STATISTICAL DATA ON IMMIGRANTS IN GREECE:

AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF AVAILABLE DATA AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CONFORMITY WITH EUROPEAN UNION STANDARDS

A study conducted for ΙΜΕΠΟ [Migration Policy Institute], Greece by Mediterranean Migration Observatory UEHR, Panteion University

Scientific Director: Martin Baldwin-Edwards Research Assistant: Giannis Kyriakou, PhD Cartography: Panagiota Kakalika and Giannis Katsios

FINAL REPORT

revised version, 15 November 2004

© 2004, Mediterranean Migration Observatory

Mediterranean Migration Observatory University Research Institute for Urban Environment and Human Resources Panteion University Aristotelous 14 Kalithea Athens 176-71 Greece

Tel: +30 210 924 9883 Email: [email protected] and [email protected] Website: http://www.mmo.gr

fromthe2001Census Electronic datasets, APPENDIX C Response fromtheMinistryofPublicOrder APPENDIX B Explanatory Notes An analyticalstudyofstatistical PART A Objectives andMethodology Acknowledgments Profile ofimmigrantsinGreece: Trends inImmigrationintoGreece Introduction Draft proposal,Version19/05/04,foraRegulation APPENDIX A Recommendations fordatacollect Conformity withthedraftEU Regulation Ministry contactsandresponses Community StatisticsonInternat Complianceimmigration: on datasets government Greek with the draft EU Regulation on PART B Glossary Inflows andoutflowsofnon-EUnationals Immigrant childreninGreekstateschools Immigrants intheGreekLabourMarket Characteristics oftheimmigrantpopul on Community StatisticsonInternationalMigrati on information fromthe2001Census ional Migration,Citizenship, ion, collationandcompilati data onimmigrationintoGreece,1990-2004 ation fromresidencepermitdata,2003-4

CONTENTS on, Citizenship, Residence PermitsandAsylum on, Citizenship,Residence of theEuropeanParliament on ofmigrationstatistics ResidencePermitsandAsylum

andoftheCouncil,

35 31 24 23 20 18 13 ii 8 5 3 1 i

help incompilingdata andassi possible. We arealsoindebted Interior, without whoseconsiderable contribu grateful to allofthe personnel with whom unstintingly gave uptheir timein assisting We would like to thank the many people in Acknowledgments tothestaffofStatisti sting us inmanyother ways. we cameintocontactintheMinistryof variousministriesan us with this project. In particular, weare project.Inparticular, us this with tion this research cal ServiceofGreecefortheir would nothave been d stateagencieswho i

compliance withtheproposed about the government datasets,the quality and on immigrationintoGreeceandot Service ofGreece new, previously unpublisheddata. These reques supplement pre-existingdatasets conclusions ontheimmigrat new governmentdatasuppliedspecificallyfo The Reportisintwosections,with datasets derived fromthe2001 * METHODOLOGY OBJECTIVES OFTHESTUDY The Mediterranean MigrationObse The purposesofthis scientific with the Ministry of Public Orderis given in Regulation on Migration Statistics Migration on Regulation Availableat ¾ ¾

Regulation onmigration statistics. immigrants, andtoevaluate their po to map Ministry andother statistical using all possible datasources; to preparethefirst-everau http://www.mmo.gr are includedas

ion phenomenoninGreece. studyare basicallytwofold: EURegulation. The latest draft version of the

Census andprovided withourspecificrequeststo isattachedas thoritative analyticalreport Appendix C her southernEuropeancountries rvatory wasabletobuildup Part A

utilisingolderpublished tential compliance withthedraft EU datasets relatingtoimmigrationand Appendix B r thisproject, inorder toreachsome . ts weremadein deta reliability ofthedata,and theirapparent Appendix A to usbytheNationalStatistical Part B . Additionaldetailedelectronic onimmigrantsinGreece, , andourcorrespondence variousstateagenciesfor on five yearsofresearch details what is known * data, aswell assome , andonthis basisto il, eitherinwriting EU EU ii

o o o o o o o

or inpersonalcontactandal agencies approachedwere: the available datainorder to provide asa expressed, asappropriate, inPart Ainorde analytical purposeshere, desp be useful,but still somewhat such data, althoughhastheusual limitations information onthe immigration phenomenon. has MinistryofInterior ofthe database and trendsofimmigrationin The resultsoftheserequestsfo Ministry of Interior Ministry of Labour Ministry of Education Ministry ofPublic Order Ministry ofForeignAffairs National StatisticalServiceofGreece IKA Foundation to Greecesince1990.Inparticular,therecently-constructed so throughextended narrow inscope. Othersources have beenusedfor ite theirdoubtful reliability. r dataaredetailedinPartB. been invaluable in invaluable been ccurate apictureaspo r toqualifythe reliability ofouranalysis. of anycensus.IKAdata The 2001 Censusis alsoalandmark in interviews, asappropriate.Thestate Reservations onaccuracyare providing newdetailed In Part A, wemerelyuse ssible ofthepatterns arealsoprovingto iii

were eventuallyaccepted. Nodataonnumber attracted atotalof368.000 applications, alth The 2001Censushadatotalof with heavily delayed bure was granted toalmostall372.000applicants,an in 1997its firstlegalizationpr not only withimmigration policybutalso wi A newImmigrationLawin2001wasaccomp suggest thatthenumberis awarded the3-yearhomogeneis this conflicts withour understanding of Greek citizenship.Accordingto citizenship, butthis figure supp impediments intheway ofapplicants,and data onimmigrants. Its successorprogramme, deportations ofmainly After severalyearsofmassillegalimmigr extent andtypeofimmigr largely asaresultofdisint Following thebeginningof Introduction below) should have revealed more nationals, and children. A datasetcompiledfor AN ANALYTICALSTUDYOFSTATISTICALDATAON IMMIGRATION INTOGREECE,1990-2004 Albanians,BulgariansandRoma aucratic procedures. ation intothecountry. egration oftheformerCommuni mass illegal immigrationintoGreeceintheearly1990s, 150-200.000 suchcardsawarded. ogramme forillegalimmigran theCensus,thereareonlysixpersonswith thisstatus: osedly includedethnicGreeks [ 762.000 registrantsnormally card by the Ministry of Public Order. Unofficial sources information onthe numberof PART A the unknownbutlarge number of persons ation, accompanied bymass (illegal) the numberofapplic th acquiring even appr even acquiring th anied byanotherle ough pressreportscl s, characteristicsof us bytheStatisticalService(seePartB, the 1-3yearGreenCard,laidsubstantial d atthattimeyiel nians, Greecereluctantlyinitiated st bloc,Greecehasstruggled ts. The6-monthWhite Card resident andwithoutGreek homogeneis ants wasonly228.000 galisation, which theapplicants,or homogeneis oximate dataonthe aim thatonly220.000 ded theonlyreliable ], EU ], without 1

are discussedinPartBof thisReport. the conceptof‘repatriatedGreeks’andesta Greek descenttoremainin previously. However,thereremain provided below,providing a much clearerpi A jointMinisterialDecision Ottoman Empire. mainly to‘ethnicminorities and ofAnkaracontainspecial Decision for Albanians (whoare generally denied Greek citizenship) the relevant lawis Ministerial residence permits.Thesearedefinedfornati given special permits bythe Ministry of Public Finally, in2004,theMinistry in theeconomy some 328.000activeregistrationsin2002–prov suppressed by the Ministryof from theCIS.EthnicGreekselsewhere, another distinctprocedurefor Ministerial Decision4864/8/8 Greek citizenshiptoclaimants.This information onimmigrantsinGreece.There operational. It is theseunpublished data but aretreatedpreferentiallyon sanguinis ius 'Ethnic Greeks'orthoseclaimingGreekde The confused situationregardingethnic Greeks [ anything at all wereever provided by OAED

4000/3/10- , arenotdefinedorgive and society. λέ /2001 . The number of bothtypes of ’ inGreeceandelsewhere (Defence andInterior) of1990a Greecewithoutdocumentatio ofInteriordataba γ Public Order for "reasons /2000 whichgavespecialri procedures forthedefinition the rapidgrantingofGreek thebasis of political decision somequiteseriousdifficulti was supplementedbyLaw2790of2000and n rightswithinGreeceunder which constitute themost crucialnew scent butwithoutGreekcitizenship through . Only IKAsoci . Only blished arapid process cture ofthesituationthanwasavailable sults ofouranalysis onals of the CIS by th by theCIS of onals or thosewhofail to Order andarenot requ se onresidencepermitsbecamefully ided any indication palinostoundes of nationalsecurity". the regionsofformer thesespecialpermitsis n; Law2130of1993defined ghts, support structures and citizenship toethnicGreeks al insuranceco of citizenship:theserelate llowed immigrants claiming s. TheTreatiesofLausanne es withthisdataset,which ofthedatasetare theGreekConstitution, get citizenship,are e abovelegislation; for thegranting of of immigrants’role ired to havenormal or ntributions – homogeneis ] 2

explanation of the methodologyofitsco Greek undocumented immigrants. data garnered for thisproj declined inthefaceof massimmigratio the number of residencepermitsawarded by has beenphenomenal,multiplyingthestock surrounding the three legalisation programmes, the greatextentofillegal(andtherefore immigration trendsintoGreece. is thefirstattempttoshow As canbeseenfrom these; theholdingofdiscre been givenGreekcitizenshiporawarded3-year illegality inthe1990s,itseem undocumented ethnicGreekaliens without detailed annual data, to distin constructed withextreme diff communication between there Report, this until Up Trends inImmigrationintoGreece to it,hasbeenshroudedin The biggestproblemwiththis racially disc assures usthatthenumberawardedis cu wh the that is immigrants numbers of immigrants. From1990, immigrants from it.Finally,the awardof there arenoproperdata:however,its immigrants. The awardof citizenship to CIS theywere, remain undocumentedinGreece: Figure 1,the rateofincrease them, and inparticular, the problem with ole picturehasbeenconcea ect. AstheimportanceofFi has beennoattempt topres secrecysinceitsinception. immigrationtrendsinto te datasets byseparate Mi homogeneis homogeneis iculty, usingall available pu s thatsome350.000 ethnicGreekimmigrants haveeither This deficithasbeencaused tolegalresidentsandth guish betweenthistransformation of eems thatsome 150.000personshavebenefited n. Thelegalisation nstruction is given unmeasurable) immigration;theextremechaos cards since2000withtw riminatory approach to rrently around200.000. nationals hasbeendone surreptitiously, and of immigrantsfivefo the Ministry of Public Order actually in effect,indistinguishable fromillegal claimingGreekethnici and a lackofreliable homogeneis homogeneis of immigrationintoGreecesince1988 Greece. Thediagramhasbeen led andinvolves verylarge nistries withlittleorno gure 1is high, a detailed Nevertheless, areliable source ent aquantifiedpictureof blished data, plus unpublished programmes (1997,2001) here, as Endnote1. e presenceinGreeceofnon- cards.Itisimpossible, by threedistinctproblems: theregulationof ld. From1991to1997, Thus, fromtolerated in statusesattached homogeneis data relating to ty wereallowedto 1 . Figure1

3 1,000,000 1,200,000 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000

0 9819 9219 9419 9619 9819 0020 0220 2004* 2003 2002 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1988

FIGURE 1:Evolutionoflegalandundocumentednon-EUimmigrant stock Census registration forlegalisation with residencepermitor(1998, 2001) 2001) orwithpermitapplication undocumented, tolerated"homogeneis" (until [estimate] Ministry ofPublicOrder"homogeneis cards" otherwise interpolated] schoolchildren [datapoints1996,2000,2003; [including homogeneis]inGreece,1988-2004

immigrants are present in Greece, or wh or Greece, in present are immigrants nationals, Figure 1issignific possible. the non-appearanceoflegalimmigrants inthe problem the data.Ifweaddtothis, other the Census data, and on theother handare relative youthofAlbanian factors: theprimacyofAlbanianimmigratio but alsoasacomponent ofi Finally, Figure1showshowsign However, ifweaddtheestimatednumber of to Figure1hadsuccess inso attempt tocapturearecordofallimmigran residents and thosewith legal status. The made animpact on the illegality of migran of citizenshipawards, these fi However, withoutproperdata Thus, by2004theimmigrantpopu the overwhelmingmajority nationality. immigrants inGreece,andasimilarproportion reunification to immigrants. Thus, foreign The 1991Censussignificantlyunder-recorded large minority inillegal status. with population ratiouptoabout 8,5%. If we 200.000 morethanrecorded stands ataround900.000non-EU/EFTAorno nationals thistakesthetota homogeneis homogeneis We cannot estimate other than crud than other estimate cannot We cards, thistakes thefigureupto married couples,andthein l toabout950.000immigrants. antly changed.On mmigration flows.Thisisthe doing,withfewerthan100.000 in the2001Census,andta gures arehighly unreliable. on alllegalimmigrantsin ificant immigrantchildren are, lation (withaconservative at the total of i of total the at addtheestimatednumberofethnicGreeks schoolchildren constitutesome13%of ts, butofatransitory of delayedresidencepermit procedures and 2001 Census, however, madeanexplicit n intoGreece,thelarg ts –legal or undocumented – andaccording indistinguishable from illegalimmigrants in ely how many illegal or even legal legal even or illegal many how ely homogeneis n-homogeneis persons, immigrantresidents, theonehand, permit data, there is of totalschool 1,15millionpersons–about10,3%. creased grants of family mmigrants might be. be. might mmigrants kes theimmigrant/total Greece, plusdetailedaccounts whowererecordedasGreek result ofthreecoinciding This latterfigureisabout children, withAlbaniansas estimate ofil people notparticipating. homogeneis not onlyinGreekschools, natureandleavinga er familysizeand findingonlyEU only oneconclusion andincludingEU areinvisiblein legal stocks)

