Archaeological Evaluation Report (Area a & B) Land At

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION REPORT (AREA A & B)

LAND AT MANYDOWN BASINGSTOKE HAMPSHIRE

Confidential and commercially sensitive Issued without Prejudice

Planning G Heritage August 2016 Specialist & Independent Advisors to the Property Industry

Archaeological Evaluation Report Manydown Farm Basingstoke, Hampshire

Areas A and B

NGR: SU 6000 5271 / SU 5926 5142

ASE Project No: 160307 Site Code: MAD16

ASE Report No: 2016323 OASIS id: archaeol6-259545

Prepared by: Jake Wilson Archaeologist

Reviewed and Dan Swift Project Manager approved by:

Date of Issue: August 2016

Revision: 2

Archaeology South-East Units 1 & 2 2 Chapel Place Portslade East Sussex BN41 1DR

Tel: 01273 426830 Fax: 01273 420866 Email: [email protected] Archaeology South-East Eval: Manydown Farm, Basingstoke, Hampshire Areas A and B ASE Report No: 2016323

Abstract

This report presents the results of an archaeological evaluation carried out between two fields (Areas A and B) by Archaeology South-East at Manydown Farm, Basingstoke between the 24th May - 17th June 2016. The fieldwork was commissioned by CgMs Consulting in advance of the development of the site.

There was evidence of a working agricultural landscape that was in use primarily in the late Iron-Age/Roman period with possible earlier phases present. Multiple field boundaries and enclosures surround a large trackway in Area A and a banjo enclosure in Area B.

The majority of the finds all date roughly to late Iron-Age/Roman with a small amount of prehistoric and post Roman as well

CONTENTS

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Archaeological Background

3.0 Archaeological Methodology

4.0 Results

5.0 The Finds

6.0 The Environmental Samples

7.0 Discussion and Conclusions

Bibliography Acknowledgements

HER Summary OASIS Form

Appendix 1: Quantification of Bulk Finds

TABLES

Table 1: Quantification of site archive Table 2: Trench 1 list of recorded contexts Table 3: Trench 2 list of recorded contexts Table 4: Trench 3 list of recorded contexts Table 5: Trench 4 list of recorded contexts Table 6: Trench 5 list of recorded contexts Table 7: Trench 6 list of recorded contexts Table 8: Trench 7 list of recorded contexts Table 9: Trench 8 list of recorded contexts Table 10: Trench 9 list of recorded contexts Table 11: Trench 10 list of recorded contexts Table 12: Trench 11 list of recorded contexts Table 13: Trench 12 list of recorded contexts Table 14: Trench 13 list of recorded contexts Table 15: Trench 14 list of recorded contexts Table 16: Trench 15 list of recorded contexts Table 17: Trench 16 list of recorded contexts Table 18: Trench 17 list of recorded contexts Table 19: Trench 18 list of recorded contexts Table 20: Trench 19 list of recorded contexts Table 21: Trench 20 list of recorded contexts Table 22: Trench 21 list of recorded contexts Table 23: Trench 22 list of recorded contexts Table 24: Trench 23 list of recorded contexts Table 25: Trench 24 list of recorded contexts Table 26: Trench 25 list of recorded contexts Table 27: Trench 26 list of recorded contexts Table 28: Trench 27 list of recorded contexts Table 29: Trench 28 list of recorded contexts Table 30: Trench 29 list of recorded contexts Table 31: Trench 30 list of recorded contexts Table 32: Trench 31 list of recorded contexts Table 33: Pottery fabric codes and descriptions for 160307 Manydown, Basingstoke Table 34: CBM fabric descriptions for Manydown, Basingstoke Table 35: NISP (Number of Identified Specimens) count Table 36: The registered finds. Table 37: Environmental sample quantity report

FIGURES

Figure 1: Site location on map Figure 2: Location of Areas A and B Figure 3: Trench plan for Area A Figure 4: Trench plan for Area B Figure 5: Trench 1: Plan, Section and photographs Figure 6: Trench 2: Plan, sections and photograph Figure 7: Trench 3: Plan, sections and photograph Figure 8: Trench 4: Plan, sections and photographs Figure 9: Trench 5: Plan, sections and photograph Figure 10: Trench 6: Plan, sections and photographs Figure 11: Trench 7: Plan, sections and photographs Figure 12: Trench 8: Plan and photograph Figure 13: Trench 9: Plan, section and photographs Figure 14: Trench 10: Plan, sections and photograph Figure 15: Trench 11: Plan, sections and photographs Figure 16: Trench 12: Plan, section and photographs Figure 17: Trench 13: Plan, sections and photographs Figure 18: Trench 14: Plan, sections and photographs Figure 19: Trench 15: Plan, and photographs Figure 20: Trench 16; Plan, section and photographs Figure 21: Trench 17 Plan and photographs Figure 22: Trench 18 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 23: Trench 19 Plan and photographs Figure 24: Trench 20 Plan, section and photographs Figure 25: Trench 21 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 26: Trench 22 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 27: Trench 23 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 28: Trench 24 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 29: Trench 25 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 30: Trench 26 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 31: Trench 27 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 32: Trench 28 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 33: Trench 29 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 34: Trench 30 Plan, sections and photographs Figure 35: Trench 31 Plan, sections and photographs

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Site Background

1.1.1 Archaeology South-East (ASE) was commissioned by CgMs to undertake an archaeological evaluation on land at Manydown Farm, Basingstoke, Hampshire consisting of Area A (centred on NGR SU 5926 5142) and Area B (centred on NGR SU 6000 5271) see Figure 1.

1.1.2 During this phase of work a third area ‘Catern Crossroads Scheduled Monument’ was also investigated. This archaeological investigation is reported on separately (ASE 2016).

1.2 Geology and Topography

1.2.1 The British Geological Survey online (2016) indicates that the solid geology of the site comprises of Chalk derived from various formations. Localised deposits of superficial Clay with Flints Formation occur north of Worting Road and south of Pack Lane. 1.2.2 A small scale archaeological evaluation in the north-east corner of the site, in vicinity of Catern Crossroads, recorded the presence of a topsoil horizon 0.25m thick, directly overlying the chalk bedrock (Tempvs Reparatvm 1993).

1.2.3 Archaeological monitoring of pipeline excavations to the north of Worting Road within the western part of the site recorded an average soil profile consisting of c0.30m depth of topsoil, overlying c0.50m of subsoil sealing natural chalk (Network Archaeology 2009).

1.2.4 The topography of the site is undulating, with the highest ground lying close to the north-east site boundary at approximately 136m Above Ordnance Datum (AOD). The ground gradually drops away to the south-east, decreasing to an average of 116m AOD.

1.2.5 No watercourses or naturally occurring water courses have been identified within the site boundary.

1.3 Planning Background

1.3.1 It is proposed to develop land at Manydown, Basingstoke, Hampshire centred at SU 5927 5200 (Figure. 1). Following a geophysical survey of the site, it has been determined that a programme of archaeological trial trenching will be required in order to investigate concentrations of possible archaeological features identified and to establish the significance of such remains prior to determination of a proposed outline planning application for the site.

1.4 Scope of Report

1.4.1 This report details the findings of the archaeological evaluation carried out between 31st May to the 15th June 2016. The archaeological work was undertaken by Jake Wilson and Garett Sheehan (Archaeologist) with James Best, Letty smith, Chloe Ward, Richard Turnball, and Johnny Gardner

(Assistant Archaeologists) with survey done by Vasilis Tsamis and John Cook. The project was managed by Paul Mason (fieldwork) and by Jim Stevenson and Dan Swift (post-excavation).

2.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND

The following background material primarily derives from the Archaeological Desk Based Assessment (CGMS 2016a) for the site.

2.1 Palaeolithic

2.1.1 The Palaeolithic in Hampshire primarily derives from the study of worked stone tools, which have been discovered across the County. The greatest potential for inorth-southitu remains dating to this period derive from the Solent Basin and raised beached deposits within the south of the County. Restricted Palaeolithic evidence is associated with the Downland drift geology particularly around Basingstoke, and it has been suggested that there is the potential for relatively undisturbed contexts in this area, particularly on the clay with flint deposits.

2.1.2 A small number of isolated Palaeolithic artefacts have been recorded within the Site. One handaxe is listed on the ABHR as being recovered in proximity to Wortingwood Farm (19454, SU 460400 153000) in the northeast of the Site. Three handaxes and flake were found to the east of Worting in 1968, in the eastern part of the Site (59189, SU 460100 151900). A number of non-descript Palaeolithic worked flakes are recorded from the central area of the Site (20812, SU 459800 152320).

2.1.3 A scatter of Palaeolithic artefacts have been found at intervals within the Study Area. Four palaeoliths were found near Peveral Walk approximately 1.2km to the east of the Site (19450, SU 461750 151600), while a handaxe recovered a short distance to the south of this (59199, SU 461300 150800), and another handaxe was discovered on Worting Road Allotments (19452, SU 460000 151000) immediately to the southeast of the Site.

2.1.4 A Palaeolithic handaxe and palaeolith were found in two separate locations c1.6km to the south-east of the site (19642, SU 461800 150210; 20334, SU 461450 149800).

2.1.5 Two palaeoliths were collected as stray finds in the vicinity of the Battledown Scheduled Area to the south of the site boundary (20855, SU 459600 150400), with an isolated handaxe found further to the south (18776, SU 458920 148520).

2.1.6 Several retouched Palaeolithic flaked tools were recovered c1.4km to the west of the site boundary (20856, SU 456500 151600).

2.2 Mesolithic & Neolithic

2.2.1 A scatter of isolated flint artefacts dating to the Mesolithic and Neolithic have been found in proximity to Worting Wood in the northern part of the Site (20812, SU 459800152320; 35990, SU 460700 152500; 19454, SU

460400153000; 19542, SU 460000153000; 19543, SU 460410 153300; 65077, SU 459655 152934).

2.2.2 Multiple Mesolithic find spots have been recorded in the local landscape at the following locations:

 White House Farm c800m to the east (19505, 19615, SU 461000 151000);  Winklebury Park c1km to the east of the Site (19541, SU 461780 152480);  Buckskin c1.8km to the east (19506, SU 462000 151000);  Battledown c400m south (20817, SU 459500 150500);  Jeffery’s Copse c1.6km to the south (66113, SU 459000 149300);  Summerdown c1.4km to the west (20857, SU 456500 151600);  Piecer’s Copse c2.2km to the northwest (26371, SU 458000 155000);  Kite’s Hill c500m to the southeast (19490, SU 460000 151000).

2.2.3 Aerial photographic analysis has identified a possible Neolithic long barrow on Putting Green approximately 600m to the east of the Site (36308, SU 461040 152070).

2.2.4 More frequently encountered in the Study Area are isolated findspots associated with Neolithic worked flint, which have been recorded at the following locations:

 Park Prewett Hospital c800m to the northeast (19501, SU 461770 153830);  Peveral Walk to the east (19451, SU 461750 151600);  Buckskin Farm c800m to the east (19536, SU 460880 151120);  Seymour Road c1km southeast (58177, SU 461140 150550);  Down Grange c1.6km southeast (20288, 20289, SU 461450 149800);  Battledown c400m south (20855, SU 459600 150400);  Jeffery’s Copse c1.6km to the south (18774, SU 459360 149570; 18755, SU 459900 149300);  Fox Lane c100m to the west (20761, SU 458000 151000);  Ivy Down Lane c1.7km to the west (20805, SU 455850 151420; 20818, SU 456000 152000; 20857, SU 456500 151600);  Upper Wootton c2.2km to the northwest (20808, SU 457190 154230; 26372, SU 458000 155000).

2.3 Bronze Age

2.3.1 A possible ploughed out Bronze Age burial mound has been recorded within the site in proximity to the southern boundary (20815, SU 459210 151230).

2.3.2 There are several features dated to the Bronze Age period present a short distance outside the Site to the southwest. The most significant is the feature known at the White Barrow located a short distance of Mother’s Copse (1001834, 20813, SU 458808 151194), which has been designated as a Scheduled Monument. The bowl barrow consists of a Bronze Age burial mound 42m in diameter and stands approximately 2m high.

2.3.3 The significance of the designated White Barrow relates to its well preserved condition. Monuments of this type are thought to have been originally © Archaeology South-East UCL 3 Archaeology South-East Eval: Manydown Farm, Basingstoke, Hampshire Areas A and B ASE Report No: 2016323

constructed as prominent features in the landscape consisting of a chalk mound sealing the remains of a prominent tribal member. The monument was designed to be seen, and may have acted as physical reminder of cultural ownership of the landscape. Bowl barrows are a common feature in Lowland Britain, with approximately 10,000 examples currently recorded. The White Barrow is now located within a primarily agricultural landscape, with Mother’s Copse providing a backdrop to the north. The raised mound is now obscured by a dense concentration of young trees located on the mound.

2.3.4 Two other Bronze Age barrows have been recorded within 400m of the White Barrow. Aerial photography has identified a ploughed-out barrow to the south (20853, SU 458760 151090) while a second barrow, which survives to a height of 0.5m, is located to the southwest within Cow Down Copse (20854, SU 458270 150930).

2.3.5 Two Bronze Age ring ditches have been observed on aerial photographs to the south of Worting, within the site (37471, SU 459660 151410; 37473, SU 459640 151360). A third possible ring ditch has also been observed a short distance to the southwest of the Catern Crossroads Scheduled Monuments.

2.3.6 At Kite Hill seven ring ditches have been observed immediately outside the site (38006, SU 460120 151140; 38010, SU 460030 151090; 38011, 38012, SU 460200 151200; 38007, SU 460150 151130; 38008, SU 460150151090; 38009, SU 460170 151050).

2.3.7 Due to the susceptibility of the local chalk geology to develop cropmarks and aerial photographic analysis, a significant number of suspected Bronze Age barrows and ring ditches have been recorded within the Study Area.

2.3.8 The most significant group of Bronze Age barrows is located adjacent to Seymour Road approximately 1km to the southeast of the site within the surburbs of Basingstoke (1017907, 19625, SU 461150 150580). The barrow group consists of five round barrows enclosed by a U-shaped ditch, boarded by four other barrows. Due to the nature and survival of the remains, the barrow group has been designated as a Scheduled Monument. The barrows now occupy a public green, surrounded on all sides by a housing estate, which significantly restricts the setting of the monument.

2.3.9 The following Bronze Age barrows and ring ditches have been recorded within the study area:

 Kings Clere Road c600m to the north (19600, SU 460620 154250);  Queen’s Cottages c1.4km to the north (36033, SU 460510 155170);  Shothanger c1.4km to the north (19549, SU 460130 154780);  Weybrook Farm c600m to the northeast (19551, SU 461170 154260);  Buckskin c400m to the east, two barrows (19486, SU 460430 151180; 19485, SU 460390 151160).  Alliston Way c800m to the east, three barrows (19545, SU 460860 151163; 19475, SU 460867 151112; 19646, SU 460885 151088);  Holy Ghost Farm c800m to the southeast (19622, SU 460180 150130);  Kempshott c1.2km to the southeast (36375, SU 460760 149720);

 Pack Lane c100m to the south (37477, SU 459390 150770);  Battledown c600m to the south, seven barrows (20794, SU 459400 150170; 20795, SU 459420 150140; 20796, SU 459693 150246; 20797, SU 459700 150410; 20825, SU 459680 150280; 20826, SU 459730 150430; 54169, SU 459181 149935);  Jeffery’s Copse c1.6km to the south, ring ditch and barrow (63910, SU 459267 149199; 54166, SU 458854 149050);  Winchester Road c2km to the south, four barrows (63859, SU 459868 148693; 63860, SU 459854 148683; 39621, SU 459820 148670; 63667, SU 459799 148653);  Sourly Row c1.2km to the west (20852, SU 456840 151580);  Wych Hazel Copse c1.4km to the west (53978, SU 457420 153070);  Lockley Copse c2.8km to the west, ring ditch and barrow (20849, SU 456107 153036; 37462, SU 456070 153000);  Whitedown Farm c1km to the northwest (37467, SU 458710 154060);  Ibworth c2.2km to the northwest (20809, SU 457027 154161).

2.3.10 Three isolated Bronze Age burials, two of which are recorded as crouched inhumations, have been found to the east and southeast of the site within 800m (19612, SU 461400 153200; 19562, SU 461810 152660; 56450, SU 460288 149602).

2.3.11 Archaeological investigations within the study area have revealed a limited number of features positively identified as being Bronze Age in date. These consist of a V-shaped ditch at Weybrook Park Golf Course c1.1km north of the site (58105, SU 461020 154900), while four Bronze Age pits were recorded at Beechdown School c1.6km to the southeast (65939, SU 461580 149730). A small number of Bronze Age isolated flint arrowheads were found a short distance from Beechdown School (20335, SU 461450 149800).

2.4 Iron Age

2.4.1 Aerial photography has recorded a significant number of cropmarks occurring within the site, with the character of many of which indicate they represent Iron Age activity. One of these sets of cropmarks has been subject to a geophysical survey conducted in March 2015 (Wessex Archaeology 2015). The key results of the geophysical survey identified a suspected Iron Age banjo enclosure associated with two possible phases of settlement enclosure. Additionally, a rectilinear group of enclosures, related to a track or droveway were also observed. A series of discrete features such as possible pits were also detected (31306, SU 459966 152663; 31307, SU 459900 152600; 68500, SU 460015 152667; 64356, SU 460017 152641; 37456, SU 459900 152600; 37457, SU 459900 152600).

2.4.2 A more discreet series of cropmarks have been recorded immediately to the north of Worting believed to represent several small enclosures (36282, SU 460100 152100). Small scale excavations in close proximity to these features have discovered several ditches, postholes and pits associated with Iron Age pottery (39548, SU 462020 152010; 64454, SU 460050 152050) with further Iron Age pottery found nearby (20822, SU 459900 152000; 19491, SU 460200 151900). There is likely to be a direct relationship between the cropmarks and

the excavated evidence, with the implication that activity at this location continued into the Early Roman period.

2.4.3 In the area between Worting Road and the railway line, an extensive series of cropmarks have been recorded. The cropmarks appear to represent a concentration of probable Iron Age activity consisting of several curvilinear enclosures, a field system and droveway (37478, SU 459151 151434; 64346, SU 459240 151463; 64347, SU 459282 151362; 64348, SU 459390 151418). The cropmarks cover an area of approximately 12ha.

2.4.4 Three sets of Iron Age features have been recorded in the study area, the significance of which has warranted their designation as Scheduled Monuments. The largest of these Scheduled Monuments is associated with extensive cropmarks to the southeast of Battle Down Farm representing at least one Iron Age banjo enclosure and several other potentially smaller enclosures, possibly representing settlement activity (1001835, SU59640 50295; 20824, SU 459750 150350; 20827, SU 459750 150350).

2.4.5 The significance of the designated Battle Down Farm Scheduled Monument relates to the extensive survival archaeological features thought to be associated with a concentrated period of activity during the Iron Age. Contemporary Iron Age settlements on a similar scale appear regularly within the Chalk Downland landscape, being scattered at intervals to support the intensive agricultural utilisation of the area. The Winchester to Silchester Roman Road which forms the eastern boundary of the site, possibly follows an earlier Iron Age route way. On this basis the Iron Age settlement could be suggested as having a possible association with this alignment. Due to intensive modern agriculture all above ground features have been ploughed out, as such, no evidence for the settlement can be identified on the ground. On this basis the setting of the Scheduled Monument is limited

2.4.6 A group of cropmarks has been identified within a short distance of the site at Kite Hill. These are thought to represent the location of several additional Iron Age banjo enclosures and associated activity (19523, SU 460000 151300; 36293, SU 460110 151100). Undated linear and rectilinear features are also present in close proximity (36292, SU 460100 151200; 37474, SU 459860 151280).

