s ’ pick and shovel omitted , and with Industry s distaff

missing . The cheapest specimens are worth two or three pounds but fine unused 00pies ofthe rarest kinds 0 have sold at auction for more than £5 . After the Sydney Views had been condemned as for r bad advertisements the Colony, fu ther stamps of ’ al a loc production ppeared . These bore the Queen s head , ornamented with a laurel wreath . They fetch any sum from half a crown to ten pounds , according to the fineness of the impression , the kind of paper and the state of the copy . 1 8 6 In 5 , our old friends , Perkins , Bacon , made some plates and sent them out to the Colony, where they r d d I . 2 . were printed f om . The and values were of r a ordina y size but the higher v lues are large and square . These latter stamps are particularly fine and should

figure in every collection of any pretensions . They must be examined with care, however, for the postal authorities put the plates into commission on various — 1 0 8. subsequent occasions , even as late as 9 3 The ear liest pr intings are valuable but the later iss ues

S . may be had for about ixpence per copy Also , it is well to remember that some of the perforated specimens were provided with unduly wide margins which has enabled unscrupulous people to trim away the serra tions and pass their faked wares as rar e imperforated 1 96 THE STAMPS OF AUSTRALIA

copies . We speak on this point with a certain amount r of feeling and leave the eader to guess why . 1 86 1 m Another issue , that of , is oderately rare but

of considerable interest . The plates were made by De La Rue and a supply of stamps was printed in

London and sent out with them . Later, when the

original stock was exhausted , local printings were prepared on paper with various watermarks and with f an array of di ferent perforations . All these stamps

are worth comparing and contrasting in our albums . A ver y interesting series of picture stamps appeared

1 888 1 d. in . The gives a View of Sydney but convicts

are omitted from the design the 2d. shows an emu d the 4 . portrays Captain Cook , who landed at Botany 1 0 6 d Bay in 77 ; the . presents a libellous profile of d s . Queen Victoria the 8 . shows a lyre bird and the 1 3 al a kangaroo ; the 5 . provides a map of Austr ia 1 while the £ reveals two portraits , one of Captain r Phillips , the fi st governor of New South Wales in and the other of Lord Carrington, the governor

1 888. All the stamps bear the inscription , One Hun ” ar e dred Years , and most found in one or more varieties . The 1 897 issue of three values was a decidedly poor d . 1 . production The shows the arms of the Colony, a crowned shield displaying the constellation of the d d 2 . 2 . Southern Cross, and the and 5 give Queen Vic ’ tor ia s profile , outrageously executed . For the latter r denomination , two dies were p epared . Die I gives

the decoration star , worn by Her Majesty , with twelve

rays , Die II , with sixteen . Both are of equal worth . VICTORIA commenced the issue of stamps a few days I 97 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

1 PLATE 9 . US R A T ALIA .

1 8 N w S t s . s s e e a e . 3 I u of 5 4, ou h W l ' s s 1 86 0 I u e of . ’ s 1 8 T h e r a th e r I s ue of 97 . ys of d eco ation th e Queen s r eas t ar t es I an d I I b v y wi h Di . E mu 1 888 , . 8 8 a ta n 1 8 . C p i Cook , ester n s tr a a W Au li . R e - s s e 1 0 1 i u of 9 . s s e 1 88 I u of 7 . R e - s s e 1 0 1 i u of 9 . t m - 1 8 S a p duty is s u e of 8 5 . ’ as m an a Van D m en s an 8 T i ( ie L d) 1 5 7 . s s e 1 8 0 I u of 7 . S t str a a s s e 1 8 6 ou h Au li , i u of 5 . 1 6 s s e 1 86 8 . I u of . n s 86 1 ee an 1 . Qu l d , 1 82 . s s e 1 8 9 I u of .

1 98

THE STAMPS OF AUSTRALIA

after New South Wales . The earliest designs gave a three-quarter-length full-face pictur e of Queen Vic r r i to ia , poo ly executed yet fairly pleasing , wh lst slightly later adhesives r evealed the Queen in full r length , seated on a th one . Following these , came a ffi ul number of stamps , di c t to follow, in which the royal r ofil — in — p e ovals or circles was not well drawn . All of these with numerals for watermar ks should be car e of m fully examined with the aid a catalogue , any being

of considerable scarcity .

1 8 . In 73 , a set of some attraction appeared The d a d d . r 1 . n 2 values should be particula ly noted . The r r former was a small up ight stamp printed in ose , the unique appearance of which rendered it a favourite d 2 . among collectors . The is found in two patterns , the first with one oval band of colour surrounding the Victor ia— T w o en ce inscription, p the second with

two bands . Certain denominations of this and pre vious issues appeared later in changed colours and with the word , Postage , added . Issues appearing between the year s 1 885 and 1 90 0

may be recognised by the inscription , Stamp Duty, placed in various positions in the designs . r r a The Colony p epa ed , we believe , but two st mps showing the profile of King Edward an d none of King

George , yet continued to provide new issues bearing the head of Queen Victoria even after the accession of f George V . Probably this action was due to an a fection which the Colony of Victoria had for Victoria , the

Queen . Stamps of the Australian Commonwealth are now used . I 99 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

TASMANIAN issues commenced in 1 858 but were Van preceded by a score or more of stamps inscribed , ’ Di m en A ll r an e s Land . bea ing this designation d appear ing with either no water mar k or a star water mar k ar e valuable should the watermark consist of an r r inve ted nume al the copi es are of fair value . The Tasmanian issues opened with some ver y delight ful stamps which are obviously from dies made by r r h ad Pe kins , Bacon . The designer clea ly in his mind the shapes of the embossed adhesives of Great Britain

e . when he drew th m The head of Victoria is , however , f r quite di fe ent , being of the almost full face , diadem - type which we find in Nova Scotia , Newfoundland and e f r els where . A maze of di ferent pe forations were given to these adhesives which the collector must r ca efully note . 1 8 0 r a In 7 , new stamps appea ed bearing the f miliar De La Rue pr ofile of Queen Victor ia and these were m r r .used with any va ieties of perfo ations and water

m ar ks until 1 891 . Those provided with numeral watermarks ar e the rarest as they form a temporary printing made on a small supply of paper pur chased

from the New Sou th Wales government . Of late year s the Colony has given us a display of picture stamps embellished with engravings of typical

Tasmanian scener y . Here again the watermarks must

be minutely examined for variations . — WE STERN AUSTRALIA Oi swan stamps there has

been a vast and pleasing array of specimens , the value of which c an only be gauged by an examination of the m ar r a e water arks . All e either ra e or highly desir bl 200

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

for which there was little call . This happened in the 0d for case of the 1 . which was obtained a period of

twelve years by printing the words , Ten Pence , on d m the 9 . value . There are many rare sta ps in this d 6 . series but the mentioned , and the , — b ein w orth sky blue , are most sought after, gl i£5 apiece ,

unused .

1 868 e 1 d. In , two new d signs were provided for the d 2 . and denominations and these, we consider, are

the most interesting items issued by the Colony . They are not attractive stamps n or can we call them rare but they are to be found in such a wide variety of

colour , watermark , and perforation that they form a

really fine exercise for those who study minor details . South Australia has given us some interesting departmental stamps bearing a multitude of over

prints which well repay attention . — QUEEN SLAN D It is impossible to speak of all the r inte esting stamps of this group in a limited space . What we should endeavour to obtain fir st are the r m 1 860—1 8 8 S Pe kins , Bacon sta ps of 7 which how the di frequently mentioned ademed head of Her Majesty,

Queen Victoria . As reprints of all these were issued , 1 r perforated 3 , on correct paper and in the regula r colou s , it is advisable to accept no copies with this ul partic ar perforation unless used . A further set of inter esting stamps is that of the year 1 882 - which was re issued , later , on several occasions l f ’ with s ight di ferences . The Queen s profile , turned th e m al to left , is fra ed in an ov garter, inscribed

Queensland and the value . The practice was 20 2 THE STAMPS OF AUSTRALIA

— adopted with this and the 1 887 90 issues of preparing die al r not one , as is usu , but four, and st iking the plates r m with the quartette of imp essions at a ti e . The four dies were pr esumably made as near alike as possible

but Slight differences are noticeable . One die may be described as normal ; the second often shows a stop after the value the third r eveals the P of penny with so long a down stroke that it cuts into the garter edg ing whilst the fourth m ay be found with the letter s r LA of Queensland j oined togethe . The character istic feature of all impressions of the

1 882 issue was the shading of the pr ofile . This extended r f om one edge of the neck to the other . With the 1 88 — 0 f 7 9 issue , the only di ference was that the shading

stopped short , just before reaching the left edge

of the neck , thus providing a white line running from r 1 8 - 6 the chin to the bust . A thi d issue of 95 repro duc ed the old design but with the head on a white gr ound an d the values in numerals in the two lower - r r . r r r co ne s (Of the penny, o ange red , copies we e p inted m with and without the nu er als . ) A fourth issue of ul r 1 8 . the partic ar design appea ed in 97 In this case , al r r numer s figured in the four co ne s . Finally , the values were all redrawn with the four corner numerals but the front point of the crown was not so

close to the garter as in the previous types . — AU STRA LIAN COMMONWEALTH Since the feder ation

li i . a n . e r a of the Austr a Colonies ( Queensland , Victo i ,

Western Australia , South Australia , Tasmania and

New South Wales) , stamps common to the whole - island continent have been prepared . Two issues were 203 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

0 PLATE 2 .

1 en t T ax an a a T h e tw o es ar e er e s n c , , of C d . di h how a n d th e mos t s atisfactor y ar ea for tes tin g lies between th e n d th e ar e I n on e as e t er e is a ar a n a an 1 a l g T . c h d k di go l b d r in th r r n s r n am n ta e t e a s t e e t n . of colou o h , ip of co fu d o io

1 d en s an r ar m n m n r ar et es t s e . e e e a . Qu l d Th y i o v i i of hi T h e en ar e r a n s er e en ar e r m ar s tam . p l g d d wi g , h giv , p i ily r h r e te th e m t n ten e to ffe en es in t e . i d d Show di c p ofil No ou h , th e n e r n th e n th e r n t e e th e n e th e s a n li ou d chi , f o dg of ck , h di g t it h e h s n te th e ti r n n n o t n t t e s t . u i g up , poi of bu Al o o p of th e r n th e eta th e e e s an d th e s a r a e c ow , d il of j w l , lock of h i pl c d e an h r n below th b d of t e c ow .

204

THE STAMPS OF NEW ZEALAND placed on sale concurrently in 1 91 3 the first gave an outline map of Australia, within which a kangaroo was ensconced whilst the second bore a profile of' K in g

George with a kangaroo and an emu , as supporters . NE W ZEALAND is responsible for some very fine and — some equally ugly issues . For many years until 1 8 — n 72 one design o ly was prepared . It consisted h ul of a head and s o ders portrait of Queen Victoria , in a circle . When we say that Humphrey (who was charged . with engraving the second die for the penny, reds , of Great Britain) engraved the dies and Perkins ,

Bacon and Co . made the early printings; the reader will agree that the stamps must have been particularly

fin e . They appeared imperforated , rouletted , and perforated, with and without watermarks , in about a hundred and fifty varieties and thus constitute an admirable series for the medium and advanced col lector.

Later, a new issue of fair merit became current which was obviously the work of De La Rue . This issue al was supplemented by v ues , engraved in the Colony , possessin g no claims to beauty nor skilled workman h l . a u d. s ip We are luding more partic larly to the 5 , d d 2 . 1 8 1 1 8 . 5 , and 5 denominations of 9 and 95 1 8 8 all In 9 , a very fine picture set replaced previous labels . On these stamps were depicted all the romantic beauty spots which have made New Zealand scenery famous . The earliest copies were printed in London a by Messrs . W ter low and Sons but later supplies are al r T he of coloni production . Rega ding this issue Con n ois seur gave an i nteresting paragraph some 205 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

1 l 6 . a r o . 1 8 W te w while back In 9 , it began , Messrs engraved for the Colony of New Zealan d a very fine new series of postage stamps , all more or less suggestive r of local scene y . The first supply of stamps from the new plates was printed by the engravers in their

‘ r ve y best style , and sent out to the Colony with the l plates . A ski led workman was also sent out to initiate the local printers into the art of printing fr om steel a s ex er i pl tes . The local printer have ever since been p men tin g in all manner of ways in their endeavour to ’ r get engrave s results from the plates . Papers from ll no less than three mi s have been tried , one after the other, and two gauges of perforation . The latest news to hand is that a laid paper instead of wove is now being tried . Already the varieties through which the Water low designs have run is mounting up into a really for mid r l . Water ow able list Fi st came the printing, then a

'

. 1 1 no watermark perf issue , then changes of paper, 1 then the work of a new machine perf . 4 with its 1 1 compounds with the old machine perf . then a

NZ . new watermark and star, and now we are appar ently to have a laid paper series .

Truly, the specialist who confines his attention to New Zealand recent issues alone w ill find it no easy task to keep pace with these frequent changes al l in the loc productions . And yet , who shal say that these struggles of the Colonial printers to emulate the fine art printing of the old country are not full of interest and well worth all the patience they demand

1 n e 1 0 . Ju , 9 3 206

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

1 PLATE 2 .

AUSTRALIA .

1 - tr m r . s a an m n e a an a s s e . 4 Au li Co o w lth . K g oo i u ’

. tr a n s a mm n ealt n s h ea s s e . 5 Au li Co o w h . Ki g d i u - 6 . d s ate r e 1 8 Fij i 1 , l g y , 93 .

Z NEW EALAND . - . 1 d r an m n 1 8 e er 6 2 . 7 o g v ilio , 8 d . . e s a er s tam 1 8 5 , N w p p p , 73 .

1 0 . s s e 1 882 9 , I u of .

1 1 . e n er r a e Rotomah an a Vi w of Pi k T c ,

1 2 . e r n Vi w of Milfo d Sou d .

1 . e R u 3 Vi w of Moun t apeh u . 1 . e te er r a e Rotomah an a . 4 Vi w of Whi T c ,

1 5 . Stamp to commemor ate Imper ial Pen n y

I 6 . e r an s s e es n e a ter th e en n a G o gi I u , d ig d f P y , bl ck, r G eat B r itai n .

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

believe , short notice . He made a number of stereos al 1 d representing individu stamps , some of the . value , d others of the 4 . In assembling the stereos into plates , a penny block inadvertently found its way into the r fou penny plate , whilst a fourpenny block was fitted r into the penny plate . What followed may be su mised when the plates were printed , one stamp on each sheet was found to be in the wrong colour hence the errors .