4

ratio of only 68%.The principal differencewi Nationalities standard residencepermits. Around 80% ofimmigrants areofworking ag Age profilesbynationality female, until wereachPakistanis nationalities (Bulgaria, Georgia,USA, Cypr female. Albaniashows some60%malepresen female presence, theUkraine, Egypt have80%malepresenceinGreece.Ot male immigrantsinGreece,and Gender balance immigrant population. unique inthe EUin having onedominant populations, byage group andsex. Forboth Table 1 showssummary data by geographical Asian countriesinparticular the sexesarewell-balanced,butcertainnation The gender balance of immigrant groupsvaries foreign communitiesataround (3%) andRomanians (3%).Americans, Cypriots constituting some56% ofto Figure 2shows thedistribution of all i 690.000 personsofnon-EUornon- nationals; therearealso17.426 citizenship, constitutingarou The Census recorded762.191personsnorma Profile ofimmigrantsinGreece: Greeks (17%asopposedto15%). many elderlyGreeks,although (Pakistan, Bangladesh andIndi tal immigrants, followed by Bulgarians (5%), Georgians (5%),Georgians followedbyBulgarians tal immigrants, nd 7%oftotalpopulation.Of PhilippinesandMold 2%eachoftotalforeign there isaslightlyhigherra Cypriots with privileged stat the Arabcountriesalsotend at 1,4%offoreignpopulation. homogeneis mmigrants by nationality, with Albanians Albanians with nationality, by mmigrants immigrant group in excessof50%its us, Russia,UK,Germany,Poland)are 50-60% formation from the2001Census sexes, CentralEurope (i.e. Albania, along th theGreekpopulation e (15-64),whichcont lly residentinGreeceandwithoutGreek her nationalitiesha region oforigin immigrant andGreek ce, alongwithRomania. The otherleading alities have highly status,whoseadultmembersallrequire widely, asshownin Figure 3. Overall, , BritishandGermansappearassizeable avia especiallyso at around70% population. However,Greeceis tio of children than amongst these,48.560areEUorEFTA a) havealmostexclusively us. Theresidualisaround in thisdirection.Syriaand ve apredominantly skewed profiles.The rasts withtheGreek isthepresenceof 5

1.2% 1.0% 1.9% 1.9% 2.3% 1.8% 1.7% 2.4% 1.4% 1.0% 2.8% 2.9% FIGURE 2:Principalnationalities,Census2001 2.9% 0.9% 4.7% 0.7% 5.5% 55.6% Moldavia France Philippines Canada Iraq India Armenia Egypt Italy Turkey Australia Pakistan Poland Ukraine Germany UK Russia Cyprus USA Romania Georgia Bulgaria Albania Others Fmr Yug Bangladesh Syria Bangladesh Philippines Germany Romania Moldavia Australia Pakistan Fmr Yug Armenia Bulgaria Georgia Canada Ukraine Albania TOTAL Cyprus France Poland Russia Turkey Others

Egypt Syria India USA Italy Iraq UK %2%4%6%8%100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% FIGURE 3:Genderbalanceofimmigrantgroups,Census2001 Female Male TABLE 1:UsualresidentpopulationofGreece in 2001,bysex,regionofcitizenshipandagegroup(fromCensusdata) 16 15 16 15 14 13 14 13 11 12 11 12 1 1 4 3 2 5 4 3 2 5 GREEKS minus EUROPE Europe Remainder of States Independent European New GREEKS minus EUROPE Europe Remainder of States Independent European New Central Europe EFTA Central Europe EFTA EUROPE citizenship Country of Females ************** Parent other EU EUROPE citizenship Country of Males Parent other EU AFRICA AMERICA ASIA OCEANIA AFRICA AMERICA ASIA OCEANIA SOURCE: National Statistical ServiceofGreece 85+ 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 Total Age group

4,3 8322,6 1592,9 7284,0 2273,1 1222,3 601884723504413267145114285,904 1,124 1,435 2,627 4,163 5,014 7,243 8,874 16,051 23,131 31,202 348,552 35,817 795 42,257 44,201 37,268 1,074 25,497 1,981 21,529 3,497 20,463 18,342 4,943 346,238 6,798 8,578 14,957 22,280 33,271 41,816 55,231 63,132 56,111 34,088 24,281 22,272 19,853 414,958 ,6,5 5,4 6,2 7,8 4,3 9,3 0,7 2,9 8,5 8,6 5,4 4,4 8,1 4,1 3,5 9,0 8,6 109,20 183,566 296,807 330,356 340,117 287,216 346,042 353,442 388,565 384,352 420,991 404,770 393,732 342,431 278,182 262,225 255,945 5,464,251 ,7,3 3,2 4,2 5,4 2,6 6,5 6,9 8,9 5,4 6,7 3,9 3,9 8,4 3,4 2,2 9,1 8,2 108,05 181,527 293,715 326,626 334,643 280,241 333,191 334,692 363,072 355,245 386,091 366,991 361,153 320,163 259,446 244,124 239,629 5,174,032 ,3,7 6,0 7,8 0,2 7,1 2,5 2,4 2,4 8,5 8,4 5,0 3,5 6,4 9,8 9,5 4,6 4,7 78,406 144,173 246,061 290,253 296,481 269,247 335,150 351,808 380,847 382,753 428,742 422,649 426,851 376,112 302,226 277,880 268,909 5,333,676 ,9,7 5,3 5,6 8,0 4,7 8,9 7,9 8,4 5,7 5,4 3,3 2,2 6,0 9,7 8,5 4,3 4,8 77,625 142,780 243,634 286,650 291,375 262,509 323,120 333,834 354,341 350,475 386,245 372,993 380,799 346,375 281,107 258,167 251,336 4,997,874 9,1 6361,0 8762,6 2593,7 4902,0 5431,5 281695544370302209118881 1,148 2,039 3,092 3,730 5,474 6,975 12,851 18,750 619 25,493 29,107 781 34,900 1,393 37,779 32,579 2,427 22,268 3,603 18,736 5,106 18,101 6,738 16,316 12,030 290,219 17,974 26,506 32,278 42,497 49,656 46,052 29,737 21,119 19,713 17,573 335,802 2,3 4801,0 6601,2 6153,3 7182,0 7841,3 ,8 ,2 ,3 ,7 ,4 ,3 0 430 602 1,036 1,840 2,370 3,235 4,229 8,186 330 12,638 17,834 20,901 382 27,108 701 30,638 1,480 26,175 17,528 2,339 16,610 3,268 16,203 4,752 14,870 9,038 222,433 14,672 22,811 28,265 38,390 45,729 40,828 26,788 18,828 17,754 16,082 292,437 303101817248242676486988278464249575637266 49 337 506 44 557 135 469 202 472 190 416 503 708 184 30 666 812 1,782 224 998 35 2,772 340 866 3,184 65 371 654 3,017 85 366 3,402 677 125 407 4,057 2,402 2,472 229 489 2,448 1,076 187 226 973 960 158 495 908 706 130 871 844 320 13,063 1,191 880 25,537 1,308 1,007 1,382 1,052 1,505 2,853 1,222 875 962 215 946 172 655 141 348 12,301 11,680 80796909911514023836341533724820116312660463118131 158 351 476 670 1,216 1,603 2,091 2,438 3,327 4,165 3,613 2,328 1,480 1,175 939 980 946 28,087 880961021041071111371681771661451421261177745291675 136 279 475 737 1,167 1,236 1,482 1,475 1,626 1,777 1,688 1,337 1,121 1,087 1,074 1,082 956 18,810 4584556798411915316215812310992646659573916117 81 136 309 88 537 175 559 328 636 452 18 664 97 774 932 852 28 176 1,019 37 1,787 39 1,293 370 2,853 56 1,508 51 576 3,695 1,632 4,039 58 664 105 1,533 4,115 706 109 222 1,119 3,480 666 193 353 854 2,639 754 370 571 719 1,921 1,645 693 607 715 576 1,363 817 1,110 1,566 405 1,092 1,782 2,858 967 14,548 31,379 2,323 4,635 987 1,731 6,438 1,207 838 8,935 1,110 10,095 241 923 7,786 204 876 2,938 270 1,845 661 440 1,435 458 1,253 10,417 12,708 51,838 ,9 05 04 07 2 5 5 08 14 11 175 7 11 17 31 48 61 84 90 150 158 123 79 50 41 40 54 50 1,099 ,6 9 2 1 3 9 0 6 2 7 7 7 1 96 13 219 22 35 61 62 69 115 24 177 38 270 378 74 626 216 863 265 902 306 594 266 231 237 215 148 228 203 398 351 5,265 489 443 325 249 237 193 129 4,193 ,2 3 9 1 2 3 0 4 3 4 3 0 6 9 1 4 94 26 41 69 145 211 290 268 304 239 343 537 747 507 337 223 214 195 131 4,827 7 65 62 83 04 44 23 53 6840 4 8 16 36 35 35 42 48 34 48 30 33 28 25 56 50 46 574 86,311 1 85,430 3 55,128 54,509 592,159 M +F 25,222 15,698 955 422 259,727 332,432

cluster, with27.000–butre some 132.000immigrants,at17% The greatestclusterofnon-EUimmigrantpopu of themostimportantfori 3 and4showthenon-EUEU Alexandroupoli and also afe northwestern Greekborder.Th islands (Mikonos, Kea, Skiath Looking at non-EUpopulation densities,th revealing a widerangeofimmigrant popu available fromtheStatisticalService.Maps For thefirsttime,detailedacco Location inGreece persons aged15+in2001who thus requireresidencepermits.Thecalculat Table 1isalsoabletosh with Bulgaria, Romania andPoland)dominate followed byThessaloniki,and Spetse Symi,Amorgos,Skiathos, Lindos, and and tendtobeinthericher EU migrant population ratios arelow, although reaching 6,4%in the island of Alonissos, of immigrants, particularlyonKr predominant areasoflocation Looking atmajorpopulationcen suburbs ofAthenssuch as and non-EU immigrants; however,the populati of immigrants, hasa low con clear geographicalpattern. NorthernGreece ow ushowmanynon-EUimmi mmigrant locationinGreece. Glyfada, Kifissia,Voula. suburbsofAthensandmany w economically disadvantaged regionsofthecountry. Maps aching only7%oflocal centration (e.g.around 1-3%inSerres,Drama,Komotini, os, Zakynthos), in Attika and close toAthens, or the again focusedonislands(Rodos are theAthensenvirons.Isla e lowest(0-1,7%)areinth unts ofthelocationimmi need residence permits. iti, Rodos, KerkyraandZakynthos. tres inGreece,itisapparent immigrant population ratiosfor the Attika region, one of localpopulation.Thessalo lation densities going from 0%to 25%. e highest(13-25%)seem 1and2showthesebymunicipalitylevel, ions areshown onthe right,yielding592.159 , evenwherethereare quitelargenumbers s). EUmigrant clusters areinAthens, s allage brackets– on density ofimmigr density on lation is inthe Muncipality ofAthens– population. Afterthis,the grants areover18by2004,and Greekislands(SouthRodos e northeastofGreece,around grants inGreecehavebecome nds alsoshow thattheseattractbothEU , Kerkyra, Kos)andricher niki is the secondlargest even the85+group. ants varies witha to begenerally on large numbers 6

© 2004, Mediterranean Migration Observatory

© 2004, Mediterranean Migration Observatory

© 2004, Mediterranean Migration Observatory

© 2004, Mediterranean Migration Observatory

Given the absence of any official dataonth Length ofresidenceinGreece Chania, Rodos) have around8%, withcentral Athens at 17%. question intheCensusasksself-declared Albanian menclaimedtohave Figure 4showstheresultsfor principa Alexandroupoli), withevenThe excess of8years,andprobablyso the corollaryisthatabout be quitereliable.Ifmostof groups, andfirstobservations These resultsarehighlyconsistentwith Ukrainian males,had fewpeoplewith and India fromPakistan, migrants did the migrants from the Balkan andEuropeanregi and Poland, showalarge proportion having re Albanian womensimilarly. Migrants from the resident inGreece,givingthr half theimmigrantpopulation theseimmigrantshave rema ee options of: less than a year, ayear, of:lessthan ee options beeninGreeceformorethan of theirpresenceinGreece:the ssaloniki atonly7%.Attika me 80%foratleast5years. residence ofmorethan5years. known migratory patterns of the national migrantworkershow l non-First World countries. About half of Bangladesh. OnlyMoldavians, alongwith is point–evenofdo on answeredpredominantly 1-5years,as Philippines, andto some extent from Egypt sided for morethan 5years.Recent labour ofGreecehasbeenherein ined inGreecesince2001,then and some island regions (e.g. someislandregions and 5years,andabout40%of 1-5 years,andover5years. data, therefore,appearto long theyhadbeen cumented migrants–a 7 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000

0 MFMFMFMFMFMFMFMFMFMFMFMFMFMF lai ugraRmnaGogaPksa kan oadRsi ni hlpie gp agaehMlai Others Moldavia Bangladesh Egypt Philippines India Russia Poland Ukraine Pakistan Georgia Romania Bulgaria Albania FIGURE 4:ImmigrantlabourforceinGreece,Census2001,principalnationalities,bygenderandduration ofstay <1 YEAR 1–5 YEARS >5 YEARS

Type II data have been provided withgrea 15/03/04, 15/05/04,15/ discussed here:whatis important, is that 683.324 issued.The reasonsfor th as of16September2004,therewere appa opinion that the expired permits,bothrenderin Two sortsofdatahave beenprovided to us: to be accurate. in Part B insomedetail, but data beinggivenout bythe Ministry to jour view, thisfactorhasnotbeencomprehended significantly differentresults Type Idatahave beenprov administrative defectin

about thepermitswhichwere cumulative totalof683.324perm 2004. Summarydataforbothtypesof data ofInterior Ministry The permit data, 2003-4 Characteristics oftheimmigrantpopulationfromresidence number ofvalidpermitsthroughout2004[f September]. This decline wenow II. I.