2.4.7 A possible discrete Iron Age banjo enclosure, located c. 1.6km to the north of the site near Field Barn Farm, has been Scheduled based on aerial photographic analysis (1001802, SU 60102 54793; 19443, SU 460130 154780). A second, undated enclosure, also lies within the Scheduled area (36342, SU 460140 154750). The Field Barn Farm Scheduled Monument shares similar archaeological characteristics to those of the Battle Down Farm, although on a much reduced scale and lacking the immediate association with the Roman road. Due to the distance from the study site, intervening vegetation, and being located on the reverse slope away from the Study site, there is no intervisability between the site and the Field Barn Farm Scheduled Monument.

2.4.8 The Winklebury Camp Scheduled Monument is located approximately 400m to the east of the site. It represents the remains of an Iron Age univallate hillfort

and settlement (1003559, SU 61342 52750; 17571, SU 461290 152865). Hillforts are a common occurrence on the Chalk Downlands of Southern Britain, thought to represent fortified centres of tribal leaders, who exercised influence and control over the surrounding landscape. The hillfort is now occupied by Fort Hill School, surrounded on all sides by a housing estate, which significantly restricts the setting of the monument. Transitionary Late Iron Age/Early Roman occupation evidence consisting of ditches, pits and an inhumation burial were found immediately to the southwest of the hillfort (42706, SU 461190 152720).

2.4.9 In the study area to the north of the site a reasonable concentration of cropmarks have been recorded. Based on their form, they are thought to represent the location of further Iron Age enclosures and settlement (36064, SU 460620 154720; 65759, SU 460068 154351; 37466, SU 458800 153880; 65758, SU 459999 154104; 36296, SU 460040 154070: 36295, SU 460140 154030; 36343, SU 460400 154060; 36065, SU 461450 154430; 19950, SU 461170 154260). Intrusive investigations have also excavated concentrated remains in this area associated with Iron Age settlement and industrial activity (36398, SU 461100 153900; 64010, SU 461077 153887).

2.4.10 Multiple Late Iron Age or Early Roman enclosures have also been observed in the southern study area in close proximity to the Roman road (63604, SU 459084149820; 63605, SU 459229 149171; 63606, SU 458873 148773; 37862, SU 459510 148760).

2.4.11 An Iron Age field system, represented by cropmarks, has been recorded c250m to the west of the Site (20850, SU 458200 152250).

2.4.12 In the urbanised area of Basingstoke, evidence for Iron Age activity is represented by a regular discovery of numerous features and isolated finds, instead of cropmarks. Approximately 1km to the northeast of the site, isolated sherds of Iron Age or Early Roman pottery have been recovered (36094, SU 461600 154600), whereas excavations within 800m of the western site boundary at Old Kempshott Lane and Edgehill Close found ditches and postholes representing elements of settlement enclosures (60472, SU 460195 151340; 19466, SU 461065 151611).

2.4.13 Further to the southeast, in the vicinity of South Ham, c. 1.6km from the site, a number of scattered discrete pits, ditches and postholes are attributed to the to this period, plus isolated finds of pottery, coins and a spur have been identified (19487, SU 460880 151030; 19537, SU 461470 151140; 19489, SU 462000 151000; 19533, SU 462000 151000; 33560, SU 461500 150300).

2.4.14 An archaeological evaluation and subsequent excavation at Oakley, c.1.6km to the southwest of the site, excavated a series of Iron Age features, consisting of pits, ditches and postholes, suggesting that low density occupation was taking place (57689, 58086, SU 457300 150150). An isolated Iron Age coin was found to the southeast of Oakley (18703, SU 458050 149630).

2.4.15 The Harrow Way, an accepted prehistoric route way, is believed to follow the course of the modern Pack Lane, to the south of the site.

2.4.16 The HER indicates that within the study area are a number of prehistoric cropmarks and flint scatters. As much as these results support the interpretation of extensive prehistoric utilisation of the landscape, individually, they do not alter the potential for activity within the site during these periods. On this basis, these HER entries have not been directly referenced.

2.4.17 By the Iron Age there appears to be a high density of occupation of the local landscape, with a regular pattern of settlements and former enclosures present. Within the site, there is evidence for extensive Iron Age settlement activity occurring in the central and southeast parts, with a high potential for similar activity occurring elsewhere within the site.

2.5 Roman

2.5.1 There is likely to be a high degree of continuity between the Iron Age and Roman periods, with many of the settlements and enclosures likely to continue in use into at least the early Roman period.

2.5.2 In the northeast of the site two sets of rectangular cropmarks, representing enclosures, were recorded by aerial photography in the immediate vicinity of the Catern Crossroads, and initially interpreted as possible remains of a Roman building or villa. On the basis of this evidence it was decided that the area covered by the two rectangular crop marks should be designated as a Scheduled Monument (1001855, SU 60754 53431, SU 60979 53560; 19453, SU 460750 153437; Appendix 2). A geophysical survey undertaken in 2014 (Wessex Archaeology 2014) has identified that the two sets of cropmarks consist of two rectangular enclosures, with no evidence of masonry building remains present. The key features identified were the enclosure ditches themselves, although few conclusive archaeological anomalies were detected within the enclosure. A field evaluation, consisting of a limited geophysical survey and trial trenching immediately to the south of the northeast Scheduled area, was undertaken in 1993 to assist in characterising the age and nature of archaeological remains near to the Scheduled Monument. The trial trenches targeted the limited number of anomalies identified on the geophysical survey, resulting in the identification of three northeast-southwest orientated ditches and a corn drier in Trench 1, with two additional east-west ditch alignments recorded in Trenches 4, 5 and 8. Pottery dating to the 3rd and 4th century AD was recovered from the features in Trench 1. No further finds were recovered from the remaining features. The remaining trenches did not contain any archaeological features (Tempvs Reparatvm 1993; 36280, SU 460730 153450; 33555, SU 461000 153500). The results of the evaluation strongly imply that, the Scheduled remains represent agricultural enclosures potentially dating to the Later Roman period. A Roman coin dating to the 3rd century AD has also been found nearby (36402, SU 461000 153500).

2.5.3 The archaeological remains designated at Catern Crossroads were originally believed to represent a series or Roman buildings or a villa and therefore of high (national) significance. The recent geophysical evidence and reinterpretation of the type of remains represented indicate they are agricultural enclosures, which are much more common monument type and can be considered to be of lesser significance. Like the earlier Iron Age enclosures at Battle Down Farm, these enclosures occurred regularly across

the landscape, and were integrated into an intensely utilised agricultural landscape. Enclosures from this period of equivalent size are well attested to on the Hampshire Chalk Downland (Palmer 1984). The features at Catern Crossroads have also be subject to heavy ploughing during the 20th century resulting in no visible above ground features, severely restricting the setting of the monument.

2.5.4 There is some indication that further Roman activity could be occurring within the study site in association with the cropmarks recorded to the north of Worting. Some of the linear features identified could be Roman in origin (36282, SU 460100 152100), while a Roman coin and brooch have been found nearby (19628, SU 460100 152100; 64454, SU 460050 152050).

2.5.5 The alignment of the Winchester to Silchester Roman road follows the alignment of the modern road which forms part of the eastern site boundary, and would have been contemporary focal point of activity (Margary 1955; 17569, SU 460700 152500; 29813, SU 459900 150260).

2.5.6 Based on the recovery of masonry, high status finds and aerial photographic evidence, the location of two possible Roman villas have been identified within the wider study area. One possible villa building is located c.1km to the north of the site at Weybrook Park Golf Course (19498, SU 460699 154779; 19499, SU 460660 154860), with a second possible villa and spread of finds at Small’s Copse, c.1.6km to the south (18704, SU 458940148610; 37865, SU 458916 148815).

2.5.7 A possible Roman farmstead with associated cremation, corn drier and domestic debris was found during an archaeological evaluation at Park Prewett Hospital c.600m to the northeast of the site (35983, 35984, SU 461600 153600; 63554, SU 461716 153677). Other contemporary discoveries nearby within the Prewett Park Estate include further cremations, isolated pits and a scatter of pottery (19634, SU 460790 153870; 19526, SU 461200 154050; 19630, SU 461500 153950; 19528, SU 461060 153820; 63556, SU 461949 153638, 19635, SU 462400 153100).

2.5.8 Aerial photographic evidence and a concentration of Roman finds have located the site of a possible Roman building near Worting Road c800m to the east of the Site (19455, SU 461100 151650), with a small cremation cemetery found nearby (19456, SU 461158 151650). An inhumation interred within a Roman sarcophagus was discovered c.800m to the northeast of this location (19643, SU 461790 152480), while a scattering of Roman pottery and a loom weight have been recovered in the vicinity (36401, SU 461000 152000; 19504 SU 462100 151550; 19641, SU 461470151140; 19442, SU 461670 151010).

2.5.9 Following the alignment of the Roman road to the south, other isolated Roman finds and ditch have been identified (20759, SU 459750 150450; 19624, SU 460000 150000; 63858, SU 459510 149028).

2.5.10 Archaeological investigations at Oakley, c.1.6km to the southwest of the site, found a fence line and pit thought to be Roman in origin (58086, SU 457300 150150), with Roman pottery recovered during a separate archaeological investigation a short distance to the southeast (39590, SU 457350 150080).

2.5.11 A Roman coin was recovered adjacent to Summer Down Lane c.1.8km to the west of the site (20799, SU 456000 152000).

2.5.12 The HER data suggests that there are high levels continuity between the Iron Age and Roman periods within the study area, and this is likely to be true for the study site as well. There appears to be defined concentrations of Roman activity in proximity of the Catern Crossroads and Worting in the northeast and eastern parts of the site, and similar continuity may occur on the cropmark sites in the central and southern parts of the site. The eastern boundary of the site, directly adjacent to Roman road, will also have increased potential for contemporary activity.

2.6 Anglo-Saxon

2.6.1 The settlement at Worting is first documented in AD 960 as Wyrithingas (28362, SU 460100 151800).

2.6.2 There is a vague record lodged with the ABHR indicating that several skeletons, believed to be Anglo-Saxon in date were found during the construction of a new road over Rooks Down. The ABHR only provides a general location suggesting this may have occurred somewhere in the northeast part of the site or beyond (the main area of Rooks Down lies beyond the northeast boundary of the site). The location of the new road or provenance of the human remains have never been confirmed (19593, SU 460000 153000).

2.6.3 Woodgarston Farm, c.1.8km to the northwest of the site, is documented in AD 945 as the settlement of Wealagacrstun (41513, SU 458400 155000).

2.6.4 The village of Oakley, to the southwest of the site, is documented in AD 970 associated with the name Aelea (41064, SU 456700 150300). Owing to the age of the settlement, the eastern part of Oakley is associated with both an ‘Area of High Archaeological Potential’ and two ‘Areas of Archaeological Potential’.

2.6.5 The settlement of Wootton St. Lawrence, immediately to the northwest of the site, is first documented in AD 990 as being the location a farmstead known as Wudatun (28326, SU 459185 153256). Due to this potential, the village of Wootton St. Lawrence has been identified as an ‘Area of High Archaeological Potential’.

2.6.6 The Parish boundary between Oakley and Wootton St. Lawrence is visible as a cropmark and may have been established during the Anglo-Saxon period (37492, SU 457620 152480). The historic boundary between the Parishes of Wootton St. Lawrence and Worting cross the site towards the western boundary, north to south, and may have also been established at a similar time.

2.6.7 An isolated Anglo-Saxon inhumation burial was found at East Ham c.1.8km to the east of the site (19687, SU 462470 151880).

2.6.8 A handful of residual Anglo-Saxon pottery was found at Park Prewett Hospital to the northeast of the site (63554, SU 461716 153677).

2.6.9 As elsewhere, evidence for the utilisation of the local landscape appears to decline significantly in the post-Roman period. There is a possibility of isolated Anglo-Saxon burials present within the northeast part of the site, and contemporary field boundaries in the vicinity of Worting and Wootton St. Lawrence.

2.7 Late Medieval

2.7.1 The Domesday Book of 1086 lists the village of Worting as being a settlement of medium size containing 15 households, with land for 4 plough teams, and a church (28362, SU 460100 151800; 19496, SU 460070 151790). The Domesday Book also indicates that the settlement at Wootton St. Lawrence was substantially larger than Worting at this time, containing 55 households and 17 plough teams.

2.7.2 A Medieval nail was found during fieldwalking in the northeast corner of the site (36402, SU 461000 153500).

2.7.3 A Medieval ringwork defensive feature has been identified at Mount Pleasant located approximately 2km to the northwest of the site (1001915, SU 58453 55077; 20940, SU 458450 155070). The ringwork is 40m in diameter and stands 2.5m above ground level. Nationally 200 examples have been recorded. The ringwork has been designated as a Scheduled Monument due to its rarity and good level of preservation. The ringwork would have originally acted as a strong point in the landscape to control movement and protect local assets. In this example, the setting of the ringwork is likely to be primarily associated with the route of the Kingsclere Road, the line of which is likely to have connected contemporary settlements. Due to the distance from the study site and intervening vegetation, there is no intervisability between the site and the Mount Pleasant Scheduled Monument.

2.7.4 Other Medieval settlements and farmsteads recorded in the study area are Oakley to the southwest (associated with an ‘Area of High Archaeological Potential’) (41065, SU457310 150100), Parkdown and Breach Farm to the south (41061, SU 458000 149200; 41061, SU 458400 149800), Kempshott and Hatch to the southeast (28348, SU 460500 149500; 33616, SU 460555 148994; 33612, SU 460581 148964), South Ham and West Ham to the east (38645, SU 461900 151400; 38646, SU 461900 151400), Shothanger Farm to the north (41091, SU 460120 154460), and Tangier House and Sheardown Farm (41514, SU 458100 153100; 41066, SU 456600 153000). These settlements lie in excess of 600m from the site.

2.7.5 The presence of a grand building at Manydown House is documented as early as 1287, c.400m from the western site boundary (31318, SU 458300 152500). The site is also associated with a later Deer Park (31317, SU 458300 152500).

2.7.6 Medieval Deer Parks are recorded at Malshanger to the west (54127, SU 456900 152450) and Privet to the northeast (54126, SU 461800 154000).

2.7.7 Aerial photographic analysis has recorded possible medieval or later cropmarks, associated with field systems, to the south of the site (63940, SU 459095 148885; 63943, SU 459273 148736), while contemporary linear ditches have been observed to the west (37866, SU 457079 149581; 63939, SU 457532 149598).

2.7.8 An isolated Medieval copper alloy spur was found a short distance outside the site to the east (39551, SU 460100 151250).

2.7.9 The evidence for medieval activity within the study area indicates that the landscape was predominately agricultural in nature, containing scattered settlements and farmsteads. The only concentration of activity within the site would have been associated with the settlement at Worting.

2.8 Post-Medieval & Modern

2.8.1 The remains of a Post-Medieval fencing line and trackway were identified during archaeological monitoring during the instillation of a pipeline a short distance beyond the western site boundary (Network Archaeology 2009; 60255, SU 458414 152163; 60266, SU 458445 151971). No other features of archaeological interest were identified within the site during the monitoring.

2.8.2 Taylor’s map of 1759 is the earliest map depicting the area of the site. The map indicates that in the mid-18th century the study area primarily consisted of open ground, probably in use for agriculture, with a scattering of wooded areas especially in the southern part of the site. The key arterial routes of Roman Road and Worting Road are present crossing the site. Worting is marked as a small group of buildings to the west of the Roman Road/Worting Road junction. Worting Church and Worting House with its formal avenue of trees are depicted (51714, SU 459928 151999). By 1791 the study area had changed little.

2.8.3 The 1808 Ordnance Survey Drawing depicts the site as a patchwork of fields, which appear to be a mix of arable and pasture, with several parcels of woodland in the northern part of the site. The settlement of Worting remains discrete, with isolated properties marked at intervals along Worting Road to the west. A small hamlet is now marked to the east of Worting Wood. The layout of the site remained unaltered by 1826.

2.8.4 The extensive rural character of the site is confirmed by the 1838 Worting Tithe map and 1845 Wootton St. Lawrence Tithe map. Concentrations of woodland are still apparent within the eastern part of the site within the Parish of Wootton St. Lawrence. The line of the Basingstoke Railway is now apparent. The location of cottage recorded on the Wootton St. Lawrence Tithe map is recorded within the Site on the northwest boundary (60899, SU 459460 153170).

2.8.5 By 1876 the site has changed little, baring the clearance of woodland in the southern part of the site. The layout of the site changes very little up to the present.

2.9 Previous Archaeological Investigation

2.9.1 During 2014 and 2015, several phases of geophysical survey were undertaken on the site. In late 2014 and early 2015 Wessex Archaeology undertook surveys of the cropmarks at Worting Wood (Wessex Archaeology 2014) and the Scheduled cropmarks at Catern Crossroads (Wessex Archaeology 2015), while a site wide survey was undertaken late in 2015 (GSB 2015). The surveys identified three key concentrations of archaeological remains within the site consisting of Areas A &, B, plus the Scheduled remains at Catern Crossroads. A fourth concentration of features to the south of the railway line will now fall outside the area of development. The 2015 GSB survey also identified an extensive scatter of linear and discrete features across the site (Figure. 2).

2.10 Project Aims and Objectives

2.10.1 The aims of this archaeological evaluation was to establish whether any archaeological evidence survives on the site and, as far as is reasonably possible, the location, form, extent, date, character, condition, significance and quality of any surviving archaeological remains, irrespective of period, liable to be threatened by the proposed development.

2.10.2 The evaluation should also seek to clarify the nature and extent of existing disturbance and intrusions and hence assess the degree of archaeological survival of buried deposits and any surviving structures of archaeological significance.

2.10.3 Within these parameters, the evaluation of this site presented an opportunity to address the following objectives:

1) To establish the presence or otherwise of activity pre-dating the Iron Age period.

2) To establish the presence or otherwise of activity dating to the Iron Age period. Can the activity be defined? Are the features identified indicative of settlement and agricultural activity? How does this relate to similar activity occurring in proximity to the study site?

3) To establish the presence or otherwise of activity dating to the Roman period. What type of activity can be identified? Is there evidence of a continuity of activity from the Iron Age through into the Roman period?

4) To establish the presence or otherwise of activity dating to the Anglo- Saxon or medieval periods.

5) To establish the environmental context of the deposits identified, including provision for geoarchaeological sampling/analysis of appropriate deposits at the site.

6) Evaluate the likely impact of past land use and development.

7) Provide sufficient information to, if appropriate, construct an archaeological mitigation strategy.

8) To establish whether any of the archaeological remains merit preservation within the development/ might be positively incorporated into the design/layout.

9) To establish whether any of the archaeological remains would represent an unreasonable burden unsuitable for a condition.

3.0 ARCHAEOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY

3.1 Fieldwork Methodology

3.1.1 Trenches were excavated as close as possible to their proposed locations. No alterations were required. See Figures 2-4

3.1.2 The trench locations were scanned prior to excavation using a Cable Avoidance Tool (CAT) operated by accredited ASE personnel.

3.1.3 Trenches were excavated by a tracked machine fitted with a toothless ditching bucket under archaeological supervision, grading in spits of no more than 200mm at a time until the first archaeological horizon or natural geology was reached.

3.1.4 In Trenches 12 and 20 a sondage was placed at the end of the trench to assess the varying geological deposits and accurately determine the correct depths of the geological horizon.