As they were the result of a genuine blunder , philatelists a m h ve co peted keenly for their possession , and the 1 d l l used . , blue , has sold for £75 , whi st the on y known

d. unused copy of the 4 , vermilion , realised no less than 0 0 a £5 at uction . r — r Another th ee cornered erro is the penny, carmine , printed on paper watermar ked with a crown and the an a letters CC instead of with nchor . So few copies have ever come on the mar ket that it is impossible to r fix its wo th . Other stamps of the Cape ar e not so valuable but 1 86 they are probably qn ite as inter esting . From 4 1 8 c r to 93 , a fine little pi tu e of Hope in a sitting attitude , r am an d - together with a , an anchor, a grape Vine , served in an ar r ay of different colours for a number

a r m . of v lues f o a halfpenny to five shillings Hope , r r h er we may ventu e to say, is not tu ning back on a

a . half of the Pyr mids , as so many schoolboys think What looks very much like one of these mighty erec tions of Egypt is mer ely a cur ious patch of shading; It is well to point out that a thin line of colour runs r ound the picture in some issues but not in others , the

former arrangement being the more scarce . 2 1 0 SOUTH AFRICAN COLONIALS

' 1 8 In 93 , Hope grew tired of her thirty years of sitting and thereupon , stood erect , perhaps to get a better view of Table Bay . A dozen stamps gave her in this new attitude which we believe is corr ect accor d r ing t o herald y . 1 00 And then , in 9 , Hope vacated her post and the a penny, carmine, of that year revealed T ble Bay but no Hope . It is an empty, unfinished looking stamp , all not at pleasing . The next issue gave King Edward ’s profile and concerning this set we are able to quote an inter esting r r m 1 little paragraph w itten by Douglas A strong . It was an outward and Visible token of loyalty to the Throne that the head of King Edward VII came to find place upon the new ser ies of postage stamps — issued by Cape Colony between the year s 1 902 4. — During the South African War of 1 899 1 90 2 Boer sympathisers obtained considerable ascendancy at the Cape , and in consequence the particular Penny stamp put forth in 1 900 (vide supra) to mark the adop ' ‘ tion of Imperial Penny P ostag e b or e a View of Table a Bay and the Arms of the Colony, and bec me known ’ al as the Rebel Stamp , it being stated that a propos to place a portrait of Queen Victoria thereon was rej ected by the less loyal spirits . Rumour further has it that a set of allegorical designs was prepared for 1 02 the 9 series , but they were subsequently discarded in favour of the Royal likeness . The Edwardian stamps of Cape Colony are , therefore , in the nature of a Vindi ’ of cation the Colony s fealty .

1 I . E dw ar dian Sta mps . Par t 2 1 1 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

A 2 PL TE 2 . SOU H RI O O I S T AF CAN C L N AL .

r ee - r n er e a e I s s e 1 8 Th co d C p u of 5 5 . ” H e s eate t an r r m a d r a - n a n e e . op , d , wi h cho , , g p vi

H e s tan n w it a e B a op , di g , h View of T bl y . e a e B a an d ar ms th e n Vi w of T bl y of Colo y .

6 . ar an s s h Edw di I u e of t e Cape . r I s r Edwa dian s ue of th e T an s vaal .

21 2

SOUTH AFRICAN COLONIALS

Of the Mafeking siege stamps , we need say but d little . They consist of (2) overprinted a hesives of r 1 2 the Cape and Great B itain , and ( ) specially designed - stamps show ing the features of Baden Powell . All have been clever ly forged and none but experts can tell the genuine from the bogus . — NATAL . The earliest stamps of Natal are of a curious nature , being crude embossed designs on coloured wove a paper . They are exception lly scarce , but command a limited market and are accordingly priced , in certain instances , as low as £3 . These were followed by some delightful adhesives emanating from Perkin s . The de of sign consists a full face diademed head of Victoria , al i most sim lar to the issues of Queensland, Tasmania , etc . , prepared by this noted firm . As the same design al was used for fisc as well as postal purposes , the word Postage was overprinted on the adhesives in

r 1 86 1 8 . tended for franking letters , f om 9 to 74

In the latter year, a typical De La Rue issue appeared in five values and these remained current with addi io l a t n a new values until the demise of Queen Victor i . d 1 . Many overprints form part of the series , but the 6d on . , Violet , with the word , Postage , spelt without al an S or without a T are amongst the most v ued . The year 1 902 was marked by the appearance of a 20 set of Edwardian stamps ranging from 1d. to £ in 1 0 20 face value . It is safe to say that the £5 , £ , and £ denominations were seldom if ever used for postal

1 I n r eality they ar e over pr in ts on Be chuan alan d s tamps b ut all Be chuan alan d s tamps wer e made by over pr in tin g adhesives of

r eat r ta n . a e n stam s a e t s t o er r n s G B i i M f ki g p h v , hu , w ov p i t . 21 3 THE STAMP COLL ECTOR

fi sc als purposes and thus , may be reckoned as of limited w interest to us . This Ed ardian issue was printed on paper with the three following watermarks : (1 ) r C A 2 C O u C own and , ( ) Crown and , and (3) M ltiple f t o s e C A . e . . C crown and It is di ficult how C C and A . watermarks can be used , with full meaning, at the same time , since an overseas possession cannot be a Crown Colony and be directed by a Crown Agent simultan ousl e y . ORANGE RIVER COLONY was former ly known to r philatelists as the Orange F ee State , under which designation it prepared a number of adhesives all with r osth or n s the design of the fructed o ange tree and p . This symbolical group appeared in a variety of colours r and with many diffe ent overprints . Some of the latter are rare and lend themselves to faking , a fact which must be remembered when dealing with these impr essions .

On the capture of Bloemfontein , during the second War Boer , a large stock of the above stamps was seized and subsequently used with the black overprint , V . R . I . As the values o r iginally engraved on these adhesives r figu ed in Dutch wording only, the denomination in Br itish currency was added at the same time as the r lette s V . R . I . The temporary issue stood as follows

d. 5 on Half Penny, Yellow i c op es .

d . 1 . on Een Penny , Purple copies d e 2 . e on Tw Pence , Bright lilac copies .

d r . 2 5 on D ie Pence , Blue c opies 2 1 4

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

: letters . In some cases, they are mixed in others , one or more are missing . Then there are combinations of round and rectangular dots and , at times , a whole letter has fallen below the line . All these peculiarities offer work for the specialist of a most interesting nature .

When the stamps of the enemy state were exhausted, recourse was had to the Cape issue of Hope , standing .

In this case , the overprint consisted of the words ,

Orange River Colony, without the addition of fresh values .

Finally, the attractive Edwardian stamps, showing

1 0 . a springbok and a gnu , were placed on sale in 9 3 T HE TRAN SVAAL has had a checkered career which is well exemplified in its stamps . The first republic put a series of adh esives into commission in 1 869 which revealed the national shield within a rectangular frame work . The design was crude and emanated from a - printing factory in Mecklenburg Schwerin . Gibbons - lists a hundred and twenty nine of these labels , cata 3 loguin g none at less than 1 5 . and many within the neighbourhood of £1 0 . The year 1 877 saw the beginning of the first British occupation when the stocks of the above stamps that R r . were seized appea ed with the overprints V. and

T r an svaal. Again , in this case , the various items are of considerable scarcity . 1 8 8 In 7 , the profile of Queen Victoria was given on an issue of six values printed by Bradbury, Wilkinson

. i Co It was a very fine head, sim lar to that used r on the Falkland Island stamps . Among the ra ities 2 1 6 SOUTH AFRICAN COLONIALS

d d. 1 . 6 of this issue , we must note the on which is lin 1 worth any sum between twenty shil gs and £ 5 , according to the colour and shape of the overprinted letters . The next change came in 1 885 when a firm in Haar lem provided the labels for the second republic . These are readily distinguished from those of the first republic as the national arms are given in a white circle and not r in a white rectangle, as was the case with the ea lier issue . Of this series , there may be found many sur of ar e : charged varieties , the choicest which 8 ai d. 1 8 1 2d. ( ) on 3 , mauve ( 7) with str ght bottom

. 1 1 2 . edge to the figure 2 . Perf 2 1 x

2 2d. d. ( ) on 3 , as above but curved bottom edge to

1 1 x 1 2 . the figure 2 and perf . 5 d 8 2 . . 1 (3) 5 on green 93 , with the fraction stroke f r before the 1 instead of a te it .

d. d. 8 1 6 . 1 (4) on , blue 93 , with a double over

print .

. 8 2 d. 1 (5) 1 on green 93 , with black overprint

on both face and back , both inverted . 6 1 d 2 d 1 8 ( ) . on 1 , light mauve, 93 , with square,

stop . n Followi g these, came a new type of republican adhesive with the national arms in a coloured rectangle , i r the corners of which were tr mmed away . The e were two sets in the first the trek-waggon is provided with shafts whilst in the second the shafts are replaced by a pole . th e On entry of the British troops into Pretoria , o the ab ve stamps, with waggon and pole, were over 2 1 7 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

l r . . . an d ater . . . p inted V R I , , E R I Many of the defects noticed in the Orange River over prints will be found in these . The last Transvaal issues bore the head of King Edwar d and revealed a design of which His Majesty

‘ was particularly fond . H C - - UNION OF SOUT AFRI A . To day, the four colonies , dealt with above , are united and form the Union of r South Africa . Individual designs are no longe used by the separate authorities : one does duty ’ for m r them all . The Union s first sta p was the fi st throughout the world to give the profile of King George

2 d. and this was the 5 , blue , issued to commemorate i the dawn of United South Afr ca .

2 1 8

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

PLATE 2 3 . 88 I 2 . s s e 1 8 , , 3 I u of . — e s t an m n men ts . 4 7 . Vi w of Egyp i o u m 8 an s er e s ta . . Sud vic p

t an e t n ar r e ssue for us e in 9 . Egyp i Exp di io y Fo c i

etc . 8 1 0 1 1 r s . s s e 1 . , . Cyp u I u of 94

1 2 1 r s . s s e 1 1 2 . , 3 . Cyp u I u of 9

1 1 Stam s r eat B r ta n er r n te for use in 1 6 . 4, 5 , p of G i i , ov p i d f s r th e B r itish Post o fice of Tu key .

220

THE STAMP COLLECTOR delicately engraved and the ornamentation though f Simple was e fective . These stamps were unwater m arked and inscribed with the words , East India

Postage , and the value .

- T HE CROWN I SSUE S gradually superseded those of 1 860 the commencing in the year , by the appear

8 r . ance of an pies denomination in dull pu ple Later , ’ the 1 855 series bore the watermar k of an elephant s head which serves as the clearest mar k of distinction

T. C. . between the E . and the Crown series Other values were made current in due course but all were engraved with the designation , East India . The Crown ar e r issues not sca ce , being valued at a few pence h each , which enables us to gather toget er the types r at no g eat outlay . T HE SS SS S — I n 1 8 EMPRE I UE 77, Queen Victoria became Empress of India and the event was signalled by a new ser ies of stamps inscr ibed India instead a of East India , as heretofore . The eleph nt W r atermark also fell out of use , being eplaced by a star in outline . These stamps gave the De La Rue type of Victorian profile and were of pleasing appear ance .

Towards the end of her reign , a few changes of colour were introduced to conform with the Postal Union ’s scheme of colour and some high values became current ’ which revealed Her Majesty in widow s weeds . — EDWARDIAN AND GEORGIAN I SSUE S When King E Edward became mperor, the only changes of note resulted from a substitution of the new monarch ’s

r z p ofile . It is well to mention , however, that the } 222 THE STAMPS OF BRITISH INDIA

1 and anna values were inscribed Postage at first , but Postage and Revenue, later . The Georgian adhesives marked great progress in the matter of design . For each of the values , a distinct pattern was provided and as a s et they are of a high standard of merit . The King appears crowned and in state robes whilst his breast is decorated with Indian al orders of chiv ry .

Concerning these latter decorations , a good deal of fr iction resulted when the stamps first appeared . It will be noticed that at the lowest point of the portrait , His Majesty is seen to be wearing the emblem of an - elephant . This the sedition mongers of India de scr ibed as a pig and ur ged that it was introduced into the design to offend the r eligious Views of the natives . The uneducated masses were not slow to believe the fabulous story and expressed their views in a threaten f an d ing manner . However, an o ficial explanation ’ a few touches of an engraver s tool set matters aright and robbed the agitators of their trumpery cause for complaint . H S — u OT ER STAMP Beyond the reg lar issues , India has given us a number of official stamps overprinted with the word Service and the letters On H . M . S . These are well worth collecting in conjunction with the adhesives not so treated . The telegraph stamps of India form another interest ar e ing group . In most cases , these labels long and ’

fil . bear the sovereign s pro e in duplicate When used ,

al . they are cut in h ves , leaving but one profile A third group is supplied by the embossed envelope 223 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

H ’ 1 . on . ast Co s n a . ss e 1 8 E I di i u of 5 4. ’ H on s 2 . . a t n a Co s s s e 1 8 E I di . i u of 5 6 .

. Stam s s e n er th e r n t r t for ffi a us e 3 p i u d u d C ow Au ho i y o ci l , 1 86 7 . ' ’ — Stam 4 7 . ps is su ed to commemor ate Queen Victor ia s a e tan e th e t t e m r es s n a cc p c of i l of E p of I di .

8. n an s t m r te C F a e r n . f r h I di p ov p i d . E . o us e with t e Exp edi tion ar r in n 1 0 e a 0 . y Fo c Chi , 9 s s e 1 88 9 . I u of 2 . 1 0 s s e 1 0 0 . I u of 9 . 1 n e s 1 . E v lope tamp . 1 2 e e r a s am . T l g ph t p .

1 I 1 . ar an s s e . 3 , 4, 5 Edw di i u ar n s e r r f r 1 6 . Edw dia is u ove p in ted o us e in th e State of a P tiala . — 1 2 0 r an s s e . 7 . Geo gi i u

224

THE STAMPS OF BRITISH INDIA

stamps which are numerous and attractive . We can recommend them to the philatelist who is seeking a line for special study which has been little followed by others . In most cases , the items are to be had at trifling cost .

Finally, we must mention the stamps of India over a printed for use in the v rious native States . In this a group , we have mass of material only suited to the l needs of advanced col ectors .