Valid permits by nationality and gender,atreferencedate date, by nationality, gender,and permittype Detailed listings ofcumulati cumulative data cumulative statisticalcollation 07/04 and16/09/04. ided, on6October2004,forth base forResidence Permitda we mention it hereinorder th being obtainedaccord g invalidalloftherecentda issued in2003andearly2004 areuseful,eventhoughthey vely issuedpermits[since its issued,andapparently a believe tobeil is problemaredocumented the cumulative data providevalidinformation t detailfor the referencedate16September rently 432.932expiredpermitsoutofthe or nalists andothers. The rom 509.168inJanuary are displayedinFigure5,which showsa itshowstheissue by the Ministry and and Ministry bythe lusory, andis ing to the date of printout. In our our In printout. of date the to ing ta isadynamicone,with ta. However, weareofthe at recent data are nottaken e reference dates15/01/04, 1 July2003]atreference . continuing declineinthe refer toexpiredpermits: either either in PartBandwillnotbe of expiredand semi- has ledtoincorrect problem isdiscussed downto250.068in the resultofan 8 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000

0

FIGURE 5:Cumulativetotalandvalidresidencepermits,2004 ai emt tdt Total permitsissuedsince1July2003 Valid permits atdate 16/09/2004 15/07/2004 15/05/2004 15/03/2004 15/01/2004

Georgians, Moldovans, Macedon presumably owingtorecent several nationalitieshaveal and Philippino [roughlythesa A comparison of immigrants grantedreside Russia. and Moldova The European NewIndependent Statesarealso increase inpermitscompared at 66.787,Romanians29.108,Ukrainains at the cumulative dataset.Afterthe usual pred recorded increasesfortheEu Clearly therearesome120.000morepersons fromCentral Europe, butalsosmall 15+in aged persons for origin, of region by Asia [principally,Pakistan, Georgia,India, persons aged15+in2001. numbering 432.120–afigurealsoconsiderab appeared in the Census. Th significantly alterthefact Census should enable usto of origin,Figure 7shows th Figure 6shows theproportion figure ishigherthantheCe is notassured.However, recent data.Itis possiblethatthe figure As shouldbeevidentfromtheabovedisc The numberoflegalimmigrantsinGreece children aged14-17notintheed that Greecehashandedoutmo by October2004some700.000perm nsus figureof592.159adults e overwhelming importance ofCe e cumulative datashowAlbanians granted permitsas tered theirrankinginmigr gain abetterpicture of devele immigrations: theseinclud ropean NewIndependent States,AsiaandNorth Africa. withtheCensus,exceptfor me]. Despiteincreasednumbers s ofnationalitiesgrantedre ians andChinese.Lookingat ucation systemrequiretheir for January2004(509.000)is ussion, thisnumbercannotbe provided for Philippines,Bangladesh nce permitswiththos theCensusandholdersofresidencepemits. ominance of Albanians, Albanians, of ominance ly abovetheCensus 23.008.Allnationalitiesshowamarked important,at6,7%:theseareUkraine, ant grouppresenceinGreece, e Bulgarians,Ukrainians, requiring permits.Although sidence permits2003-4,using re residencepermitsthan opments. Figure 8 shows this this shows 8 Figure opments. Polish [amarkedreduction] broad geographical region ntral Europe,followedby own permits,thisdoesnot of almostallnationalities, its hadbeenissued.This e recordedinthe , Armeniaand China]. figureof344.526 there areBulgarians reliable,butthis 9

4.3% 3.4% 2.4% 9.8% 2.2% FIGURE 6:PrincipalnationalitiesofresidencepermitholdersinGreece,2003-4 1.7% 1.6% 1.5% 0.9% 0.7% 2.3% 63.2% China Yugoslavia Armenia Syria Bangladesh Philippines Poland Russian Fedn. India Egypt Rep. ofMoldova Georgia Pakistan Ukraine Romania Bulgaria Albania Others Nigeria FYR Macedonia United States

6.7% 0.1% 1.1% FIGURE 7:RegionoforiginresidencepermitholdersinGreece,2003-4 9.4% 0.3% 0.2% 1.8% 0.6% 0.1% 0.1% 80% OCEANIA Remainder ofAfrica North Africa Remainder ofAmerica North America Remainder ofAsia Middle East Remainder ofNewIndependentStates Remainder ofEurope European NewIndependentStates Central Europe OTHER (includingnotstated) E 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 uropean New In C ent

ra 0 l Europe

d ependent States

R emainder of NewR Independe

emainder of E FIGURE 8:Comparisonofresidencepermits2003-4andCensus2001,byregion origin

u rope

n t St a te s

M iddle East

R emainder of Asia

N orth America

R emainder of America

N orth Afric

R emainder of Afr a

ica Census 2001,aged15+ Residence Permits2003-4 O THER (includ O CEANIA

ing not stated)

Looking at thecategories of permits awarded specialised types. from acompositecategoryof“Others”, Albania and Egypt] at 2,4%.The remaining ca * immigrant, someveryintere mainly Greek]nationals follow 12% each,arefamilyreunificationandself permits isdependent employment, at 68%of diagrammatically, and alsowithabsolutes. Th the legal reason forgran with the Censusdata (see Figure3).Inpa show theexpectedmalepredominance,severa matter ofsomeinterest.Figure9shows Given thedistinctcharacterist Gender balanceofimmigrantgroups in Greece,whichaswell asattractingnewla is likelythat this also can Philippines, Ukraine andRussia European NewIndependent States, Asia, world have 80%ormore of permits awar the world with femalebiashave alsodeteriorated,a over the last twoyears, for the Olympic Game increased useofheavymalelabour, and isco 90%, Romania nowover 60%,and Albania up nationalities. Therearesomesurpriseshere countries! Usingthecumulative For thefirst time,itisnow forawardofpermits Reasons are withoutstablework) as illegalresidents. seethe Glossary, Page23, foralist of all countries by geographical region * the proportions of14 differentperm ting the residencepermit.Figure 10shows this be explained by the emphasis onemployment for legal status

possible toprovidewhatareus sting patternsemerge. Figure ics ofnational groups’gender at 2,7%,alongwithseason are nowover 80%female[in Census data, 60-75%]. It permit dataset, wehave ca which includesmore the genderbalances ded forwork:theseare CentralEurope, North AfricaandRemainder ofAfrica. ccording tothesedata: rticular, Syriashows -employment. SpousesofEU[presumably, . AlthoughPakistan, bour migrationmaybe e principal reasonfor awardof residence nsistent withextensive construction work by geographical region s. Thegenderimbalan the total. Followingthis, roughly equalat tegories arerathersmallnumbers,apart from58%to76%.This trendsuggests l countrieshaveworsenedincomparison it types awarded. Five regions ofthe al workers [fromBulgaria, ual statistical data inother 11 showsforthe ratios,this shouldbea lculated bybroad category fortheprincipal than 10diverseand 90% male,Egypt over Bangladesh andSyria migrants from the leaving others(who ces fornationalities oforiginthe 10 regions of 10 Rep. ofMoldova FYR Macedonia Russian Fedn. United States Bangladesh Yugoslavia Philippines Romania Pakistan Armenia Bulgaria Georgia Ukraine Albania Nigeria Poland Others

China Egypt Syria India FIGURE 9:Genderbalanceofmajorimmigrantgroupswithresidence permits,2003-4 %1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%9%100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Female Male

465,848 >6-year residence family memberof EUnational study spouse of EU national employment FIGURE 10:ReasonsforawardofresidencepermitsinGreece,2003/4 81,216 82,954 Other spouse ofhomogeneis company executive seasonal worker family reunification 18,751 16,324 4,794 4,646 2,225 1,420 5,141 3,593 indefinite duration parent ofGreek widows/children =18 self-employment 55 364 523 606 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Europ 0% Centr ean New Independenal Europe FIGURE 11:ReasonsforawardofresidencepermitinGreece, 2003/4, byregionoforigin

Remain

der of New Indepen t States

dent States

Middle E

ast Remain

der of Asia

Nort h America

Remain

der of America

Nort h Africa

Remain

der of Africa

OCEA

NIA Family reunification(2) Seasonal work Study "Indefinite time" >6 years "Aytotelhs" [widows/=18] Spouse ofEUnational Family memberofEUnational Parents ofGreeks Spouses ofhomogeneis(2) Legal Stay[Law3202/03] Company executives Others Dependent Employment Self-employment (2)

South America with 5%asparentsofGreeks. employment, lowfamily reunification andhi nationals, Asia European NewIndependen some familyreunification andmarri Family reunion (company executives)andma Table 2 showsprincipalnationalities for re homogeneis The fifthtypeconsistsofNorthAmerica 40% spouses ofEUnationals, an The Remainder ofNew Independent States reunification, study, marriage to EU European NewIndependentStates permits: Central Europe However, withinthisgroupth presence intheimmigrant population origin) forresidenceinGreece,itisuseful employment reasons.Giventhe verydifferent As wehave seenin Figure 10,the vast Specific reasonsforstayinGreece,otherthanemployment interest”, whosedefinitionwe at 25-40%,andveryhigh“Others”category A secondcategoryconsis reunification andhigher study with Albaniansasthe leading nationalityat ] whereemploymentpermitsarebelow hashigher work dependency but canbeclassedasafour is dominated by Albanians at80%of [mainly Albania] has veryhigh family reunification, whereas ts oftheMiddleEast t States,NorthAfrica ere aredifferencesregardingtheremaining20%orsoof arenotcurrentlyawareof. rriage toanEU national. and marriage toEUnationals. d nearly 10% parentsofGreeks. hasamixoffamily reunif age toEU nationals, andAfrica nationals, andcompanyexecutives. of Greece.Residencefor studypurposes th category, withonly25%employment related, majority of permits (80%)are awardedfor andOceania asons offamily reuni to lookatsomespeci only 17%,is much more diverse.Other isa distinct third type, with55% gh marriagetoEUna permits. Theselatterareprincipally“public , with70%work,and a mix of family patterns observedabove (byregion of has high seasonal work [Egypt] with a similarmixoftheremainderto 10%, marriagetoEUnationalshigh the total –wellab [countries with high numbersof ication andmarriagetoEU on, study,business fic smallercategories. tionals [30%]along haslowfamily ove theirrecorded , although 11 OA 126TTL466Ia 721FRMcdna2713Ohr 4 hlpie 147 199 192 Philippines 946 432 FYRMacedonia 101 164 Kazakhstan 102 557 Others 1.3 Uzbekistan Rep.ofMoldova Romania 101 149 1.5 752 USA 726 117 237 Ukraine 2.3 FRYugoslavia 286 1.5 367 437 1,522 FYRMacedonia 440 2.1 284 1,222 47 Turkey FRYugoslavia Georgia 3.7 139 Bulgaria 193 3.0 Poland 156 1,597 Armenia 695 Turkey 108 Kazakhstan Russia 560 2.2 2.2 274 Romania 50 263 48 Egypt Pakistan 2.4 Armenia 3.0 6.2 53 Ukraine 365 564 Iraq 1,164 Syria Armenia 4.4 2.7 2,510 Russia India 9.1 1,942 Rep.ofMoldova 2.9 USA 59 2.9 4.0 4,646 820 USA 65 89 7.1 1,699 Japan China 538 2.6 26.5 1,233 Georgia 122 5.4 1,323 Egypt Egypt Albania 9.6 Bulgaria 633 3.1 121 412 FRYugoslavia 2.6 145 SriLanka 57 3.4 1,796 TOTAL Ukraine 8.5 Poland 4.8 160 Bulgaria 3.8 189 Romania Jordan 5.9 106 Palestine Others 3.9 0.5 2.2 178 131 Albania 180 Georgia 16.8 11.0 81,216 Russia 407 1,754 4.2 Georgia 3,143 Russia 2,059 Bosnia-H. 0.5 8.8 3.1 195 196 146 Russia 408 0.7 Ukraine Armenia 4.0 TOTAL 0.7 India FYRMacedonia 5.7 Ukraine 187 0.7 0.8 564 Bulgaria Others Albania 10.3 266 17.7 USA 608 230 4.8 394 Syria 537 620 223 Lebanon 6.7 Armenia Syria 1.1 311 FRYugoslavia 10.2 FR Yugoslavia 473 FRYugoslavia 1.1 Philippines 862 Jordan Poland 17.8 0.9 827 China Egypt 1.7 915 700 India Romania 2.1 1,399 Rep. ofMoldova Bulgaria 5.2 1,690 Russia Albania 82.0 4,189 Georgia 66,563 Ukraine Romania Bulgaria Albania Family reunion TABLE 2:SomespecificreasonsforstayinGreece accordingtoresidencepermitdata2003-4,principalnationalities

N% Study NN %% %% Executives Company OA ,2 zeitn2311Bai 132 136 Brazil Turkey 4,059 TOTAL 1.1 1.1 206 203 Uzbekistan Syria 17.5 2,225 390 TOTAL Others OA 871DmncnRp 111 129 DominicanRep. CzechRep. 14.6 18,751 2,734 TOTAL Others nationals Spouses ofEU + Males M+F NN OA 14,692 1,317 101 TOTAL Others Slovakia Females

principal nationalities are significantly ov represented, at 17%,whileBulgarians ar integration ofdifferent ethnicgroups EU familymembers,with5-yearpermits; reunification permits [3 months]. 3%of perm than one year–theseareseasonalwork gives a breakdown of permitdurations. 92% ar Finally, spousesofEUnationals representation ofBalkancountries. Albanians, Georgians,Egypti men. Themuchsmallernumbersofforeig women fromAlbania, Bulgaria, Ukraine,Ru 2,2% to4,3% oftotal permits. Looking at gender differences, the Table shows thatit is although we arenotableto Executives Balkan countriesareproportionatelypresen As notedpreviously,thesedata Duration ofresidencepermits presence inGreece. of PakistaniandIndianmentoGreeks iswi over-representations ofother nationalities, (9%), Romanians (7%) andGeorgians (6%). Th large presenceofAfricanstud Jordanians areover-represented, asarePale the Philippinestaking has beenpossibletocalculat showaremarkable mixof 18%ofsuch permits,andap distinguish between oneand ans, RussiansandAmericans, e the duration of the permit ofthe duration e the ents, but with small numbers numbers small with but ents, isaninteresting category, as have neverbeenava businesspeople from lessdeveloped countries,with into Greeksociety. er-represented: Russian ers [6-9months] andtemporary family e proportionately re and only0,1% have n menwhohavemarried Greekwomenare ssia andRomaniawhohavemarriedGreek such asArmenian,Syri th verysmallnumbers, t, but Chinese, Yugo Chinese, but t, stinians. Not evident it holdersbenefitfrom theEU regimefor e foroneortwoyears;5,4%areless ese lattercomparewi art fromYugoslaviaanunder- ilable before. Withsomedifficulty, it s fromthe permitreasons, Albanians areunder- two year permits.Figure12 although withquiteafew from eachcountry.Company presented. Theother it impliessomemeasureof indefinite permits. slavs, Syriansand s (10%), Ukrainians in the Table is the the is Table the in an, Turkish.Marriage comparedtotheir th proportions of proportions th 12