3.1.5 All spoil was placed at a minimum of 0.5m away from the trench edge and separated between topsoil and subsoil as per the contractor’s request.

3.1.6 All deposits both geological and archaeological were recorded using standard ASE context sheets with colours recorded by visual inspection only. A digital photographic record was made of the trenches.

3.1.7 Environmental samples were taken from suitable deposits as they were encountered.

3.1.8 Trenches were located and levelled using a GPS and tied into the Ordnance Survey.

3.1.9 Spoil heaps and trench bases were scanned by eye, for unstratified artefacts.

3.1.10 All spoil heaps and opened trenches were scanned with a metal detector for any unstratified finds.

3.1.11 Human remains that were recovered were recorded but left in situ, covered and then backfilled.

3.2 Archive

3.2.1 The site archive is currently held at the offices of ASE and will be deposited at an appropriate local museum in due course.

Number of Contexts 293 No. of files/paper record 267 Plan and sections sheets 0 Colour photographs 0 B&W photos 0 Digital photos 347 Permatrace sheets 13 Trench Record Forms 31

Table 1: Quantification of site archive

4.0 RESULTS

4.1 Geology and overburden

4.1.1 The natural geology was the same throughout site and comprised a solid white chalk layer with very infrequent flint inclusion.

4.1.2 A layer of loose ploughed topsoil forms the only overburden for the sites. This comprised of a dark brown-grey silty clay with infrequent amounts of chalk fragments and flint fragments spread evenly throughout ranging from a depth of 0.23m-0.4m.

4.1.3 Truncation in the form of plough marks was observed cut into the natural geology and archaeological features in sites A and B.

4.1.4 All trenches were targeted on Archaeology identified by the geophysical survey.

4.1.5 Trenches varied in length as per the methodology stated in the WSI. The length of every trench is noted beneath the corresponding results table.

4.2 Trench 1 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 1/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.23-0.26 169.47-169.22 1/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 169.47-169.22 1/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.65 0.5 1/004 Fill Fill, primary 1 1.45 0.5 1/005 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1.32 0.21 121.8 1/006 Cut Gully 1 0.53 0.22 1/007 Fill Fill 1 0.53 0.22 122.07 1/008 Cut Ditch 1 0.9 0.37 1/009 Fill Fill, secondary 1 0.9 0.37 121.69 1/010 Cut Grave cut 0.45 0.45 0.2 1/011 Fill Fill 0.45 0.65 0.2 121.62 1/012 Cut Ditch 1 2.3 0.7 1/013 Fill Fill, primary 1 1.55 0.28 1/014 Fill Fill, secondary 1 2.3 0.7 1/015 Skeleton Inhumation trench trench 0

Table 2: Trench 1 list of recorded contexts

4.2.1 Trench 1 was located on a northeast-southwest alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Several features were observed cut into the chalk natural within the centre of the trench (Figure 5).

4.2.2 Possibly the earliest feature within the intercutting ditches is grave cut [1/010]. Being truncated by [1/003] the top of the fill was lost but the tibia, tarsal bones

and the metatarsal bones of an articulated human skeleton were observed within the L.O.E. This was covered by a loose silt-clay backfill [10/011] with frequent chalk and flint but no artificial inclusions.

4.2.3 Between the two large ditches [1/003] and [1/012] a small concave gully [1/006] was observed running on a straight North-South alignment. It contained a single light-mid brown silty chalk fill with a small amount pottery recovered dating from late Iron Age-Roman. It was truncated by both ditches [1/008] and [1/012].

4.2.4 Truncating gully [1/006] on its western side is ditch [1/008], a moderate sized linear with both of its edges lost to intercutting ditches [1/003] and [1/012]. It contained a single fill [1/009] of mid-light brown silt clay with moderate flint and chalk inclusion. Pottery was also recovered from the base of the fill dating from late Iron Age-Roman and FCF was also noted within fill.

4.2.5 Truncating Ditch [1/008] on its eastern edge is a large roughly concave ditch [1/012]. Running on an north-south alignment it contained two fills; a natural slumping fill [1/013] of brown-grey very silty clay with frequent amounts of chalk inclusion throughout with no finds or artificial inclusions present. Sitting above this fill was upper fill [1/014] a mid-light brown silt-clay deposit found to have contained animal bone, frequent amounts of FCF and pottery dating from late Iron Age-Roman.

4.2.6 Within the centre of the trench a large concave sided ditch [1/003] was running on a north-south alignment and looks to be the latest feature within a series of intercutting ditches [1/008], [1/012], gully [1/006], and grave cut [1/010]. It contained two fills; [1/004] was the lower fill of the ditch comprised of a light brown chalky silt with moderate to frequent chalk inclusion within, moderate amounts of FCF was also recovered. [1/005] was the small upper fill of [1/004] situated within the western edge of the cut, a silty mid-brown clay fill with frequent chalk inclusions within. Finds were recovered and include pottery (from both fills) dating to late Iron Age-Roman, small amounts of CBM and a small amount of slag.

4.3 Trench 2 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 2/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.31-0.45 172.62-172.57 2/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 172.30-172.28 2/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.35 0.4 125.48 2/004 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1.35 0.4 2/005 Cut Ditch 1 1 0.2 125.75 2/006 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1 0.2 2/007 Cut Pit 0.9 0.3 0.2 125.66 2/008 Fill Fill, secondary 0.9 0.3 0.2

Table 3: Trench 2 list of recorded contexts

4.3.1 Trench 2 was located on a northwest-southeast alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Three features were observed cutting the chalk (Figure 6).

4.3.2 [2/003] is the cut of a moderate sized ditch running on an northwest-southeast alignment through the trench, it contained one silty clay fill [2/004] which is of a mid-grey/brown colour with small but frequent amounts of chalk inclusion within. No artificial inclusions were observed.

4.3.3 To the north of this ditch is an intercutting pit [2/007] and ditch [2/005]. While both these features are not substantial in depth the relationship was observed with the pit [2/007] being the earlier of the two features. [2/007] contained a single fill of mid-brown silt clay [2/008] with frequent chalk inclusions within, but no artificial inclusions were observed.

4.3.4 Ditch [2/005] ran on a northeast-southwest alignment and also contained a single fill of grey-brown silt-clay with moderate amounts of chalk inclusion. No finds recovered within this feature.

4.4 Trench 3 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 3/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.35-0.40 165.65-165.55 3/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 165.37-165.32 3/003 Cut Ditch 1 0.84 0.35 118.51 3/004 Fill Fill, secondary 1 0.84 0.35 117.72 3/005 Cut Pit 1.1 0.9 0.39 3/006 Fill Fill, secondary 1.1 0.9 0.39 167.12 3/007 Cut Ditch 1 4.2 0.9 3/008 Fill Fill, secondary 1 4.2 0.9

Table 4: Trench 3 list of recorded contexts

4.4.1 Trench 3 was located on a northwest-southeast alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Three features were observed cut into the chalk natural (Figure 7).

4.4.2 [3/003] is the cut of a moderate sized sloping V-shaped ditch running on a northeast-southwest alignment. Had slight irregularities at its base caused by the weathering of the chalk and was truncating pit [3/005]. [3/003] contained a single fill of a firm light brown silty clay with moderate chalk inclusions and irregular and infrequent amounts of flint. Was very similar to [3/006] with no finds recovered from this feature. This ditch was cutting pit [3/005] which was a moderately sized oval discrete which contained one fill that is very similar to [3/004] consisting of a brown silt-chalk fill with moderate amounts of chalk but no artificial inclusions.

4.4.3 Within the southern end of Trench 3 was a large V-shaped enclosure ditch [3/007] with steep edges on the northern edge, which slightly eases off on the southern edge. Within [3/007] was a single homogeneous fill [3/008] of light brown-grey silty chalk. There were no artificial inclusions within the fill but frequent chalk and flint throughout.

4.5 Trench 4 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 4/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.30-0.40 166.83 4/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 4/003 Cut Ditch 1 0.9 0.34 119.21 4/004 Fill Fill, secondary 1 0.9 0.34 4/005 Cut Ditch 1 0.69 0.21 119.36 4/006 Fill Fill, secondary 1 0.69 0.21 4/007 Cut Pit 1.2 1 0.5 119.38 4/008 Fill Fill, secondary 1.2 1 0.5 4/009 Cut Ditch 1 0.8 0.5 119.11 4/010 Fill Fill, secondary 1 0.8 0.5 4/011 Cut Ditch 1 0.8 0.35 119.92 4/012 Fill Fill, secondary 1 0.8 0.35

Table 5: Trench 4 list of recorded contexts

4.5.1 Trench 4 was located on a northwest-southeast alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Four features were noted cut into the chalk natural, two that were identified by the geophysical survey [4/003] [4/011] and two that were not (Figure 8).

4.5.2 [4/003] is the cut of a large sub-square enclosure ditch that appears in the south-west of trench 4. Concave in shape it contained a single loose brown fill of silty clay [4/004]. Infrequent chalk was present throughout with animal bone and pottery dating from late Iron-Age/Roman found within the ditch fill as well.

4.5.3 [4/005] is a slightly smaller ditch that run parallel to [4/003] and may be part of the same enclosure system. Running on a west-northwest-east-southeast alignment this feature had a concave profile and base and contained a single fill [4/006], this consisted of a loose grey-brown clay with a moderate amount of chalk inclusion. Small amounts of abraded pottery dating to late Iron- Age/Roman were recovered along with animal bone.

4.5.4 Within the centre of the trench extending past the limit of excavation is pit [4/007]. A moderate sized pit, it was truncated by [4/009] at its eastern edge. [4/007] contained a single fill [4/008] of grey-brown clay with moderate-frequent chalk inclusions. Pottery dating from late Iron-Age/Roman and animal bone were also recovered from the bottom half of the fill.

4.5.5 Truncating pit [4/007] is the curvilinear terminus [4/009], unusual in its shape in plan compared to other surrounding features its concave base and sides are similar to other features within this trench. This ditch consisted of a single homogeneous fill [4/010] which is near identical to the fill of [4/008], inclusions included moderate chalk, infrequent flint, animal bone and pottery dated to late Iron-Age/Roman.

4.5.6 In the Northern end of Trench 4 was a moderately sized enclosure ditch [4/011]

which possibly makes up the enclosure with ditch [4/003]. Filled with a single secondary fill [41/012] of brown silty clay, two pieces of pottery were recovered dating to late Iron-Age/Roman.

4.6 Trench 5 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height

5/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.36-0.45 167.65-167.86

5/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 167.23-167.58

5/003 Cut Ditch 1 1 0.38 120.66

5/004 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1 0.38

5/005 Cut Ditch 1 1.5 0.35

5/006 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1.5 0.35

5/007 Cut Pit 1.1 1.55 0.3 120.25

5/008 Fill Fill, secondary 1.1 1.55 0.3

Table 6: Trench 5 list of recorded contexts

4.6.1 Trench 5 was located on an east-west alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Two ditches were observed cut within the natural and a moderate sized pit on the western edge also noted (Figure 9).

4.6.2 Within the centre of the trench is the double ditch [5/003] and [5/005] that ran parallel next to each other on an north-south alignment. [5/003] was a moderately sized ditch and was filled with a single secondary fill [5/004] of mid- brown silt clay with infrequent chalk and flint inclusions with no artificial inclusions observed.

4.6.3 Ditch [5/005] is of similar dimensions as [5/003] and ran on the same alignment (north-south). With a similar profile to [5/003] it was filled with a single fill brown silt clay [5/006] which had various inclusions both geological including frequent amounts of chalk and flint and pottery dating to late Iron-Age/Roman, FCF and animal bone.

4.6.4 Within the western edge of Trench 5, underneath an area of disturbance from ploughing a moderate sized pit [5/007] was encountered containing a possible disturbed Roman cremation. Pit [5/007] was a wide but relatively shallow concave pit with a sloping concave base. The fill [5/008] was of a light grey- brown colour and a silty clay deposit with small amounts of chalk throughout. Fragments of a single Roman flagon was encountered and sampling of the pit fill in close proximity to these remains <4> produced small quantities of burnt bone.

4.7 Trench 6 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 6/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.34-0.40 169.47-168.11 6/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 169.08-167.87 6/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.9 0.75 121.11 6/004 Fill Fill 1 0.62 0.25 6/005 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1.9 0.5 6/006 Cut Gully 1 0.42 0.33 122.05 6/007 Fill Fill 1 0.42 0.33 6/008 Cut Ditch 1 1.2 0.23 121.97 6/009 Fill Fill 1 1.2 0.23 6/010 Deposit Subsoil 1 1.95 0.25

Table 7: Trench 6 list of recorded contexts

4.7.1 Trench 6 was located on a north-south alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length.

4.7.2 Four features were observed cutting the natural [6/002], three were excavated while the southernmost linear had already been characterised in Trench 5 as [5/003] (Figure 10).

4.7.3 The centremost area of the trench contained one feature [6/003] that ran on an east-west alignment. [6/003] is the cut of a large ditch running throughout the site and forms a trackway with ditch [6/008]. Ditch [6/003] had a V-shaped profile and contained two fills; the base [6/004] which was a light brown silty chalk fill with frequent chalk inclusions and infrequent flint. The upper fill [6/005] also was a dark brown silt-chalk with charcoal inclusions throughout. Pottery was also recovered dating from late Iron-Age/Roman along with animal bone and FCF.

4.7.4 Directly north of [6/003] was the cut of a small gully [6/006] on the same orientation as [6/003] and [6/008]. A concave profile and base this was filled with a single mixed fill [6/007] of dark brown silty chalk, almost no inclusions except for some small amount of pottery recovered dating from late Iron- Age/Roman this fill was truncated by ditch [6/008].

4.7.5 The second part of the trackway ditch [6/008] was a large concave linear on an east-west alignment. It contained one single fill; the base deposit [6/009] which consisted of a firm and brittle chalky-silt with little to no inclusions of flint and chalk

4.7.6 Both ditch [5/006] and gully [5/008] had a very small layer of trample that overlays both [6/010]. This had a similar consistency to the previous fills except that this was a slightly darker brown and fairly loose above the two linears.

4.8 Trench 7 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 7/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.30-0.40 7/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 123.15 7/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.8 0.6 122.49 7/004 Fill Fill 1 1.8 0.35 7/005 Fill Fill 1 1.8 0.25 7/006 Cut Pit 1 0.91 0.3 122.74 7/007 Fill Fill 1 0.91 0.3 7/008 Cut Pit 0.8 0.8 0.6 122.63 7/009 Fill Fill 0.8 0.8 0.6

Table 8: Trench 7 list of recorded contexts

4.8.1 Trench 7 was located on an east-west alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Three features were observed cutting the natural [7/002] (Figure 11).

4.8.2 The centre of Trench 7 contained a large ditch [7/003] on an north-south alignment truncating a moderately sized pit on its western edge. Ditch [7/003] was a straight sloped concave based ditch that formed part of an enclosure ditch within the centre of site, it also truncates pit [7/006] on its western edge. [7/003] contained two fills; a base fill [7/004] of light grey-brown silty clay with frequent chalk inclusions and no finds and an upper fill of [7/005] of an orange- brown silty clay. [7/005] also had a large amount of artificial inclusions within including pottery dating to late Iron-Age/Roman, animal bone, FCF, CBM fragments and a small iron spud/hoe head.

4.8.3 Pit [7/006] is a small rounded concave pit that was cut by ditch [7/003]. No finds within its light grey brownorth-southilty clay fill [7/007] but frequent chalk and flint inclusion throughout.

4.8.4 Within the eastern edge of the trench a small oval pit [7/008] cuts the chalk natural [7/002]. With straight sides it dives directly down where excavation was stopped due to access to the feature. Pit contained a single homogeneous fill of silty chalk [7/009] with some infrequent inclusion of charcoal throughout and large pieces of flint within the upper end of the fill. Pottery recovered dating from late Iron-Age/Roman.

4.9 Trench 8 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 8/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.30-0.35 8/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8

Table 8: Trench 1 list of recorded contexts

4.9.1 Trench 8 was located on an east-northeast-west-southwest alignment within the centre of the site and measured 30m x 1.8m in length (Figure 12).

4.9.2 Two linear ditches were observed cutting the natural [8/002]. These were left unexcavated within this trench and excavated within Trench 7 [7/003] and Trench 9 as [9/003] respectively.

4.10 Trench 9 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 9/001 Layer Topsoil 40 1.8 0.35-0.40 9/002 Layer Natural 40 1.8 9/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.4 0.8 9/004 Fill Fill 1 0.6 0.4 9/005 Fill Fill 1 1.4 0.4

Table 9: Trench 1 list of recorded contexts

4.10.1 Trench 9 was located on a north-south alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Two features were observed cutting the natural [9/002]. The northern example which appeared to comprise a ditch-like feature was not archaeologically investigated (Figure 13).

4.10.2 The south of Trench 9 contained a single V-shaped ditch running on an east- west alignment. This ditch had two fills; the base fill [9/004] consisting of a loose light-brown slit clay with occasional small chalk inclusions and animal bone and pottery dating from late Iron-Age/Roman were also recovered. Upper fill [9/005] consisted of a friable mid-brown clay-slit with moderate chalk and charcoal inclusions throughout, pottery was also found near the base of the fill.

4.11 Trench 10 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 10/001 Layer Topsoil 40 1.8 0.28-0.37 10/002 Layer Natural 40 1.8 127.28 10/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.25 0.49 125.78 10/004 Fill Fill 1 0.96 0.27 10/005 Fill Fill 1 1.25 0.4 10/006 Cut Ditch 1 0.59 0.21 127.02 10/007 Fill Fill 1 0.59 0.21 10/008 Cut Ditch 1 1.01 0.45 126.75 10/009 Fill Fill 1 0.37 0.14 10/010 Fill Fill 1 1.01 0.45

Table 11: Trench 10 list of recorded contexts

4.11.1 Trench 10 was located on an north-south alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Three features were observed cutting the natural [10/002] (Figure 14).

4.11.2 Within the south of Trench 10 was a single east-west aligned ditch [10/003] which formed part of an enclosure ditch with [10/006] and [10/008]. A moderate V-shaped ditch it had two fills; a basal fill [10/004] and an upper fill [10/005]. Base fill [10/004] was a moderate secondary fill, lining the base of [10/003] it was a dark brown, firm, compact chalk clay fill with frequent chalk inclusions throughout. No archaeology was observed within. Upper fill [10/005] was a looser, softer light-brown clay fill with moderate amounts of flint and chalk inclusions and a small amount of animal bone within the upmost area of the fill.

4.11.3 The centre of Trench 10 was blank until the small gully [10/006] within the northern end of the trench. Running on an East-west alignment and parallel to both [10/003] and [10/008] it was a small concave profiled linear with a moderate-steep break of slope. Containing just one fill [10/007] it was a loose, friable silty clay deposit with moderate-frequent chalk inclusions. No artificial inclusions present.

4.11.4 Directly north of [10/006] was a larger ditch [10/008] running on an east-west alignment with a similar V-shaped profile to [10/003]. A moderate to steep break of slope and a flat base, it held two fills [10/009] and [10/010]. [10/009] was the base fill comprised of a compact light-brown silty clay with infrequent chalk and flint inclusions throughout. No artificial inclusions present.