225 CHAPTER XIX

T HE STAMPS OF T HE MINOR BRITI SH POSSE SSION S

HE vast extent of the British Empire is one

of the wonders of the age , but though its widespread ramifications are a matter of daily comment it is only when the philatelist runs through the colonial section of his album that he gains

a true appreciation of its enormity . In previous chap w ters , we have dealt ith the stamps of the larger pos

sessions , and now it remains to gather up the threads ,

so to speak , of the minor but numerous outposts of

Empire . These lesser possessions furnish a difficult subject for treatment as the matter is great and the

. nl points of interest are many In one way, o y, can we hope to cope with the task and that is by grouping

the stamps into certain well defined classes . SS S B Y S C N — IMPRE ION PERKIN , BA O As the majority of the minor colonies issuing stamps before 1 860 gave

i . . Co their contracts to Messrs Perk ns , Bacon , it will be a useful plan to constitute the work of this firm

as our first group . The house of Perkins turned out quantities of excel n al - le t materi , mostly by the line engraved process , and though the designs attributed to it are numerous 226

T HE STAMP COLLECTOR

process . The decline we may add , was certainly not ’ due to any deterioration of the Perkins craft . — VICTO RIAN IMPRE SSION S B Y DE LA RUE We have

C . already seen that in 1 855 Messrs . De La Rue O entered on the work of providing Great Britain with - its surface printed stamps . These adhesives were of pleasing appearance and, above all, were produced inexpensively . This latter factor seems to have been irresistible to many of the colonial authorities , for instead of renewing their contracts with Perkins as

r . they expi ed, the work was given to De La Rue In of this way, the minor possessions had the satisfaction kn owing they were following the lead of the Mother Country they also were able to curtail their estimates for postal impressions . There may have been some idea that the De La Rue stamps , being delicately coloured in more or less fugitive inks , were less open

' to fraud but the Perkins fir m knew all that was then known about pigments and could supply whatever was wanted in this matter . The ascendancy of the De La Rue firm in the stamp printing world naturally commenced with its contract with Great Britain in 1 855 which was followed in the same year by a similar agreement with the East India

Co . But its success was not apparent until the sixties 1 860 when Jamaica and Mauritius turned to it in , 1 86 1 British Columbia in , the Bahamas , Ceylon and 1 86 2 r 1 86 Hong Kong in , T inidad and the Cape in 3 -to name but a few of its conquests From that m e ti e , onwards, its progr ss has been considerable, if not remarkable . 228 STAMPS OF MINOR BRITISH POSSESSIONS

The earliest stamps of this firm , though of unlimited patterns , bore a profile of Her Majesty which may be recognised at a glance . The ball of the eye , the arrangement of the tresses , the curve of the neck and , above all , the shading lines on the face are quite unlike the work of any other house of stamp prin ters . The crown , however, varies considerably . In - the home stamps , this is composed of square Maltese crosses alternating with small circular jewels but with most colonies the head ornament resembles more a coronet than a crown . Jamaica shows a wreath of leaves and India portrays its Empress with a typical

Indian crown composed of a mass of tiny, close set brilliants . Towards the end of the eighties, Messrs . De La Rue hit upon the idea of producing a design which could serve for a number of colonies and so would save a good deal of the cost of making a multiplicity of expensive dies . For this design , two plates were required ; the first known as the key-plate bore the ’ al sovereign s profile, in sm l size , together with two ai blank tablets and a cert n amount of ornamentation . This plate served for any colony which cared to use it . The second plate, known as the duty plate, filled in the two blank tablet spaces with the name of the colony and the value of the stamp . A separate duty plate was obviously required for each colony and each individual value but as all the expensive part of the engraving appeared on the key and not on the duty plate, a great saving was thus effected . , The key and duty plate system was planned in 1 888 and the first issues to appear under the scheme came 229 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

2 PLATE 5 .

1 e n en e s s e 1 86 1 . C ylo , P c i u of . - — 8 te th e tw o 0 . 2 e n ar an s s e 1 0 . 5 . C ylo Edw di i u of 9 3 No 5 a es T h e r st n ot n r m to th e sta v lu . fi did co fo Po l ’ U n ion s r egulation r equir in g s tamps to bear th e valu es

in figur es an d th e s econ d took its place . 1 6 . e n e r an s s e 1 2 . , 7 C ylo G o gi i u of 9 8 H n n a e in s ma ett er s . o g Ko g . V lu ll l .

1 H n n a e in ar e etter s . 0 . 9 . . o g Ko g V lu l g l H n - n s 1 a r ar an . 1 . A p i of Edw di o g Ko g — - 2 1 . H n n e r i an s s e : 1 3 o g Ko g , G o g i u — St s 1 e er a e a a ate . 1 4 7 . F d t d M l y

230

STAMPS OF MINOR BRITISH POSSESSIONS

1 88 from the Gold Coast in 9 , followed by St . Helena 1 8 0 and the Seychelles in 9 , and British Honduras r in 1 891 . Two diffe ent key plates were prepared and could be selected by a colony at will . One gave the ’ r word , Postage , on either side of the Queen s p ofile P osta e whilst the other was engraved with the word , g , <5 Reven ue on the left and the words , , on the right . It seems that the design for the key plate was sug gested by some Ceylon stamps of 1 886 which r evealed a small head of the Queen above a lar ge tablet for the value . These adhesives , however, were printed in one impression and were accordingly not produced by key and duty plates , which required two printings . H S — OT ER CONTEMPORARY PRINTER Though Messrs . De La Rue rose to the front rank in the manufacture

. A of stamps, they did not hold a monopoly contem or ar p y firm was and is Messrs . Bradbury, Wilkinson

Co . who supplied the high values of Great Britain from the spring of 1 91 9. Their work has reached a high degree of excellence as may be seen by referring to the Falkland Island issues of 1 878-1 898 and the Trans ’ vaal stamps with the Queen s head . Less typical of the firm of Bradbury are the armorial stamps of Rhode sia and the large high values of Queensland which latter might easily be mistaken for a Perkins impression . Wa r low Another competing firm is Messrs . te ar e Sons , who responsible for the exquisite though r al - undesirable issues of North Bo neo , the du headed stamps of Rhodesia , besides a host of foreign adhesives . — PICTURE STAMPS Ever since the issue of stamps 23 1 THE STAMP COLLECTOR there has been a tendency in certain colonies to present r pictorial designs rather than the profile of the Sove eign .

British Guiana , for instance , has always reproduced u a ship in f ll sail, whilst Barbados first used a woman seated who may or may not have been Britannia and followed this with a spirited picture of the real Britannia driving her chariot and sea horses through the foam . Soon after the Columbus stamps of the United States set the fashion in pictorial designs , many colonies cast aside their Sovereign ’s features and ran riot with local fr e views and customs . Things appropriate and in a r o iate quently pp p appeared on the labels, and we now have an array of such trivial subjects as The ’ Queen s Staircase near Nassau, The Pandanus pine , and a handful of breadfruit to cheer or mar the pages of our album .

Undoubtedly, the era of picture stamps was a debased period as far as artistic designing was concerned though i ’ it touched a high level in the pr nter s craft . Viewed philatelically, it has produced few rarities and the items bid fair to appreciate at a slower rate than is usual . We refer to the period in the past tense as there seems some reason for considering that the phase has passed or is passing , though it is bound to linger with certain colonies for many years to come . — EDWARDIAN I SSUE S A large part of the Edwar dian issues for the minor colonies has been printed fr om the key and duty plates instituted by Messrs . De La Rue .

Of these , there have been three types first the Postage type ; second , the Postage and Revenue type ; and 232

2 6 PLATE .

Mis cellan eou s Colo n ial Pictu r e Stamps .

234

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

s s E s — r GEORGIAN I U . With the stamps of this eign there has been an exten s on of the use of key and duty

. plates The old Postage plate , with slight changes , appears once more though there are but three posses

sions using it they are Gambia , St . Helena and the

Seychelles . The Postage and Revenue plate is

favoured to a far greater extent , there being a long list

of colonies for which it has been put into commission .

“ al The third plate for high v ues, used tentatively in the

time of King Edward , has found a fair measure of favour and we find it appearing in various parts of the world with the Georgian profile . A fourth plate shows the royal features in an oval with the name of the colony in an oval band below the head and the

value in a tablet figuring in the two top corners . This

e . typ is employed by Jamaica , Nyasaland , St Lucia n and the Straits Settlements . Yet another intercha ge able plate and one that bids fair to become a favourite

’ Hon drrr as is employed by British , Malta , Grenada , ’

etc . King George s profile is of large size , the value appears in the two upper corners and the name of the

colony in a horizontal band at the foot of the design . e Of this latter, there are some int resting adhesives

hailing from British Honduras . They are just ordinary impressions made from the plate in question but all over the labels appears a curious network of coloured

lines closely resembling the pattern of watered silk . The stamps date from the early days of the War when German vessels were aiming a blow at merchant ship n m ping in the Atlantic . It was feared that a consig ent of stamps printed by De La Rue might be captured 236 STAMPS OF MINOR BRITISH POSSESSIONS whilst en route for the Colony so this distinctive i mark ng was applied to the sheets . The cargo did not ll fa into enemy hands and , therefore, the stamps passed into currency in the ordinary way , but had they been seized the Colony would have simply announced that all labels with the special pattern were dishonour ed for postal purposes . Germany would have captured so many sheets of paper and nothing of valuable consider ation .

237 CHAPTER XX

T HE STAMPS OF CUBA A ND T HE PHILIPPINES

HERE is always a fascination in tracing the destinies of peoples by means of postage

stamps , and few areas provide such fruitful material for a historical survey as Cuba and the

Philippines . - - CUBA . Let us turn , first , to Cuba , an old time pos session of the Spaniards . When stamps first appeared in this colony they bore a design emb r acin g / a profile of Queen Isabella II which was identical to the one then being used in the homeland . The head faced right , i it was placed in a beaded circle, and between hor zontal lines on the top and bottom of each label was the word

Cor r eos . , and the value No indication of the country of origin appeared either on the issue of Spain or Cuba , - l but , fortunately, the mother country general y used cuartos, and the colony, reales, which latter were styled Rea e a l s P l ta F . It is thus by means of the currency that we are able to distinguish between the home and l overseas stamps with th is particular profi e . 1 8 The 55 or first Cuban issue appeared on blue paper, having a sequence of loops in the watermark ; this , 1 8 6 however, was followed in 5 by a series on yellow 238

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

PLATE 2 7 .

Stam s a r s n a t r e a e a e or p of cu iou u , of high f c v lu , of fa ce valu e u s ually for m a good in ves tmen t H er e w e have a r s t m g oup of uch i e s .

240

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

u became worn , and these need caref l study . There

seem to be three clearly defined groups , each possessing a vast number of minor differences . As all the points l of dissimilarity cannot be mentioned, we wil content ourselves by giving just suffi cient data to enable the reader t o place his specimens in t h e three class es : — Class I or or igin al die The outer coloured line of the oval enclosing the head is comparatively thick and

touches the horizontal line below the word , Cuba , over di an appreciable stance . — Class I I The oval coloured line is much thinner than in I and does not touch the horizontal line at

much more than a point . It should be noted that the curved line is thicker at the right hand top than else

where . — Class I I I The uncoloured band between the head r and the oval line , mentioned above , is wide than in

I or II . h A S ortly after lfonso XII died , his son Alfonso XIII was born but it was not until the latter reached the age of three or four years that a profile of the royal

baby graced the stamps . Those for Spain were inscribed Comun icaeion es , whilst the Cuban issue bore the words

Isla de Cuba . The baby features lasted eight years and were supplanted in 1 898 by a profile revealing the

‘

young Alfonso as a boy . Then came the American-Spanish War of 1 898 with

disastrous consequences for the latter power . Cuba was taken from her and administered by the United - — States . At first the Spanish Cuban stamps of 1 896 7 and 1 898 were pressed into service by giving them an 242 STAMPS OF CUBA AND THE PHILIPPINES

overprint consisting of the inscription , Habilitado cents . All such specimens are rare and fairly costly . ’ f But , later, when the stocks bearing Alfonso s e figy had become exhausted , recourse was had to the then current issues of the United States . These were sur — c . A charged, Cuba de Peso , in three lines s these stamps are of supreme interest and can still be pur at r chased a low figure , they are well wo th the phil ’ atelists earnest attention . The following values are obtainable

1 . . n 1 0 . on 0 green (Frankli ) - 2 0 . 0 . n on 2 . rose carmine or red (Washingto )

2 0. 0 . 1 on 2 . (Ditto )

0 . . n 3 0. on 3 violet (Jackso )

. t 5 0 . on 5 0 . blue (Gran )

1 0 1 0 0 . . . 0. on brown (Webster ) T he final stage in the history of Cuba was enacted when the United States set up an independent republic for the island . The new form of government demanded new stamps and these were supplied in five values , first by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing at Wash in to n . g , and then by the American Bank Note Co of 1 New York . The 0 . gives a statue of Columbus stand i ing in a n che , surrounded by suitable ornamentation

th e 2 0 . c . shows a cluster of palm trees ; the 3 , not a very happy conception , introduces a seated figure intended to portray Cuba the 50 . bears a steamship : ploughing through the sea and the 1 00 . advertises the island ’s tobacco industry by giving a view of a tobacco field with oxen ploughing in the foreground and a factory in the distance . 243 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

Of this set , Gibbons says Slight alterations were made to distinguish the work of the American Bank E Note Co . from that of the Bureau of ngraving and

. m Printing In the 1 0 . the co ers of the label containing

Centavo have been hollowed . In the 20 . the foliate ornaments in the ovals containing the numerals of

0 . value have b een removed . In the 5 there is no shading between the prongs of the trident at right upper corner, and in both upper corners of the label containing the word Cuba there is a small coloured

1 0 . right angle . In the 0 the label containing th e word ‘ Cuba shows a little white ball at the ends of the

- straight proj ection . We may add that the Bureau of Engraving used paper watermar ked w ith the letter s - l C. . U . S . , whi st the Bank Note Co supplied paper without watermark . 1 0 In 9 7, the republic began the issue of portrait stamps . As the work of printing the labels was entrusted to the American Bank Note Co the ex ec u tion was good but the designs were mediocre consisting of interesting vignettes of men possessing local fame .

Each stamp appeared in two colours and , in some cases , inverted centres may be found . T HE PH ILIPPINE I SLAND S have experienced a checkered career which may be likened to that of the island of Cuba . Stamps first appeared in this one time

Spanish possession in the year 1 854. These early labels were engraved and printed in Manila and are disappointing productions even when due allowance “ la an d c e . is made for the time , p of their execution It is clear that the engraver intended to reproduce the 244

THE STAMP COLLECTOR republic were events which left their mark on the issues of the Philippines no less than on those of Spain and

Cuba . The large head of Liberty appeared on a series

1 8 0 . in 7 The Cuban varieties , as we have said earlier, Cor r eos 1 8 0 were inscribed , and bore the date , 7 , but those of the present islands differed in so much as the year was not given in their case .

Later postage stamps of this area bear the word ,

ili in as . F p , and are thus easily recognised They include a set provided with a forbidding picture of Amadeus another with a seated representation of Peace , the emblem of the second republic and others with the l s fami iar profile of Alfonso XII and XIII . Of the latter a number of interesting issues for fr anking printed matter are to be had they are usually provided I m r esos with the inscription p . When the American-Spanish War placed the Philip

pine Islands under the control of the United States, current stamps of the latter country were temporarily P h l n es overprinted with the word i ippi . The surcharge was made diagonally across the stamps in black ink for the lower values and in red for ‘ th ose of One Doll ar 1 8 0 and upwards . United States issues of 99 and 1 9 3

were treated in this way .

When conditions became settled, a rather fine series

' T h er e w er e was specially prepared . fourteen values — since increased in number all of the same type, except r i f that the cent e medall on di fered . In this space, the Mc K in le portraits of such well known men as y, Lin l co n , Washington and Franklin appeared, whilst the

One Peso value gave the arms of the capital of Manila . 246 STAMPS OF CUBA AND THE PHILIPPINES

The format of the stamps was similar to those now cur~ rent in the States and the work of preparing the issue was entrusted to the Bureau of Engraving and Print

. A ing at Washington s a set , they find much favour among American collectors and are sold at moderate prices in England .

We have now indicated , briefly , the history of Cuba and the Philippines as it is recorded philatelically . The work of tracing the changes that have befallen Si Porto Rico might be undertaken in a milar way but . in this case , there are fewer fluctuations of authority and fewer issues , in consequence . To gather in the stamps of these three areas is clearly a splendid under taking for the collector who is prepared to write up the history of his treasures . CHAPTER XXI

T HE STAMP S OF S OUTH A N D CENTRAL AMERICA

N turning to the stamps of South and Central A merica , we cannot hide our misgivings for here we have a mass of valuable and useful material accumu which , in a measure , is discredited by vast

lation s . of philatelic tinsel For the former, we possess a good deal of sympathy and a lively interest , but the latter evoke from us nothing but unbounded contempt . Many of the petty republics coming within the area under discussion have laid themselves out systemati ll l ca y and scientifically to debase phi ately and , were it not for the acumen and intelligence of philatelists , stamp collecting would have long ago become a w ear i some business . The chief cause for complaint lies in the . issue of series after series , in quick succession , of gaudy labels . Were these productions to be placed into circulation for any reasonable postage purpose, the philatelist would find no cause to grumble but as the issues are devised solely with a View to victimise him he has every reason for complaint . The republi c s which practis e the annual or semi-annual change in their stamps , with an occasional issue of overprints thrown in , labour under the impression that collectors aim at securing one specimen of each variety and , 248

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

above them . The execution was poor and there ar r e many minor va ieties of each value . Used copies are far more costly than unused ones and forged ob liter ation s exist in plenty . The first issue to bear the designation of Republic is a quaint , ugly production though much sought after l r ed by col ectors . The clasped hands and cap again ap pear but in a very small medallion which is surrounded Re blica A r en tin a by a wreath and the words pu g .