0.1% 3.0% 5.4% FIGURE 12:Durationofresidencepermitsissued,Greece2003/4 91.5% indefinite family members] 5 years[EUregime, 1or 2years <1 year

at 28.000andRomanians17.0 Albanians constitute thevastmajority at Greece towork:Figure required employmentcontract Despite the earlierlegalisationsofimmigr Immigrants intheGreekLabourMarket Ukraine, Poland,India. non-EU or non-Greekimmigrants –namely nationalities areover-representedinthelabour the total foreignpopulation Gender balancestend to foll workforce comparedwith three reliableandcomprehensive immigrant employment isknownfromofficial from theCensus, andFigure9for residen 2,9% of theimmigrant population [as do groups, only Georgia shows a higher thanthatofGreeksandevenEU have large numbersof Albanians: theexact The geographicaldistributi currently forworkperm the Ministry of Labour –the responsible ministry for managing three legalisations and Census, residencepermit data and IKA data. The Census revealedsome 413.000immigrants from official data. islands. Theprincipalexception concentrations [asshowninMaps1and3] available, whichtendtobe exceptions, thegeneralpattern Thus, the participation 13 showsthedistribution it awardsinGreece. Romanians’ 4,2%. on ofnon-EUimmigrants theeconomicallydevelopedre of the Census[Figure 2] ow thepatternof national s andsocial insura lowish participationrate:whereasGeorgians constitute istheborder regionwith of other countries: immigrants 00. Comparingtheself-declar sources ofinformation,as migrants. Among the principal immigrant 240.000 persons(58%),fo ants, inparticular the Green Cardswhich Romanians], theyare ce permits].Thisisimportant, because , Albania,Bulgaria,Romania,Pakistan, are inAttikaandtouristareas,such as nature oftheirempl There is absolutely no records priortothe rate ofthesenationalities is considerably whodeclared that force. Infact,thisgr nce registration,al by nationality, including EUcitizens. , onecanseethatcertain in Greecefollows,withsome Albania,wheresomeareas gions. Therefore,immigrant group [showninFigure3 of late 2004, consistofthe ed foreignworkforcewith go towherethereiswork only 2,7%ofthe oyment is not known isnotknown oyment 2001 Census.Theonly they hadcometo most nothingabout thing available from from available thing llowed byBulgarians oup consists ofmost 13

2.4% 2.5% 1.9% 1.9% 2.7% FIGURE 13:Self-declaredmigrantworkers,Census2001[N=413,241] 1.6% 1.3% 4.2% 1.2% 1.1% 6.7% 0.9% 0.8% 0.5% 0.4% 3.9% 58.2% France Yugoslavia Iraq Armenia Syria USA Germany Moldavia Bangladesh Egypt Cyprus Philippines UK India Russian Fedn. Poland Ukraine Pakistan Georgia Romania Bulgaria Albania Others Nigeria Australia Turkey Italy

25.000 total.Theother majorarea (asshown principal socialinsuranceag dependent employment, with self-employmen It willbe recalledthat around70% of Immigrants’ insurancewith IKA do Bulgarians, but also in tourism. migrant womenotherthanRoma identified intheCensusquestions:itcons employment hasbeeninbuildingconstruction housekeeping –doimmigrants shows thisfor60sectors, wi group. Thiswesuppose to tend to work in construction. With differe non-competitive. determined by nationality and important informationonthe activitiesofth Albanians, but this time amoresignifican construction, agricultureandindustry–alth niches inthelabourmarket latest IKA datacontain more detail than pr percentage breakdowns,with the category of Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Georgian,Romanian Female employmentisshowninFigure different characteristicsofeachnationalgrou tourism. Figure 15gives percentagebreakdowns primacy ofAlbanianmenin Looking from Censusdataat immigrants inGreecefollowve Pakistanis arespecialisedin with averyhighpresenceinagriculture[a

be live-inhousekeepingan , non-EU immigrant male empl ency foremployees–IKAsh the immigrantlabourmarket. industry; Polish,Georgiansand th Greek andnon-Greekemploy maleimmigrants’ mainoccupations, Figure14shows the gender. Thus, the labour market is highly segmented and segmented labour marketishighly the Thus, gender. ry stereotypical andrigid outnumber Greeks,but theactu nian. The latter have alarge residence permits havebeenawardedfor 16 –again,witha nt national emphases, t presenceofothernationalitiessuchas titutes morethan50% , Russianand Filipina. Figure17 gives lthough of different ty eviously onemployment e vastmajority of immigrant workers.The ough withsome presen p areclearlyvisible: “Other”dominating t atonly12%. Thismeans thatthe , followed by agricu also bytheCensusdata) isbuilding of occupation by nationality. Thevery d cleaning,notspecifically employment possibilities– oyment isconcentratedin Up until2001,the principal massive presenceof ould beable to provide to alesser extentAlbanians ment. Inonlyonesector– presence inagriculture,as al figureisverylowat and different specific pes]; Bangladeshi and of employmentforall lture, industry and Bulgarians andIndians all butone national ce alsointourism. by sector: Figure 18 14 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000

0 A lba n ia

B u lgari

a FIGURE 14:Maleimmigrantoccupations,Census2001-absolutes

Geor

g ia

In d ia

C y prus

B a nglad

e s h

Pa k istan

Poland agriculture mining industry electricity/water supply construction tourism removals etc. financial services other uncertain R u mania

R u ssian Fedn.

Sy ria

Others 100% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 0%

A lba n ia

B u lgari

a FIGURE 15:Maleimmigrantoccupations,Census2001-percentages

Geor

g ia

In d ia

C y prus

B a nglad

e s h

Pa k istan

Poland

R u mania

R u ssian Fedn.

Sy ria

Others agriculture mining industry electricity/water supply construction tourism removals etc. financial services other uncertain 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000

0 A lba n ia

B u lgari

a FIGURE16:Femaleimmigrantoccupations,Census2001-absolutes Geor

g ia

U S A

U K

C y prus

Moldav

ia

U k rai n e tourism removals etc. financial services "other" uncertain agriculture mining industry electricity/water supply construction

Poland

R u mania

R u ssian Fedn.

Phil

ippi n es

Others 100% 20% 40% 60% 80% 0%

A lba n ia

B u lgari

a FIGURE 17:Femaleimmigrantoccupations,Census2001-percentages

Geor

g ia

U S A

U K

C y prus

Moldav

ia

U k rai n e

Poland

R u mania

R u ssian Fedn.

Phil

ippi n es

Others agriculture mining industry electricity/water supply construction tourism removals etc. financial services "other" uncertain Ag 100 125 150 175 200 225

ric 25 50 75 u 0 lt F ure o res Thousands oi M F try l/ in ishery gas ing ex C oa tr ac l t Ot ion h M F er in T o ing o od Minin bac Indu g FIGURE 18:GreekandimmigrantIKAregistrations,byeconomicactivity,2003 T co e s x In t tile du ry F s u Indu t Le r ry - at C s h try er lot w hi o In ng pa od dus per prod pr furni try int in ture g-recordiuc c h tion em oi no ical l ref ng pr n p oductm roduin e ing t al c c ion t on io ru n of s bber in bas truct s t met ruments ic ion m c al s o e m prod tals ap m pu pro plia e ter uc dic duct t nc p s a rod l es ion inst t v pro uc ruments- radio tio duct n au pro tra t ion ns om pr du po o oduct c bil t rt s atione prod ind ion f us ur t nit ry ur uc e-o ts pu re ther blic c yc w li a ut ng ter c ilities co arri ns f t ers ue ruc l-ga tio ragen ho re s tels w tailin h -res ole g la s nd tauraale s tra e ns nt a s in t p t ra ort term ra ai ns r s vel agen p e tran ort dia s s ry po c rt fin ies s ancialpo s et pa t o c ra-financial s f serv fic e in ices s ura nc R in erv e form re e sea i pu al ces blic rc a est non-Greeks Greeks h andtion D ot at adminish le er technoas e b in us evelop g trat in logy es io s m n ac a e he nd tiv nt alt d itie h ef s act and e at ed nc h iv uc e ot let it s a h ie w ocial ct er ic/ s a ion recrea o s a f te c org rem are tiv i anisat ties, tiona o val s l er act io v ns ic iv es ho itie us bu s s e ect m k ildin u ee or lt g ina pers c o tion ns t als ruc un ti k on no w n

factors, the IKA data are broadlyin line with housekeeping wasonly oneof category intheCensus datalargely means course, weassumed(on thest the Census; but the very sma Allowing forlessthan fullem Making senseofemploymentdata “unknown” (7%)an retail at6%andthefoodin with housekeepingatonly20% female immigrants. Surprisingly, thelargest Registrations byeconomicsectorareshow The employmentofmaleimmigr membership over2002-3foral the top17nationalities for2002 Looking at non-construction IKA registration presumablycoin sector ofhotels/restaurants, construction, whichinsuredover110.000immi registrations increasedsignificantly. absolute increaseisbyAlbanians, alth (3%) andthe food industry (3%). retailing (7%),hotelsandrest [approaching 50%of allmale employment] total of231.750IKAregistra Census: thisemployedaround presence ineducationan financial services activities construction”, otherbusine immigrant presenceareretail,wholesale, d “other”(6%). d health/social care]. and thestatesectorgenerall sses. Thesectorswithnear dustry at 4%. Unhelpfully, at4%.Unhelpfully, dustry tions, theoverwhelmingim ployment, limited insurance wi ll numberofwomen insured fo aurants (7%),“otherconstruc 45.000immigrantsin2003.Ot rength of publishedempirica several occupations covered bythis category.Another l nationalgroups . Followingsomewaybelow ants byeconomicsectorissh and 2003.Thegeneral patternis fromtheCensus,IKAstatis ough proportionately Pakistani and Indian Indian and Pakistani proportionately ough food industry, metal products, “other n inFigure21,out housekeeping: it ispossible, though, that s by nationality andgender,Figure 19shows stands out;otherimportantsectors are share isinhotelsandrestaurants (28%), thenumbers offoreig ciding withthecatego grants in2003. Alsoimportantisthe otherthanRussi -zero immigrantpresenceare there arelargenumbersin y [although thereis asmall portance ofconstruction l research)thatthe“Other” th otheragenciesand r housekeepingisnot.Of tion” (4%), metalproducts this arewholesaleat7%, tics andresidencepermits her sectors withsignificant of atotal102.012 own inFigure20. Outof a ans. Thelargest asmallincreaseinIKA n declaredworkersin ry oftourism inthe 15 100,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000

A 0 lb an ia n 20 B 03 ul ga ria

n FIGURE 19:IKAregistrations,non-constructionworkin2002and2003,bynationality gender 2 R 00 om 3 an ian 2 00 Pa 3 kis ta ni 20 03 Ru ss ian 20 G 03 eo rg ian 20 U 03 kr ain ian 20 03 I nd ian Ba 20 ng 03 lad es hi 20 E 03 gy pt ian 20 03 P ol ish 20 03

UK 20 03 Ge rm an 2 00 C 3 yp ri ot 20 03

S Male Female yr ian 2 00 F 3 ili pi no 20 03 O th er 20 03

5,935 4,636 7,618 4,138 3,689 3,661 8,422 3,600 3,419 10,005 appliances production Leather Industry chemical production wood furniture land transports travel agenciesetc non metalconstructions other businessactivities Food Industry construction building construction multinationals Mining Tobacco Industry Forestry para-financial services sea transports medical instrumentsproduction information technology automobile industry Other Mining 2,758 2,729 FIGURE 20:MaleimmigrantIKAregistrations,byeconomicsector,2003 1,919 15,770 1,570 1,508 1,142 809 oil/gas extraction water carriers insurance tv-radio products public utilities public administrationanddefence waste removal activities oforganisations health andsocialcare paper production transportation products other activities,servicessector printing-recording housekeepers rubber Fishery furniture-other fuel-garages wholesale retailing 651 16,740 132 computer production Mining Coal oil refining air transports recycling Research andDevelopment intermediary financialservices real estate post office leasing education production ofbasicmetals athletic/recreational activities Agriculture Textile Industry instruments production Fur -Clothing unknown metalproducts hotels-restaurants 111,507

3,620 5,778 2,479 2,349 1,918 6,328 Mining oil/gas extraction multinationals public utilities Other Mining waste removal medical instrumentsproduction wood furniture Fishery paper production instruments production land transports real estate rubber Agriculture printing-recording building construction health andsocialcare Food Industry wholesale hotels-restaurants 1,875 FIGURE 21:FemaleimmigrantIKAregistrations,byeconomicactivity,2003 1,749 1,359 1,126 6,787 767 512 320 Forestry oil refining recycling air transports tv-radio products production ofbasicmetals sea transports intermediary financialservices public administrationanddefence para-financial services post office chemical production leasing furniture-other Textile Industry athletic/recreational activities other activities,servicessector education other businessactivities housekeepers 7,504 211 35 Mining Coal water carriers computer production automobile industry Tobacco Industry transportation products insurance appliances production Research andDevelopment information technology non metalconstructions activities oforganisations Leather Industry metalproducts fuel-garages construction travel agenciesetc Fur -Clothing retailing unknown 20,342 28,953

the wholepermitprocedur possible. their employmentstatuspermitsIKAmembersh Polish, avery large numberareinself-emplo possible explanations. ForRussian registrations. ThisappearswithRussians, total, there isa shortfall ofabout 120.000:it period. For thePolish, their therefore donotappear inresidence perm for dependentemployment Examining IKAregistrations by nationality, exist largelyintheinformaleconomy women have withdrawn from the formal labour the Ministry of Labour for renewalof work owing tothedifficultyofbe possibility is thatimmigrant women have shifted their employment to other sectors, Another strange inconsistency to befo appear in the published IKA data. late “voluntary” payments made byimmigr housekeeping employmentisone proportions ofwomen–65-80%.Itis Moldavian andArmenian.Apartfrom Arme have verylow IKA registrationcomparedwi Looking by nationality atTable3,some paid: all residence permits for dependent employment require suchwork permits. permits have notbeenissuedwithoutexte OGA orothersocialinsuran family reunificationresidence rights.Thus e altogether butstill toparticipat overtheperiod2003-4with ce registrations.Ontheothe ing insuredbyGreek employers incipient EUmembershipmay reason forthelowIKAregist s, manyareholdersofthe . und inTable 3,is possible thatnon-payment of IKA for strange patternsemerge.Some nationalities , housekeepingworkma Polish and Syrians.Ther permits.Anotherpossibilityisthat many it data,whichrecord nsive socialinsuran nians, these nationalities havehigh ants torenew their workpermitscannot Table 3comparesresidencepermitsissued th permits:theseareUkrainian,Georgian, seemsunlikelythatth yment –about40%.Itisconceivablethat ip, although wedono ip, although market, iftheyhave over-representation r hand,weknowthat work IKA registrations in2003.In have allowed themto bypass e inIKA.ForSy – arequirement homogeneis homogeneis ce contributions being ration. According to IKA, only10.000forthis e seemtobethree y have continued to is couldbefilled by been abletoacquire t knowifthisis permits, and rians, aswith in IKA IKA in enforced by 16