4.12 Trench 11 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height 11/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.3 11/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 126.93 11/003 Cut Ditch 1 3.3 1.05 126.29 11/004 Fill Fill 1 1.25 0.4 11/005 Fill Fill 1 1.9 0.6 11/006 Fill Fill 1 1.69 0.21 11/007 Fill Fill 1 2.24 0.31 11/008 Fill Fill 1 1.7 0.4 11/009 Fill Fill 1 1 0.21 11/010 Cut Pit 1.1 0.9 0.4 11/011 Fill Fill 1.1 0.9 0.4 11/012 Cut Pit 0.8 0.8 0.2 11/013 Fill Fill 0.8 0.8 0.2 11/014 Cut Pit 0.55 0.55 0.4 11/015 Fill Fill 0.55 0.55 0.35 11/016 Fill Fill 0.55 0.55 0.15

Table 12: Trench 11 list of recorded contexts

4.12.1 Trench 11 was located on an east-west alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Four features were observed cutting the natural [11/002] (Figure 15).

4.12.2 Ditch [11/003] resides within the far eastern end of Trench 11; a large linear with a distinctive V-shaped profile the base was unexcavated as the maximum safe digging depth had been reached. With a sharp break of slope at the top of the feature this ditch held six fills [11/004] [11/005] [11/006] [11/007] [11/008] [11/009].

4.12.3 The base fill is [11/008] was a possible tip deposit, tipping from the western edge to the eastern one. It comprised of a pale brown silt clay with a very high amount of chalk inclusion but no artificial inclusion present. [11/009] sat above [11/008] and was a red-brown clay fill with frequent flint inclusions, less chalk and no artificial inclusions noted within.

4.12.4 Much darker than the other fills within the ditch, [11/007] was a friable brown silt clay fill which has frequent flint but noticeably less chalk than the other fills within [11/003] with pottery recovered dating from late Iron-Age/Roman. [11/006] is above [11/007] and again is a friable mid dark brown reddish clay which had few chalk inclusions and no artificial ones.

4.12.5 Above this was secondary fill [11/005], a pale brown silty clay very similar in consistency to [11/004] witch had a very high frequency of chalk inclusion distributed evenly throughout the fill. Upper fill of ditch [11/003], [11/004] was a friable dark brown silty clay, with frequent inclusions of flint and chalk throughout with pottery in both fills recovered dating from late Iron-Age/Roman.

4.12.6 In the far west of Trench 11 was a small cluster of intercutting pits [11/010] [11/012] and [11/014]. Pit [11/012] is the earliest of the three pits being cut by both on its eastern and western edge. A small concave profiled pit it contained a single fill [11/013] comprised of a red-brown clay with very frequent chalk inclusions but no artificial inclusions.

4.12.7 Cutting pit [11/012] on its eastern edge was pit [11/010] a sub circular, flat based pit with a compact single fill [11/011] of dark grey-brown silt clay. Within [11/011] frequent amounts of chalk, flint pebbles, FCF and pottery dated to late Iron-Age/Roman were recovered.

4.12.8 Pit [11/014] was also cutting pit [11/012] on its western edge. Containing only one fill [11/015] it was a pale brown friable silt clay deposit with a very high chalk frequency and small amounts of flint throughout. No artificial inclusions were present.

4.13 Trench 12 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 12/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 25.00-0.34 12/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 128.44 12/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.74 0.5 12/004 Fill Fill 1 1.74 0.5 127.95

Table 13: Trench 12 list of recorded contexts

4.13.1 Trench 12 was located on an north-south alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. One linear was observed cutting through the chalk natural (Figure 16).

4.13.2 Ditch [12/003] was a moderately sized concave ditch with a slight step on its northern edge. It was found to contain one fill of compact mid-brown silty clay with moderate small-med flint inclusions throughout. Animal bone was the only artificial inclusion noted within the fill.

4.14 Trench 13 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 125.90- 13/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.25-0.30 125.64 125.63- 13/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 125.38 13/003 Cut Ditch 1 0.92 0.31 123.37 13/004 Fill Fill 1 0.92 0.31 13/005 Cut Ditch 1 2.78 0.8 122.9 13/006 Fill Fill 1 2.78 0.66 13/007 Fill Fill 1 1 0.14 123.08 13/008 Cut Pit 0.99 0.99 0.14 13/009 Cut Pit 0.36 0.36 0.15 125.18 13/010 Fill Pit 0.99 0.99 0.14 13/011 Fill Fill 0.36 0.36 0.15

Table 14: Trench 13 list of recorded contexts

4.14.1 Trench 13 was located on an east-west alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Multiple features were observed cutting through the chalk natural (Figure 17).

4.14.2 Ditch [13/003] was an north-south aligned enclosure ditch located on the west of Trench 13. A moderate sized feature with concave sides it contains a light- mid brown silty clay fill [13/004] with infrequent- moderate flint and chalk inclusions. No artificial inclusions were observed within the fill of this ditch.

4.14.3 No archaeology was observed within the centre of the trench until the eastern edge where the circular enclosure ditch [13/005] cuts through the chalk natural. A very large V-shaped profile ditch it contains two distinct fills [13/007] a very light brown-white chalky silt basal fill with frequent chalk inclusions but nothing artificial and [13/006] a large mid-dark brown silty clay homogeneous upper fill with moderate amounts of flint and chalk distributed evenly throughout. Pottery was recovered dating from the late Iron Age to the Roman period.

4.14.4 While there was frequent plough-scarring on most trenches removal of some of the tertiary deposits left on the eastern end of the trench revealed a set of intercutting pits [13/008] and [13/009]. Both shared the same concave profile and had a very limited depth from truncation but had slightly different fills. The fill of [13/008] was a mid-light brown silty clay fill [13/010] with infrequent chalk inclusions while the fill of [13/009] was a dark brown silty clay fill with little to no chalk inclusions throughout and this was cut by [13/008]. Neither fill had any archaeology present.

4.15 Trench 14 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 124.25- 14/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.32-0.34 122.87 128.94- 14/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 122.66 14/003 Cut Pit 1.95 1.05 0.45 14/004 Fill Fill 1.95 1.05 0.45 14/005 Cut Ditch 1 0.85 0.48 14/006 Fill Fill 1 0.75 0.29 14/007 Fill Fill 1 0.85 0.48 14/008 Cut Ditch 1 1 0.27 14/009 Fill Fill 1 1 0.27

Table 15: Trench 14 list of recorded contexts

4.15.1 Trench 14 was located on an north-northwest-south-southeast alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Three features were observed cutting the natural [14/002] (Figure 18).

4.15.2 [14/003] is the cut of a small-moderate pit on the Northern end of Trench 14. Full width of the feature was obscured by the Trench edge while the base of the feature was left unexcavated due to accessibility to the feature. It was found to contain containing a single mid-dark brown homogeneous fill with frequent chalk inclusions, pottery dated from the late Iron Age-Roman period and a moderate amount of FCF.

4.15.3 While the geophysical survey interprets only two ditches within Trench 14 upon excavation it was revealed that there was a third running parallel to and being truncated by the north most ditch of the trackway [14/008]. [14/005] was a small V-shaped profiled ditch containing two distinct fills; a light brown chalky silt basal fill [14/006] with little to no chalk inclusions and [14/007] a dark brown silt clay fill with frequent flint and chalk inclusions with pottery dating from late Iron- Age/Roman. The truncating ditch [14/008] was partially excavated in order to assess its relationship with [14/005], a small finds assemblage was recovered including pottery dating from late Iron-Age/Roman and animal bone. [14/008] was fully excavated in Trench 6 and is recorded as [6/003], a small amount of pottery was still recovered from the portion excavated with the same date as [14/005]

4.15.4 The second half of the enclosure ditch was identified in plan in the southernmost area of Trench 14. This was left unexcavated as it had already been characterised and dated in Trench 6 as [6/008].

4.16 Trench 15 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 15/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.28-0.31 0.28-0.31 15/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8

Table 16: Trench 15 list of recorded contexts

4.16.1 Trench 15 was located on an north-northwest-south-southeast alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length.

4.16.2 Two small curvilinear features were identified within the centre and south of the trench by the geophysical survey but upon excavation were dismissed as heavy truncation caused by ploughing.

4.16.3 The continuation of the northern most ditch of the trackway was also observed within the trench and this was left unexcavated being already characterised and dated in Trench 6 as [6/003] and [6/008] and in Trench 14 as [14/005] and [14/008] (Figure 19).

4.17 Trench 16 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 123.61- 16/001 Layer Topsoil 40 1.8 0.27-0.30 121.55 123.33- 16/002 Layer Natural 40 1.8 121.73 16/003 Cut Ditch 1 0.6 0.8 122.42 16/004 Fill Fill 1 0.6 0.8

Table 17: Trench 16 list of recorded contexts

4.17.1 Trench 6 was located on an north-south alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Three linear ditches were observed cutting the natural (Figure 20).

4.17.2 [16/003] is the cut of a narrow enclosure ditch running on an east-west alignment within the trench but in the geophysical survey is shown to be a large sub-circular enclosure. Found to have contained just one fill [16/004] a dark brown clay silt deposit with frequent chalk and flint inclusions. Pottery was also recovered dating from late Iron-Age/Roman

4.17.3 The continuation of the trackway was also observed within the trench and this was left unexcavated being already characterised and dated in Trench 6 as [6/003] and [6/008].

4.18 Trench 17 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 17/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.26-0.32 0.26-0.32 17/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8

Table 18: Trench 17 list of recorded contexts

4.18.1 Trench 17 was located on an north-northwest-south-southeast alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Two linear ditches were observed cutting the natural (Figure 21).

4.18.2 The continuation of the trackway was observed within the trench and this was left unexcavated being already characterised and dated in Trench 6 as [6/003] and [6/008].

4.19 Trench 18 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 123.54- 18/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.28-0.30 125.16 124.89- 18/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 124.58 18/003 Cut Ditch 1 2.2 0.8 124.51 18/004 Fill Fill, secondary 1 0.6 0.15 18/005 Cut Ditch 1 1.4 0.9 123.8 18/006 Fill Fill, secondary 1.9 0.55 18/007 Void 18/008 Cut Ditch 1 1.1 0.64 124.53 18/009 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1.1 0.64 18/010 Fill Fill, secondary 1 0.87 0.9 18/011 Fill Fill, secondary 1 0.52 0.58 18/012 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1.64 0.41

Table 19: Trench 18 list of recorded contexts

4.19.1 Trench 18 was located on an east-west alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Three linear ditches were observed cutting the natural (Figure 22).

4.19.2 In the western end of the trench was a very large and wide enclosure ditch [18/003]. Found to have contained multiple fills, it had a sloping V-shaped profile down to the limit of excavation (The base remained unexcavated due to depth). Fill [18/004] was the deepest of the excavated fills and consisted of a mid-brown silt clay with frequent chalk inclusions. Above this was a clear secondary fill [18/012] comprised of a light brown silty chalk clay deposit, this fill had frequent chalk inclusions throughout but nothing artificial was observed. The upper fill of [18/003] was a friable dark brown silt clay deposit with infrequent charcoal and chalk throughout. All fills contained a small amount of pottery dating from late Iron-Age/Roman.

4.19.3 Within the centre of Trench 18 an enclosure ditch [18/005] was observed and while running on a north-south alignment in plan, in the geophysical survey it is shown to be a sub-circular enclosure. A sharply V-shaped ditch it was comprised to two fills; [8/010] an orange-brown clay deposit with frequent chalk inclusions and [8/011] a dark brown clay fill with infrequent chalk and flint inclusions distributed evenly throughout. No finds were observed in any of the fills.

4.19.4 The third ditch observed in the eastern end of the trench is marked very faintly on the geophysical survey but was more substantial during excavation. [18/008] is the cut of a moderately sized concave ditch, comprised of only one fill [18/009] it was a friable orange brown silt clay deposit with frequent flint and chalk throughout. No artificial inclusions were present.

4.19.5 There was notable truncation on the top of this trench caused by possible plough damage. This had obscured the true extent of all three features until excavation.

4.20 Trench 19 (Area A)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 19/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.27-0.30 19/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8

Table 20: Trench 19 list of recorded contexts

4.20.1 Trench 19 was located on an east-west alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. One linear ditch was observed cutting the natural (Figure 23).

4.20.2 The continuation of a circular enclosure ditch was observed within Trench 19. This was left unexcavated as it had already been characterised and excavated within Trench 18 as [18/003].

4.21 Trench 20 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 135.66- 20/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.28-0.31 135.18 134.90- 20/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 135.00 20/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.4 0.36 20/004 Fill Fill 1 1.4 0.36 134.63

Table 21: Trench 20 list of recorded contexts

4.21.1 Trench 20 was located on a northeast-southwest alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. One ditch was observed cutting the natural (Figure 24).

4.21.2 The only feature located within trench 20, ditch [20/003] forms the north most part of a banjo enclosure and consisted of one fill [20/004]. A mid-brown silty clay fill [20/004] had moderate to frequent chalk inclusions with pottery dating

from late Iron-Age/Roman recovered from the central area within the deposit.

4.22 Trench 21 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 134.45- 21/001 Layer Topsoil 40 1.8 0.20-0.25 135.34 134.20- 21/002 Layer Natural 40 1.8 138.97 21/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.15 0.25 134.43 21/004 Fill Fill 1 1.15 0.25 21/005 Cut Ditch 1 1.12 0.35 134.45 21/006 Fill Fill 1 1.12 0.35 21/007 Cut Pit 0.35 0.37 0.15 134.82 21/008 Fill Fill 0.35 0.37 0.15

Table 22: Trench 21 list of recorded contexts

4.22.1 Trench 21 was located on an east-west alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Several features were observed cutting the natural (Figure 25).

4.22.2 A small pit [21/007] which was not identified by the geophysical survey was excavated in the western edge of the trench. A small sub circular cut it contained just one fill [21/008] which consisted of a compact mid-brown silty clay with occasional small chalk and flint inclusions. No artificial inclusions were present.

4.22.3 Also present in this trench was [21/003] the cut of a moderate sized linear ditch on a northeast-southwest alignment. [21/004] is the only fill of this feature and was a light brown silty clay fill with infrequent chalk and charcoal inclusions; FCF was also present along with pottery dating from late Iron-Age/Roman.

4.22.4 Running on a northwest-southeast alignment was ditch [21/005]. Very similar in size and profile to [21/003] it also contained one fill [21/006] which consisted of a mid-brown silty clay fill with moderate amounts of chalk and flint throughout. Pottery dating to late Iron-Age/Roman, animal bone and FCF was recovered from the fill.

4.23 Trench 22 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 135.70- 22/001 Layer Topsoil 40 1.8 0.28-0.30 134.07 134.27- 22/002 Layer Natural 40 1.8 133.85 22/003 Cut Posthole 0.4 0.4 0.05 135.28 22/004 Fill Fill 0.4 0.4 0.05 22/005 Cut Ditch 1 0.95 0.42 134.75 22/006 Fill Fill 1 0.95 0.42 133.97 22/007 Cut Ditch 1 2.1 0.95 22/008 Fill Fill 1 2.1 0.95 22/009 Fill Fill 1 1.15 0.04 22/010 Cut Ditch, enclosure 1 2 0.6 135.70- 22/011 Cut Ditch 1 2.8 1.07 134.07 134.27- 22/012 Fill Fill 1 2.8 1.07 133.85 22/013 Fill Fill 1 2 0.3 135.28 22/014 Fill Fill 1 1.45 0.26 22/015 Fill Fill 1 1.4 0.57 134.75

Table 23: Trench 22 list of recorded contexts

4.22.1 Trench 22 was located on an east-west alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Several features were observed cutting the natural (Figure 26).

4.23.2 A small posthole [22/003] was excavated that was not shown on the geophysical survey in the northern end of the trench. Sub-rounded with a concave profile it contained a single fill [22/004] of firm dark brown clay with infrequent chalk and flint inclusion. A single sherd of late Iron-Age/Roman pottery was recovered from the top of the fill

4.23.3 Ditch [22/005] was the northern most of four parallel running ditches. A moderately large ditch on an east-west alignment it contained a single fill [22/006] of firm, mid brown silty clay. Moderate amounts of inclusions throughout the fill of flint and chalk with pottery recovered dating from late Iron- Age/Roman recovered as well.

4.23.4 Ditch [22/007] was considerably larger than the other ditches in Trench 22 and contained two fills [22/008] and [22/009]. The basal fill [22/008] was a light to mid brown chalky clay with moderate flint and chalk inclusions. The upper fill [22/009] is a firm mid brown silty clay deposit with moderate flint inclusions along with, animal bone and FCF. Both fills contained pottery dating from late Iron-Age/Roman.

4.23.4 The central ditch was [22/010] comprised with two fills; [22/013] and [20/014]. The base fill of the ditch [20/013] consisted of a compact red-brown silty clay with frequent chalk and occasional charcoal evenly distributed throughout, FCF

was also recovered. The upper fill was [22/014] and comprised of a compact brown silty grey clay with frequent flint inclusions and occasional charcoal inclusions throughout, late Iron-Age/Roman dated pottery was recovered from both fills.

4.23.5 Ditch [22/011] is the southern-most of these Roman ditches and most similar to [22/005] in size and profile. It contained two distinct fills [22/012] and [22/015] with only the upper producing anything dateable. [22/012] is the base fill of the ditch and the largest of the fills made up of a light-mid brown silty clay with regular chalk inclusions while upper fill [22/015] is a darker brown and a more friable deposit with chalk and flint inclusions throughout. Late Iron-Age/Roman dated Pottery was also recovered from this fill.

4.24 Trench 23 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 133.81- 23/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.26-0.31 133.51 133.55- 23/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 132.20 23/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.6 0.5 23/004 Fill Fill 1 1.6 0.5 23/005 Cut Pit 0.6 0.8 0.46 23/006 Fill Fill 0.6 0.8 0.46 23/007 Cut Ditch 1 3.3 0.74 132.92 23/008 Fill Fill 1 3.3 0.74 23/009 Fill Fill 1 1.25 0.38 23/010 Fill Fill 1 1.2 0.26

Table 24: Trench 23 list of recorded contexts

4.24.1 Trench 23 was located on a northeast-southwest alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Several features were observed cutting the natural (Figure 27).

4.24.2 There was only one discrete feature observed that was not identified by the geophysical survey and that is pit [23/005]. Residing within the trench section it contained a single loose mid grey-brown silt clay fill [23/006] and both animal bone and late Iron-Age/Roman pottery was recovered from it.

4.24.3 Ditch [23/003] contains a moderate linear forming part of a small enclosure running on an east-west alignment. This was filled with a loose mid-greyish brown silty clay [23/004] occasional flint and chalk throughout with animal bone and pottery being recovered dating from late Iron-Age/Roman

4.24.4 Enclosure ditch [23/007] forms part of the south-west area of the banjo enclosure and was comprised of three fills. [23/008] was the base fill and is made up from a loose grey-brown silty clay with frequent chalk but no artificial inclusions. [23/010] was a dark-grey black silty clay tip deposit into the ditch with frequent charcoal and chalk inclusions along with late Iron-Age/Roman

dated pottery, animal bone and FCF. [23/009] was the upper fill of this enclosure ditch and was a compact mid-brown grey silt clay fill with rare amounts of flint, chalk, animal bone and FCF.