Unfortunately, the issue has been frequently imitated in Europe and philatelists must accept copies with the utmost caution . 1 86 e r In 4, three values app ared with the po trait of

Bernadino Rivadavia , facing left , within an oval . They are extremely valuable and forged and faked copies exist . A careful surveyof the shades of colour and of the perforations (in the case of those possessing them) proves a useful guard against the acceptance r w r of spurious specimens . The ea liest printings e e issued without perforations and sell for as much as 0 a £5 ; accordingly, perforated copies were habitu lly trimmed of their toothlike edging in order that they might masquerade as the rare imperforates . This fact should be noted with care .

1 86 . In the year 7, three new stamps became current i 0 . a The 5 gave a fresh portr t of Rivadavia , this time

1 0 0 . facing right , in a circle the bore the features of

General Belgrano whilst on the 1 50 . appeared General

of i . San Martin , the hero a successful Peruvian invas on — 0 1 0 . Of the 5 . and 5 two varieties exist one with hori z on tal lines forming the background to the head and 2 50 STAMPS OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA the other with horizontal and diagonal lines making up the ground work . 1 8 Then , in 73 , followed five new values to supple ment the three mentioned for 1 867 . They were typical of the work of the American Bank Note Co . which printed them and are attractive in design . The

1 0 . (purple) gave a profile of Balcarce the 40 . (brown) c - 0 showed the lear cut features of Moreno ; the 3 0 . r (orange) provided a fie ce portrait of Alvear the 6oc . 0 (black) bore the genial Posadas whilst the 9 0. (blue) m gave Saavedra , in martial dress . The co plete set forms an admirable picture gallery, and though it is diffi cult to find out why all of these men are entitled f to such fame as a stamp a fords , yet it is interesting to note their peculiar features and quaint attire . A 1 8 fter certain labels were surcharged in 73 , fresh 1 8 values appeared in 77 . Rivadavia went to the

80 . and persisted in wearing his uncomfortable collar ; r a - e k Belg no kept to his Byron like n c w ar e on the 1 6C . Saar sfi eld showed his venerable locks on the 20 whilst 0 San Martin appeared as fierce as ever on the 24 . Then al Lopez came ong later on the 20 . and Alvear was transferred to the 250 . All of the portrait stamps so al far mentioned , are cat ogued at low figures and , being honest postal specimens , are to be recommended espe c ially as minor varieties are available for those who appreciate them . 1 882 In , a very poor set was lithographed in London and we can only wonder why such issues as those already mentioned should have been followed by this common P i place series . robably there was some press ng need 251 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

l for effecting economies in the printing bi l . The issue of three values bore one design only . The back of

an envelope , inscribed with the price of the stamp , hid ’ - r a portion of the sun s face . Below was a post ho n , a

a . wreath , and a scroll , with the n me of the republic

A . bove , appeared the word , Correos Later, the design s was engraved and though the appearance , in thi

case , was better, it was still weak . A al 1 888 new series came ong in , providing a wel 6 —1 8 come return to the portrait galleries of 1 8 4 77 .

‘ Unfortunately, the process of lithography was again f used and , though the designs were good , the e fect - 0 . U was mediocre . The 5 (slate blue) showed rquiza , - 2 0 . a fine soldier, dressed as a Beau Brummell ; the - (yellowish green) pictured Lopez ; the 3 0 . (green) - gave Celman , with an immaculate shirt front ; the 0 5 . (rose) portrayed the ubiquitous Rivadavia ; the ’ S r mie to 6 0 . e n A (red) revealed , one of rgentine s most ‘

able presidents ; the 1 0 0 . (brown) introduced Avel

m 1 0 . la eda , another president of some note ; the 5 (orange) again gave San Martin ; Roca appeared on

200 . 2 0 . the (dark green) , Belgrano on the 5 (light Violet) ,

00 . 0 0 . Dorrego on the 3 (brown) , Moreno on the 4 (slate) , r and Mitre , who commanded an army against Pe u ,

00 . . on the 5 (blue) What a fine study of features ,

pleasant and otherwise , is made possible by this little

set of stamps . Ethnologists could find much to interest

them here . 1 88 In 9, a smaller sized stamp came into use , and the

old familiar faces once more appeared but in new guises . ’ r s U quiza , for instance, donned a commander uniform 252

THE STAMP COLLECTOR genuine and forged copies and all but the advanced collector should leave them alone . A very acceptable design embodying the national 1 868 badge was chosen for the issue and as it appeared , r 1 8 m a with va iations, until 97, we y well discuss it in detail . A centre medallion is filled with a pastoral scene in which figures a sugar-loaf mountain (one of the th e A . peaks of the ndes) Above is sun in full glory , whilst a tiny guanaco may be seen standing on a rocky r ledge . Perched on the top of the medallion is a condo with wings outspread . From out of the sides of the

oval appear six flags and below are ranged nine stars , r which were later inc eased to eleven . In the proper national badge , there is a curious treatment of the banners six of them appear above the oval but only m four staves e erge from underneath . 1 8 r Since 97, the e has been a succession of portrait m issues giving the profiles of nu erous unknown worthies , none of which we can recommend to the ser ious collector . BRAZIL has the honour of being the first country to ’ l a fol ow Britain s lead in issuing post ge stamps , an honour which it gained by giving to the World the ’ am - nl f ous bull s eye labels . These u ovely speci mens of philatelic art entered into currency on July the first 1 843 an d consisted of a rectangle of paper

“ or namented with an oval of what seems to be an engine turned pattern . On this pattern large figures denoting the values appeared but no lettering of any kind was r 0 given . The e were three varieties , namely a 3 60 0 . (reis) , (reis) , and 9 (reis) All were printed in 254 STAMPS OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

black , probably in imitation of the colour selected for ’

. A Queen Victoria s pioneer stamp s may be expected , they rank as rarities and are not often obtainable . A fter a few months , a smaller rectangular pattern was adopted for seven values but the conception of the al ma design was most the same . This second issue y be recognised by the sloping numerals and the curved

0 . com ers of the frame . A third series followed in 1 85

In this case , the stamps were still smaller and the u 1 8 n merals were upright and not slanting . Until 54, the designs appeared in black but in that year various colours were introduced . ’ - The ugly but classic bull s eyes gave way, in 1 866 E , to a very presentable series portraying mperor

Don Pedro II . The stamps were engraved and printed by the American Bank Note Co a sufficient guarantee on of excellent execution . D Pedro is found on the majority of the values in civilian costume and with a large black beard but for the 20 and 200 reis his profile was taken from a statuette , which adds considerably w to his apparent age . This set was issued , first , ith ar e perforated and then with rouletted edges . None of great worth and many may be bought for a penny a piece , which is an absurd price when it is remembered that all must be more than forty years old . 1 8 8 s In 7 , a fre h series was placed on sale , this time with Don Pedro represented as an old man possessing a white beard . It is a fine head and the stamps are attractive , in consequence . All specimens in this series ul were ro etted . 1 881 th e In , Mint at Rio took over the task of 255 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

producing the adhesives and, needless to say, feeble an d oor r designs p printing then characte ised the work . r The size of the stamps was conside ably reduced , inks of a dull and fleeting hue were substituted , papers were flimsy, but the sculptured profile of Don

Pedro was retained . In checking the specimens of l th e r this issue , the collector shou d examine backg ound ar e lines around the head , as copies to be found with r ho izontal , vertical , and crossed strokes . ’ 1 88 r dis a After 4, the Emperor s featu es gradually p ar 0 pe ed. First a 2 reis value came out with a large al 1 0 0 numeral occupying the centr position , then the reis followed with a similar arrangement and by the middle oi - 1 888 not a single portrait stamp remained in currency . All this is significant when we remember that Pedro was banished in 1 889 in favour of a republic . The U nited States of Brazil made its first issue in 1 890 with a weak design showing the constellation of r a the Southern Cross . In eve y p rticular, the set was r a poor one design , printing , pape and inks were all third rate and supplies varied from month to month r ar a s o that we have numbe less V ieties of e ch value . m Late printings , it is true , showed an improve ent on the ear lier ones but even these did not reach a high standard . The Southern Cross design was quickly followed by various render ings of the heads of Liberty and Mercur y and a whole host of trivial differences are to be found a of e ch variety . Either the execution of the stamp was weak an d lax or the States were ar tfully pandering to the collector . Whichever is the case , we strongly advise 256

THE STAMP COLLECTOR offers them at a fraction Of the price quoted for post mar ked copies . 1 8 A very fine design entered into use in 77, again m ar the work of the Bank Note Co . Colu bus appe ed in the upper par t of the label whilst a lar ge numeral r r a figured in the lower half . The wo d Colon , sepa ted r U the two . Both thin and thick pape s were sed for this series and the edges of the stamps were rouletted . i The design was Sl ghtly modified at a subsequent date . The two types may be readily distinguished because acr oss Type I had the word , Centavo written the numeral , whilst

Type II had it written below the numeral . a In the case of Type II , we find that the e rliest copies were provided with tiny scrolls on either s ide of the foot of the numer al or numerals but these are missing in the later copies . Columbus again figured on the 1 900 series which consisted of stamps of slightly lar ger dimensions than r low . Water he etofore This set is the work of Messrs .

and Sons . It should be noted that , at first , the cross hatching behind the head showed a strip of dark shadow all round and within the ornament al fr amewor k but this is absent in specimens sold in the post-offic es 1 0 during 9 1 . A pictur e set appear ed in 1 91 0 to commemorate the hundr edth anniver sary of the independence of

Chili from Spanish influence . The tableaux are of a r - spirited nature the e is , naturally , a scene from the a B ttle of Chacabuco , for this was the deciding encounter Chilian s which gained for the their freedom , and , of 258 STAMPS OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

’ r r a O Hi in s cou se , Be n do gg , a Peruvian , who marshalled a the local forces , is given a pl ce on one or two stamps . San M artin also appears in or der that Chili may not be accused of forgetting its celebrated leader at Chaca r r buco . Altogethe , the se ies is not a bad one but it , none the less , partakes of the speculative element . We should think the fifteen pictorial labels would be more a a a at home in history book than in st mp album . 1 1 1 a a In 9 , an rray of Chilian notables appe red on a a r new set of st mps . Amongst a motley c owd of for r a r gotten p esidents , we notice such re l celeb ities as ’ i r O Hi n s u . gg , Valdivia and Col mbus As the Ame ican r B ank Note Co . were entrusted with the task of p oduc r ing these labels , it is unnecessa y to comment on the r quality of the wo k . A — r COLOMB I To describe , even in a b ief way , the issues of this obscure state would call for more pages r than are allotted to the present wo k in its entirety . ’ Gibbons Catalogue , for instance , wrestles with more r a than two thousand va ieties and , for the s ke of avoid m ing too much confusion , lists the under seventeen

- sub headings . Colombia is certainly not worth more than a passing thought except in the case of the col m a r lector of uch we lth and more leisu e . — COSTA RICA The national badge of this country consists of a seascape with a full-r igged sailin g vessel r r r in the near fo eg ound . In the distance are th ee volcanoes and behind and above them appear s another a r ocean upon which nothe vessel is placidly sailing . a In the heavens is row of five stars , and on the hori e aid zon we see the rising sun . Humorists hav s that 259 THE STAMP COLLECTOR the sun is gaz ing in astonishment at the two oceans and especially at the one that has defied all the laws of gravity . Though the badge may be open to facetious com men tar ies , the rendering of it on the first issue of Costa Rica stamps is certainly a fine piece of delicate work manship . Unfortunately , the labels bearing this quaint emblem have been showered upon collectors r a in the fo m of rem inders and , possibly , reprints .

Consequently , we must warn the reader against buying unused copies . 1 88 In 3 , five portrait stamps became current , the first three gave the effigy of General Fernandez and i th e remain ng two of President Soto . These were In 1 88 followed 9 by a set of ten values , all bearing a r rathe fierce portrait of Soto . The two issues are not worth collecting as they have been thrust upon the s m market a re ainders . At times , they appear with ul the overprint , Guanacaste , rendered in a m titude of ffi types and forms , which , alone , should be su cient ti! condemn them In the eyes of all discriminating phil lists ate . Later I ssues give a host of portraits of celebrities as well as local Views . There is little that can be said in their favour . ‘ C C — DOMINI AN REPUBLI . The average collector will not care to handle the issues of this republic of a date i 1 88 earl er than 5 , seeing that the designs are all of poor conception and readily admit of forging n or will he be keen on secur ing the issues after 1 885 for “ " : most of them savour of the speculative taint . 260

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

and seven values were quickly prepared . They might be called the shirt front series as all the men r an port ayed on these stamps , save one , revelled in

expanse of dazzling white glaze . And , do not let it r be forgotten , the labels were p inted in two operations s ecu which , of course , meant that a certain amount of p t lation followed as a result of inver ed centres . ECUADOR — This little republic has a pleasing badge r which figured for many yea s on the stamps . A con r dor , the bi d of the Andes , is perched on an oval medal lion showing snow-capped mountains and a patch of

sea , relieved by a vessel . In the sky is the sun in

zodiac . Behind the oval are banners and , below , is a

group of weapons .

This badge was , at first , given on some stamps that wer e exactly like the ear ly republican issues of France é r by Barr , except that the F ench head was replaced

by the Ecuador ian escutcheon . Later the badge was amplified so as to fill the stamp an d such issues were a exceedingly pleasing in ppearance . 1 88 r In 7 , the bust of Juan Flo es figured on a new m a r m set he , it y be said , led an a y against General r Fr anco in 1 860 and defeated him . Flores appea s with a breast full of medals and or der s which may or may not mean much . All these and subsequent labels have been soldas remainders or have been debased in other ways and cannot be r ecommended to the r r r a se ious collector . Particularly do these ema ks pply to the tr iangular set issued to commemorate the twen ty fifth anniver sar y of the completion of the Guayaquil

Quito Railway . 262 STAMPS OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

GUATEMALA began with a good reputation in the r stamp wo ld , but lost it in the early nineties when its picturesque quetzal or parrot gave way to celebration r sets with local Views . The inordinate mass of ove pr ints issued since 1 886 ar e a suffi cient warning to the - r r wide awake collecto . If it is desi ed to gather together r a few labels of this epublic , used copies only should — — be selected and the issues of 1 871 1 881 and 1 886 7 are

the least suspicious .

HAYTI is another republic that began well , but suc ’ c umb ed in course of time to the lure of the philatelist s gold . Liberty figures on the first issue of 1 881 ; it is a attr ac typographed set , prepared in Paris , and not very tive . Legitimate used copies are well worth securing r s but many fo geries exist , ome of which have even deceived the postal authorities . Liberty was followed by a genial picture of the white 1 r haired President Salomon in 887 . This short se ies

emanated from London and consisted of four values ,

all of which are more reliable when used than unu sed .