yi ,5 ,0 ,3 63 1,604 1,539 3,138 1,695 3,665 30 465,848 1,827 3,201 139 11,624 79 3,299 858 346,070 3,366 4,050 25,851 6,234 5,134 885 6,798 4,540 4,523 8,486 5,084 5,384 35 6,373 5,164 12,225 4,098 1,121 3,872 8,565 SOURCES: IKAStatistics and MinistryofInteriordatabase 2,445 7,097 4,264 7,402 3,054 14,410 Total 27,584 10,896 5,661 6,050 7,829 Others 13,228 Syria 14,445 15,279 43,087 18,880 3,750 Armenia 40,477 1,339 Poland 20,630 13,905 3,167 255,442 46,464 Philippines Bangladesh 17,174 298,529 Russian Federation 23,469 Egypt 185,636 Rep. ofMoldova India Georgia Pakistan Ukraine Romania Bulgaria Albania Comparison ofIKAregistrationswithPermitsfor dependent employment,2003 IKA 2003 Dependent Employmentpermits,2003-4 TABLE 3 M+F %oftotal F M permits 58 64 50 75 90 56 58 68 81 72 86 66 71 70 69

obligation employers’ missingsocialinsura low. Furthermore, the2003legislativeamendm permit data. In particular, the insured em Overall, the nominal IKAmembershiplevelsl economic realitiesofimmigrants’ economic reality,thenmanagementofthe problem for economic analysis. If national st formoftax additional insurance, theMinistry impossible. Whilst imposingrigidrulesfor is market. is responsible,nordoesitco from (Greek) employers onto the i which Greeksthemselvesdonothave of Labour makes noseri nduct anyanalysis ofimmigrants’ role intheGreek labour nce contributionsisacontribu work. Notonlyis it adiscrimi ployment ofhousekeepersseemsstrangely economy and related i suing work permitsandpayment ofsocial atistical datadonotreliablyreflectthe mmigrant workers,functioningas an ook alittle toolow comparedwith residence ent “allowing”immigr ous efforttocollect topay,itisalsoaserious tory factorinobscuringthe natory transfer of financial ssues becomesnear the dataforwhichit ants topaytheir 17

total immigrantsandespecially Albanians. residence permitdatafor2003-4areaccurate, beexpectedto primary educationfor2002/3can proportion offoreignstudents declining numbersofGr education in1996,through86.0002000, Since themid-1990s,therehas Albanian and other childrenfor beggingand prostitution. However, therewasalways–andremains into the stateschoolingsystem,asthey be fewimmigrantchildren:cer In theinitialphaseofmass Immigrant childreninGreekstate schools There isnoreliabletime-seriesofevengl the demographicdeclineof school rollsofGreeks,itis rapid languageacquisitioninthe so-calledIn from theUSAandelsewhere,Ministry immigrant childrenrecordedin schools, although wehavetrie Of course,sincetheinfluxes where familysettlement is becoming evident – the Greekstate.Thus,Greecehasstartedto since 1997,andpartlyth Convention onthe Rightsof toleration ofthe undocumented statusof student numbers(including 1. Accordingtoourunofficial eek children,thishasmeantan rough theadventoffamilyreun thenon-Greekimmigrantsesp the Greekpopulation. immigration intoGreeceinthe homogeneis the Child),partlybecauseof data,therehasbeenarapi of ethnicGreeksinthe1980s,al intheschoolsystem.Howe d toassemble acrudetimeseri stateschools.Thisispa tainly, thosewhohad arrived been ahighlyvisibleincr ) from44.000inprim were thechildren ofillegalimmigrants. theirparents(asrequiredbythe UN obal figuresforimmigr of Education has had some programme for – aseriousproblemof exploitation of andreaching119.000in2003.With moveintoanewph tercultural Schools. Ho and most especiallyof since theyimplymuch increase inthenextfewyears,if rtly becauseofmorerecent even biggerincreaseinthe ease inthenumber of d increaseintotal foreign ification measuresallowedby the legalisation programmes ecially who aremakingupfor ver, theratioof 10,6%in early 1990s,thereseemedto were not generally admitted ong with“returningGreeks” ary andsecondary es asillustratedinFigure ant childreninGreek ase ofimmigration, wever, withdeclining Albanian families. highernumbersof 18

the vastmajority are Albanian,butsome data acquired Greekcitizenship:therefore,their been borninGreece.Itis proxy forcitizenshipofthechildren. Howe Looking atTable4,thereare Athens. public policy. information notonlyforthecondition andre the nationalities ofboth parents should bein Other ethnic groups also have theirownschool such asAmerican or British, tend tosend tend to beyoungerand with population inthe Census. This state schoolsystemareAlbanian–over of birth is usedasaproxy forcitizenship. Th nationality. Table 4showsthelatestdatafr Data on foreign students rema students atthatlevel. before highschool or TEEisindicated by school; also, for both system. Inbothcases,al 97.000 non-ethnic Greekchildrenand31.000et The MinistryofEducationhas homogeneis though muchmoresofor unlikely thatmorethanafe larger families,andalsobeca few surprises–ifoneaccepts high propertion is partly becauseAlbanian immigrants published dataforthe school in patchyandinconsistent, and allogeneis 72%, ascomparedwi the significantly highernumberoffemale their childrentoexpe ver, over10%[some 10.000children] have om the Ministry ofEd Ministry om the actual citizenship is unknown.Presumably, e vastmajority of immi ality ofthe child’shomelife,butalso for cluded insuch data,as thisisessential on this are urgently s, suchasthePolish hnic Greekchildreninthestateschool , the drop-outrate of malestudents allogeneis w, ofmixedmarriages,have especially withregardto use someothernationalities, year2002/3, thecountryofbirthasa , the majority are inprimary th 56%offoreign nsive private schools. ucation, wherecountry needed. Inparticular, grant children inthe and Arabicschools in showing some 19

TABLE 4:Non-ethnicGreekforeignchildreninstateschools,2002-3 sal1 90.0 0.6 0.0 19 607 16 0.0 0.0 0.0 96,526 20 310 0.0 21 0.0 9 0.0 22 46,298 11 0.0 27 0.0 27 30 50,228 0.0 297 10 0.0 31 13 11 5 10 0.0 37 0.1 38 47 14 15 SOURCE: 16 41 0.1 49 10 15 8 11 14 TOTAL 0.1 0.1 0.1 52 18 13 13 12 0.1 14 Others 22 0.1 16 56 56 54 Viet Nam 16 23 Israel 58 0.1 0.1 South Africa 29 20 65 34 Czech Rep. 19 0.1 0.1 33 27 22 Belgium 75 28 68 Switzerland 33 0.1 Dominica 98 23 68 0.1 25 Jordan Sweden 0.2 29 34 41 26 0.1 0.3 114 41 107 Belarus 25 0.3 Ethiopia 48 216 35 40 Lebanon 0.3 117 246 Iran 56 254 34 56 27 India 261 Australia 98 0.3 50 0.4 0.4 68 33 120 Netherlands Pakistan 99 0.4 58 0.6 Brazil 51 276 358 414 115 France 0.7 118 126 368 Cyprus 49 543 FYR Macedonia 1.1 155 135 Canada 180 199 685 146 1.2 1.5 Italy 1,044 186 Nigeria 2.1 282 1,143 Philippines 1,488 141 178 Turkey 215 371 2.2 2,035 489 Uzbekistan 3.0 182 Egypt 556 261 802 2,130 10.7 UK 314 985 2,873 Syria 555 72.4 USA 10,292 587 1,017 Kazakhstan 686 Germany 69,880 1,388 % 1,050 5,052 Yugoslavia Iraq 1,113 33,208 Poland 1,485 M+F 5,240 Moldavia Armenia 36,672 Romania Female Ukraine Russia Georgia Male Bulgaria Greece Albania Country ofbirth ΙΠΟ∆Ε 100.0

Order nowdeniesthattherewe by the Ombudsman, andsupposedly have b countries. These“redirections”weremassivein Temporary visitorsare coveredbyvisaarra year. ThenationalitiesareBulgarian(8.000) some 16.000:weassumethistocovertwose thousands recordedinthe1990s European standards,thesearerathermore and awaitingexpulsionshow20.000in 19.000 in2002 and13.000 in2003.Similarly, More recentdataonrefusals crossed thebordertoreturnGreeceatalaterdate. the 1990sresultedinmassexpuls quantity. However,theregularpolicesweeps Affairs. These datadonot indicate thenati and consulates abroad.Tabl workers, thedatafromMi Legal inflowdataareactuallylargely abse persons arrested,andreducedmarkedly show smallnumbersofimmigrantscaughtil The vast majority of persons notwithstanding thebilateralagreements onre large numbers[over200.000pe 2001. NootherEuropeancountryhas beenab have beenprovidedbythem The initialmassimmigration Inflows andoutflows ofnon-EU nationals coverage bythe massmedia,these figu e 5showsdatafor2003,from atthebordershow much into Greecefrom1991onwardswa “redirected” wereAlbanians: for manyyears.Figure22sh nistry ofInteriorshow acu re everanydata,butinforma r annum,1992-6]ofimmigr . FiguresfromtheMinistry ions offoreigners,exclusiv 2001, 27.000in2002,and res peakedin2001wi down to4.000for2002and2.4002003. nt. For recruitmentoftemporary seasonal onality ofapplicants, normal figures thanthehundreds of ngements, administered een discontinued.The legally enteringGreece. , Albanian(7.000)an for undocumented immigrants throughout asons, thereforeitaveragesto8.000per data onpersonsfoundillegally present le tocircumventlegalprocessandexpel patriation of other co scale,havebeende smaller numbers:16.000in2001, mulative figureover2003-4of ows totalannualfigures,1991- supposedly, mostsimplyre- the MinistryofForeign of MerchantMarinealso ants inthis fashion, ely toneighbouringBalkan lly data onthese expulsions th justunder7.000 s, ofcourse,unknownin but theconsulatewhere d Egyptian(1.200). 30.000 in2003.By Ministry ofPublic byGreekembassies nounced as unlawful untries’ nationals. Despite thedramatic 20 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 50,000

0 SOURCES: Baldwin-Edwards and Fakiolas (1999); Linos (2001); Migration News Sheet, 1/2002. Original data fromMinistry ofPublic

86,000 9119 9319 9519 9719 9920 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 282,000 FIGURE 22:Expulsions[withoutlegalprocess]fromGreece,1991-2001 239,000 225,000 250,000 273,000 180,000 130,000 170,000 Order. 260,000 150,000

UA-HVN 93203100310310 0 0 0 351 0 64 39.77 0 0 10 1,319 0 2.08 264 139 0 0 351 20.22 0 63.64 0 71 64 105 0 0 96 0 1,319 2,517 10 11 359 159 5.56 0 0 0 139 2 162 0 0 509 47.28 7 0 0 0.53 0 7 0 0 71 36 0 2,008 0 94 29 662 0 15 359 0 351 0 4 8,872 0 6,938 0 26 0 35 3 2 162 0 0 32 1,304 313 5.08 0 37 0 0 133 0 7 7 0 214 64 0 7.38 349 34 0 9 7 139 5 0 6,901 0 268 0 8,872 2.93 1 59 322 1,794 3 0 8 1,201 0 0 24 7 0 0 3,996 0 66 0 29 4 33 27 0 8 0 32 93 3 130 1,877 3 0 351 64 2 295 13 0 0 6 132 5 0 1,703 0 0 154 18 2 268 7 6,075 55 13 8,823 0 0 64 3,701 56 0 0 0 0 826 49 0 0 331 2 0 21 0 5 18 1,822 58 0 0 0 0 0 33.83 26 38.64 0 0 204 19 CZECH REPUBLIC-PRAGU 1 0 3 64 0 0 11 0 13 8 CYPRUS -NICOSIA 0 55 0 66 147 0 0 CUBA -HAVANA 3,127 0 2,011 781 0 77 31 CROATIA -ZAGREB 320 0 0 0 48 95 0 0 9 1 CONGO -KINSHASA 0 1,058 26 3 1.62 771 19 18 0 3,624 CHINA -HONGKONG 0 5 15.33 0 268 2,069 1 CHINA -BEIJING 4 0 7 47 0 1,240 2 CHILE -SANTIAGO 0 1,819 0 11.62 6 0 0 0 0 3 31,322 CANADA -VANCOUVER 0 0 255 33,215 0 0 CANADA -TORONTO 30 0 0 518 5,091 0 0 CANADA -OTTAWA 3,259 8 58 3 11,657 0 10 0 CANADA -MONTREAL 365 28,124 1 154 14 30,804 CAMEROON -YAOUNDE 1,355 1,800 4 7 47 5 BULGARIA -SOFIA 0 0 0 1,915 19 0 0 10,302 0 BULGARIA -PLOVDIV 0 3 4 BRAZIL -SAOPAOLO 0 1,236 0 0 0 3 0 BRAZIL -RIO 51 14,687 10 BRAZIL -BRAZILIA 0 18,190 13,437 40 0 0 BOSNIA-H.-SARAJEVO 12,614 0 1,905 7 BELGIUM -BRUSSELS 0 0 4,081 0 6 7 BELARUS -MINSK 1,195 6,221 3 AZERBAITZAN -BAKU 1 0 0 AUSTRIA -VIENNA 13,397 0 0 0 12,490 AUSTRALIA -SYDNEY 40 1 118 AUSTRALIA -PERTH 0 AUSTRALIA -MELBOURNE 0 0 6,198 AUSTRALIA -CAMBERRA 0 23 AUSTRALIA -ADELAIDE ARMENIA -YEREVAN ARGENTINA -BUENOSAIRE 0 ALGERIA -ALGIERS ALBANIA -KORYTSA ALBANIA -TIRANA ALBANIA -GJIROKASTER EY ARB 6 6 90270270 5.55 0 0 0 1,659 0 287 0 20 92 11 202 0 0 3.92 25 4.68 1,567 0 229 0 0.61 0 1 287 0 1,685 0 0 2,243 20 0 11 202 165 0 66 0 0 105 0 25 200 229 0 0 0 0 1 2,138 1,619 0 1,567 19 0 16.38 2 0 0 0 1,324 0 0 0 0 164 1 83 3.06 268 0 56 2,643 0 198 0 0 0 24.34 36 1 0 6 19 1,450 146 1 81 0 0 243 11 1,185 0 0 433 620 34 0 0 1,324 1,376 4,617 24 2,057 0 0 228 2,210 0 0 0 0 268 321 0 120 274 11 0 40 0 19 0 138 1,124 0 0 0 61 0 5 0 226 1,185 23 29 36 146 3,493 124 0 19 0 0 1,236 601 0 0 6 0 0 85 2 2,057 0 0 0 0 68 193 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 8 0 0 0 0 89 321 120 274 261 1,239 0 0 0 2 0 0 195 6 0 0 0 61 2,202 0 349 0 120 611 638 29 0 0 14 0 0 0 30 0 125 15.86 0 0 0 836 1 0 148 0 2,882 KUWAIT 0.11 187 595 0 68 0 0 KENYA -NAIROBI 476 0 261 89 36 0 0 KAZAKHSTAN -ALMATY 2,052 0 6 18 0 0 6,456 0 32.26 0 0 0 195 JORDAN -AMMAN 6 2 0 90,651 0 0 JAPAN -TOKYO 35.92 12.71 1,024 0 0 2,298 2 14 0 321 ITALY -VENICE 24 120 0 274 30 0 102 0 651 22 675 0 566 5,432 0 ITALY -ROME 0 0 473 ITALY -NAPOLI 1,378 5,609 90,549 161 59 0 2 0 0 0 0 ITALY -MILAN 29 0 0 210 0 0 0 3 0 ISRAEL -TELAVIV 0 0 0 495 713 0 2 ISRAEL -JERUSALEM 68 441 8 207 59 90 231 IRELAND -DUBLIN 261 29 883 4,896 0 89 22 0 0 324 IRAQ -BAGHDAD 2 195 4 109 43 8 IRAN -TEHERAN 2 27 0 0 0 0 5,108 0 234 INDONESIA -JAKARTA 0 5 14 0 28 INDIA -N.DELHI 0 0 195 0 3 90,541 HUNGARY -BUDAPEST 26 24 0 52 0 106 HOLLAND -ROTTERDAM 0 88,345 1,660 89 10 HOLLAND -HAGUE 72 3 2,196 3 4,941 3,236 0 1 335 16 GERMANY -STUTTGART 0 0 141 0 GERMANY -MUNICH 0 811 1 50 GERMANY -LEIPZIG 0 0 25 21 0 0 GERMANY -KOLN 0 0 0 GERMANY -HANNOVER 3 2 2,863 0 GERMANY -HAMBURG 323 335 0 GERMANY -FRANKFURT GERMANY -DUSSELDORF 0 601 0 0 0 GERMANY -BERLIN 17 GEORGIA -TBILISI 208 FYROM -SKOPJE 0 FRANCE -PARIS 0 4 FRANCE -MARSEILLE FINLAND -HELSINKI 0 ETHIOPIA -ADDISABEBA EGYPT -CAIRO EGYPT -ALEXANDRIA DENMARK -COPENHAGEN E IAAVS IACVSS TTLVS IADCTTLVSSApiatREJECTION Applicant VISAS TOTAL VISAD+C VISAD TOTAL VISAS VISAC VISAB VISA A 6 7 2 9 9 0 695 0 695 0 125 570 0 569 1 0 Table 5:VisasissuedbyGreecein2003 T IA IA O +++ RATE(%) A+B+C+D NOT ISSUED VISAS A+B+C+D A+BC VISAS VTL C VTL B