4.25 Trench 24 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 132.57- 24/001 Layer Topsoil 40 1.8 0.20-0.30 132.19 132.35- 24/002 Layer Natural 40 1.8 131.91 24/003 Cut Pit 1.12 0.79 0.4 131.13 24/004 Fill Fill 1.12 0.79 0.4 24/005 Cut Ditch 1 1.3 0.9 131.69 24/006 Fill Fill 1 1.3 0.9 24/007 Cut Ditch 1 0.7 0.2 24/008 Fill Fill 1 0.7 0.2 24/009 Cut Ditch 1 2.66 0.8 24/010 Fill Fill 1 2.66 0.8 24/011 Cut Ditch 1 2.4 1.14 24/012 Fill Fill, basal 1 0.6 0.9 24/013 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1 0.12 131.96 24/014 Fill Fill, tertiary 1 1.8 0.46 24/015 Fill Fill, upper 1 1.9 1.43 24/016 Fill Fill 1 2 0.76 24/017 Cut Recut 1 2 0.76 24/018 Fill Fill 1 1.22 0.76 24/019 Cut Ditch 1 1.22 0.76 24/020 Fill Fill 1 0.86 0.39 24/021 Cut Ditch 1 0.86 0.39 24/022 Cut Ditch 1 1.8 0.9 24/023 Fill Fill, basal 1 0.72 0.27 24/024 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1.3 0.4 24/025 Fill Fill, upper 1 0.8 0.3

Table 25: Trench 24 list of recorded contexts

4.25.1 Trench 24 was located on a northeast-southwest alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Several features were observed cutting the natural (Figure 28).

4.25.2 Pit [24/003] was located on the north-eastern edge of the trench. It contained only one fill of compact dark brown clay with moderate chalk inclusions, both pottery and animal bone were also recovered from this fill.

4.25.3 Another feature that was not identified by the geophysical survey is ditch [24/021] running on a northwest-southeast alignment it is a moderate sized

feature composed of only one fill [24/020]. A mid grey-brown clay fill it had occasional chalk and flint but no artificial inclusions were present.

4.25.5 Ditch [24/022] is the possible continuation of enclosure ditch [22/005] following the same alignment as [24/016]. It held multiple fills; [24/023] is the basal deposit and consisted of a loose off-white chalky silt that is sterile from artificial inclusion and natural inclusion (beside chalk). [24/024] is a secondary fill of this ditch and is a light brown-grey silty clay fill with occasional charcoal, flint, chalk, and animal bone recovered. The upper fill [24/025] was made up off a loose, friable mid-brown silty clay with chalk and flint inclusions throughout. Late Iron- Age/Roman dated Pottery and animal bone were also recovered in both fills.

4.25.6 [24/019] is part of a northwest-southeast running large enclosure ditch possibly related to [22/007] it contains one single compact grey-brown fill [24/018] comprised of a chalky silty clay. Frequent inclusions were observed from uncertainly dated (Middle Iron Age or Late Iron Age/Early Roman) pottery, animal bone and FCF. [24/018] is then truncated by the recut [24/017] which while keeping the same profile and alignment as [24/019] is significantly reduced in size. It contains a single fill [24/016] made up of a brown silt clay with frequent chalk and flint throughout. Pottery dating from late Iron- Age/Roman, bone and FCF were also found in this fill.

4.25.6 Forming the north-eastern entrance to the banjo enclosure [24/011] is a large slightly sloping V-shaped ditch with multiple deposits [24/012] [24/013] [24/14] and [24/015]. The basal fill [24/012] was a loose off-white brown silty clay with frequent chalk inclusions throughout. Artificial inclusions included pottery and animal bone. [24/013] was a small secondary fill comprised off a loose light brown silty clay with frequent chalk and flint. No artificial inclusions. Another secondary fill [24/014] is similar to [24/013] made up off a light brown silty clay with pottery and animal bone. The upper fill [24/015] within of the enclosure ditch was a loose, friable light brown silty clay with pottery, animal bone and FCF recovered from within. Small amounts of chalk and flint inclusion were also present. All pottery recovered dated from late Iron-Age/Roman.

4.25.7 The south-western edge of Trench 24 contains a series of intercutting linears including the entrance to the banjo enclosure [24/009], a small terminus [24/007] which was not identified by the geophysical survey), and the continuation of the Roman enclosure [24/005].

4.25.8 [24/009] makes up part of the entrance way of the banjo enclosure, a wide ditch it only contains one fill [24/010] of light grey-brown loose silty clay with inclusions of late Iron-Age/Roman pottery, animal bone, flint and chalk. This is truncated by two linear ditches; a terminus [24/007] which contained a loose dark brown clay silt with frequent charcoal, late Iron-Age/Roman pottery and FCF inclusions and [24/005] a moderately sized enclosure ditch. Filled with a single deposit [24/006] it is made up of a friable mid-brown silt clay with chalk and flint inclusions as well as animal bone.

4.26 Trench 25 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 130.87- 25/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.27-0.34 130.48 130.60- 25/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 130.22 25/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.18 0.61 130.18 25/004 Fill Fill 1 0.94 0.34 25/005 Fill Fill 1 1.14 0.13 25/006 Fill Fill 1 0.86 0.16 25/007 Cut Ditch 1 0.85 0.37 129.9 25/008 Fill Fill 1 0.85 0.37 25/009 Cut Ditch 130.28 25/010 Fill Fill 25/011 Cut Pit 1.13 1.13 0.29 130.23 25/012 Fill Fill 0.52 0.52 0.07 25/013 Fill Fill 1.13 1.13 0.37 130.32

Table 26: Trench 25 list of recorded contexts

4.26.1 Trench 25 was located on a northeast-southwest alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Several features were observed cutting the natural two of which were not recorded by the geophysical survey (Figure 29).

4.26.2 [25/003] is the cut of a moderate sized field enclosure ditch. It contained three distinct fills; [25/004] is the base fill made up of a friable dark brown silty clay with frequent charcoal, chalk and animal bone inclusions present. Secondary fill [25/005] is a weathered chalk capping layer of the ditch and comprised of a redeposited chalk natural tightly sealing [25/004] no other inclusions were present. The upper fill of ditch [25/006] is a soft, sticky dark brown clay with frequent inclusions of flint and chalk no artificial inclusions were present. The return of this ditch [25/009] was observed within this trench but not excavated.

4.26.3 [25/007] is the cut of a small curvilinear ditch which was not recorded by the geophysical survey. Running on an north-south alignment it contained one distinct fill [25/008] of red-brown clay and only frequent chalk inclusions with no dating evidence observed.

4.26.4 A small pit [25/011] was observed within the north-east edge of the trench which was not identified by the geophysical survey. A sub-circular shape in plan it contained two fills; a base fill [25/012] which was a loose, dark brown chalky slump deposit and an upper fill [25/013] of friable dark brown silty clay. Both fills contained no artificial inclusions and had infrequent chalk and flint throughout.

4.27 Trench 26 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 128.95- 26/001 Layer Topsoil 40 1.8 0.26-0.29 126.42 128.56- 26/002 Layer Natural 40 1.8 126.26 26/003 Fill Fill 1 1.4 0.32 26/004 Fill Fill 1 1.4 0.38 26/005 Cut Ditch 1 1.4 0.7 26/006 Cut Ditch 1 0.59 0.25 26/007 Fill Fill 1 0.59 0.25 26/008 Cut Ditch 1 0.61 0.26 26/009 Fill Fill, single 1 0.61 0.26 26/010 Cut Ditch 1 1.38 0.39 26/011 Fill Fill, single 1 1.38 0.39

Table 27: Trench 26 list of recorded contexts

4.27.1 Trench 26 was located on a northwest-southeast alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Several linear ditches were observed cutting the natural (Figure 30).

4.27.2 [26/005] is the cut of a large field enclosure ditch running on a northeast- southwest alignment. It is the same feature as [25/003] and contains two fills. [26/004] is the basal fill of the ditch and was made up of a loose, mid-brown slumped natural with no artificial inclusions within but frequent chalk throughout. [26/003] was the upper fill of the ditch containing a mid-red-brown silty clay fill with occasional charcoal inclusions and infrequent chalk and flint throughout.

4.27.3 [26/010] is another field boundary ditch running on the same alignment as [26/005] it had a moderate depth but only a single fill of [26/011] made up of a dark brown silty clay with frequent chalk and flint inclusions throughout. No artificial inclusions were present.

4.27.4 [26/006] and [26/008] are two heavily truncated linears in the south-eastern end of the trench. Both ran on a northeast-southwest alignment and contain small single fills [26/007] and [26/009] of dark brown silty clay with small amounts of chalk inclusion within. No pottery or artificial inclusions were noted within these features.

4.27.5 Two additional linear ditches were observed within Trench 26 which were left unexcavated but were excavated and characterised in Trench 27 as [27/005] and [27/009].

4.28 Trench 27 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 130.03- 27/001 Layer Topsoil 40 1.8 0.25-0.28 127.26 129.67- 27/002 Layer Natural 40 1.8 127.03 27/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.24 0.43 126.79 27/004 Fill Fill 1 1.24 0.43 27/005 Cut Ditch 1 0.99 0.33 27/006 Fill Fill 1 0.99 0.33 27/007 Cut Pit 0.67 0.54 0.16 127.57 27/008 Fill Fill 0.67 0.54 0.16 27/009 Cut Ditch 1 1.12 0.45 27/010 Fill Fill 1 1.12 0.45

Table 28: Trench 27 list of recorded contexts

4.28.1 Trench 27 was located on an northwest-southeast alignment and measured 40m x 1.8m in length. Several linear ditches were observed cutting the natural (Figure 31).

4.28.2 [27/003] was a moderate sized ditch and possible field boundary containing just one fill [27/004] it was made up off a friable silty dark brown clay with frequent chalk and flint inclusions and despite truncation through the side of the feature by the plough. A small amount of late Iron-Age/Roman dated pottery was also recovered.

4.28.3 [27/005] is another moderate sized ditch running parallel to [27/003] it contained just a single fill [27/006] of silty brown clay with moderate chalk and flint inclusions and a small amount of late Iron-Age/Roman pottery. This ditch had also been excavated in trench 26 as [26/006].

4.28.4 A small pit [27/007] was observed and excavated that was not identified on the geophysical survey. Heavy plough truncation made it difficult to identify the true extent of the feature and the single orange-brown silt clay secondary fill [27/0008] contained no dating evidence or any inclusion at all.

4.28.5 [27/009] was the cut of a moderate sized field boundary ditch running on the same alignment (northeast-southwest) as every linear ditch within this trench. One single fill [27/010] was observed within the feature as a loose, dark brown silty clay deposit with frequent flint inclusions but no artificial inclusions present.

4.29 Trench 28 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 132.86- 28/001 Layer Natural 50 1.8 0.26-0.33 131.61 132.59- 28/002 Layer Natural 50 1.8 131.27 28/003 Cut Pit 1.1 1.1 0.25 131.07 28/004 Fill Fill 1.1 1.1 0.25 28/005 Cut Ditch 1 1.15 0.5 130.86 28/006 Fill Fill 1 1.15 0.5 130.86 28/007 Cut Ditch 1 1.3 0.55 131.09 28/008 Fill Fill 1 1.3 0.55 28/009 Cut Ditch 1 3 1.35 131.46 28/010 Fill Fill 1 3 0.75 28/011 Cut Pit 1.6 3.8 1.3 131.24 28/012 Fill Fill, upper 1.6 2.7 0.7 28/013 Fill Fill, basal 1.6 2.65 0.7 131.42 28/014 Void 28/015 Void 28/016 Fill Fill 1 1.9 0.7 28/017 Fill Fill 1 0.7 0.38 28/018 Cut Ditch 1 0.7 0.4 28/019 Fill Fill 1 2.6 0.6 28/020 Fill Fill 1 1.8 0.5 28/021 Cut Ditch 1 2.6 1 28/022 Fill Fill, upper 1 3.1 1 28/023 Fill Fill, basal 1 2.4 0.55 28/024 Cut Ditch 1 3.1 1.5

Table 29: Trench 28 list of recorded contexts

4.29.1 Trench 28 was located on a northeast-southwest alignment and measured 50m x 1.8m in length. Multiple features were observed within this trench including several intercutting ditches and pits that were not identified by the geophysical survey (Figure 32).

4.29.2 Within the southernmost area of the trench a small pit was observed that was not identified by the geophysical survey [28/003]. One single fill [28/004] of friable light brown silty clay with moderate amounts of flint and chalk were present but no artificial inclusions.

4.29.3 [28/005] is the possible northern edge of a southern field boundary on the limit of site. A moderate sized cut it contains a single fill [28/006] of mid-dark brown silt clay and infrequent chalk and charcoal was also noted. Late Iron- Age/Roman dated pottery was also recovered from the central part of the fill.

4.29.4 [28/007] is part of the eastern field boundary system running through site and is the same ditch as [27/009] and [31/003]. It contains just a single fill [28/008] of light grey-brown silt clay with frequent chalk, animal bone inclusions and pottery dating from late Iron-Age/Roman

4.29.5 Within the northern end of Trench 28 was a series of intercutting ditches and pits not identified by the geophysical survey. The earliest of these features is [28/018]; a heavily truncated possible linear ditch with a small fill [28/017] of compact mid-brown grey silt clay with very frequent chalk and moderate amounts of flint inclusion. No artificial inclusions were noted. Truncating this is feature [28/009], which was a large southwest-northeast aligned ditch with multiple fills and is possibly related as an off-shoot of enclosure ditch [22/011]. The base fill [20/016] was a dry, friable dark brown chalky clay with infrequent amounts of flint while the upper fill [28/010] was a loose, light-med brown silty clay with moderate amounts of chalk throughout, a ceramic loomweight (RF <4>) and pottery of Late Iron Age/Early Roman date recovered from within the central area of the fill.

4.29.6 This enclosure ditch is truncated by a very large, slightly irregular pit [28/011]. It contained two fills; [28/013] is the basal fill and looked to be a slumping deposit of loose, mid-brown clay with inclusions including frequent chalk throughout and a small abraded amount of late Iron age/Roman pottery. [28/012] was the upper fill of the pit and consisted of a dark brown-red silt clay deposit with moderate amounts of chalk throughout. Pottery dated from late Iron-Age/Roman, bone, FCF and CBM were all recovered from this fill.

4.29.7 Cut into this pit is another large quarry pit [28/024] nearly the same size and profile as [28/011] with two fills as well. [28/023] is the base fill of pit and was a slump deposit of mid-grey white chalky silt with no other inclusions present except for frequent chalk. [28/022] is the upper fill of possible quarry pit [28/024] and consisted of a dark red-brown fill of chalky silt. Frequent chalk, flint, and occasional charcoal flecks were all recorded within this fill but no dating evidence was observed.

4.29.8 The latest feature in this set of intercutting pits and ditches is [28/021] and is the continuation of the late Iron Age-Roman ditch cutting the banjo enclosure. Ditch [28/021] ran a rough northwest-southeast alignment but in geophysical results it is clear that it is a circular enclosure. Filled with [28/020] as the basal fill it is composed of a compact mid-brown grey silty clay with frequent chalk inclusion. No artificial inclusions were observed. Sealing this deposit was upper fill [28/019]; a frim red-brown silt-clay deposit with occasional flint flecks and small amount of flints throughout. No artificial inclusions were observed. This ditch has also been excavated as [22/011] and [24/005].

4.29.9 A linear ditch was observed within the centre of the trench on a northwest- southeast alignment. This was left unexcavated and recorded in Trench 31 as [31/006].

4.30 Trench 29 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 130.69- 29/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.28-0.32 129.11 130.29- 29/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 128.95 29/003 Cut Ditch 1 0.93 0.35 129.72 29/004 Fill Fill 1 0.93 0.35 29/005 Cut Ditch 1 0.57 0.44 129.87 29/006 Fill Fill 1 0.57 0.44 29/007 Cut Pit 1.25 1 0.32 129.19 29/008 Fill Fill 1.25 1 0.32

Table 30: Trench 29 list of recorded contexts

4.30.1 Trench 29 was located on a northwest-southeast alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Multiple features were observed within this trench including a ditch and pit that were not identified in the geophysical survey (Figure 33).

4.30.2 [29/003] is the cut of a small steep sided ditch running on a northeast- southwest alignment. It contained a single fill [29/004] which consisted of a very loose, dark brown silt. There were frequent chalk, animal bone and late Iron-Age/Roman pottery inclusions throughout the fill with small amounts of charcoal present. This ditch was not identified by the geophysical survey.

4.30.3 Ditch [29/005] was a moderate sized linear ditch running parallel to [29/003] it had a single fill of very loose, dark brown silt [29/006],and uniquely for the site a high density of deposited Roman building material (including eight large fresh pieces of tegula and two fragments of imbrex). Traces of mortar and plaster found on these fragments together with their large size suggests they relate to primary deposition. A sherd of grog tempered Late Iron Age or Romano-British pottery was also recovered as well as a cracked upper quern stone and a Roman coin of Gallienus (sole reign AD 260-268).

4.30.4 A wide but shallow pit [29/007] was also observed in the north-western end of trench 29 which was not identified by the geophysical survey. It contained a single fill of orange-brown silt clay [29/008] with infrequent chalk and flint inclusions throughout.

4.31 Trench 30 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 128.34- 30/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.25-0.26 128.01 128.01- 30/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 127.62 30/003 Cut Ditch 1 0.55 0.16 127.53 30/004 Fill Fill 1 0.55 0.16 30/005 Cut Ditch 1 0.7 0.28 30/006 Fill Fill 1 0.7 0.28 30/007 Cut Ditch 127.74 30/008 Fill Fill 30/009 Cut Pit 1 0.7 0.28 30/010 Fill Fill 1 0.7 0.28 30/011 Cut Pit 1 0.32 0.15 30/012 Fill Fill 1 0.32 0.15

Table 31: Trench 30 list of recorded contexts

4.31.1 Trench 30 was located on a northeast-southwest alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Both discretes in the trench were not identified by the geophysical survey (Figure 34).

4.31.2 [30/003] is the cut of a small northwest-southeast aligned linear ditch filled with a single deposit [30/004]. Made up of a light brown silty clay with infrequent flint and chalk [30/004] contained no dateable inclusions, truncation by ploughing was also visible the north-eastern side of the feature.

4.31.3 Ditch [30/005] is possibly the return of ditch [30/003] forming a square enclosure and is similar in profile and in size. Only one fill was present [30/006] and consisted of a light-mid brown silt clay with frequent flecks of chalk, flint and animal bone present.

4.31.4 [30/009] is the cut of a heavily truncated Roman rubbish pit, it contained just one fill [30/010]. Very shallow, most of the feature has been truncated away and what was left of the fill was a fairly loose chalky silt with frequent pottery throughout dating from late Iron-Age/Roman.

4.31.5 [30/011] was the cut of a possible pit feature. Heavily truncated by both ploughing and possible rooting most of its definition in plan had been lost. It contained a single dark brown loose, silty clay deposit [30/012] with a small amount of pottery recovered from the upper area of the fill.

4.32 Trench 31 (Area B)

Context Type Interpretation Length Width Depth Height Area 134.36- 31/001 Layer Topsoil 30 1.8 0.27-0.33 133.88 134.12- 31/002 Layer Natural 30 1.8 133.62 31/003 Cut Ditch 1 1.45 0.6 31/004 Fill Fill 1 0.65 0.1 31/005 Fill Fill 1 1.45 0.5 128.11 31/006 Cut Ditch 1 1.02 0.31 31/007 Fill Fill, basal 1 0.27 0.08 128.05 31/008 Fill Fill, secondary 1 1.02 0.23

Table 32: Trench 31 list of recorded contexts

4.32.1 Trench 31 was located on a northeast-southwest alignment and measured 30m x 1.8m in length. Several features were observed cut into the chalk natural [31/002] (Figure 35).

4.32.2 Ditch [31/003] ran on a roughly north-west-south-east alignment and made up part of the large field boundary that runs through the eastern edge of site. It contained two fills; [31/004] which consisted of a loose, light brown redeposited chalk with little to no inclusion of flint and [31/005] which was an upper fill made up of a dark brown silty clay with frequent amounts of chalk inclusion. Animal bone were also recovered.