A formidable array of cannon and flags , grouped 1 8 1 around a palm tree , appear on the issues of 9 and

1 8 . a 93 On the former , the br nches of the tree point

upwards , whilst , on the latter , they droop downwards . Subsequent sets show that the author ities of Hayti are believer s in being off with the old and on with the new even to the extent of repeating the operation

He . w ould two or three times a year . be a brave man who tr ied to keep pace with the latter-day stamps of

Hayti . 263 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

S — r HONDURA For this small epublic , tucked away a between Guatemala and Nicar gua , we once had unbounded respect , and , on the strength of such feel ings , amassed quite a number of its stamps in an unused condition . But since those bygone days , Honduras r has done its worst , and the remainde s which it has showered on the market are more plentiful by far than

e . the autumn leav s at Vallambrosa Consequently , our legitimate unused copies are debased by the crowds of remainders which happen to be identical in every r particular . The moral is clea . — MEx rc o . Since the days of Montezuma , Mexico has been a land of strife and intrigue and flashes of its history may be seen reflected in its stamps . But the fact most clearly demonstrated by these postal labels is that the r epublic has lived in a long dr awn out state of impecuniosity which perhaps accounts for the shoals of remainder s and reprints that encumber the windows of many dealers . w as a When the first issue pl ced on sale , General a r Comonfort filled the presidenti l chai . He selected the portrait of Miguel Hidalgo for the stamps because Hidalgo was one who fought unceasingly for the inde pen den c e of Mexico . These and many subsequent labels were overprinted with certain number s and names which only need trouble the advanced collector . The numbers referred to consignment batches whilst f the names were those of the o fice of sale . Large quantities of the first issue which ar e sold - to day prove to be worthless reprints . Regarding h as i War n them , Gibbons th s note in his catalogue 264

THE STAMP COLLECTOR power and again resorted to the perennial Hidalgo as i h . m the mascot for its ad es ves In this case , the one ti e a warrior ppeared full face , with haggard expression and hair much dishevelled . As lithography was employed r the plates wore quickly and we e frequently retouched . f Consequently , minor di ferences exist . The series of 1 874 was more satisfactory though later copies are not so well printed as the earlier ones , a result due to the lapsing of the Bank Note Com ’ pan y s contract and the placing of the work with the m f Govern ent printing o fice . In this case , Hidalgo th f faced to e left , the frame being di ferent for each denomination . A welcome change came in 1 879 when Carlos Benito a Juarez , a former president, supplanted Hid lgo but ’ h r 1 88 t e latter s features were once more evived in 4. m This set of 1 884 was somewhat attractive . A s all bust of the warrior was surrounded by a number of ovals and the values were set diagonally in the four corners . 1 886 In , Hidalgo was cast adrift and a very present ffi i e es . able set replaced his , by now , tiresome g Each stamp bor e a lar ge numer al (or numerals) which was surrounded by a number of concentric ovals , the whole being printed in some vivid colour . These numeral ar e a stamps are not costly and , as they to be had in variety of shades , perforations , and kinds of paper , are worth more than a passing thought , especially as we have not met any reprints of them as yet . A curious set appeared in 1 895 which gave a series of tableaux depicting var ious ways of handling mails . 266 STAMPS OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

1 0 S The for instance , howed a postman delivering m m r C . lette s on foot the 4 , a post an mounted on a ule - I OC. 1 the , revealed a mail coach whilst the peso had - a picture of a mail train .

More recent issues have been well executed by Messrs .

Bradbury , Wilkinson but are not above reproach and , therefore , we must close an unsatisfactory country with a further warning . C NI ARAGUA , in conjunction with one or two other republics , set the fashion of providing stamps for philatelists rather than for postal needs . Its issues have been tainted almost from the first and , couse quently , we can only suggest that they be left alone . An inordinate mass of overprints and surcharges awaits the collector who wrestles with this country . — PARAGUAY . This republic began with an issue of r m 1 2 of th ee sta ps ( , , and 3 reales) , each which bore r r the lion of Pa aguay g asping a pole , surmounted by

. A the cap of liberty t a subsequent date , the trio of labels was surcharged with the figure 5 (presumably n an d i tended for 5 centavos) , in such a condition , fetches high prices . The inevitable has come about the on e r eal has been fr audulently overprinted with the result that a stamp worth half a crown is able to a for pose as one th t sells two guineas . Readers should obtain the opinion of an expert before accepting speci m r r mens of this te po a y issue . A set which will prove of interest to advanced col

r 1 8 . a lectors is that p inted in 79 By some in dvertence , s r eales the value were given in , as before , but a year previously the currency had been changed to decimal 267 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

di denominations (centavos , pesos , Accor ngly , the authorities returned the supply to the printer , r pointing out the e ror . The latter prepared a fr esh an d issue sold the rejected stock as curiosities . As f -fide ar the a fair was perfectly bona , collectors e not a verse to finding a place in their albums for these

despised labels , though such a welcome could only be

extended on the rarest occasions . 1 A fairly attractive series appeared in 887 . A small

medallion gives the lion grasping the capped pole , whilst below is an ornamental panel inscribed with

the value . The remainder of the design consists of an elaborate though meaningless pattern together with

a . the necess ry wording In point of colouring , this set would be difficult to excel especially if all the values be

ranged in line together and viewed as a whole . 1 8 2 The 9 issue , printed in Leipzig , gives an array

1 0 . I s w of portraits . The is inscribed centavo , hich is either an unpardonable error or an equally unpardon i able insult to philatel sts . PERU has more good things to Offer the collector

than have most South American r epublics . We begin with two fine stamps issued by the Pacific Steam Navi g ation Company for franking letters carried by its - mails . An old fashioned vessel is crowded into an uncomfortably small oval whilst a large oval frame

surrounds it . The letters fill the outside

e . corners . Two values are inscrib d on each label The blue variety sold for 1 r eal or 5 onza whilst the reddish brown one sold for 2 reales or 1 onza now they fi v - a sell for a e pound note piece . 268

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

money , but owing to the great depreciation in that money , the above overprint was ordered and payment

r ! for stamps had to be made in silve . (Plata silver , in Spanish . ) Pr obably the most interesting items of this country r are those created by the va ious Peruvian wars . After the Ch ilian s beat the Per uvians and occupied the vanquished territory (1 881 the stamps of Chili with the small head of Columbus above a large numeral were freely sold in the post -offic es of the subjugated b e r area . These specimens , can , of course , ecognised only when postmarked with the names of Peruvian w ir towns . Side by side ith the Chilian stamps , s ch old stock of Per uvian labels as the Chilian occupation authority could find , was used with an overprint of — the ar ms of Chili a shield bearing a white star with a bird above and a wreath below . It is not uncommon to find this overpr int in company with a second over r r p int , the latter being a ho seshoe inscribed , Union — Postal Universal Peru . r id As soon as the conquered were of the conquerors , they reverted to the issue of 1 874 and impressed the r labels with a t iangle , having in the centre the word ,

Peru , and a circle of dots in imitation of the sun . The state of chaos reigning in the country did not permit of a high standard of or ganisation in the post offi es f c and , consequently , we find all sorts of di fer en c es in th e triangular over pr int ; we find it placed in an inverted sense whilst double impressions exist .

' r a i The triangle , moreover , appea s occasion lly s de by side with the horseshoe overpr int and it is not un 270 STAMPS OF SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA

P a known along with the oval l ta mark . These petty differences must not be ranked in point of interest with those manufactured by other republics for the ’ purpose of depleting the philatelist s store of ready money they are honest Signs of an overwrought gover nment wrestling with all manner of difficulties and , as such , demand our sympathetic attention . But we have not yet done with Peruvian overprints for a very inter esting example was provided in 1 894 when General Bermudez placed his featur es on a re

oi 1 8 . nl issue the 74 stamps This is , perhaps , the o y - case of a portrait serving as an extra impression . ai Later stamps of Peru are of f r merit , though more r a att ctive to the young collector than the old hand . D SALVA OR , which uses as its badge the volcano of

Izalco , surrounded by what has been called a woolly t o sea , is a republic having a reputation similar that ar of Nic agua . All we have said concerning the one is applicable to the other . Issue has followed issue in r apid and needless succession and Gibbons has been — — called upon to expend w e almost said waste forty four columns of his catalogue on this obscure country . m l URUGUAY , or , as it is so etimes cal ed , Montevideo , c defies description in a small space , and so we are for ed our a a to confine rem rks to few of the plums . 1 860 Undoubtedly , the issues up to , though ugly , r are valuable . In each case , the central o nament is ’ a face backed by the sun s rays and all ar e local pro i n 1 8 6 1 8 duct o s . The 5 and 57 series are practically

unknown in a used condition , which has led to the

provision of faked postmarks . As an unauthorised 271 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

b ffi O literation is usually a di cult thing to detect , we advise the reader to reject any of the labels in such r a condition until passed by an expe t . A rather interesting issue of four stamps came into

1 866 . being in In each case , the design was woven round a numeral (or numerals) indicating the value cen tecim os s whilst the word , , appeared , on ome part of a figure . The set is worth studying , as it r was sub jected to various p intings . In the first a a r inst nce , firm in England p epared the lithographed a m stones , provided supply of the sta ps , and sent the a fi r m plates to Montevideo . Later local took up the l wor k and made further supp ies . The student should try to show how the American printings at first fell a S lament bly hort of the English impressions , but r r r improved later on , as the fo eigne s lea ned to handle

‘ r the machines . When , howeve , they had grown to understand the idiosyncrasies of the stones , these began to wear an d no amount of skill could get pas sable r results fr om them . All these little matte s can be our indicated plainly enough , in albums , if we care to ffi pick the copies with su cient care . Other issues of Uruguay are devoted to pictorial effects which are generally pleasant ; animals , ships , buildings , types ll of people , a egorical figures and the national badge are to be found on various labels , all executed in good l Wat r ow . . e style , often by Messrs Sons The badge

' a consists of the scales of Justice, fortress flying a - flag, a gallant steed and a bull of meat extract all fame , quarterly . Z VENE UELA, or Little Venice , displays its allegiance 272

CHAPTER XXII

T HE STAMPS OF WA R

HE postage stamp is an emblem of the peaceful r w ar our a ts , but , when the blast of blows in a r t ears , it dapts itself , like eve y hing else , to the altered cir cumstances an d acts as a sacred link an d between the firing line the fireside . The fir st stamps to serve the Br itish soldier in a mar tial sense were those used in the Crimea between November 1 854 and the signing of peace with the m r 1 8 6 . r Russians , in Ap il , 5 Du ing the first nine onths a r a n d of hostilities , no postal f cilities we e available it was not until late in 1 854 that a small staff of eleven ffi r - o cials from the G . P . O . eached the war area and performed the almost impossible task of attending to the mails of a huge British army . The staff carried with it a supply of adhesives which was sold to the fighting men for franking their cor r e s d c r pon en e home . These stamps we e drawn from the ordinar y stocks in Great Br itain and can only be distinguished by an examination of the cancel mar ks .

Of these , there were three distinct patterns the first S consisted of a crown with a star on either ide , the whole surrounded with heavy bars to form a squat loz enge 274 THE STAMPS OF WAR

the second was similarly shaped but the central par t w as filled by two cyphers with a star between them a r the third was ringless ci cle containing the words , f r Post O fice , British A my , together with the date . m r Sta ps revealing these obliterations are are , the items so employed being the 1 d r ed 1 8 1 r . , , 4 , impe forated , watermark small crown . 1 - 1 8 d. 1 , reddish brown , 55 , perforated 4, watermark r la ge crown . 2d . , blue . Late copies of the imperforated and early

copies of the perforated issues . d 6 . . r 1 8 4 , ose , 5 d 6 . . , lilac , embossed

green , embossed . The next occasion on which British soldiers used a post office in the field was during the Abyssinian m 1 86 —8 Ca paign of 7 when Theodore , the Negus , was punished for his inhuman treatment of the British li m consul and many missionaries . The ob teration sta p carr ied with this expeditionary force is r ecognised by ffi A the circular inscription , Field Force Post O ce , bys sinia , and the date . It was not until General Wolseley proceeded to Egypt in 1 882 that a permanently constituted Army

Postal Corps saw active service . This body of men , drawn from what is now the 8th (City of London) P Ofli c e m a A 26 ost Rifles , reached Is aili on ugust and r m -el- was present at eve y engage ent until Tel Kebir , after which it returned to England . A supply of the d r 2 . w a r r current 1 d. and 5 B itish stamps s ca ied and they are now to be found with three different post 275 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

2 8 PLATE . S F A R TAMPS O W .

1 n an t n r r tam s . A block of I di Expedi io a y Fo ce s p . (R educ ed

in si z e .o 2 B r tis H dn dur as s tam t a atter n ater . i h p wi h p of w ed s ilk r n l r p i ted a l ove . N Z an s m t r r ew ea ta e n t S am . 3 . l d p wi h ov p i oa I t is a ' little cur iou s that th e pr ofile of K in g E dw ar d s h ould b e s e for a w ar s tam r in ate man ear s a ter u d p , o ig d y y f ’ H i s s Maj es ty d eath . r an s aa s tam s er r n te V R I 4, 5 . T v l p ov p i d . . . 6 O r r Sta es s t m r r V R . an e ee t a s e n ted I , 7 g F p ov p i . . . 8 a m r . A p ir of Cap e s ta ps ove pr in ted for us e in th e O r an g e R er n iv Colo y . W B . ar tax s m ar a 9 ta p of b dos . 1 - m - 0 . ast s ta er r n te n r n Gold Co p ov p i d Togo . A glo F e ch ” O at n ccup io . 1 War r 1 . tax s tam a tar p of Gib l . 1 2 r m r r . an s aa s ta e n te R I T v l p ov p i d E . .

1 . Ge r man s tam er r n te for us e in e B e m 3 p ov p i d occupi d lgiu . Thes e s tamps should n ot b e collected in an u n u s ed s ta te .