.KRA-SOL001 84 805 0 0 58 0.57 0 0 636 0 0 0 1,930 0 23.95 99 58 21 5.48 11 8 636 12.5 0 3.73 906 0.26 0 0 0 1,919 542 0 0 858 1.27 0 0 217 24 8,022 10,922 0 5.66 99 0 12 21 47 860 689 25.35 40 28 299 8 102,706 1 0 3 1,302 0.57 542 811 9 18 0 46.99 7,723 53 0 0 10,894 0 0 3,858 101,404 635 0 21 0 0 0 1,910 0 0 978 0 915 1,398 12 0 860 3 58 2 98 17 0 2,880 0 8 0 0 13 430 212 41 4.51 0 18 370 50 0 591 271 551 19 584 0 1,840 7,511 485 101,034 10,881 1,390 271 8 260 0 34 69 1 0 0 0 0 6,249 0 0 95 0 16 0 0 0 129 0 6 24 0 1 282 20 8 589 765 100,792 40 242 7,438 2,751 10,673 12 18 0 14 208 227 5,967 57 261 2 0 0 S. AFRICA-JOHANNESBUR 20 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 S. AFRICA-CAPETOWN 6 36 0 4 0 0 0 S. AFRICA-DURBAN 0 465 1,390 0 S. KOREA-SEOUL 0 2,751 20 0 713 3 RUSSIA -STPETERSBURG 0 0 0 2 5 RUSSIA -NOVOROSSIYSK 0 0 42 52 0 RUSSIA -MOSCOW 0 ROMANIA -CONSTANZA 0 0 36 5,925 1,388 0 ROMANIA -BUCHAREST 0 462 0 0 PORTUGAL -LISBON 393 0 POLAND -WARSAW 3 7 0 PERU -LIMA 0 5,406 PAKISTAN -ISLAMABAD 0 0 NORWAY -OSLO 126 0 NIGERIA -LAGOS 0 NZ -WELLINGTON MOROCCO -CASABLANCA MEXICO -CITY LUXEMBOURG LIBYA -TRIPOLI LIBYA -BENGHAZI LEBANON -BEIRUT IBBE-HRR 92003930321 2 4 3.57 0 0 0 84 325 0 0 0 0 2.36 0 84 13 3 217 0 1,666 193 417 1,102 319 312 482 0 0 81 0 281 26 0 0 0 0 3 0 217 84 1,666 0 1,076 0 193 longstay,<3months 417 319 0 3.58 482 0 0 0 3 0 0.09 tourism/shortstay;multiple entry 281 "strong" passportvisa 22 0 0 transitthroughcountry 0 transit[airportonly] 0 309 9.29 17.02 3 1,901 195 59 27 144 0 3.77 5,652 19 42.18 21.75 0 43 1,471 68 0 0 932 41 8,007 190 8,859 5 65 8.94 56 0 0 VISA D 7,010 8,568 2 150 40 0 0 984 1,833 VTL VISAS 278 1,363 0 417 1.95 823 28 270 0 426 VISA C 5,647 2,957 6,644 8 323 0 59 6.65 7,517 VISA B 241 0 0 1,467 3.52 39 8,036 0 214 4,053 2 2.65 VISA A 1 885 0 2 0 24,299 0 8,245 190 0 672 41 8 149 22.25 64 0 770 0 0 17 High rejectionrate 0 0.18 2.67 150 3,021 0 3 474 0 0 1,564 274 0 10 416 Medium migrationinflows 6,845 566 0 423 0 High migrationinflows 0 0 2 5 0 201 296 23,825 0 4,045 0 0 233 0 KEY 55 0 8 1,823 0 0 1,703 3 296 75 270 0 15 0 6,348 2,820 8 37 1 900 0 5,642 ZIMBABWE -HARARE 81 149 7,740 92 2 1,509 41 0 3 3,783 VENEZUELA -CARACAS 8 0 62 97 551 0 2 3,145 USA -WASHINGTON 0 8,208 3 130 63 0 124 0 0 1,413 USA -SANFRANCISCO 74 0 0 1,700 708 0 USA -NEWYORK 6,223 0 166 0 5,458 0.33 6,782 0 5,182 0 0 73 USA -NEWORLEANS 1.71 28 48 23,751 0.3 0 4 3,323 2,434 0 USA -LOSANGELES 152 81 5.3 149 17 8 USA -HOUSTON 460 0 0 7,800 49 0 0 0 6 5,844 213 USA -CHICAGO 0 2,820 408 11 1,360 4 0 1,173 0 USA -BOSTON 4.54 677 1,013 0 6,080 22,868 1 2,932 149 USA -ATLANTA 19 1,567 0 41 833 11 0 540 20 694 URUGUAY -MONTEVIDEO 14 8 3 224 UAE -ABUDHABI 19 1 1 43,617 83 1,699 77 5,825 0 UKRAINE -ODESSA 2,742 0 1,153 41 0 1,302 40 UKRAINE -MARIUPOL 2,494 1,979 67 54 1,010 280 58 0 UKRAINE -KYIV 1,484 0 58 214 3 0 41,638 40 UK -LONDON 1 540 0 1,401 0 TURKEY -SMIRNI 0 0 0 0 12 0 18 TURKEY -ISTANBUL 0 8 0 15 TURKEY -ANKARA 0 0 5 2 TURKEY-ADRIANOUPOLIS 0 0 53 0 0 TUNISIA-TUNIS 5,810 0 0 0 0 THAILAND -BANGKOK 39 1,148 1 SYRIA -DAMASCUS 4 1,010 0 1,484 SWITZERLAND-GENEVA 41,638 52 1 SWITZERLAND-BERNE 0 0 21 11 SWEDEN -STOCKHOLM 5,799 1,096 SUDAN-KHARTOUM 0 7 SPAIN -MADRID 0 41,434 883 1,433 SPAIN -BARCELONA 183 32 SLOVENIA -LJUBLJANA 0 127 0 0 SLOVAKIA -BRATISLAVA SERBIA-MONT.-PODGORIC 8 0 SERBIA-MONTENEGRO-NIS SERBIA-MONT.-BELGRADE SAUDI ADABIA-RIYADH SAUDI ADABIA-JEDDAH S. AFRICA-PRETORIA A G IAAVS IACVSS TTLVS IADCTTLVSSApiatREJECTION Applicant VISAS TOTAL VISAD+C VISAD TOTAL VISAS VISAC VISAB VISA A 1 ,0 3,4 25743746,2 9,0 85952805.45% 522,820 28,519 494,301 0 60,527 433,774 92,517 331,341 9,704 212 12995 ,4 50307113284.68 3,228 0.93 151 3,077 3,442 0 32 3,410 35 0 3,042 52 7 2,979 11 3,403 0 10 3,102 285 6 T IA IA O +++ RATE(%) A+B+C+D NOT ISSUED VISAS A+B+C+D A+BC VISAS VTL C VTL B

the applications wereprocesse are subjectedtogreaterscruti these data.Countrieswhosenati Morocco, Ukraine,Cameroon,Cong these areindicatedinredonth from Greece,incontrastwithsomeotherEU on an annual basis. As fasasweknow,ther just under500.000:clearly,overs Moscow, Skopje,Belgrade,Alba As canbeseenfromtheTable,mostim applicants. Thereisnoclea Peru, Syria. r indication inthedata for thereasonofentry. ny inthevisaprocess,an d. Theyare,therefore,apr e Table. They include, in order of rejection rate, Brazil, nia andIstanbul.The total onals are thought likely to overstay or applyfor asylum tayers outofthisnumberco o, Algeria, Egypt, Armenia, portant pointsoflegalentrytoGreeceare: e isnoinformationavailable ondepartures countries(suchas d rejectionratesarehigher: oxy only of nationality of of visasgrantedfor2003was uld reachsignificantlevels Ethiopia, Nigeria, India, Spain) whichrecord 21

permits. not counted in anydataset other than the Census, alth made forother years,plusoneextrapolation for 200 Data for immigrantand With residence permitorregistration for legalisation homogeneis Schoolchildren stock 1 NOTES leaks of information. There isnoinformation on nati These importantdataare concealed bytheMinistry of valid. 1998-2002: reported inBaldwin-Edwards andFakiolas (1998) 1988-1997, global estimatesofnumber of illegalmigran Undocumented, tolerated below] Census data 2003-2004: figurederivedfromtotalnumber ofresidence permitsissued since 1 July2003 reduced bynumberofapplicants for legalisation, an 2004: Ministry ofInterior valid permits, as of 16June2004[ 2003: Ministry ofInterior valid permits, as of 15January 2004[includes someminors, aged14-17] 2002: reportedtotal of accepted 2001: applicationsfor GreenCardII data on GreenCardawardandrenewal rates]. 2000: applicationsfor GreenCard 1999: applicationsfor GreenCard. 1998: applicationsfor White Card. 1998-2001, small numbersofMPOpe 1988-1997, valid residence permitsfornon-EU/EFTA resident Census didnotrecord therefore shouldinclude Total normally residentpopulationwithout Greekcitizenship, for the following reasons: reasons: following the for ‘Homogeneis Cards’: METHODOLOGYUSEDIN COMPILINGFigure1:Evolution oflegal and undocumented non-EUimmigrant (3) (2) (1)

All years of these data are highly suspect, with with suspect, highly are data these of years All stat for record data no not does card’, Interior of ‘homogeneis the Ministry of The invention unsatisfact the highly Since 2001, is and data 2000 merged Until of category This Order – on the grounds of “national security”. security”. “national of grounds the on – Order immigrants: in practice, of course, there was a distinction. distinction. a was there course, of practice, in immigrants:

and applications for permit renewals: such pers such renewals: permit for applications and and and : assumption : allogeneis

homogeneis homogeneis homogeneis ofstable stock oftotalmigrants,with small annual increases:figurethen homogeneis schoolchildren, and country of birth of children used as a proxy for nationality. nationality. for proxy a as used children of birth of country and schoolchildren, homogeneis

applications for GreenCardII minus asforeignnationals [seePart B, below]. childrenareused for1995-6,1 and minors;however, ourresearch hasrevealed that the2001 rmits addedtootherdata. or withpermit application expiredand unrenewed Green Cards[calculations fromglobal were statistically and lega and statistically were d alsobyestimated number of homogeneis cards. : onalities, but we imagine thatAlbanians predominate. 4. These data areneeded because schoolchildren are PublicOrder:ourestimatesare based on unofficial ough they are coveredby theirparents’ residence istical purposes received received purposes istical ons thus appear as undocumented immigrants. immigrants. undocumented as appear thus ons contradictory datasets, massive confusions over over confusions massive datasets, contradictory ts inGreece, various sources andyears,as ory as it relies almost completely upon estimates estimates upon completely almost relies it as ory figure inextremedoubt s, issued bytheMinistry ofPublic Order. minus have been provided by the Ministry of Public Public of Ministry the by provided been have : 999-2000 and 2002-3.Interpolationis EU(15)population. These figures lly undifferentiated from illegal illegal from undifferentiated lly applications for permits permits for applications – see PartB minus total 22