4.32.3 Running parallel to [31/004] is linear ditch [31/006] a moderate sized sloping V-shaped field boundary which contained two distinct fills. Context [31/007] was a small off-white brown basal fill of the ditch with frequent chalk inclusion and [31/008] was the larger mid-brown silt clay upper fill with frequent chalk and flint inclusions throughout.

5.0 THE FINDS

5.1 Summary

5.1.1 A moderately large assemblage of finds was recovered during the Area A and B evaluation at Manydown, Basingstoke. All finds were washed and dried or air dried as appropriate. They were subsequently quantified by count and weight and were bagged by material and context (Appendix 1). All finds have been packed and stored following CIfA guidelines (2014). Three registered finds were also recorded.

5.2 The Flintwork by Karine Le Hégarat

5.2.1 A total of 16 pieces of struck flint weighing 126g were recovered from five contexts ([6/004], [9/005], [23/010], [24/016] and [28/001] during the evaluation. The assemblage consists entirely of débitage products, consisting of 12 flakes, a blade-like flake and three chips. All the artefacts are recorticated milky blue or white, but more recent breaks indicate that a dark grey flint was used for knapping. The condition of the pieces varies. The material deriving from the topsoil is in a relatively poor condition, displaying iron marks that are often associated with ploughing activities. The remaining material displays only slight edge damage, indicating that the pieces were subject to minimal post depositional disturbance. The small assemblage isn’t chronologically distinctive, and only a broad prehistoric date can be proposed for these seven flakes and blade-like flake.

5.2.2 A moderate amount of burnt unworked flint (just above 19kg) was also recovered from 19 numbered contexts. The majority of contexts produced only small amounts of burnt flint. The richest contexts were contexts [23/010], [14/004], [24/016] and [24/018]. The flint from these contexts has been heavily calcined to a mid to light grey colour. Burnt unworked flints are frequently associated with prehistoric activities, but they could also be later in date.

5.3 The Prehistoric and Roman Pottery by Anna Doherty

5.3.1 A fairly large assemblage of 595 pottery sherds weighing 9411g was hand- collected from 58 evaluation contexts. The material was predominantly of Late Iron Age-to-Early Roman date, although a smaller quantity of later Roman material was also present.

5.3.2 The pottery was examined with a x20 binocular microscope and quantified by sherd count, weight, estimated vessel number and estimated vessel equivalent on pro forma records and in an Excel spreadsheet. In the absence of a regional type-series for Hampshire, the pottery has been recorded using codes from the Southwark/London and Alice Holt/Farnham typologies (Marsh & Tyers 1978; Davies et al 1994; Lyne & Jefferies 1979). At present, the handmade tempered wares have only been broadly characterised according to the major inclusion type. It is envisaged that more detailed classification of fabrics may be necessary in the event that further archaeological work takes place, leading to an assessment/analysis process. The assemblage is recorded by fabric type in Table 33.

Fabric Fabric description Sherd count Weight (g) FLIN Unsourced flint-tempered ware 218 4190 OXID Unsourced oxidised wares 119 2736 SAND Unsourced sand-tempered ware 74 531 QUAR Unsourced quartz-rich fabric; pre- 58 566 conquest? AHSU Alice Holt grey coarse ware, earlier fabric 40 249 GROG Unsourced grog-tempered ware 29 647 NGWH North Gaulish white ware 18 65 AHFA Alice Holt grey coarse ware, later fabric 12 212 GLAUC Glauconite-tempered (green sand) wares 9 20 OXIDF Unsourced fine oxidised fabric 8 60 BB1 Black-burnished ware 1 4 64 CALC Late Roman 'calcite-tempered' ware 1 3 FINE Unsourced fine ware 1 1 OXWW Oxfordshire white ware 1 37 SAMLG Southern Gaulish samian ware 1 10 VRW Verulamium region white ware 1 14 VRW? Possible Verulamium region white ware 1 6 Total: 595 9411

Table 33: Pottery fabric codes and descriptions

Late Iron Age and early Roman material

5.3.3 A large proportion of the assemblage – 218 sherds – was flint tempered, although the size and quantity of flint varied from sparse flint of <1mm to common flint up to 4mm. Also present were hand-made coarse sandy wares (QUAR), glauconitic fabrics and grog-tempered wares. Tempered fabrics were often found alongside Roman sandy wares, including diagnostic examples of early Alice Holt wares. Other wheel thrown sandy grey or black-surfaced wares were less diagnostic but probably also produced locally.

5.3.4 Eighteen fragments of an imported North Gaulish white ware (NGWH) butt beaker with rouletted decoration were present in context [22/014], alongside shreds of tempered hand-made pottery. Sherds of another rouletted butt beaker, made from a fine, oxidised fabric imitating NGWH, were found in the fill of possible cremation pit [5/007]. The presence of this beaker and a second vessel – most likely a flagon based on the oxidised fabric and shoulder profile, and with evidence of post- breakage burning – may support the interpretation of a cremation, although no burnt remains were discovered. Finer-quality vessels were often deposited with the cremation as grave goods. However both of these were found in a fairly incomplete state with no base or rim sherds present so they may represent redeposited vessels from a cremation or some other type of structured deposit.

5.3.5 The bulk of the Late Iron Age and early Roman pottery from Manydown comprise undiagnostic body sherds. Recognisable forms include bead-rimmed © Archaeology South-East UCL 48 Archaeology South-East Eval: Manydown Farm, Basingstoke, Hampshire Areas A and B ASE Report No: 2016323

jars, most commonly flint-tempered, and necked jars, including Alice Holt necked jars of type 2C and 2T. One example of an Alice Holt 2C necked jar from context [24/014] had a post-firing hole pierced through the shoulder of the vessel. A single fragment of a decorated south Gaulish samian bowl (4DR37) was collected from [28/006].

5.3.6 Pottery was recovered from most of the evaluation trenches, with Trench 1 producing the greatest quantity of Late Iron Age/earlier Roman examples in Area A, and Trenches 22, 24 and 28 being the most fruitful in Area B. The trenches in Area B produced a larger number of pottery overall, particularly earlier tempered and hand-made vessels, perhaps indicating slightly more intensive settlement activity in this area during the Late Iron Age/earlier Roman period of occupation.

5.3.7 Hand-made tempered wares frequently occurred without any obviously post- conquest material, suggesting a strong possibility of pre-Conquest activity but there were no sizable groups of definite Late Iron Age date. Where these fabrics appear with diagnostic feature sherds or other closely datable fabrics they appear to belong to the 1st century AD. However, several other Middle and Middle/Late Iron Age assemblages from the Basingstoke area (e.g. Thompson 1984; Rees 1995; Chapman 2006; Brown 2008; Gerrard 2012; Lalor 2015) contain similar tempered wares so it is difficult to rule out the possibility that some of the smaller and less diagnostic groups are even earlier in date (but there’s no positive evidence for this). Most of the groups containing Roman fabrics still have a large component of tempered wares and the range of forms including Gallo-Belgic butt-beakers, suggest this phase of activity was over by c.AD70-80.

Later Roman material

5.3.8 A smaller assemblage of later Roman pottery, dating from the mid 2nd century onwards, was also found. This later material was distinguished by fabrics BB1 and slipped examples of AHFA. These later forms did occasionally appear alongside earlier fabrics and forms, for example a gritted mortarium body sherd in Oxfordshire white ware was found in context [1/009], amongst fragments of tempered and coarse ware vessels, possibly suggesting some intercutting between older and more recent features, the finds of which may have been collected together. Context [29/006] produced a grog-tempered ware with well burnished dark surfaces that was associated with a later 3rd century coin. This might therefore be a later Roman grog-tempered ware, although it could also be a residual LIA/Early Roman sherd.

5.3.9 Identifiable forms from the later assemblage included everted rim jars of type 2F, and several large Alice Holt storage jars in Lyne & Jefferies type 1.C2. Three sherds of a single BB1 bowl (4M) were recovered from [7/009], with traces of ‘squiggle’ decoration on the base, and another fragment of possible BB1 from [5/006] was decorated with burnished decoration.

5.3.10 Clearly later material was more limited in distribution than the earlier fabrics and forms, although it was found both Areas A and B. In Area A, Trenches 7 and 9 produced exclusively later material, and in Area B, so did Trench 30. Amongst the pottery sherds from Trench 30 were several oxidised fragments

decorated with thin linear combing to create linear and latticed patterns, a number of thick fragments with are likely to be parts of the same storage jars as the diagnostic 1.C2 rim sherds, and a residual rim sherd of a bowl (4A) in a coarse example of Verulamium white ware.

5.3.11 The fairly large proportion of BB1 with forms like 4M and obtuse lattice and presence of later Alice Holt fabrics with white slipped surfaces gives terminus post quem dates of c.250/270 for most of the later Roman contexts. Although most of the fabrics/forms recorded could, individually, be of any later Roman date, the absence of common mid/later 4th century elements – especially Portchester D ware – suggests a date range of c.AD250-330 for the later Roman period of activity.

5.4 The Post-Roman Pottery by Luke Barber

5.4.1 Just two post-Roman sherds were recovered during the evaluation. The earliest consists of the base of a slashed strap handle in oxidised medium sandy ware with sparse flint grits to 1mm (32g). The sherd is likely to be from a 13th- century curfew (context [22/004]). The other sherd (1g) is from [7/005] and is from a small vessel in fine glazed red earthenware decorated with trailed slip. An 18th- century date is likely.

5.5 The Ceramic Building Material by Isa Benedetti-Whitton

5.5.1 Twenty pieces of ceramic building material (CBM) weighing a total of 8328g were hand-collected from 10 evaluation contexts across Areas A and B at Manydown, Basingstoke. With the possible exception of two broken fragments (B1) from context [4/012], all the material was Roman. Furthermore, the large size and preservation of many of the tile fragments – in particular those from [29/006] – would suggest this to be a primary site of deposition. A single fragment of CBM weighing 2g was extracted from environmental sample <2>, from context [23/010], but is too small to merit further attention.

5.5.2 A small number of CBM fragments were too broken or abraded to identify original form, but for the most part were recognisable as one of the three most typical Roman CBM forms: tegulae, imbrices, or brick. Tegula pieces were most numerous, and recovered from contexts [1/005], [7/005], [28/022] and [29/006]. As mentioned above several were in very good states of preservation, both in terms of the size of the surviving tile, and other features such as flanges, cutaways and surface details, which included a tegula with ‘arc’ decoration and linear finger-sweeps.

5.5.3 In those instances that the features characteristic of tegulae (e.g. flanges, cutaways) were not intact, the tegulae from Manydown were fairly consistent in terms of dimension, with thickness most commonly being 20-25mm, which – in conjunction with fabric identification – allowed those more fragmentary pieces to be categorised as tegula. The examples of Roman brick were often less well preserved, and identified principally by their comparative thickness (30-36mm). Roman brick was collected from context [07/009].

5.5.4 Only three pieces of imbrex were found, one of which was a fairly sizable fragment, with what appeared to be finger markings in an irregular ‘zig-zag’ on

the upper surface. Two imbrex pieces in fabric R2 were collected from [29/006], and a smaller and unusually thick fragment in R4 from [28/015].

5.5.5 Five Roman fabrics and one possible post-Roman fabric were identified across the assemblage, and are detailed in Table 34. Each fabric was distinct, suggesting the tiles were made from different clay types and/or sites of manufacture. R1 was the most common fabric type, and eleven of the twenty pieces of CBM were made from this type of clay. R2 was represented by three fragments (imbrex and tegula), R3 by fragmentary spall from [6/005], and R5 too by a single spall piece from [22/012]. The unusually thick fragment of imbrex from [28/015] and an additional four pieces of spall from [27/004] were made from R4.

5.5.6 Another phase of excavation at Manydown (‘The Crossroads’) produced a further eleven pieces of Roman CBM weighing 1341g. The same fabrics were identified within this assemblage, suggesting it to be coeval with the CBM recovered from Areas A and B.

Fabric Description R1 Slightly micaceous orange fabric with slightly gritty texture; common fine- medium quartz; sparse coarse quartz, red iron-rich inclusions up to 1.5mm and cream silty deposits up to 3mm.

R2 Dense medium brown-orange fabric with sparse dark red and cream silty deposits up to 4mm; sparse medium quartz. R3 Fine medium orange fabric with pale/creamy streaks, moderate medium red iron-rich speckle and oxides. R4 Coarser and quartz version of R3. Medium pinkish orange fabric with cream silty layers. Common sub-rounded and sub-angular medium quartz. R5 Pinkish fabric with moderate coarse and very coarse calcareous material and voids. Moderate coarse red ferrous pellets and sparse quartz. B1 Very similar to R5 with moderate calcareous material, sparse ferrous pellets and quartz but very hard-fired; appears post-Roman.

Table 34: CBM fabric descriptions

5.6 The Fired Clay by Isa Benedetti-Whitton

5.6.1 A total of 22 pieces of fired clay weighing 323g were recovered from five evaluation contexts: [23/010], [24/004], [24/010], [28/012] and [28/013]. A further 21 pieces of fired clay weighing 270g were unstratified, although the surviving curving surfaces of some of these fragments are similar to those of broken loom-weights, and it is therefore possible that these loose fragments are all pieces of a single object.

5.6.2 A similar collection of loose and often burnt fragments was collected from [23/010], including one piece with a linear impression also typical of a loomweight. The likelihood that both these and the unstratified clay were originally loom-weights is supported by the more definitively identified loom-weight (RF <4>) from [24/010], composed of two co-joining fragments with a linear © Archaeology South-East UCL 51 Archaeology South-East Eval: Manydown Farm, Basingstoke, Hampshire Areas A and B ASE Report No: 2016323

impression running across them that form a partial corner of a triangular loomweight consistent with a Roman date.

5.6.3 The remaining clay fragments from [24/004], [28/012] and [28/013] were all undiagnostic, but formed from the same fabric as the loom-weights (with the exception of the [28/012] which were entirely reduced to black). The clay was reddish-orange in colour, with occasional pale streaking, moderate medium- coarse quartz, and sparse ferrous inclusions.

5.7 The Geological Material by Luke Barber

5.7.1 The evaluation recovered 14 pieces of stone, weighing just over 27.5kg, from eight individually numbered contexts. The assemblage has been provisionally listed on pro forma for the archive. The only local stone consists of a poorly defined spherical echinoid fossil in downland flint (1/122g [24/018]). A fragment from a burnt quartzite pebble was recovered from context [11/015] but too little survives to show any useast-westear (though it is suspected as being a rubber stone).

5.7.2 The remaining stones all derive from rotary querns. These are virtually all of Hythe Beds sandstone of the Lower Greensand, most of fairly typical Lodsworth stone. Context [5/009] produced two parts forming a near complete upper stone of c. 410mm diameter. The stone measures 95mm thick at its outer edge and, although its central area has been broken away, still retains a 52mm wide, 35mm deep slot for a wooden handle. Another fragment from an upper stone was recovered from context [29/006], this time measuring 50mm thick and with an oval socket/perforation (33 x 25mm) to take a wooden handle. The same deposit produced two further substantial pieces of quern, one of which has clearly been re-used as a saddle quern/grinding stone after breakage. The only other stone type used for querns is the somewhat abraded piece of German lava from context [1/009].

5.7.3 Overall the quantity of querns suggests a close link with arable farming. The morphology of the querns would be very much in keeping with a very Late Iron Age or Early Roman date as indicated by the ceramics.

5.8 The Metallurgical Remains by Luke Barber

5.8.1 Four environmental residues produced magnetic material (contexts [5/008], [9/005], [23/010] and [24/008]). A close examination of each of these (never more than 1g per context) showed that all the material consists of burnt granules of clay and fine ferruginous stone, some of the latter being notable rounded by erosion. No evidence of metalworking was noted.

5.9 The Bulk Metalwork by Susan Chandler

5.9.1 A single iron object was recovered from context [1/005]: a nail with square sectioned stem and flat, sub circular head. This form was common from the Roman period onward and is hard to date exactly.

5.10 The Animal Bone by Gemma Ayton

5.10.1 An archaeological evaluation at Manydown Farm, Basingstoke produced a moderately sized animal bone assemblage containing 504 hand-collected fragments. Animal bones and teeth were recovered from 36 individually numbered contexts scattered throughout the site with no particular concentration being apparent. The assemblage derives from Iron-Age and Roman features including enclosure ditches and field boundaries.

Methods

5.10.2 The assemblage has been recorded onto an Excel spreadsheet in accordance with the zoning system outlined by Serjeantson (1996). Wherever possible the fragments have been identified to species and the skeletal element represented. Elements that could not be confidently identified to species, such as long-bone and vertebrae fragments, have been recorded according to their size and identified as large, medium or small mammal. No measurable bones or recordable mandibles were recovered.

5.10.3 The assemblage is in a moderate to poor condition being fairly fragmented and, in some cases, showing extensive signs of surface erosion. Of the 504 fragments collected by hand, 164 were identifiable to taxa (Table 35). A further 12g of bone was retrieved from whole-earth samples though these are small and highly fragmented with a majority of the specimens being calcined.

Taxa NISP Cattle 64 Sheep/Goat 24 Pig 9 Horse 8 Dog 6 Large Mammal 37 Medium Mammal 14 Small Mammal 2 Unidentifiable 340 TOTAL 504

Table 35: NISP (Number of Identified Specimens) count

5.10.4 The assemblage contains bones from domestic animal only, no evidence of wild taxa was recovered. Cattle dominate the assemblage followed by sheep/goat with pigs, horses and dogs evidently playing more minor roles within the local husbandry regimes. Both meat-bearing and non-meat bearing elements are present and no activity areas are evidenced through the animal bone assemblage. The assemblage is dominated by fused bones though a small number of unfused elements have been recovered suggesting that animals were exploited for both meat and secondary products.

5.10.5 A fragment of dog mandible recovered from context [7/005] derives from a large breed and probably represents the remains of a working animal. Canid gnawing was noted on a large-mammal sized vertebra from context [29/004]

though extensive abrasion on many fragments may have obscured any further evidence of gnawing.

5.10.6 It is likely that this assemblage derives from domestic activities though due to the poor preservation of the majority of the specimens, the assemblage provides little evidence regards local husbandry regimes.

5.11 The Human Bone by Gemma Ayton and Paola Ponce

5.11.1 Human bone was recovered from two contexts including [24/024] and [28/013]. Contexts [24/024] contains two fragments of neo-natal human bone weighing 3g.

5.11.2 The specimens have been identified as the shaft of a neo-natal femur and the shaft and unfused, proximal articulation of a neo-natal radius. Context [28/013] contains very fragmented remains, weighing 4g, of a sub-adult humerus.

5.12 Registered Finds by Trista Clifford and Susan Chandler

5.12.1 Three registered finds were recovered during the Area A and B evaluation at Manydown, Basingstoke. Registered finds are washed, air dried or cleaned by a conservator as appropriate to the material requirements. Objects have been packed appropriately in line with CIFA guidelines (CIfA 2014). Metal work is boxed in airtight Stewart tubs with silica gel. All objects are assigned a unique registered find number (RF<00>) and recorded on the basis of material, object type and date (shown in Table 36). One of the registered finds, a ceramic loomweight, RF<4>, has been discussed above with the fired clay (Section 5.6)

RF No Context Object Material Period 1 29/006 Coin Copper Alloy Roman 2 7/005 Spud or Hoe Iron Medieval 4 24/010 Loomweight Ceramic LIA/Roman

Table 36: The registered finds

RF<1> Coin

5.12.3 A copper alloy radiate, RF<1>, of Gallienus (sole reign AD260-268), minted in Rome, was recovered from context [29/006]. The coin is in good condition and is slightly worn on both faces:

Obverse: GALLIENVS AVG; radiate bust right Reverse: [I]OVIS STATOR; Jupiter standing left holding vertical sceptre and thunderbolt Catalogue references: (Besly et al 1983) Cunetio 1228; RIC216

RF <2> the spud or hoe

5.12.4 RF <2> is an iron object consisting of a partial or open socketed blade which tapers out into a trapezoidal form. The blade is incomplete and the socket has a hole for a nail on one side; it is probable that a wooden haft or handle was used. This object is comparable to F17 in Manning (1985, 49), though the blade in that example is narrower. Manning suggests a 14th century date.