1 —1 S n War s m s a . 4 5 . ta p of p i

276

THE STAMPS OF WAR

a marks . The first is a c pital E , in red the second , a mass of small dots shaped in the form of a lozenge ; C u r r A and , a third , a irc lar ma k insc ibed , British rmy fi . ar Post Of ce , Egypt , with the date Almost simil r i 1 8 6 ma ks were used for the Dongola Exped tion of 9 . The Matabele rising has left its imprint on the stamps r a of Rhodesia , and these constitute some ve y accept ble

. A r items t fi st , when Bulawayo was cut off from w as Salisbury where the G . P . O . stationed , a temporary issue of penny and threepenny values was provided r by surcha ging the less popular high values . When these became exhausted , the Cape Government sent a

d. d d d d. 1 2 d 6 supply of its current 5 , , . , 3 . , 4 . , . , and l 1 s . n stamps which were p amced on sale with the overpri t , British South Africa Co pany . Our next group of war stamps is the outcome of the second Boer War . Many of the specimens falling under this head have been dealt with elsewhere and here it is only necessary to discuss the cancelling i stamps , often found on communications not prov ded r with adhesives . These may be readily classed acco ding 1 to the following types :

(1 ) A circular stamp with two rings . Between these i f r rings , the inscript on , Field Post O fice , B itish Army th r fi m r . A . e S frica In cent e , the date and of ce nu be (1 to 56 and

O . 2 A P . ( ) circular stamp with the inscription , Field

A . A . British rmy , S frica In the centre , the date , often with the year omitted . 1 “ Sum m ar is ed fr om infor mation s et out in T h e Postage ” am in War St p . 277 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

c i P O (3) A cir ular stamp nscribed , Army . . (then l ffi 1 fol ows the o ce number , which was between 4 and

‘

fr ica . 60 S . A . ) In the centre , the date m P O . A A . (4) circular sta p inscribed , rmy Base ,

Cape Town . In the centre , the date . A r A (5) la ge circular stamp inscribed , rmy Post fli f O ce . , South A rica In the centre , the name of the f o fice , the date , and other particulars which varied with each stamp . 6 ( ) An octagonal stamp with an octagonal centre . l i r V. R . Between para lel l nes , the insc iption , Army f Post O fice . Natal Field Force . In the centre , the date and other particulars . m (7) A circular sta p with two rings . Between these R r E . . f A . rings , the insc iption , rmy Post O fice Field l i f P . O T . . . (Trave l ng Post O fice ) In the centre , the f date and o fice designation . 8 ( ) A circular stamp with two rings . Between these n A m fi ri gs , the inscription , r y Post Of ce and the name of a fixed Post oflice in Orange River Colony or the i . ar t cu Transvaal In the centre , the date and other p r la s . l With this summary , the col ector will be able to r arrange his specimens which should be for prefe ence , m ar on co plete envelopes . Although they e not stamps di in the or nary sense but merely postmarks , they are much valued by philatelists who r ecognise in them an interesting phase of postal history worthy of the

highest appreciation . And now we reach the items resulting from the Great

. d War In the early ays of hostilities , current stamps 278

THE STAMP COLLECTOR see the results of these r estricted supplies in our a r home stamps but , in greate degree , in those of the colonies . It would even repay the philatelist to arrange a small collection of stamps and entires serving to indicate the increase of postal rates consequent on w ar condi - a tions . At home , we have three halfpenny letter c rds and emb ossed envelopes instead of penny ones , penny l postcards where the ha fpenny card served formerly , and registered envelopes costing a halfpenny more than - a in pre war days . In the colonies and broad , similar items are available and , if planned with care and thought , the collection (would prove of inestimable worth in years to come . British war stamps and franks are not alone of a r interest . Indi which has one of the finest milita y postal organisations in the World gave us the r egular F E . 1 866 . issues of obliterated with the letters , (Expedi tion ar y Force) , during the Abyssinian campaign and , E F C. . . later , with the overprint when the Boxer Rising F r I E . took its soldiers into China . Mo e recently the . . overprint has been used in France and elsewhere . The Confederate States of America have provided r r some capital stamps with a war purpose . Fi st the e ’ r a we e the Postm sters issues , as the local stamps of the 86 1 early months of 1 were called . Then came the lithographed specimens of poor design and these were followed by a supply from the London firm of De La

Rue . The latter had to run the blockade and on one a occ sion at least , a shipment was consigned to the deep rather than allow it to fall into the hands of the Norther 280 THE STAMPS OF WAR

ners . Few stamps can claim such an exciting history r r and few are of such great a ity . Other war items have or iginated in France (Franco War Prussian ) , United States (War with Spain) , the Spanish Colonies (the War with the Russia m r War r (the coin sta ps of the G eat ) , Japan (the wa s I n de en with China and Russia) , Bulgaria (the War of p r dence) , Italy (the advance in Aust ia) and elsewhere . A ll have associations the intrinsic worth of which it would be impossible to overestimate .

281 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

2 PLATE 9 .

— t s tam s s n r et 6 . s e te 1 A of p of Chili , howi g oul d m n a n e e s ta . 7 . E v lop p of I di m atem a 8 t r e sta a . . Pic u p of Gu l

A fi n e r tr a t th e r an ess em r . po i of G d Duch of Lux bu g . t a a e s tam in th e r 0 T h e m s . 1 . o v lu bl p Wo ld

1 On e th e r ar est stam s a r t s t n ot 1 . of p of M u i iu , hough fli s s Post O c e i u e .

— r a tar an d r eat B r ta n s tam s er r t f 1 2 1 3 . Gib l G i i p ov p in ed or r use in Mo occo . — S t fr a s U n n s e . 1 4 1 7 . io of ou h A ic i u

282

CHAPTER XXIII

RARE STAMPS

HE m an in the street stands aghast when he r e ads of the pr ices which philatelists are ready m to pay for certain ge s of postage . It is a thing quite beyond his conception that we should be eager to give a hundred , even a thousand pounds f r k o . a little scrap of printed paper Yet we , who now the fascinations of these treasures , would only be too glad to spend some hundred pounds to-morrow if we could thereby gain possession of certain of the World ’s r most che ished stamps . A a nd , let it be said , this is no passing fad , limited to r r r few eccent ic collecto s . When War broke out , nea ly ever y gilt-edged security in the money market fell many points , but the best adhesives in our albums not only maintained their value but soared higher than ever befor e which pr oves that money well spent on the hobby is by no means a precarious investment . A rar e stamp is not only a valuable possession to-day ’ but it will be in ten years time , as well as a generation i hence . Only by the d scovery of a par cel of mislaid specimens could the value of any particular r arity fall and then the drop would last but a short time while the r copies were becoming abso bed . 2 83 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

c w Oc asionally , an unknown specimen of the t openny M aur itius or a Hawaiian missionar y stamp tur ns up and r keen bidding awaits it in the auction oom . But these events are of r ar e occur r ence though stamps of wor th m m an d P r do co e to light at odd ti es in odd places . e haps the reader may have hidden away in some old a r a r — r him r p pe s st ip of unused but , the e , let go ca e r f for fully th ough his e fects and see himself . Our

own finds , in this way , have not been numerous though we well remember coming across a mint block of four

d. 1 0 r 2 8 . , blue , of 4 We p omptly cut it into four and dealt the items out to those present which was an unwise r ocedur e as S m r p i blocks of tamps , like dia onds , are wo th r mo e when in bulk .

w or r th e a er s A dozen so yea s ago , p p told of an old m di un u d s se . gentle an who scovered eight a 5 stamps in an envelope which had been mislaid for many a long -offic e day . He took the labels to the post hoping to cash them , but the clerk would have nothing to do with them , though he suggested that Somerset House might be willing to give him their face value . Now , r w a i the St and was a long y off and , wh le the gentleman

' - w a th ith er h e . was making his y , came upon a stamp shop A happy thought per haps the dealer would be pr e m ar edto for . p cash the him , he exclaimed to himself He went in and placing the treasure-trove upon the counter irnidl r t y stated his case . The deale was an obliging m an i -offi c e , not l ke the post clerk , and gave two golden S r for r m ove eigns the c i son labels . The old gentleman w as f a e fusive in his thanks and went way satisfied ,

but his satisfaction was nothing to that of the dealer , 284

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

O ieia az e e Guiana which published the fi l G tt . The centr e design of the label consisted of a ship produced by the block that was responsible for the vessel wh ich figured week by week at the head of the shipping ’ D amus intelligence of this newspaper . The motto , etimus ue vicissim in s cr i p g , frames the ship and the p ia tion , British Gu na , Postage One Cent , is also given .

The stamp is printed on magenta paper , and the unique Ren otier e copy , now possessed by Philip de la , has been - described as a sorry looking thing . Another item worth a small fortune is the well f a w Post O fice M uritius . About kno n “ twopenny twenty-fi ve copies exist an d the last to be sold fetched ’ r it being pu chased for the King s collection . a v m m a There is nothing ttracti e about this sta p , as we y m m r see by exa ining the speci en in the B itish Museum . ’ r It is blue , bea s Queen Victoria s profile , facing left , r f and is insc ibed Post O fice , instead of Post

Paid . The label was engraved in the island by a local watchmaker and five hundred copies were pr inted . Many of the specimens w er e fi x ed to some letter s in vit ll r ing friends to a ba given at the Gove nment House , and those which have been traced were mostly con n ected with these festivities . r 2 A thi d stamp commanding four figures is the cents , or 00 ar e blue , of Hawaii A dozen more pies r m known , the remainder being almost enti ely consu ed by a devastating fi r e which br oke out in Honolulu

soon after the stock was prepared for issue . Mr . H . J . r o r a hilatelist os ses s es C cke , the f mous American p , p most

of the existing copies , and though he lost a large and 286 RARE STAMPS valuable part of his collection in the c on fl agr ation r which followed the ea thquake in San Francisco , his ii Hawa an section luckily escaped destruction .

d. To these priceless items , we must add the 4 , rose, of Ceylon worth probably £200 when unused ; - r the yellowish g een , Nevis , on laid paper - 6d. the , yellowish green , St . Vincent with per for ation s falling between 1 5 and 1 55 ; the 4 rappen of

Zurich with red upright lines the lilac , of Turks — Islands (1 873 9) with a small star watermar k : and ’ m 20 the Post aster s St . Louis , cents , black a pair of which has changed hands for a trifle over a thousand pounds .

2 87 CHAPTER XXIV

PH ILATELY F OR T HE YOUNG

NE of the greatest pleasures that can fall to the -u lot of .the grown p philatelist is to pilot a collector of tender years through the early stages of the hobby . Probably we have all taken the youthful enthusiast in hand at some time or other l in our careers and it is equa ly probable that , on ll occasions , we have marve ed at the amount of know

, ledge he has unconsciously dug out of his stamps . So frequently has this happened in our case that we have grown to believe that philately could be used as a fitting m ni prelude to al ost any branch of lear ng . If stamp -collecting is to be embraced as a means of gilding the educational pill , the ordinary rules and r egulations of the hobby should be somewhat relaxed . We must not class our treasures by issues and countries all on occasions , nor is there great need to View the din specimens accor g to their intrinsic worth , but

rubbish ought never to be accepted , for the youthful member will want to rearrange his collection some day on grown-up lines and then he might h aVe a rude awakening . The gay colours and pleasing patterns of stamm 288

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

All these factors allowed people to think of things beyond the boundary of their own country . And when the young collector has woven an illumin m ating mental picture around this stamp of Ja es , he will naturally turn to other issues of Newfoundland . ’ 2 1 8 Jean Cabot s profile on the cents , 97 series , will 1 arrest his attention . The date , 497, on the label will lead him to make some comparison between the claims of him that found the new isle and the intrepid navigators of the reign of James . ll Likely enough , the Cabot stamps wi engender an interest in adhesives depicting the feats of explorers . Jacques Cartier and Samuel Champlain are well

‘ illustr ated by a Canadian set the imperishable fame of Columbus is splendidly portrayed on a set of the

United States Vasco da Gama , who made the passage via to the East Indies the Cape , is immortalized by a set P of ortuguese adhesives , and so on . Our colonial expansion is wr it large on the face of British stamps if only we take the trouble to r ead i it . The fine South African issues point to splend d military successes and dismal political failures ; the earliest East Indian issues remind us of the work of the Honourable East India Company ; the Sydney Views recall the old and bad penal establishments and certain pictorial efforts of New Zealand revive pleasant memories of the Maoris . This list could be expanded n n ad i fi itum. ’ I f we need enlightenment on the histor y of éthe l United States , what better way cou d be found than the weaving of mental pictures around the stamps of 290 PHILATELY FOR THE YOUNG

Father Marquette , Fremont , Monroe , Washington ,

Lincoln and Franklin , to name but a few celebrities ul Or , how co d a better grasp of the complex story of South America be obtained than by reading the biographies of men we have b ecome acquainted with on on our stamps , say , Bolivar , Urquiza , Sarmiento , D d ! Pe ro , Hidalgo , and Soto eo But if history may be helped on by stamps , g M graphy will respond in a far greater measure . any scholars will get to know of countless countries , islands and other places for the first time when marshalling i and array ng their fascinating labels . They can tell something of Antioquia , Macao , Hayti , Djibouti , Sir moor Pahang, Papua and , but try these places on - a non collector and note his lack of knowledge .

I f geography is to be taught with the aid of stamps , interleave the collection with maps taken from an old atlas and number the stamps , placing corresponding numerals on the maps over the spots from which the labels originate . Nearly every View stamp will assist in this matter . Here are a few that should not i b e missed . (The names of countr es indicate the places of issue . ) Moun tain s

ai Mount Ror ma , British Guiana . K - View of Mount ini Balou , Labuan .

Mount Cook , New Zealand .

View of Pembroke Peak , New Zealand . n Mount Welli gton , Tasmania .

Mount Gould , Tasmania . Chirn b or az o Mount , Ecuador . 291 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

Waterfalls

u . Kaieteur Falls , British G iana

Llandovery Falls , Jamaica .

R . Victoria Falls , hodesia

Russell and Dilston Falls , Tasmania .

Stanley Falls , Belgian Congo .

Juanacatlan Falls , Mexico .

River s , etc :

Brunei River , Brunei .

Spring River , Tasmania .

Ford at Kitim , French Guinea .

Marquette on the Mississippi , U . S . A .

Cler mon t . . . The on the Hudson River , U S A n Roumanian army crossi g the Danube , Roumania n e T ow s , tc .

1 0 0 . View of Quebec in 7 , Canada

D . View of Dominica from the sea , ominica

View of Sydney, New South Wales .

Hanuabada village , Papua .

Hobart , Tasmania .

A . Rosario , rgentine Republic

Port Matadi , Belgian Congo .

of . View Libreville , Gaboon

n a . Poi te Pitre , Guadaloupe

Honolulu Hawaii . B uildin g s ’ Champlain s House in Quebec , Canada .

Government House , St . Helena .

Council Chamber , Kedah .

’ Congress Buildings , Buenos Ayres , Argentine

Republic . 292

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

own areas . Hayti and the Dominican republic appear on an issue of the latter country , Australia is depicted r on a New South Wales stamp, the Louisiana Pu chase i on one from the Un ted States , whilst an ambitions label from Canada reveals the whole World . Other map-labels are to be had by searchin g through the various countries . Should we desire to interest the young collector in ’ the World s products , we may point with profit to such - things as the pine apple on the issues from the Bahamas , the maple leaf (for maple sugar) on those from Canada , c odfi sh lum the , the seal and pictures of mining and of f o bering on those New oundland , the coral on a T ga stamp , cocoanut trees on one from the Belgian Congo f and cattle on an item rom Uruguay . We have by n o means exhausted the geographical possibilities of philately but must turn from the matter Sch oohn aster with this quotation from Tolstoy as a , by Ernest Crosby . Children have no natural taste for geography , and the first thing to do , if it is to be studied , is to awaken that taste . Tolstoy suggests the reading of travels as a means to this end . I would f be tempted to add , as even a more e ficient awakener , - di the collecting of postage stamps . The or nary boy learns much more in this way than from the best of teachers . Zoology is another subj ect that may receive assist ance by a careful grouping of stamps . In this depart ment , there are almost as many varieties as animals in the Zoological Gardens . Let us mention a few items to be found among colonial issues . 294 PHILATELY FOR THE YOUNG

F oar -legged an imals

ai Crocodile , Jam ca and Labuan .

Malay stag , Labuan . - Orang utan , Labuan .

Honey Bear , Labuan .

Elephant , North Borneo and Federated Malay

States . R hinoceros , North Borneo .

Boar , North Borneo .

Gnu , Orange River Colony .

Kang aroo , South Australia and Australian Com m on w ealth .

Oxen , Kedah .

Tiger , Fede rated Malay States , Pahang , etc .

ii dan . Camel , S P s s . latypu , Ta mania

B irds

n . Wry eck , Cook Islands

Peacock , Labuan . m E u . , New South Wales

Lyre Bird , New South Wales .

Kangaroo , New South Wales .