Yemen ArabEmirates United Syria Arabia Saudi Qatar Oman Lebanon Kuwait Jordan Israel Iraq Bahrain East Middle Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Independent States Remainder of New Turkey City) (Vatican See Holy San Marino Monaco Malta Cyprus Andorra Remainder of Europe Ukraine Federation Russian ofMoldova Republic Belarus Independent States New European Rep.ofYugoslavia Fed. Slovenia Slovakia Romania Poland Lithuania Latvia Hungary Macedonia FYR Estonia Czech Republic Croatia Bulgaria Bosnia-Herzegovina Albania Central Europe GLOSSARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS OF THE WORLD REGIONSOFTHEWORLD OFGEOGRAPHICAL GLOSSARY Ecuador Ecuador Republic Dominican Dominica Cuba Costa Rica Colombia Chile Brazil Bolivia Belize Barbados Bahamas Argentina Barbuda and Antigua Remainder of America States United Canada Bermuda AmericaNorth Gaza Bankand West Viet Nam Thailand Sri Lanka Singapore Philippines Pakistan Nepal Myanmar Mongolia Maldives Malaysia Laos, P.Dem.Rep. of Korea, Republic Rep. Korea, Dem.P. Japan Iran Indonesia India Georgia East Timor China Cambodia Darussalam Brunei Bhutan Bangladesh Azerbaijan Armenia Afghanistan Remainder of Asia Guinea-Bissau Guinea Ghana Gambia Gabon Ethiopia Eritrea Guinea Equatorial Djibouti Cote d'Ivoire of Republic Congo, Congo, Comoros Chad Republic African Central Verde Cape Cameroon Burundi Burkina Faso Botswana Benin Angola Remainder of Africa Sahara Western Tunisia Morocco Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Egypt Algeria North Africa Venezuela Uruguay Tobago and Trinidad Suriname St Vincent &Grenadines Saint Lucia St Christopher&Nevis Peru Paraguay Panama Nicaragua Mexico Jamaica Honduras Haiti Guyana Guatemala Grenada El Salvador

Vanuatu Vanuatu Tuvalu US MinorOutlyingIsles Tonga Islands Solomon Samoa New Guinea Papua Palau New Zealand Nauru (Federated) Micronesia Marshall Islands Kiribati Fiji Australia OCEANIA Zimbabwe Zambia Uganda Togo United Tanzania, Swaziland Sudan South Africa Somalia Sierra Leone Seychelles Senegal Principe and Sao Tome Rwanda Nigeria Niger Namibia Mozambique Mauritius Mauritania Mali Malawi Madagascar Liberia Lesotho Kenya 23

reason forvisitingGreeceis Part A. annually, with onlythat for Contact wasmadewithK.Ch Ministry ofForeignAffairs Contact wasmadeon24August Ministry ofLabour Ministry contacts andresponses for policy-makers,especially collected instatisticaldata:presumably,th ►►► personal reasons. a replyreceivedon16Augustwith all all dataonvisarequestsandgrants,1991- Our mainconcernisthatthe Greek territory. interest sincetheycontain requirements, butonlyforthe years 2000- compiled oravailable. Thereply isthatdata ►►► cannot supply anydata, anddo notknow Compliance withtheDraftEURegula International Migration, Citizens International Migration, GREEK GOVERNMENT DATASETSONIMMIGRATION:

These dataarenotcoveredbyeproposd valuable information onlegal temporary admissions onto 2003 givingmuch detail. This differentiating be not transparentinthedata nationality, gender and age ristodoulopoulou on 2004withK.Kon. PART B data preparedacco when they might be able todo so. 2003. Thedatasetsvarysubstantially ese arenotrequiredby 2004. Thiswasapprovedbythe Ministryand hip, Residence Permits and Asylum arefragmented andin tween tourism,businessactivitiesand tion onCommunityStatistics 5August2004,afaxsentrequesting Chryssinis askingwhatdatasetsare

Regulation, but : thiswouldbe ofsomeinterest oftheapplicantsare not rding toSchengen is included asTable 5in Schengen. Also,the complete, that they they that complete,

f should beof 24

payments isrecorded,butthis but donotcoverageorregion ►►► Ministry of Labour. supplemented their serious problemisthatIK not considerthistobean to Greece’s immigrantpopulation to Greece’s cannot provide dataderivedfrom applications We havehadextensivetelephonecontactwi National Statistical ServiceofGreece( real situationofimmigrants’ Greece, asTEBEandOGAdono The IKAdata constitutetheonlyreliable and relatedmatterssincethen. and inTable3,PartA. received fromIKAon10and Contact was madewith K. Skadas on 9 IKA Foundation September. Thedata requestedwere: email requestingspecific unpu meeting withtheDirector-Gen K.Dimas with andto2meetings August calls of 4August, 9 August,leading totheco Zikou, andwiththe responsible for Censuses

(b) (a) (c)

the number of personsd details ofthehousingco their numberisveryhigh some disaggregation of the data onimmi ensima

There havebeenseveraltelephonediscussionsonthedatasets A does not have theinformation about immigrants who acceptable mannerinwhichtoma contributions inordertoreceive relations withthesocials 11 August.Thedatasetsare blished datafromthe 2001Cens eral, DrKontopirakis, took placeon 22September,and an is not areliable indicator al locationofimmigrants[t nditions ofimmigrants eclaring themselvesas (132.000),unlikeother mu t collectandcollatetheirdata , althoughthefaul August, and 11August and August, on 31Augustand2 September. Aformal dataset onemployment ofimmigrants in th thePopulationHe , K.Dimas.Thesehaveincludedtelephone llection of materialfrom their Library on11 ΕΣΥΕ for workpermits.The grants in the Municipality of Athens, as t doesnotliewith ) ecurity systemisconcealed homogeneis of region].Perhapsamore he actualIKAofficereceiving summarised inFigures18-21 workpermits.Therefore,the nicipalities inGreece. nage publicpo andthe Ministry of Labour 2004;faxeswere us wasdespatchedon23 ad ofSection,Ka. inthe Census IKA dataareuseful, IKAbutwiththe licy relating . Wedo 25

homogeneis?: Yes/No” homogeneis?: was conducted.The Census-takers asked immigrants than wasthoughtuntilthisreve that thereare150-200.000fewerGreeknati relocation oftheoffices oftheServi citizenship havebeenrecorded The clear[andunhappy]answer 150.000 permitsfor2001.] to beethnicGreeks.[Confident Greek citizenship,yetintheCensus there immigrant/population ratio.Ot and did not makeenquiry about citize 150.000 immigrants tothe2001Ce homogeneis the recorded this wassomethingofasurpri homogeneis The recently-compileddataon Emerging problemswithth dataset isattached inAppendixC. In principle, these data w appears tohavebeenafairly refuses todisclosethedataon without GreekcitizenshipresidinginGreece! [all butsix withdualnation ►►► time. appeared in the Census: in particular, Albanian

card. Thus,it ismore orlesscertain that all status, outofatotal850. homogeneis homogeneis . Thereareonly762.000foreigners ill beprovided, but thereis have dualnationality, an ality] have beenprovided to reliable measureoftheextent se. Uponinvestigation, the her than this problemwith e 2001 Census data collection datacollection e 2001Census intheCensusasGreeknati homogeneis ial sourceshave suggested to us that it should be around homogeneis homogeneis tothis conundrum lies in nsus datainFigure1 ce. Asof13October nship orask if thepersonhada 000 answeringthequestion at firstsight:“A were only1.350(dualnationals)who claimed show some87.000personsclaiming lation. Thus, wecanapparently add about permits, itisunclear onals, andthesa Given thattheMinist homogeneis homogeneis d thatthereareonlysix a problemwiththe ongoing us (on11and12October).The , addingabout 1,3%tothetotal 2004, onlydataon homogeneis homogeneis ΕΣΥΕ homogeneis re youGreek?”[ recordedintheCensus, so the way in whichthe Census onals, withthe implication generallyhavebeendenied of immigrantstocksatthat me numbermore hasrepliedthatalmostall how many should have ry ofPublicOrder “Are you you “Are , the Census withoutGreek taftotita taftotita Eiste Ellhnas; Eiste homogenei homogeneis or s 26 ]

provided of little usein conducting our re responsible officialswas unhelpful,tosa Our request wasapparently approved by th these: the exactdatarequiredbydraftDirectiv drafted adetailedletterexplainingtheinform Owing tothe primary roleof Administration) –allon24August. by nationality, genderorage an or “redirections”ofillegal immigrants existence of to provide anyinformation at including the 2-page replyfrom theMinistry – the ImmigrationSectionan with 23August, on Papandreou Initial contact wasmadebytelephone with Ministry ofPublicOrder The data provided are of the following: immigration status other than residence permits” [namely, nationals, asylum-seekersandrefugees,ille responsibility under thedraftRegulation which wesent afaxon 10August. Further co (ii) (i) o o o o o

Persons arrestedandawaiting ex Asylum-seekers: applications andrecognitions,1991-2003 Refusals ofadmission,2000- EU residencepermits,1991-2003[simpleannual totals] Residence permitsawardedbytheMi

if possible,aprintoutof the identityof data[i.e.the homogeneis homogeneis permits, nor doesit provide data on administrative expulsions d a faxed letter to the the to letter d afaxed this Ministry indealingwith all ontheidentityofda these actualdatafor1991-2004 d are,therefore,ofverylowqu K. TzeremesintheMinister’s 2003 [simpleannualtotals] . Thedatawhichareprov pulsion [simple annual totals] totals] annual [simple pulsion variables includedinthe dataset] y theleast,and the for collecting and compiling data on EU search. Theexchange Ka.Papandreou,on nistry, 1991-2001[simple annualtotals] e Minister.However, gal entry andresidence, and“long-term e, andwerequested two things relatingto ation requiredbyus. This letter specified ntacts weremadeby is attached asAppendix Dieuthinsi Allodapon Dieuthinsi immigration issues,andits ta, doesnotevenmentionthe homogeneis homogeneis information anddata Office, Officer Tragoulias of ided arenotbrokendown ality. of correspondence– 6 August2004,after the response of telephonewithKa. B.Thisreplyfails (Immigration permits], we 27

we havehadonemeeting withKa.Markaki Monitoring CentreonRacism project, butalso previously through Mr. Baldwin-Edwards’ formal relations with the EU We havehadexcellentco-operationwiththis Ministry ofInterior schoolchildr immigrant Data on Ministry ofEducation: ►►► schools fortheschoolyear2002/ The publications contain very volumes. summer break, weobtained on 27 August fr provided withsome data onintercultura state schools.DrKyriakoupa needed totrycompileacohe Other problems withthe data are clearlynotGreek–thisis proxies andthelegalcitizenshi Give father’. the of birth of children arenotgiven:instead,thereproxie have some seriousworriesabou August to IPODE –a research br Our contacts with the Ministry consist of because theyaremissingfroma immigrant schoolchildrenareincl owing toextremedifficultywith ►►► purposes. and other unverifiable proportionate statistical

n thatthereisonlyaloos and Xenophobia. Otherthan frequent telephone contact, id a visit to the Ministry Ministry the to avisit id detailed colourch a poorsubstitutefortheactu include littleharddata,but p ofthechild–inparticul en are not explicitlycovered allofficialdata rent pictureof the situation. t the quality of the data. The actual nationalities of the the of nationalities actual The data. the of quality t the 3. Thereisnotime-series ll data other than the Census. anch ofthe Ministry uded asaseparate categoryof immigrants quitesimply l schools.When IPODEre-openedaftera a telephone call on16August, and on17 and herstaffon12Au om IPODE itselfsomepublisheddatain2 Ministrywithinthe data, whichcannot beusedfor analytical on immigrantsinGreece,suchdataare arts concerning im s used of‘country ofbirth’ and‘country e correspondencebetweenthese , specialisedinimmi on 18August,wherewewere ar, allchildrenborninGreece many tables of percentages of comparabledata,andwe al nationalityofthechild. by the draft Directive, but As canbeseeninFigure1, parameters ofthis migrants inGreek gust, 2004,withKa. grant children in 28

the referencedateof16September2004and compiled ourowndatabase inExcel format (c overon assembled wehave Subsequently, number of validpermits showedapr view thatthesedatawerecompletelyconsis immigrants recordedin about 190.000validpermits,atotalof510. there arefewobviouslinkages data for valid permitsarelikely to be corr prefectures areprobably enteringtheirdataon Koudouli and other staffon17Septembe 2004 and20May2004,areinconsistentwith data. Inparticular, some older printouts give In thefirstofthesemeetings wish. could interviews lasting1-2hours, management] on 8October. In each of relationship withthe2001Ce the number ofvalidresidencepermits,th compiled effective cross-checkingofda management ofthe databaseisofa veryhi we puzzledfor sometime.In consolidated for any point in in point any for consolidated Their explanation isnowapparent to us: perplexing. quality service.Thus,the inconsistencies result of this isthat current da data input accesscanadddata for any peri lateron6October.The laterprintouts the Census. At that point, MrBaldwin-Edwards expressedhis and theresponseshavebeenas , some preliminary datawere time. Sinceitis continuously nsus data.TheMinistryoffi ta, and generally aserious our discussionswithK.Anasta ta donotreflect currentreality betweenthese–citingcont oblem withtherenewalprocess. these threemeetings,wehaveconducted r, andwithK.An the database isa dynamic one andisnot e totalissuedsince July2003,andtheir and problemswhichwenotedwererather ect: ouroldest referencedate is 15January, e thousandsheetsof od –even 6or9monthspreviously!The 000 issued,andala gh standard –with minimal double-counting, tent witheach other, n to us, for referencedatesof 15 January printouts forthesame overing 200countrieswi attempted tomake se alowpriority basis. show muchhigherfi cials expressed concernthat attempt to provide a high- beingupdated, astassiou [database emporaneous statisticsof supplied verbally concerning ssiou, we concluded that the the that weconcluded ssiou, , since many of the openandfrankasanyone paper print-out, rger presenceof exceptthatthelow Thus, only the oldest the only Thus, referencedatesbut nse ofconflicting gures, about which which about gures, th 18variables),at anyonewith 29

of the draft Regulation itself. itself. Regulation draft the of draft EU Regulation. This matter we address address we matter This Regulation. EU draft information concerning data id data concerning information Other minor problemsexistwiththe lackof needed inordertocorrect this forcertain.Werecommendthatbureau permits than the Ministry thinks: theobvious The positiveaspectofthisla of muchdiscussionin sufficient informationtocomment caused bymassivenumbesof of delayeddataentry is corr continuous declineintherecord database: for example, the variables of: phenomenon. Analternativeposs state of responses the of summaries These 2004 with509.168validpermits are apparentlynotrecorded.Thisisespecial Some datawhichwould be helpful for grasping management, suchas: ►►► o o o o o o o o

date of birth permit duration region of residence dependent childrencovered bythe permit if anexpiredpermitis underrenewal whether apermitis first-time or renewal date offirstlegalpresenceinGreece change of immigration oremployment status

thepressand inthe Ombudsman’s Office. this information deficit. deficit. information this ect. Indeed,Figure5ofAppe ck ofdata quality isthat partially-expired permits be entity do not indicate the ex the indicate not do entity ed number ofvalid permits sin recorded asof6Octobe ibility, whichismore worrying, on this,other than agencies, the sort of sort the agencies, cratic management reforms areurgently statistical access tor ly true ofdatarela below, with reference reference with below, problem isthat nobody therealitiesoflega probably to notethatitha r 2004.Thereshouldbea ndix Ashows preciselythis ing issued. Wedo nothave tent of compli of tent ce thatdate,ifthis theory ting tobureaucratic therearefarmorevalid isthatthis problemis data provided, and and provided, data ecorded datainthe l immigrantpresence, to specific provisions provisions specific to can actually know s beenthesubject ance with the the with ance 30

disaggregated by: and theMinistry of Interior. Thedatare data requirements,butthereareonlytwopo and this changeadds severaldisa data do not include countryofbirthor data donotinclude their dataholdings as theyhave refuse As faras MinistryofPublicOrderdata relevant ministries andauthorities. The Regu Statistical Service,whichitselfwillbe member states.Theprimaryobligation to provide contains some important changes madeafter co The latestversionofthedraftRegulation Conformity withthedraft EURegulation