6.0 THE ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES by Mariangela Vitolo

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 Four bulk soil samples were taken from the fills of three ditches and a possible cremation to recover environmental material such as charred plant macrofossils, wood charcoal, fauna and molluscs as well as to assist finds recovery. The following report summarises the contents of the samples and discusses the information provided by the charred plant remains and charcoal on diet, agrarian economy, vegetation environment and fuel selection and use.

6.2 Methodology

6.2.1 The samples were processed in their entirety in a flotation tank and the residues and flots were retained on 500µm and 250µm meshes respectively before being air-dried. The residues were passed through graded sieves of 8, 4 and 2mm and each fraction sorted for environmental and artefactual remains (Table 37). Artefacts recovered from the samples were distributed to specialists, and are incorporated in the relevant sections of this volume where they add further information to the existing finds assemblage. The flots (or 100ml subsamples for the larger ones) were scanned under a stereozoom microscope at 7-45x magnifications and their contents recorded (Table 37). Preliminary identifications of macrobotanical remains were made with reference to modern comparative material and published reference atlases (Cappers et al. 2006, Jacomet 2006, NIAB 2004). Nomenclature used follows Stace (1997).

6.3 Results

Samples <1> [9/005], <2> [23/010], <3> [24/008] and <4> [5/008]

6.3.1 All the samples contained a large amount of uncharred rootlets, land snail shells and uncharred seeds of goosefoots (Chenopodium sp.). The shells and the uncharred seeds are likely to be relatively modern contaminants that infiltrated the deposits through root activity.

6.3.2 Charred plant remains were not very numerous and consisted mostly of cereal caryopses (from two of the features, namely a ditch and the possible cremation). They were poorly preserved and presented much abraded surfaces, likely a result of the charring conditions. Because of the poor preservation state, some could not be identified further than indeterminate cereal (Cerealia) or wheat/barley (Triticum/Hordeum sp.). A minority of the caryopses could be identified as hulled barley (Hordeum sp.) and as wheat (Triticum sp.). One the barley caryopses was sprouted. Sprouting happens when the cereal germinates, after being soaked in water; because this process is required when malting, a large amount of sprouted grains is usually interpreted as evidence for brewing. Wild taxa were limited to two vetches/tares (Vicia/Lathyrus sp.).

6.3.3 All the samples contained charcoal, however not in high enough quantities to warrant identification work. The residues contained a small amount of environmental remains, such as bone some of which we burnt, and both marine

and land shells. Finds included fire cracked flint, pottery, flint and magnetic material.

6.4 Discussion

6.4.1 The bulk soil samples from Manydown Farm contained a small amount of charred crop remains, which are likely to derive from small scale burning accidents, perhaps at the domestic level. Both wheat and barley were present, although the poor preservation conditions hindered the identification of many of the caryopses.

6.4.2 These samples show that there is potential for nearby deposits to also preserve plant macrofossils and charcoal and any future work at the site should continue to include sampling, targeting primary deposits.

arred

Sample Number Context Weight g mlFlot volume Volumescanned Uncharred % Sediment % Seeds unch Charcoal >4mm Charcoal <4mm Charcoal <2mm Crop seeds charred Identifications Preservation Land Shells Snail notes

rootlets and snail shell 1 9/005 9 75 75 70 10 ** Chenopodium sp. ** **** **** dominated

rootlets and snail shell Hordeum sp., dominated, between 10 and 20 2 23/010 23 120 100 60 10 * Chenopodium sp. ** **** ** Triticum/Hordeum sp. +/++ **** grains

rootlets and snail shell 3 24/008 31 175 100 60 10 ** ** **** **** dominated

Triticum sp., Hordeum sp. rootlets and snail shell (hulled, 1 sprouted), dominated, a little over 20 4 5/008 14 65 65 70 10 **** ** Triticum/Hordeum sp. +/++ **** caryopses

Table 37: Environmental sample quantity report

7.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

7.1 Overview of stratigraphic sequence

7.1.1 Every trench excavated within areas A and B exhibited the same geological sequence with a layer of topsoil overburden sealing a chalk natural. Three trenches 2, 12 and 20 all displayed additional localised clay deposits as the geological horizon begun to change.

7.1.2 The natural geology comprised of a solid chalk layer with infrequent flint inclusions. Localised clay deposits were observed. In Area A the natural geology was encountered at a maximum elevation of 172.28m AOD in Trench 2 and at a maximum depth of 121.73m AOD in Trench 16. Area B’s maximum height of the natural geology was 135.66m AOD in trench 20 with a maximum depth of 126.26m AOD in Trench 26.

7.1.3 The trenches in Area A were all situated on a moderate, north-south facing slope with ground level at its highest in in the north-west of site Trench 2 AOD 172.62m to the lowest ground point in the south of site Trench 3 AOD 165.55m. Area B was fairly similar with the trenches situated on a moderate Northwest- Southeast slope and the highest level in the north-west Trench 22 AOD 135.70m and the lowest in the Southeast of site Trench 26 AOD 126.42m.

7.1.4 Every Trench was targeted to the geophysical results (see Figures 3 and 4) and as such it is possible to confirm a high level of accuracy from them. Every trench excavated revealed the linear ditches and enclosure ditches that were identified in the survey along with a small amount of discretes not identified.

7.1.5 Large concentrations of late Iron-Age and Roman archaeology were present throughout the site with multiple features occurring within every trench.

7.1.6 All archaeological features were encountered underlying the topsoil. The depth of overburden over archaeological deposits varied between 0.23m and 0.40m across the sites.

7.1.7 The methodology, as set out in the WSI (CGMS 2016b), was successfully employed during the evaluation. The conditions on site were conducive to confident and efficient identification and recording of archaeological features and as such it is considered that this evaluation and report has successfully achieved its objective.

7.2 Deposit survival and existing impacts

7.2.1 Both sites A and B has suffered heavy truncation from seasonal ploughing for an extended period of time. Evidence of plough scars was visible within the natural chalk geology but also within the top of features.

7.2.2 There were limited amounts of discretes identified on sites A and B and ones that had been excavated were often shallow with heavily truncated edges and clear evidence of plough damage. It is very likely that smaller features including postholes and stakeholes have not survived the truncation.

7.4 Discussion of archaeological remains by period

Prehistoric

7.4.1 Area A produced a small amount of possible prehistoric features within the west of the site. The first was grave cut [1/010], which held an articulated human skeleton; it ran on a roughly North-South alignment and was truncated by a later Iron-Age/Roman ditch [1/003]. No dating was recovered from the small amount excavated so it is difficult at this stage to ascertain any conclusive date except from what it is truncated by.

7.4.2 The second feature identified was in Trench 3 and was interpreted as a large ring ditch/enclosure by the geophysical results. Upon excavation of ditch [3/007] no finds were recovered but the fill and profile of the feature were distinct enough from the other late Iron-Age/Roman features on site that it could possibly be of an earlier, prehistoric date. Indeed, it is likely that the feature may relate to the aforementioned (possible) ploughed out Bronze Age burial mound recorded within the site (20815; SU 459210 151230; see section 2.3.1).

7.4.3 The evaluation work produced a small amount of struck flint and a moderate amount of unworked burnt flint, recovered from both sites A and B. The flintwork provides limited evidence of prehistoric presence at the site. No diagnostic tools were found, and due to the condition of the flint, which is chronologically indistinct, it can only be suggested that much of the material is of a broad prehistoric date.

7.4.4 It is likely that the prehistoric evidence from the sampled areas within Area A relates to a funerary/agricultural landscape. Little direct evidence of settlement was encountered.

Iron-Age/Roman

7.4.5 The majority of archaeology encountered on sites A and B was of a late Iron- Age/Roman date comprising mainly large agricultural enclosure ditches, field systems, a long trackway on a roughly east-west alignment (area A) and a banjo enclosure in area B.

7.4.6 Pit [5/007] was identified within Area A on the inside of a sub square enclosure identified by the geophysics and contained two large pieces of abraded quern. Another quern was recovered in the central area of Area B in ditch [29/006]. Overall, the quantity of querns suggests a close link with arable farming. The morphology of the querns would be very much in keeping with a very Late Iron Age or Early Roman date as indicated by the ceramics, which in both cases accompanied the quern in the features.

7.4.7 The environmental results help to confirm the agricultural nature of the site with samples being taken from [9/005], [23/010], [24/008] and [5/008] showing evidence of barley and wheat and possible evidence for brewing.

7.4.8 All CBM and fired clay can be dated confidently as Roman (with one possible

earlier exception) and was recovered from a variety of ditch fills including [1/005], [7/005] [28/022] [29/006] [28/015] [6/005]. More building material in Area B was observed with particularly good preservation from ditch fill [29/006] suggesting a primary deposit of this material.

7.4.9 A moderately large assembly of pottery was recovered from across both sites broadly dating to the same period of late Iron Age to Roman. This is consistent with the rest of the finds identified. Quantity within each feature was small and often pottery was abraded suggesting that these were not a primary deposit. It is possible that some of the more damaged pottery is of an earlier date though the condition makes it impossible to tell.

7.4.10 Ditch [6/006] ran on an east-west alignment in Area A and made up part of a large trackway with [6/011] leading off to multiple enclosures within the east of Area A. It contained a small pot group; mix of Roman and tempered wares suggests a date of deposition in the very early Roman period.

7.4.11 The circular enclosures at the end of the trackway all share similar dated finds suggesting a contemporary use of both. Enclosure ditch [13/007] contained a group of handmade tempered wares; fabrics are consistent with those in other Late Iron Age/Roman groups but due to the heavy abrasion, there is possibility that some of this pottery could be middle Iron Age.

7.4.12 The evaluation of Area A confirmed the geophysical results. Much of this area’s Late Iron Age/Early Romano-British activity appears to relate to a droveway or developed linear settlement type as defined by the Rural Settlement of Roman Britain project (ADS 2016). Trackways and field-systems tend to be incorporated within this category of settlement and they often comprise a complex of conjoined enclosures grouped around a routeway. Though phasing often proves difficult on the basis of evaluation trenching the archaeological evidence combined with spatial analysis of the geophysical survey appears to show a relatively simple single phase to the remains of this period. This said, field-systems and enclosures tend to develop over time and some longevity to boundary features, once established, can be expected. Evidence of settlement tends to be dispersed within this site type and although the evaluation encountered little direct evidence of occupation the potential for limited areas of habitation remains.

7.4.13 Pottery recovered from Area B is near identical to Area A with small assemblages of late Iron Age to Roman pottery being recovered from the majority of features on site. Pottery from the Banjo enclosure [21/003] is scrappy with flint-tempered bodysherds; fabric is in keeping with material recorded in other Late Iron Age /early Roman groups but again the possibility that it's middle Iron Age can't be ruled out.

7.4.14 The enclosure ditches and field boundaries within Area B are all roughly of the same period; Late Iron Age/Roman with ditch fill [22/008] containing a small pot group; mix of Roman and tempered wares suggests a date of deposition in very early Roman period. This is fairly typical of the assemblages recovered. Small amounts of prehistoric finds (struck flint) from contexts [23/010], [24/016] and [28/001] were recovered.

7.4.15 A single Roman coin was discovered in ditch fill [29/006] A copper alloy radiate, helps date the area to around the 3rd century and ties in with the pottery and CBM recovered from the feature and the nearby ditches. The coin is in good condition and is slightly worn on both faces:

Medieval

7.4.16 A small incomplete hoe or spud head was recovered from north-south aligned ditch [7/003] this has been given an estimated date of 14th century though the remainder of the finds within fill [7/005] date confidently to Roman. It is possible that over time this tool has worked itself into the upper part of the fill from plough action.

Post-Medieval

7.4.17 A single sherd of post medieval pottery was recovered from context [7/006] it possibly came from a small vessel. Fine glazed red earthenware decorated with trailed slip it is likely to be of an 18th- century date.

7.5 Consideration of research aims

7.5.1 The aims on the evaluation were:  To determine, as far as is reasonably possible, the location, form, extent, date, character, condition, significance and quality of any surviving archaeological remains, irrespective of period, liable to be threatened by the proposed development. 7.5.2 Nearly all of the observed archaeological deposits and features correspond with the identified geophysical results, particularly the larger ditches. A few small discrete pits were not identified within Area A with a similar result in Area B except for a series of intercutting ditches and large pits within Trench 28.

7.5.3 The evaluation has established that there is considerable and significant archaeological remains present within areas A and B mainly dating from mid- late Iron Age to Romano-British period. Such evidence was located throughout the areas investigated. There was also evidence of an earlier, probably Bronze Age funerary landscape extending within evaluation Area A.

7.5.4 The depth of overburden over the archaeological features ranges from between 0.23m and 0.4m in depth and as such any groundworks are likely to have an impact on the archaeological remains.

Area A 7.5.5 The archaeological remains have been interpreted as evidence of a Bronze Age funerary landscape including possible ploughed out barrow (20815). Wider evidence of Iron Age/Romano-British activity was also encountered comprising an enclosed agricultural landscape. The results conform to a category of site known as linear developed or droveway settlements (ADS 2016). Though little direct evidence of occupation was encountered within the sampled locations the possibility of dispersed areas of habitation (which is a feature of this site type) remains. © Archaeology South-East UCL 62 Archaeology South-East Eval: Manydown Farm, Basingstoke, Hampshire Areas A and B ASE Report No: 2016323

Area B 7.5.6 The enclosures located in Area B appear to be multi-phase and comprise a banjo enclosure and a probable Late Iron Age/Romano-British enclosure system(s) associated with a possible droveway. As a class of monument banjo enclosures are relatively little understood and occur within discrete clusters in Hampshire (English Heritage 2011). As a monument class banjo enclosures are likely to be pre-Conquest in origin (English Heritage 2011) and finds of Middle Iron Age pottery from this example may indicate establishment during that period with likely continuity or re-use during the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period. The further, rectilinear, enclosure systems likely post-date this monument due to finds of ‘Romanised’ pottery within the associated ditches. It is possible that the pre-existing banjo enclosure provided a focus for later activity. Finds of Roman period building material within Trench 29 (as primary deposition) may hint at the presence of a ‘Romanised’ structure or structures within the vicinity. A Roman coin of Gallienus (sole reign AD 260-268) from the same context may indicate that any associated settlement continued into the 3rd century.

7.6 Conclusions

7.6.1 This investigation has succeeded in identifying all anomalies in the geophysical survey of Sites A and B, and characterizing the landscape from them. Small assemblages of struck flint artefacts that were recovered suggesting some prehistoric activity, though they are not chronologically distinctive to give a specific time period. The presence of Bronze Age funerary/monumental activity is suspected.

7.6.2 Much of the archaeological activity recorded was dated to late Iron Age-Roman period, however, and looks to be related to agricultural activity with limited indications of settlement. Area A focusses on a large east-west trackway and a series of small circular enclosures with additional enclosed areas also present. Area B focused on a Banjo enclosure truncated by a series of large Roman enclosure ditches with smaller field boundaries located on the edges of site.

7.6.3 The likely Bronze Age funerary/monumental activity encountered within Area A likely represents an extension of the wider contemporary landscape into the site. The remains have been subjected to truncation from both ploughing and later archaeological activity.

7.6.4 Developed linear/droveway settlements such as that likely encountered within Area A are a widespread feature of the Late Iron Age-Romano-British rural settlement pattern within the region. The remains had been subject to ploughing, however, the evaluation and geophysical survey are testament to their extent and survival.

7.6.5 The banjo enclosure within Area B represents a distinctive class of monument and may be related to similar examples within the wider landscape. It has been subject to ploughing and does not comprise the upstanding earthworks, which are the rarest feature of this monument class (English Heritage 2011). Nevertheless, it is a significant heritage asset. It may be of pre-Conquest origin (possibly Middle Iron Age) but has been subject to truncation by later

archaeological activity. The remains are reasonably intensive and of inherent importance.

7.6.6 The Late Iron Age/Romano British enclosure systems and droveway encountered within Area B comprise a not uncommon form of rural settlement/agricultural systems.

7.6.7 A small amount of archaeology was identified that was dated to a later age than Roman, suggesting isolated activity in these two areas.

7.6.8 Based on the results of the trial trenching the archaeological remains recorded within Areas A and B can be considered of local to regional significance. Given the scale of the proposed development, these features may not represent an unreasonable burden unsuitable for a planning condition.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ASE would like to thank CGMS for commissioning the work and for their assistance throughout the project, and the Hampshire County Archaeologist for their guidance and monitoring. The excavation was directed by Jake Wilson with Garrett Sheehan providing secondary supervisory cover. The author would like to thank all archaeologists who worked on the excavations. Lauren Gibson and Antonio Reis produced the figures for this report; Paul Mason managed the excavations, Jim Stevenson and Dan Swift the post-excavation process.

HER Summary

Site Code MAD16 Identification Name and Manydown Farm, Basingstoke Address

County, District &/or Hampshire Borough OS Grid Refs. Area A ( centred on NGR SU 5926 5142) and Area B ( centred on NGR SU 6000 5271)

Geology Chalk derived from various formations. Localised deposits of superficial clay. Arch. South-East 160307 Project Number Type of Fieldwork Eval.

Type of Site Crop field

Dates of Fieldwork 31/05/16-17/06/16

Sponsor/Client CGMS Project Manager Paul Mason Project Supervisor Jake Wilson Period Summary IA RB

Summary

The majority of the finds all date roughly to late Iron-Age/Roman with a small amount of prehistoric and post Roman as well

OASIS Form

OASIS ID: archaeol6-259545

Project details Project name Manydown Farm, Basingstoke

31 trench Evaluation over two fields (Area A and B) with trial trenches Short description placed over areas of high archaeology frequency based on the results of the project from the geophysical survey. Multiple Roman and late Iron Age enclosures observed.