Kiwi , New Zealand .

Parrot , Toga .

A . Swan , Western ustralia

Miscellan eous an imals f dl Seal , New oun and . f dl f . New oun and dog , New oundland Co h f dfis . , New oundland 295 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

History , geography and zoology have already been mentioned; now , let a word be said for heraldry . This genteel science is hinted at in the labels of ahn ost every country , with perhaps the exception of those of Great ahn ost Britain . A dozen stamps might be taken , at random , and the badges thereon described to the youthful collector . The following could be selected with advantage 86 — oc . 1 E United States . 3 9 agle on shield , with

flags . — a A 1 06 . Jamaic ny with the arms , say 9 issue — l - I C . 1 8 . u Mauritius . 95 Shield with a f l rigged

clipper , three palm trees , the key of the Indian

Ocean an d r . , , a star , all quarte ly d — 1 . C New South Wales . I . 897 rowned shield giving the Southern Constellation and a lion on ’ a St . George s Cross . 8 — 0 . 1 Belgium . 5 93 National arms with the ram

pant lion of Brabant . — Portuguese Nyassa . Any with the crowned shield

r evealin g seven White castles andfive tiny shields . The latter serve to recall the victory which Alfonso ‘ Henriquez gained over fi ve Moorish

1 1 . princes in 39 On each shield is a white circle , symbols of the wounds of the Saviour who gave

strength to Alfonso to beat his adversaries . — 0 . 1 01 . Italy . 5 9 Shield bearing the white cross of

Savoy , placed on the breast of a black eagle . 1 8 e — Paraguay . Any value of the 87 issu Medal

lion with lion balancing a pole , surmounted by

the cap of Liberty . 296

THE STAMP COLLECTOR '

himself with credit . He knows what constitutes the difference between King George ’s attire as depicted on th e Canadian labels and on those of India and h he knows the s ape of an Imperial crown , an Indian crown , a mural crown , and so on . He knows , too , something of the Orders of Chivalry for he has often puzzled out the decorations which the Kin g wears on th e e stamps of India and Canada , and Qu en Victoria wore on those of New South Wales . But beyond these obvious teachings of philately fi there are other matters that defy classi cation . How - many people , who are not stamp collectors , know that - 62 the toasting fork on the 5 . Great Britain label is the caduceus or rod of Mercury ! Or how many non stamp lovers would care to explain the difference between twelvepence sterling and one shilling ! And to add a third question who that has no stamps to guide him is prepared to write down the Egyptian numerals from , say , one to five All the things we have here hinted at and many thousands besides may be taught pleasantly and rapidly

. a) t by means of philately Surely , then , it is pas ime that should be encouraged among the young . CHAPTER XXV

A GLOSSARY OF PHILATELIC TERMS

E E — DH SI V . A stamp with a gummed back

one intended to be stuck on an envelope ,

etc . , as opposed to a stamp printed on - a post card , wrapper , etc . — B lock of Stamps A number of undetached stamps in l the form of a rectangle . A block imp ies that there are at least two horizontal and two vertical

rows of stamps . — B o us . g Fraudulent , faked , or not genuine — Check letter s Letters printed in the corners of certain

stamps , as the early issues of Great Britain , to

denote the position of the stamps on a full sheet . Really used as a check against fraudulent imi

tation s . — Commemor ative stamps Stamps issued to mark some worthy (or unworthy) event often used to denote stamps issued more with a view of selling to

collectors than to do honest postal work . — Con tr ol letter s Letters printed on the margins of sheets of stamps to distinguish one printing from hi another . The control letters w ch now appear on th e sheets of Great Britain are followed by the last 2 99 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

PLATE

m - ar r t n I f ar r an e Co plete Pos t Car ds e well wo th collec i g . g d as shown in th e illus tr ation an d fixed to th e p age by mean s ear s a e s o as to th e er r n er s t e ma b e of pl c d hold low co , h y y r eser e n en en t an d in tt e s a e p v d co v i ly li l p c .

A GLOSSARY OF PHILATELIC TERMS

two figures of the year . Somerset House printings reveal a dot between the letter and the year :

whilst Harrison printings are without the dot . Cn t-on t — out . A stamp out of an embossed envelope - . e or printed post card , wrapper , etc , as oppos d to

an adhesive . ubl - u ve — r Do iti . A o y f g term applied to such lilac , green black inks as are proof against the removal of

pen cancellations . — Duly -plate Where a stamp is printed in two opera

tions , the plate which prints the value is known as - the duty plate , but see Chapter XIX . En — tir e Ah . envelope , card or wrapper complete E r r or — u . A stamp bearing some fa lt in any one or more of its particulars but generally in the spelling of

some words . E — ssa . y . A trial design for a stamp — F acsimile Another word for forgery but sometimes f applied to an o ficial imitation , though one is no

more valued than the other , except as a curiosity . F a e — u k . A stamp altered to appear more val able than it

really is . — F iscal A stamp serving some revenue purpose one - outside the scope of the postage stamp collector . — F or er . g y . A stamp that is not genuine F n t e — r g i iv . A te m applied to inks that are proof

against the removal of postmarks . I m er r e — S t . p fo at . tamps that require cu ting with scissors

etc . , to separate them . ub lee lin e — J i . A raised line run round the margin of a plate of stamps to protec t the outside edges of the 301 THE STAMP COLLECTOR

T 1 . 88 stamps his line was instituted in 7 , hence

the name . - te — K e la . y p Where a stamp is printed in two operations , the plate which prints the sovereign ’s head is - known as the key plate , but see Chapter XIX . a e — L b l Another name for an adhesive . — L ocal A stamp issued for use in a limited area by - an authorised letter carrying company . M — in in t. A stamp or entire perfect condition as when

issued in the case of an adhesive , including the um original g . un - Mo t. The hinge used for fixing a stamp to the

album . — er at on . Oblit i Any mark which cancels a stamp . — Obsolete A term denoting that a stamp has ceased

to be issued for postal service . n — Overpr i t. Something printed over a stamp to give f it a di ferent use to that originally intended . See ur char e S g . — P an e A number of undetached stamps with blank

margin paper running all round them . d — P er for ate . Stamps with an edging of small holes so arranged that they may be easily separated Without

. the aid of scissors , etc . P a e s — l hil t li t. A lover of stamps ; one who co lects

stamps . — P late n umber s Numbers engraved on stamps or the margins of sheets to enable the authorities to recog nise from which plate any particular stamp was

printed . P r — ovision al A stamp pressed into service temporarily . 302

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

r PLATE 3 . A PAGE OF PICTURES ILLUSTRATING TERMS GIVEN RY I N T H E GLOSSA .

1 s t m . . A block of a ps

2 . n tr e t r Co ol l t e . - . c u out 3 A t . — 6 K e an d t t m s . 4 . y duty pla e s a p t m r e en e s a . 7 . A v u p

8 s tam t r r n t . . A p wi h an ove p i - T h e a er mar a e n n s tam . 9 . w t k of w ll k ow p 1 0 s tr tam I n t s ase t e a en to b e . s s . A ip of p ( hi c , h y h pp - Un paid letter s tamps . )

30 4

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

! Deficit Postage due . Dominica must not be con fused with Dominican

Republic , which is quite distinct . — Escuelas A word by which the stamps of Venez uela

may be known .

ili i ! F p n as Philippines .

! Helvetia Switzerland . Impuesto de Guerra ! War Tax — Inland Appears on certain early stamps of Liberia . o a s — P J rn e Word on Newspaper stamps of ortugal .

K PH H ! T Crete . — of n Lima On stamps Peru havi g local use .

! Losen Postage due .

! Magyar Hungary . Montevideo— Stamps so designated should be placed

under the head of Uruguay .

! Ned . Indie Dutch Indies .

! Norge Norway .

! O r r . ste . Austria — Oil Rivers Protectorate Now, Niger Coast Pro

tector ate .

m ! Ottoman E p. Turkey .

! Plata Silver , on Peruvian stamps . — ' Porte de Mar Stamps used in Mexico for paying the extra postage due on letters consigned via

English or French routes to Europe . — Porto Appears on Austrian Postage due stamps .

Steam Navigation Co . See Peru . — St . Christopher Issues continued under the name ,

St . Kitts Nevis .

! Segnatasse Postage due . 306 INSCRIPTIONS REQUIRING EXPLANATION

! ! Sverige Sweden .

l ! Te B eta en Postage due .

Toga and Tonga are synonymous .

! Ultramar Overseas , used for the Spanish colonies of - Cuba and Porto Rico . 5 — Vancouver 1 . Such stamps to be placed under the

head of British Columbia . ’ — Van Diemen s Land Inscription on early issues of

Tasmania .

! mb Wurtt : Abbreviation for Wurte er g .

! Z . Afr . Republiek Transvaal .

30 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

PRICED CATALOGUE S OF STAMPS

A . B . C . Priced Catalogue of the Postage Stamps of

Foreign Countries . Extra European and Colon

ies . (Published by Bright and Sons . ) ofth e A . B . C . Priced Catalogue of the Postage Stamps é i Continent of Europe and its Colonies . (Publ shed

by Bright Sons . )

Standard Catalogue of Postage Stamps . (Published

by Whitfield King . ) ’ Stanley Gibbons Priced Catalogue . I Vol . . British Empire . i Vol . II . Fore gn Countries .

GENERAL HANDBOOKS .

Boys Book of Stamp Collecting . By Douglas B . r a h r Armstrong . (G nt Ric a ds . )

Chats on Postage Stamps . By Fred . J . Melville .

(Fisher Unwin . )

How to C ollect Postage Stamps. By B . T . K . Smith .

Peeps at Postage Stamps . By Stanley C . Johnson .

n . . Postage Stamps in the Maki g By Fred . J . Melville Postage Stamps Worth Fortunes . By Fred . J . Mel

ville . 30 8

THE STAMP COLLECTOR

Great Britain . The Postage and Telegraph Stamps cf .

r . . . W o . est b By F . A Philb ick and W A S y . T h Great Britain . e Postage Stamps of the United — Wes 1 8 0 0 . . b . . A to Kingdom , 4 9 By W S y . 1 1 Great Britain ( 91 The Stamps of . By Stanley

Phillips .

Grenada . By E . D . Bacon and F . H . Napier .

et . . . e Heligoland ses Timbres By J B Mo ns (Brussels) .

ll . Holland . (Melvi e Stamp Books No . r I ndia . The Postage and Teleg aph Stamps of British . l (Royal Philate ic Society publication . ) By Messrs . - o . Hausburg , Stewart Wilson , and Croft n

Jamaica . (Melville Stamp Books . No . r — du é Luxembu g Les Timbres Grand Duch . By J .

B . Moens (Brussels)

Nevis . (Melville Stamp Books . No .

New South Wales . (Royal Philatelic Society publica - tion . ) By A . F . Basset Hull . ill Portugal . Cameo Stamps . (Melv e Stamp Books . - . I . t 1 880 1 1 No 3 ) The S amps of 1 9 . (Melville N Stamp Books . O .

E . al k a . . w i . Prince dward Isl nd By R E R . D g k . . I 6 . St Helena (Melville Stamp Boo s . No . )

. . . E . . Saint Vincent By F E Napier and D . Bacon

Sarawak , The Postage Stamps of . By Fred . J . Melville .

Sicily , A History of the Postage Stamps of . By

. . E Dr Emilio Drena Translated by Maj or vans .

South Australia . By Lieut . Napier and Gordon

Smith .

Turks Islands , The Postage Stamps of . By E . D .

Bacon . 3 1 0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

8 —6 s . 1 . United State 47 9 (Melville Stamp Books . — . 1 8 0 . . No . 3 ) 7 93 (Melville Stamp Books No . — l 8 1 1 0 . . . 1 94 9 (Melvi le Stamp Books No I I . )

Special Service Stamps . (Melville Stamp Books .

ZI . No . )

United States of America . The History of the Postage f Stamps of . By J . K . Ti fany .

United States Stamps . Their Shades and Varieties .

By Eustace Power (New York) .

s . . . United State , The Postage Stamps of By J N

f . Lu f .

H A R S WORKS DEALING WIT W STAMP .

’ Bright and Son s Priced Catalogue of War Stamps . l Postage Stamps of War . (Stamp Co lecting Hand

books . No . By Douglas B . Armstrong .

South African War Provisionals . By B . W . H . Poole . m Sta p Collections for War Museums . By Fred . J .

Melville .

The Postage Stamp in War . By Fred . J . Melville .

C S S MIS ELLANEOU WORK .

A Colour Dictionary . By B . W . Warhurst .

Album Weeds . (Forgeries and how to Avoid them . ) R e s . v B . Two vol By the e . R . B . ar e i E . Edward an Stamps of the British mpire Part I . ’ (Bright s Philatelic Library . ) By D . B . Arm

strong . ’ Errors . The World s Stamp . I — Part . British Empire . a 1 1 — P rt . Foreign Countries . By Miss Fittes . 3 I I THE STAMP COLLECTOR

i Glossary of Philatel c Terms . Compiled by the Committee appointed by the 2n d r d an d 3 Philatelic Congress of Great Britain .

r . (To be obtained f om Messrs . Stanley Gibbons , Ltd ) ’ King s Heads , Notes on the . (Stamp Collecting Hand

I . . . . . books . No . ) By W H A Williams R eprints of Postal adhesive Stamps and their character

i . s E . . ist c . By D Bacon

3 1 2

INDEX

D e La Rue T 1 0 - 1 1 1 r a tar 2 , 3 , 93 , 9 3 , 7 , Gib l , 34, 35

I I 2 0 2 1 2 2 1 er t an d e I s . 2 S3 , 97. 55. 3 . . Gilb Ellic , 35 2 2 2 2 8— 1 2 2 2 6 2 80 C ast 2 1 2 7, 3 , 3 , 3 , Gold o , 3 , 3 5 en mar 1 6 — r an er s n 2 D k, 7 9 G g i i g, 3 m s G r ta n 2 1 2 2 es r a e sta t . D i bl p , 44, 49 B i i , , 3 , 3 , 34, 49 , D e Villa er 6 2 6 1 —1 1 2 1 2 2 y , 5 7, 5 , 7 9, 3 , 7, D ocw r a ll am 6 2 2 8 2 , Wi i , 3 , 79 n 2 2 - m a , 2 , 9 d stam s Do i ic 35 § . p m n a! sta m s 1 6 Do i ic p , 5 81 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 34, , 9 , , , 3 , m n n e 2 6 0—2 2 Do i ica R pub , 93 , 1 0 1 0 I I I 1 1 1 1 5 , 7, , 3 , 4 2 9 I I 4 5 . 7 n a War stmar s 2 Do gol po k , 77 I d stam s . p