Project dates Start: 24-05-2016 End: 12-07-2016

Previous/future Yes / Not known work

Any associated project reference MAD16 - Sitecode codes

Type of project Field evaluation

Site status None

Current Land Cultivated Land 2 - Operations to a depth less than 0.25m use

Monument type - None

Significant Finds - None

Methods & ''Sample Trenches'' techniques

Development Not recorded type

Prompt Planning condition

Position in the planning Pre-application process

Project location Country England

HAMPSHIRE BASINGSTOKE AND DEANE BASINGSTOKE Site location Manydown Farm

Study area 0 Kilometres

Site coordinates SU 5999 5269 51.269722222222 -1.14 51 16 11 N 001 08 24 W Point

SU 5927 5142 51.258333333333 -1.150555555556 51 15 30 N 001 09 Site coordinates 02 W Point

Lat/Long Datum Position derived from charts

Height OD / Min: 127.28m Max: 169.47m Depth

Project creators Name of Archaeology South East Organisation

Project brief CgMs Consulting originator

Project design CgMs Consulting originator

Project Paul Mason director/manager

Project Jake Wilson supervisor

Project archives Physical Archive Unknown recipient

Physical ''Animal Bones'',''Ceramics'',''Environmental'',''Human Contents Bones'',''Metal'',''Worked stone/lithics''

Digital Archive local museum recipient

Digital Media ''Database'',''GIS'',''Geophysics'',''Images raster / digital available photography'',''Survey'',''Text''

Paper Archive local museum recipient

''Context Paper Media sheet'',''Drawing'',''Map'',''Photograph'',''Plan'',''Report'',''Section'',''Survey available ''

Entered by Jake Wilson ([email protected]) Entered on 8 August 2016

Appendix 1: Quantification of Bulk Finds

ht (g) ht

Context Lithics Weight (g) Pottery Weight (g) CBM Weight (g) Stone Weight (g) Iron Weight (g) Bone Weight (g) Human Bone Weight (g) Fire Flint Cracked Weig Fired Clay Weight (g) us 9 51 50 389 21 274 1/004 1 25 3 189 1/005 14 94 1 30 1 4 1 10 1/007 1 2 1/009 12 153 1 216 3 264 1/014 14 112 3 23 7 285 3/008 1 12 4/006 7 44 4/008 10 91 2 49 4/010 2 22 4/012 2 12 5/006 13 90 10 57 8 366 5/008 19 413 5/009 5 60 2 12176 6/004 1 5 6/005 11 45 2 32 6 13 2 155 6/009 2 34 7/005 1 1 1 335 45 381

ht (g) ht

Context Lithics Weight (g) Pottery Weight (g) CBM Weight (g) Stone Weight (g) Iron Weight (g) Bone Weight (g) Human Bone Weight (g) Fire Flint Cracked Weig Fired Clay Weight (g) 7/009 10 104 2 50 1 219 9/004 5 3 9/005 1 5 10/005 2 125 10/007 10 58 11/004 2 1 11/005 4 21 11/007 11 31 11/011 8 13 8 467 11/015 10 544 13/007 9 44 2 18 14/004 27 389 68 3784 14/007 3 8 14/009 3 51 12 175 16/004 7 20 18/004 2 5 18/006 1 17 20/006 5 170 21/004 5 6 3 233 22/004 12 98 22/006 2 7

ht (g) ht

Context Lithics Weight (g) Pottery Weight (g) CBM Weight (g) Stone Weight (g) Iron Weight (g) Bone Weight (g) Human Bone Weight (g) Fire Flint Cracked Weig Fired Clay Weight (g) 22/008 4 66 22/009 13 85 2 70 2 184 22/012 5 140 1 9 22/013 4 25 3 555 22/014 20 80 2 56 23/004 11 39 3 113 8 18 23/006 2 1 23/010 16 214 8 141 10 361 15 172 24/004 5 103 4 52 1 1 24/008 6 7 2 2 24/010 7 58 8 26 2 113 24/012 4 99 2 11 24/014 1 12 25 408 33 405 24/015 6 145 31 506 1 83 24/016 3 21 55 595 1 53 23 184 33 2171 24/018 1 121 2 13 18 432 12 1423 24/024 1 4 24 103 2 2 24/025 2 6 6 18 25/006 27 127 27/004 4 8 28/001 4 54

ht (g) ht

Context Lithics Weight (g) Pottery Weight (g) CBM Weight (g) Stone Weight (g) Iron Weight (g) Bone Weight (g) Human Bone Weight (g) Fire Flint Cracked Weig Fired Clay Weight (g) 28/006 1 11 28/008 1 1 155 2559 28/010 30 214 6 107 28/012 3 18 7 152 2 11 28/013 3 32 3 69 1 1 2 27 28/015 4 101 1 166 10 155 28/022 31 342 1 115 18 177 1 70 29/004 8 173 16 168 29/006 1 12 10 7457 4 12641 30/006 6 70 30/010 109 2438 1 2 30/012 1 10 31/004 2 7 10 54 31/011 2 8 Total 10 213 614 7492 23 8164 11 25199 1 4 580 7127 3 3 178 11224 44 817

© Archaeology South-East UCL 75 149000 150000 151000 152000 153000 154000 155000 0 Crown copyright and database right 2016 right database and copyright Crown Contains Ordnance Survey data Survey Ordnance Contains Project Ref: 160307 Ref: Project Report Ref: 2016323 Ref: Report © 458000 Archaeology South-East Archaeology The Site 1 km Drawn by: NG by: Drawn July 2016 July

459000 Area Area A Manydown, Basingstoke Manydown, Area B Area

460000 Site location Site

461000 Fig. 1 Fig. N

122.6m Track

N Track 123.2m

ED & Ward Bdy

Und 127.4m rjc e:100 August 2016 Report Ref: 2016323 Project Ref: 160307 © Archaeology South-East

459191, 152802 Co Const, ED & Ward Bdy Ward & ED Const, Co

0.91m RH

Boro Const Bdy Const Boro

Def 0.91m RH 0.91m Co Const, ED & Ward Bdy

0.91m RH Boro Const Bdy 459255, 151555

ACTUAL POSITION OF OIL PIPELINE FROM TRACING DECEMBER 2013 Maze 459322, 152198 Area A Drawn by: AR Scrapp's Hill Farm 122.2m 459435, 151310

550

548

WORTING ROAD WORTING 546

0.91m RH

MP .5 117.0m

ED & Ward Bdy

Co Const, ED & Ward Bdy Boro Const Bdy

Path (um) Worting Park Tank Location of Areas A an B Manydown, Basingstoke 111.9m

498 Kings Lodge 459839, 151269 Swimming Pool

Coach House (Telecommunication) Mast Bungalow MS The

431 50.25 MP 0 Worting House October House 459935, 152565 107.5m

429 FB

Path (um)

425 B 3400 (Track) LANE CHURCH

427

Court Tennis Area B

423

421

427b 74

419 81 100m

71 Hall Und 4 Hall

Eastview Track

Railway Cottages 1

70 6 (um) Path

415 417 413 DORSET CRESCENT DORSET 85 Canterbury Church

St Thomas of 411

96 Pump DORSET CRESCENT DORSET 88

Path (um) Path 3 65 7

460065, 152735

67 105.3m Lych Gate Path Smithy

Hillside

409

92 LANE CHURCH WORTING

13 407

ED & Ward Bdy Ward & ED 14 1 LB

Cottage

Rectory 98

Def 64 405a 17

58 DORSET CRESCENT 94 82 80

28 Hatchetts

WILTSHIRE CRESCENT WILTSHIRE 405

Cottage 3 to 16 to 3 460110, 152250 70

69 The Old Rectory

10 67 21 108 Hatchetts

60 1

58 7 8

22 CLOSE PEWSEY

52 61 87

1 77 51 8 Becket Court 3 0

30 Co Const, ED & Ward Bdy 89

DORSET CRESCENT 10 59 Boro Const Bdy 51

UPAVON CLOSE 49 6

34 33 10

3 20m

5 CHIPPENHAM CLOSE CHIPPENHAM

8 5

0.91m RH

47 15 47

8 18

6 118 14

44 El Sub Sta 3 11 56 6 Burghfield Walk

39 101 45 99 43 19

Path 126

Allotment Gardens 5

WORTING ROAD

128 to 134 to 128 39 46

WILTSHIRE CRESCENT

110 10

111 33 25 34

106 Kite Hill 24 Track MP 50

Play Area ROMAN WAY ROMAN 40 7 El Sub Sta 108.4m 4 110.3m

OLD KEMPSHOTT LANE 5 OLD FARM DRIVE FARM OLD Fig. 2

ROMAN ROAD 29 8 26 4

83 9 26 77 DEVIZES CLOSE 6 16

67 DRIVE WYKEHAM Play Area 1 28

HUNGERFORD CLOSE Signal Gantry

3 24 1

57 27

23 BECKETT

102.2m 37 18

2 1

105.8m

1 8 20 Signal Gantry CLOSE

49 10 Recreation Ground

Spelthorne 5 to 21 to 5 Tall Trees ROMAN WAY

45 1

16 2 to 18 to 2

CHILTERN WAY 459255, 151555

N 12

11 10 19

Co Const, ED & Ward Bdy 13 18

Boro Const Bdy 9

TR9

9/003

Section 18 1 15

7 8 14 17

5 459435, 151310

0 50m

21 27

23 24 25 26

28 30

Conjectured feature line 459935, 152565 0 20m

Section 1 1/010 1/012 1/007 1/003

0 5m

459103, 151389

Trench 1, looking south east

1/003, 1/006, 1/008, 1/010, looking north 1/006, 1/012, looking north

Section 1 W E 122.46 mOD

1/005 1/009 1/007 1/014 1/008 1/006 1/013 1/004 1/012 1/011 1/003 1/010 0 1m

2/007 Section 3

2/005

Section 2

459107, 151498 2/003

Trench 2, looking north

0 2m

Ditch 2/002, looking west

Section 2 Section 3

NW SE S N 2/001 2/008 125.89mOD

2/007 2/006 2/002 125.91mOD 2/005

2/004 0 1m 2/003

Ditch 2/005 and pit 2/007, looking west

459204, 151273

3/003

Section 4

3/005

Trench 3, looking north east Ditch 3/003 and pit 3/005, looking east

459184, 151257

Ditch 3/007, looking east Ditch 3/007, looking north east

3/007

Section 5 Section 4 Section 5 N S N S 118.95mOD 3/001 3/001 118.72mOD 3/007 3/006 3/003 3/005 3/008

3/007

0 1m

0 2m

459270, 151293 4/011 Section 9

Trench 4, looking north east Ditch 4/005, looking east Ditch 4/011, looking north west Pit 4/007 and ditch 4/009, looking south west Section 6 Section 7

S N SW NE

119.56 mOD 4/001 4/001

119.61 mOD 4/004 4/006 4/003 4/007 4/005

Section 8 Section 8 4/009 E W 119.61 mOD Section 9

4/010 SW NE Section 7 4/008

4/009 4/005 459278, 151272 4/001 Section 6 4/007 120.36 mOD 4/003 4/012

0 1m 4/011 0 2m

Section 10 N

Section 11 5/003

459304, 151318

5/005 Section 12

5/007

459312, 151312

0 2m

Ditch5/005, looking north

Section 11 Section 10 Section 12 W E W E S N

5/001 121.10 mOD 5/001 121.05 mOD 120.39 mOD 5/008 5/007 5/004 5/006 5/003 5/005

0 1m

Trench 5, looking south west Ditch 5/003, looking south east

6/008

Section 14

6/006

459265, 151348

TR6

Section 13 6/003

Trench 6, looking north

Ditch 6/003, looking south west Ditches 6/006 and 6/008, looking east

Section 13 Section 14

S N S N

6/001 6/001 6/002 121.84 mOD 122.30 mOD 0 2m 6/007 6/010 6/009 6/005 6/006 6/008 6/004 6/003 0 1m

TR7

Section 16

7/006 7/003 7/008

Section 15

0 2m

459241, 151374

Trench 7, looking west Ditch 7/003 and pit 7/00, looking west Pit 7/008, looking east Section 14

Section 15 Section 16

E W W E 123.13 mOD 123. 17mOD

7/007 7/005 7/009 7/006 7/008 7/004 7/003

0 1m

459300, 151393 TR8

0 2m

Trench 8, looking west

459269, 151427

TR9

9/003

Section 17

459288, 151398

Trench 9, looking south

Section 17 S N

9/001 122.45mOD

9/004

0 2m 9/005 9/003

0 1m

Ditch 9/003, looking west

10/008 Section 20

Section 19 10/006 459262, 151487

TR10 Ditch 10/003, looking west

Section 18 Section 23 S N 11/012

11/014 10/001 126.36 mOD

10/005 10/004 459246, 151478 10/003

Section 19

S N

10/001 127.18 mOD

10/007 10/006 Ditch 10/005 looking west

S Section 20 N

10/001 127.22 mOD 10/010 10/003 10/009 10/008 Section 18

0 1m 0 2m

Trench 10, looking north Ditch 10/008, looking west

Section 22 Section 21

11/012 11/003 11/014

0 2m

Section 21 127.36 mOD E W

11/004 11/005 11/006 11/007 11/008 11/003 11/009

Section 22

S WN E

11/001 127.20 mOD 11/013 11/011 11/012 11/015 11/014 11/010 11/016

0 1m

Trench 11, looking west Ditch 11/003, looking south Pits 11/010, 11/012, 11/014, looking west

459360, 151544

0 2m

Section 23

12/004

Trench 12, looking north

Section 23

S N

12/001 128.46 mOD

12/003

12/004

0 1m

Ditch 12/004, looking west

13/009 N

13/003 13/005

Section 24 Section 25

459386, 151432

0 2m

Section 24 E W

13/001 125.61 mOD

13/004 13/003

Section 25

E W

13/001 125.51 mOD

13/006 Trench 13, looking east Ditch 13/003, looking south 13/007

13/005

E Section 26 W 125.39 mOD 13/010 13/011 13/008 13/009

0 1m

Ditch 13/005 looking south west Pits 13/008 and 13/009, looking south

Section 27 14/003 459371, 151394

14/005 Section 28

TR14

14/008

Section 27 S N

123.89 mOD 14/001 Trench 14, looking south 14/004 14/003

Section 28 S N

14/001 123.34 mOD 14/008 14/007 14/018 14/006 0 2m 14/005

0 1m

Pit 14/003, looking south west

TR15

459371, 151394

Section 29

TR14

14/008

0 2m

Trench 15, looking south

459460, 151386

16/003 TR16

Section 29

Trench 16, looking south

0 2m

Section 29

N S

16/001 122.91 mOD

16/004

16/003

0 1m

Ditch 16/003, looking east

459551, 151391

TR17

0 2m

Trench 17, looking north

Section 30

0 2m

459445, 151427

Section 30

W E

18/001

125.12 mOD 18/006

18/012 18/003 18/004

Section 31

E W

18/001 124.66 mOD 18/011

18/010

18/005

Section 32

W E

18/001 124.96 mOD

18/009

18/008

0 1m

Trench 18, looking west Ditch 18/008, looking south Ditch 18/003 looking south

TR19

0 2m

459422, 151457

Trench 19, looking west

TR20

20/004

Section 33

0 2m

Trench 20, looking north east

Section 33

S N

20/001 135.05 mOD

20/004 20/003

0 1m

Ditch 20/003, looking north west

21/007 21/005 21/003

0 5m Section 34 459967, 152712

NW SE

21/001 134.99 mOD

459930, 152706 21/004 21/003

Section 35

W E 134.79 mOD

21/001 Trench 21, looking west Pit 21/007 looking west 21/006

21/005

Section 36 134.72 mOD S N 21/008 21/007

0 1m

Ditch 21/003, looking north east Ditch 21/005 looking north

22/003 N

459930, 152706

Section 38

22/005

Section 39

22/007

Trench 22 looking south 22/003 looking north

22/010

22/005 looking east 22/007 looking east 22/011 looking west

22/011 Section 37 Section 39 WE 135.29 mOD 22/004 22/003 N S 134.93 mOD 22/001 22/009 Section 38

N S 22/008 22/007 22/001 135.17 mOD 0 1m 22/006 22/005

0 5m

Trench 23 looking south-west 23/007 looking-east

23/003 looking north-west Section 40 23/003

459949, 152674

Section 41 23/005 Section 40

SW NE

23/001 133.30 mOD

23/004 23/003

Section 41

SW NE

23/001 133.35 mOD

23/006

23/005 Section 42 23/007 Section 42 NE SW

133.55 mOD

23/009

23/008

23/010

23/007

0 2m

0 1m

Section 46 24/003 Section 43

Section 40 23/003 24/021

459949, 152674

Trench 24, looking north east Pit 24/003, looking north east Ditch 24/016, looking south east

Section 41 23/005 Section 47 24/022

5m Ditch 24/021, looking south east 24/016 460003, 152669

TR24 Section 42 23/007

24/011 Section 45 Section 44 24/005 Ditch 24/011, looking north west Ditch, 24/009, 24/005,0 looking2m north west Ditch, 24/022, looking south east

24/009

0 5m

Section 43 Section 44 Section 46 Section 47 SW Section 45 NE SW NE SW 24/008 NE NE SW NE SW 131.94 mOD 132.28 mOD 132.29 mOD 24/001 mOD 24/007 24/006 24/001 132.15 mOD 24/025 24/005 24/020 24/010 24/004 24/015 24/021 24/024 24/003 24/009 24/014 24/023 24/022 24/013 24/012 24/011

0 1m

24/013 Section 47

25/011 25/013

Trench 25, looking south west Ditch 25/003, looking north west Ditch 25/007, looking north west 25/009 Section 51 Section 50 Section 49

460003, 152669 25/007

TR24 460060, 152665

Ditch 25/009, looking south east Pit 25/011, looking south 25/003 Section 48

0 5m

Section 50 Section 51 129.71 mOD Section 49 W E E W Section 48

SW NE 25/010 SW NE 25/001 25/009 129.56 mOD 25/001 25/001 129.84 mOD 25/013 129.92 mOD 25/011 25/006 25/008 25/012 25/005 25/007

25/004 25/003 0 1m

460060, 152665 460106, 152664

26/005 Section 52

Trench 26, looking south east Ditch 26/006, looking north east 26/010 Section 55

Ditch 26/005, looking south west

Excavated in Trench 27

5m Section 54 26/008

Ditch 26/008, looking north east Ditch 26/010, looking south east

Section 53 26/006 Excavated in Trench 27

0 5m

Section 53 Section 54 Section 52 Section 55 NW SE NW SE NW SE SE NW130.33 mOD

26/001 26/001 26/003 26/001 130.53 mOD 130.59 mOD 130.28 mOD 26/004 26/007 26/005 26/009 26/011

26/006 26/008 26/010

0 1m

460131, 152716

Trench 27, looking south west Ditch 27/0063 looking north east Ditch 227/011, looking south west

27/009 Section 59 Section 58 27/007

Ditch 27/005, looking south Pit 27/007, looking north

Section 57 Section 56 27/005 27/003

0 5m

Section 57 Section 56 Section 58 Section 59 W E NW SE SW NE 127.81 mOD SW NE

27/008 27/001 27/007 27/001 27/001 127.68 mOD 128.45 mOD 127.23 mOD 27/006 27/002 27/005 27/004 27/010 27/003 0 1m 27/009

28/009

Section 63

Section 60 N S 132.30 mOD 28/001 28/011 28/004 28/003

Section 61 N S Section 64 131.77 mOD 28/001

28/006

28/005

Section 62 N S 28/013 131.68 mOD 28/001

28/008

28/007

Section 63 N S 131.27 mOD

28/001

28/012 28/010

28/009 28/013

28/011

28/007

Section 62 Section 64 N S

132.63mOD

28/010 28/012 28/019 28/022

28/009 28/016 28/017 28/013 28/020

28/018 28/021

28/023 28/011

28/024

0 1m 28/005

Section 61

28/003

Section 60

Trench 28, looking south west

Section 65

SE NW Section 65

29/001 29/007

121.92 mOD

29/004 Section 66

29/003

Section 66 29/005

NW SE

29/001 Section 67

129.94 mOD

29/006 29/003 29/005

Section 67

NE SW 129.56 mOD

29/008

29/007

0 1m

Trench 29, looking north west

30/009

30/011 Trench 30, looking south west

30/003 Section 68

Section 68 SW NE

Section 69

30/001

30/005 127.80

30/004 30/003 30/007

Section 69 SW NE

30/001

127.74

30/006 30/005

0 0.5m 0 2m

459973, 152588

31/006

31/003

Section 70

Section 70 SW NE

Excavated in Trench 31/001 28 128.58 mOD 31/005 31/003 31/004

0 1m

0 2m

Trench 31, looking south west