U OR 2 6 2— 2 1 EC AD , 3 , 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 — 1 1 s e , 3 , 4 5 , 7 ( e ar an stam s G t. Q ) ( C ” Edw di p ( a s en n B a l o P y , l ck , 1 0 0-1 3 an d Red E 2 t. 1 9 gyp 5 . 3 m l d. sta s m sse stam s 2 8 — 1 i p E bo d p , 3 , 5 9 , 81 —2 0 1 0 1 1 0 , 9 , , 5 1 76-9 d stam s r r r s 2 0 8 2 . p E o , , 4 r er s Stam s e e r at n Explo , p c l b i g, 2 90 1 1 7 stamps — 0 6 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 K E stam s 2 6 0 9 , 9 , , , 3 , 5 , FA D p , 5 I I I 1 1 , 7 al an I s . 2 1 F kl d , 3 d stam s : e er ate a a 2 3 . p F d d M l y, 95 I s 2 Fij i . , 35 s a sta stam s 1 1 7 Fi c l po l p , 35 s tam s r e stam s 2- 6 0 4d. p Fo g d p , 5 0 6 1 0 1 1 0 r an e 1 6 2 81 9 . 93 . 95 . 9 . 99. . 4. F c , 5 , 5 , 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 8 ss es 1 8 1 8 1 8 2 5 , , 7 , 5 I u of 49 . 5 ; 5 ,

d. s tam 1 85 ; 4% p 8 1 8 O 1 88— 1 8 2 I 8 99 ; 7 , 9 ; 7 , 9 stam s 1 8 6 1 8 1 0 0 1 0 5 d. p 7 , 9 ; 9 , 9 ; 6 1 0 1 1 0 2 8 9 , , 5 , 9 stam s F r an c ise Militair e 1 1 6d. p h , 9 0 1 00 1 0 8 . 9 . . . Fr an ks of 6 6 9. 9 . 93 9 3 - 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 r en n a s 1 1 an d 5 , , 7 F ch Colo i l , 35 , 9 3 , stam s n er s t tles 7d. u d ep. i p 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 r en an a 2 2 4, 5 5 , 7 F ch Gui , 9 8 stam s m 1 0 1 d. p Fuch , E il , t e n s 2 1 1 5 Fugi iv i k , 3 3 d stam s 9 . p 1 0 1 1 0 B O O 2 2 94. . 5 GA N, 9 — m s am ia 2 6 1 0 d. sta G b , 35 p e r n s m G t 1 1 8 0 1 0 1 1 0 G o gia ta ps ( . 3 9. 9 . 94. 95 . , 5 . 9 1 1 5 3 1 4 INDEX

— — G t . r ta n con td. ta an States 1 2 B i i I li , 7 4 m s ta 1 1 2- 2 81 6 1 s . s ta 2 p I ly, 5 , 7 4, , 9 8 0 1 0 1 1 0 r ea 7. 9 . 93 . 94. 99. . 5 Ivo y h d , 77 2 sta m 5 . p M I 0 2 2 8 2 2 2 2 6 94 JA A CA, 5 , , 9, 35 , 3 , 6 d stam s 2 2 2 2 6 2 s . . p 9 . 95 . 9 6 1 0 a an 2 81 2 34, 9 . 97. 7: J p , , 97 1 1 ee s s e 7 Jubil i u , 97 m s n r te e 2 2 8 s . sta a S t 2 5 p Ju io Phil lic oci y, , 5 6 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 95 . 9 . 97. . 5 , 7, 1 1 2 8 H 2 2 2 7 , 4 KEDA , 9 , 95 1 0 s m s K e a n m s 2 2 s . ta d t sta p y Du y p , 5 7, 9 6 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 95 , 9 , 97, , 5 , 7, 3 1 1 7 1 s ta m s L B U 2 1 2 £ p A AN , 9 , 95 6 1 0 1 1 9 1 9 L ee ar I s 2 95 . 9 . 97. . 5 . 7. w d , 3 5 , 35 1 1 1 1 1 L n e n r a e s am s G t t . B , 7 i E g v d p of stam 2 1 - 8 £5 p 3 . 7 3 L n s an 0 95 o g I l d , 4 r eat War stmar s 2 8-80 em r 1 1 G po k , 7 Lux bu g, 5 , 74 r ee e 1 1 6 —0 G c , 5 , 9 7 r e n a a 2 2 2 2 6 G R 2 G d , 7, 35 , 3 MADA ASCA , 93 a a e 2 2 2 a e n 0 2 1 Gu d loup , 9 , 93 M f ki g , 4 , 3 atema a 2 6 a ta 0 2 2 6 2 Gu l , 3 M l , 34, 5 , 35 , 3 , 93 ata ele War stmar s 2 M b po k , 77 H I R n es a r tan a 2 A li , 94 M u i i , 93 H al a a r t s 2 2 2 2 8 2 2 8 if x , 34 M u i iu , 7, , 35 , 4, H ar r son 1 1 0 —1 1 1 8— 2 86 2 6 i , 3 , 9 3 , 9 , 9 Ha a an s s n ar stam s e a Ca m a n w ii Mi io y p , M lill p ig , 5 9 2 8 2 86 2 2 es tam a 2 4, , 9 M opo i , 79 Ha t 2 6 - 2 e 2 6 — 2 2 y i. 3 4. 94 M xico, 4 7, 9 H eat C ar es a a h , h l , 73 Mold vi , 5 3 H eat r e er n a 1 h , F d ick , 73 Mo co, 75 He an 2 0 n ten e r 1 2 ligol d , Mo g o, 75 , 93 H Sir an 6 — 1 8 n te e 2 1 —2 2 ill , Rowl d , 5 7 , 74, 5 Mo vid o, 7 , 94 H an 1 1 0—2 r ea en e e s 8 -6 oll d , 5 , 7 Mul dy v lop , 5 H n r as 2 6 r r a er t 6 o du , 4 Mu y, Rob , 3 H n - n 0 2 2 8 2 o g Ko g, 5 , 35 H n s - o . a t n ia CO 2 1 2 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 E I d 9 , NATAL , 5 , 3 , 7, 35 2 2 8 2 0 e s 2 8 , 9 N vi , 7 H m r 0 — s W . 2 New r n s 1 1 2 2 2 u ph y , , 79, 5 B u wick , 3 , 7 e n an 1 — 2 8 - 0 N wfou dl d , 35 7 , 9 9 , 1 2 2 2 ICELAND , 5 93 . 94. 95 n a 0 2 1 —2 2 2 New He r es 2 I di , 5 , 9 5 , 9 b id , 35 n a n E x ed . r e 2 80 New e 0 I di p Fo c , R public , 4 n estmen t ate as an 1 6 N les 0 1 — ew 8. a 2 2 I v , Phil ly , W , 5 , 95 7 , 9 ,

n an I s . 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 Io i , 7 93 , 94. 95 . 9 3 1 5 INDEX

New Zea an 0 2 0 — e r n ts 20 l d , 5 , 5 7, R p i , 4, 2 1 2 2 e n n 2 9 . 93 . 95 R u io , 93 i ar a a 2 6 2 o es a 0 2 1 2 2 N c gu , 7, 93 Rh d i , 5 , 3 , 9 N er a 2 o es a War ostmar s 2 ig i , 35 Rh d i p k , 77 r t or n e 2 1 2 ette s tam s 2 see a s No h B o, 3 , 95 Roul d p , 4 ( l o r a 1 1 —6 em r No w y , 5 , 75 Lux bu g a S t a 1 0—1 man a 2 0 1 1 80 2 2 Nov co i , 3 Rou i , , 5 , , 9 asa an 2 —6 s s a 1 80 2 Ny l d , 3 5 Ru i , 93

H — B O K 1 S T . 2 2 2 1 2 6 O C , 93 ELENA , 7, 3 , 35 , — r an e R . C n 2 1 6 2 2 2 O g olo y, 4 , 95 9 — St . a 2 2 2 6 Luci , 7 , 3 5

. 8 e m CO 2 6 8 St . n en t 2 2 I F I St a a . PAC C N vig Vi c , 35 , 7 a ets H ow to r as e Sa a r 2 1 P ck , pu ch lv do , 7 stam s in 1 San ar n 1 81 —2 p , 9 M i o, a an 2 Sar n a 6 P h g , 95 di i , 4 a est n e 2 S er a 1 1 82— P l i , 79 bi , 5 , 3 a er K n s — Se e es 2 1 2 6 P p , i d of , 3 7 9 ych ll , 3 , 3 a a 2 2 S er r a e n e 2 P pu , 9 i L o , 35 ar a a 2 6 - 8 2 6 Sm r n a P gu y, 7 , 9 y , 3 4 en n B a — 2 8 S ma C a st 1 P y, l ck , 75 7 , 5 o li o , 93 en n Red 2 2 S m er s et H o s e r n t n s 1 0 P y , , , o u p i i g , 9 er r at n s 0 - 1 1 1 8— P fo io , 4 3 3 , 9 er n s B a n 1 6 8 1 2 S t m er a 2 0 6—8 2 8 P ki , co , 3 , , 7 , 7 , ou h A ic , , 4 , 4 8 1 2 1 6 1 6 2 0 0 75 , 3 , 7, 3 , 9 , , 73 2 0 1 2 0 2 2 2 6—8 2 1 2 S t str a a 0 2 0 1 —2 2 , , , 3 , 5 7 ou h Au li , 5 , , 95 er 2 6 8— 1 2 S a n x 1 8 2 81 2 P u , 7 , 93 p i . 5 . 5 9 . 3 . . 97 n es 2 — S e a s e o e t n s 0 - 6 Philippi , 3 5 , 44 7 p ci li d c ll c io , 3 t r e s tam s 2 1 —2 Str a ts S ett emen ts 0 2 - 6 Pic u p , 3 5 , 3 i l , 5 , 35 r t 2 S an 2 Po o Rico , 3 5 , 47 ud , 95 r t a 1 1 6—80 2 0 2 S r ar e stam s Po ug l , 5 , 7 , 9 , 93 u ch g d p , 5 7 r t ese as sa 2 6 S e en 1 1 8 — Po ugu Ny , 9 w d , 5 , 3 4 stmaster stam s 1 8— 2 8 S tz er an 1 1 8 Po p , 3 9 , 7 wi l d , 5 , 4 ' st fi e C mm ttee 6 S n e e s 1 - 6 2 0 Po Of c o i , 5 yd y vi w , 95 , 9 P mier es G r avur es 1 2 r e , 4 r e ar n stam s for th e a m M I 2 0 0 2 1 2 2 2 P p i g p lbu , TAS AN A, , 9 , 9 , 93 . 2 3 2 95 ar 1 2— T el-el- e r War stmar s P r . Edw d 3 3 K bi po k r n t n r es s es — 0 2 —6 P i i g P oc , 39 4 75 r s n a ar an r n t r n a n d a s 6 2 P ovi io l Edw di p i Thu T xi , n s 1 0 —1 a 2 2 see a s i g , 9 3 Tog 94, 95 ( l o Ton ga U 0 2 0 2— 2 1 n a 2 Q EENSLAND, 5 , 3 , 3 To g , 93 r an s aa 0 1 0 1 2 1 6—8 2 1 T v l , 5 , , , 3 r ss stam s 2 r en an 2 RED C o p , 79 T gg u , 3 5 e ister e e n e es 1 r n a 2 2 8 2 R g d v lop , 9 T i id d , , 35 Rema n er s —8 n s 2 i d , 47 Tu i , 93 3 1 6

CO L L ECT O RS SERIES

B Y . . P S .A . EDITED H W LEWER , .

Cr n 8v o . s tr a te 6 s . n et ow Illu d, .

. A gr oup of volum es wr itten fr om th e poin t of view e ar e r ter s of th e man who wan ts to kn ow . Th y by w i thor oughly acqua in te d with th e subj ects w ith w h ich th ey

ea an d a r eat ea t r e is th e s tr at n s . d l , g f u illu io T HE EA RT HENWA RE COLLECT OR i u ar ar . A G ide to Old Engl sh E thenw e , By G f Woollesc r o t a R . E ...... Rhe d, , Hon A R C A Lond i u ar 0 u r a i ic a c W th pw ds of 5 Ill st t ons of Typ l Pie es , inc ludin g many Mar ked Examples .

Mr r e as . ea is a r a t a tte as ar t st an d Rh d p c ic l po w ll i , h e ta kes a mor e per s on al view than is us ual with author s s m r T h e o is r t in t n e t of i ila han dbooks . b ok b ough o li wi h h r l r r m er r ar e t e es u ts of ecen t es ear ch . A n u b of an d hither to un publis hed examples ar e given fr om well-kn own e t n s e th e r e s t s er e as a a a e Coll c io , whil p ic li will v v lu bl aid to th e r h is s t n r t er s e m e ty o in acqui i io of fu h p ci n s . l ss r s an a r a r a e A fu l glo a y of ter m d bibliog phy a e dd d .

T HE ST A MP COLLECT OR

’ A Guide to the Wor ld s Postage Stamps . By D i an n . . Sc . St ley C . J oh son , M . A , , W th some hun dr eds of Illustr ations of Rare and Inter in am est g St ps . T h e author deals in a pr actical w ay in ever y phase of Sta m H e es n ot e a dr atal e p Coll ectin g . do giv y c ogu of coun tless is s ues b ut an in s tr uctive guide to s ta mps wor th se r n an d a w ar n n as to t se t at ar e n r t Of cu i g , i g ho h u wo hy n s er a ar t r m matter s c n er n n th e te co id tion . Ap f o o c i g ch n ic al s e late m s e u Inf r mat n 15 en on id of phi ly, uch u f l o io giv s min r eta ls as ean n an d ar r an n s tam s s e e t uch o d i cl i g gi g p , l c i m i n an a e an n ates etc . C a ter s ar e g lbu , xch g g duplic , h p devoted to for ger ies by which th e r ead er may lear n how to s r m n ate et ee n en n e s ta e sta m s d a es di c i i b w g ui po g p an f k . A featur e of th e wor k will b e a n umber of en lar ged a r ms di g a . THE COLLECTORS ’ SERIES T HE SILVER A ND SHEFF IELD P LA T E COLLECT OR i A Guide to Engl sh Domestic Metal War es . By Y u i ar 1 00 l u r a i W . A . o ng . W th ne ly I l st t ons of ic a iec e in me a an d a Set r Typ l P s both t ls, of Ma k ar Ch ts . T h e s ubj ect -matter is appr oached fr om th e fr esh s tan d poin t of th e collector of domestic war es an d table gam i r T h e er ar t ar er e tu e of limited mean s . p iod p icul ly cov d e ten s r m 1 6 6 en th e H er S er Stan ar x d f o 9 , wh igh ilv d d, s met mes n n as r tan n a S er w as n tr e o i k ow B i i ilv , i oduc d , n to 1 8 0 en th e n en t n of at n e e tr dow 4 , wh i v io pl i g by l c o r depos it dr ove th e Old Sheffield Plate out of th e ma ket . T h e auth or aalso tr aces th e use of wr ought s ilver back to r t mes an d ar r es s essen t a matter s as ar s Tudo i , c i uch i l M k 1 1 8 r a a s e t n on Metal W ar es down to 9 . A bibliog phic l c io an d a gloss ar y of ter ms ar e in cluded an d pr esen t values r a e dis cuss ed . T HE G LA SS COLLECT OR

i Mac Iver P er A Gu de to Old English Glass . By c i al i ar 1 00 u r a i r m v . W th Upw ds of Ill st t ons f o i r Typical Pieces of the Best Engl sh Glasses . C own i i 8vo. 6 . net . Second Ed t on T HE FURNIT URE COLLECT OR A Guide to Old English Fur nitur e of the 1 7th an d i 1 h r i ar . r r . 8t Centu es . By Edw d W G ego y W th - n t i 6 e . 48 Full page Illustr at ons . T HE CHINA COLLECT OR

'

A G uide to th e Por c elain of the English Factor ies . F A i a r e a r e er S . . By H . W. Lew , . W th P f to y Not by r a an d 2 u r a i al e r F nk Stevens , 3 Ill st t ons , so R p o

6 n et. duc tion s of the Authentic English Mar ks . r i i Thi d Ed t on .

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