(a) International migration flows Article 4: Article 3ofthereviseddr be incorporated ata later date. before 2006, andcertain types of statistic– o o o o

citizenship, by age andsex country of birth,by ageandsex region ofusualresidence country of previous andnext ¾ ¾ ¾

award of citizenship, asylum and otherfo Administrative andjudicial procedures Citizenship andcountry of birthof pers International immigration andemigra illegal immigration. aft stipulatesthestatisti residence,byageandsex arealreadyrequestedbyEuro ggregations. Itisnotclearhow dependent upontheprovision of data from quired areforemigra dated19May2004(attach areconcerned,weknownothingof country ofprevious residence; theydo tion toandfrom theterritory most notably residencepermitdata–areto d todisclosethem. Interior Ministry lation isnotexpected ssible sources:theMinistryofPublicOrder and processes relating toimmigration, and processesrelating ons usuallyresidentontheterritory rms ofprotection, an nsultation with interested partiesinthe cs required.Theseare: statisticstoEurostat willliewiththe nts andimmigrants, stat onanannualbasis, ΕΣΥΕ to apply to data data to apply to ed asAppendixA) d thepreventionof willhandlethese 31

central databasecannotprintoutanything otherthansimpleannualtotals. disaggregated byformercitizenshipand sex,butnot byage. Furthermore, the allogeneis fragmented, owing todifferentproceduresapplying to These aretheresponsibilityofInteri (b) Data on usual residence that information. cover age andregionofresidence,but (c) Citizenship acquisition integrate withotherdata. derived fromtheLabourForceSurvey have nointention everofdoing so.Da data onregion.TheMinistryofLabour but withsomechangescouldalsoprov data. Atthistime,theInterior Ministry residence permitandworkdata ar they are requiredon anannual basi These datacouldtheoreticallybederi o o o o o

citizenship, by age and sex country of birth,by ageandsex region ofusualresidence year of first arrival employment status,occupation, industry br , and regional procedureswith p data, byformer citizenship, age andsex. , disaggregated by: s (Article10).It wouldseemthat ved fromthe2001Census,exceptthat , butsampleddataaredifficultto ta onlabourmarketissuescouldbe canprovidenodata,andappearsto canprovideonlycitizenshipbysex, ide disaggregationbyageand also at this time the database cannot access at thistimethedatabasecannotaccess or Ministry:atpresent,thedataare anch, levelofeducationandtraining e theonlypossiblesourcesofannual oor datacollation.Theare palinostoundes and 32

bureaucratic delays inrenewing orgrantingpermitsmeanthatwithout any be usedafterasubstantial delay.Howe above, the dataforvalidpermits at thistimeunabletodisaggregateby 1 (a)residence permitsfornon- Article 7: Public Order.Theyappeartobe Data onillegalentryandstayarealso (b) Persons foundto beillegally resi (a) Refusals of entry at thebord Article 6: anything otherthansimpleannualtotals. quality ofdataprovidedtousbytheMi Disaggregations are required bycitize Asylum statisticsaretheresponsibilit Article 5: between firstissuepermits 1 (a)TheInteriorMinistrydatabasedoes 2. Other long-term residencestatus for non-EU/EFTA (b) numberofEUlong-termperm (i) (iii) of permit,age,sex age, sex (ii) permit, age, sex

first issuepermitsinrefere validpermitsatreference date,bycitize changed permittypeinreferenceperiod, , changed permits EU/EFTA nationals, asfollows: er, bycitizenship,ageandsex nce period,bycitizenship, its [after5years’residence] dent, bycitizenship, age andsex unable toprovideanydisaggregations. arehighlyproblematic,butpresumably can y of the Ministry of Public Order. y oftheMinistryPublic nship, age andsex. Accordingtothe the responsibility oftheMinistry age orduration ofpermit.As discussed nistry, theywillnotbeabletoprovide ver, forallofthese data, the serious notseemtobeabledistinguish nship, permitreason, by citizenship, permit reason, duration duration permitreason, by citizenship, , and renewed permits permit reason,durationof duration of permit, . Itisalso 33

2. period allowed.Thereare,theref Residence, andlooksasifitwilldela (b) Greece hasnotstartedto implem immigrants. record ofapplications/renewalsinprocess,thereappear to betoofewlegal they canprovideanydisaggrega This istheprovinceofMinistry Deportations andexpulsions, Article 8: “national security”.Therewill,th covered bythis.TheMinistryrefuses Homogeneis Homogeneis

permits, awardedbythe Ministry by citizenship, ageand sex tion other than citizenship. tion otherthancitizenship. ore, nostatisticstocollect. erefore, benodataprovided. y implementationwellbeyondthelegal ent theEUDirectiveonLongTerm PublicOrder.We to discussthese,onthegroundsof ofPublicOrderareclearly do notbelievethat 34

Most of the problemsobserved compilation ofmigrationstatistics Recommendations fordata collection,collationand

Greece canbeclassifiedas inconsistent approachestotherecording result isthat thefinalstatisticaldatado there areproblemswiththeactualmech In this case, the data have data the case, this In 3) statistical compilation. Th is unable toextractthedatafor statistica individuals orregional offices),heav In thiscategory,thedatahavebeenco 2) required. available. In submitting official data, for exam have beenelectronicallyreco With this category, the problemis mosteasily 4) data electronically. issue, whichnormally can data submissions,andmistakenin The requireddatahavene 1)

Data quality problem: Data qualityproblem: Data collation problem: problem: Data collation Data accessproblem: Data collection problem: Data collection (b) (a)

Data havebeenrecordedma Data areheldindifferentlocati ere aretwosubcategories: be fixed withtime andrelativelylittlemoney. ver beencollected,eventh ing offour differenttypes. beenrecordedelectronically with the provisionofstatis rded onacentral database, terpretations ofmanualrecords ily delayed or irregularcompilations nually, but not electronically llected butcannotbe not adequatelyreflectre anism bywhichthis hasbeen done.The of data(e.g.too much l purposes.This ise ons, with no central database database central no with ons, solvedas itisat ple, ‘country ofbirth’ ‘country ple, ough theyareprobably These areidentifiedbelow: tical data onimmigrants in onacentral database, but but thecomputersoftware properlyusedfor ssentially ashort-term echnical one:thedata discretionleftto ality. Causesinclude whenenteringthe israrely,ifever, ofelectronic 35

data quality problem causedbythe IKA agencies usingsuchdata. The principal knownproblemwith the with accesstothedata(typ There arealsosomeissueswi however, therearetemporalproblemswithda highest levelofmanagement ofimmigrat permit database andthe citizenship acquisition database. The former isclearly the that. The two datasets ofrelevance inthe types (1) and (3) withcollection andquality problem (type 3)withda However, withtheCensusdata publication, and is dependent onotherstat The StatisticalServiceistheprincipalau immigrants, andtherearesome the datasetsinanadequate manner. Othe perception ofitsrolein th prefecture ormunicipality,wi issue withthisMinistryistype made Labour andtheaccompanyinglatepayments of with therequirementsofEurostatandGr mentality traditional tothat Ministry: this ap A fifthcategoryexists,whichis problems withstatistical data ineach. First,the Looking at ministry datasets in provide orcompiledata for the end-user. Th hasmade greatsteps forward withits i post hoc post , andprobably toolatetous ta onnon-Greekcitizen e Greekpolityandsociety:we e 4),concerningageanddepe th notcentraldatabase.Ther (2)–withcollationofdata. th datacollection(type1), turn, itisnow possible to unique to the Ministry of ΕΣΥΕ generalprovisionswhichwe ensima hascompletecontrol, and wehaverevealed a Ministry of Public Order Ministry ofPublic thority for secondarydatacollation and eece’s membershipofth ion datathatGreece r ministriesdocollectsomedataon Ministry ofInterior requirementslaiddown e agenciesactually e thedataforpolicyguidance. proach is, of course,completely incompatible mmigration data, but there appears tobea is seemstoarisefrom of data, butwearenotable toevaluate ta entry in the regions, type (3) problem. such.Thesedatacorr Ministry ofLabour homogeneis. homogeneis. are notabletocommentupon Public Order–areluctanceto and somelessseriousissues identify exactlywhatarethe e may also be problems of e mayalsobe problems ndent children,forexample. Data are leftat the levelof believe applytoallstate has everachieved: to collectthedata. aretheresidence liesinitsself- e EuropeanUnion. apoliticalcontrol by the Ministry of Ministry bythe : thefundamental ections canonlybe 36

In our view, it isimperative that all immigr justification for failingto accountability: we do not comprehend thecl data is aremarkable exception tothege vocational training of all Interior Ministrydataset. Other essential notonlyforsecurity systematically andwithoutexcep In particular, the uniqueregistration numb interim, the Ministry might requestco a centraldatabase permits heldacrosstheregionsofGreece. impediment totheproperma on employmentstatuses,occupa responsibility oftheLabourMinistryto provide to be carriedout.Thedatabaseofthe Interi only through this mechanism isit possiblefo operation withother ministri applications, aretheprovinceofMinistry actually a employment variables totheircentraldatabase The 2 RECOMMENDATION competence inallimmigrationmatters far in collecting data on immigrants, despite award ofEU and The 1 RECOMMENDATION Ministry ofLabour Prime Minister’sOffice very serious deficitofinformation homogeneis andmechanismsfor inputing reliabl provide immigration data. immigrants granted workpermits. The preparation of should act immediately to collat to immediately act should es and(itseemslikelysoon) reasons, butalsotoenable permits, or the management of political asylum nagement ofimmigrationin should reviewwhynon-policin data required by Eurostat –and byEurostat data required tions, branch ofindustry, tion intheworkpermitap llaboration with the Interior Ministry would betheMinistryof Interior. neral principles ofpublicopenness and ation issuesbedealt er for eachimmigrant should beutilised This means, inthelong-term, settingup or Ministryisthemost r proper data collection and policy planning aim of“nationalsecurityreasons” asa its defects.Thelogica : thiswouldhelpto amelioratewhatis PublicOrder.The Mi . – aredetailed andup-to-date data cross-linkingdata withthe to Greece.Non-provisionof e data from the regions. Inthe with Eurostatisaserious e andprocessthedataonwork and levels ofeducationand plication process. Thisis g policyareas,suchasthe with byoneministry: which arethesole l choiceforministerial successfulventureso nistry’s lackofco- toaddafew 37

As itispossiblethat the latedata entrie conclusions concerning th calculate theextentof lapsedpermits,forwh applications database. Foradministrative purposes, th bureaucratic problem,but we apparent serioustime-lag ininputing data and expired The 4 RECOMMENDATION The 3 RECOMMENDATION be addressedhere. standardised data inthese areaswillbe t the dateofissueandnotearlier. been made onthispoint by permits, this mattershould beaddressedas data actually have been entered. define acut-offpointfordata-entry inthat entry ofdataevenas entry onthedatabase, e.g. exist. Ministry toissuerecentdata and determinethe latest reliable datafor personnel. Interior Ministry Interior Ministry

For theprovisionofstatistical data to The database managers shouldmonitor th Exceptions tothisrule shou There should beamaximum permissiblede forpermits,first-time permits. Theaddition shouldadd tothedatavariable shouldtry toreform th much as6 monthslate. e presenceofundocumented immigrantsinGreece. the Ombudsman, namely thatpe offer here someideas: 7 days.Currently,thereseems whicharewrong,andim permits,permitpermissionchange ld beauthorised, ona case of thesevariableswould s arecausedbythei echnically demanding andcomplex, and cannot intheregions.Thisisessentially a ere shouldbeclear appropriate. Recommendations havealready ΕΣΥΕ policy purposes.It isdamaging to the ich nationalitiesthey year, andtry toestab e proceduresfordata-entry e temporalaspectsofdatabaseentry, , thedatabase management should lay betweenawardof a permit andits s currentlylisted onthepermits enable theMinistryto ssuing ofsemi-expired rmits shouldbevalidfrom -by-case basis,bysenior distinction between to benothingpreventing ply failuresthatmaynot occur, anddrawsome lish thatallrelevant , renewed andthe permits, 38

different categories of established. Inparticular,thesystemsh should beprioritised, anda centralised da collation anddataaccess.Thus database in ordertoaccess detailed need tobecollected: following variables: purposes withintheGreekstat Greek citizenship.Thesedata Eurostat and cannot beprovided atthistime. system itselfshouldbereplaced.Dataonfo these shouldbecorrectedwithcomputerso The existingdatabaseonciti The 6 RECOMMENDATION The 5 RECOMMENDATION For otherstatisticalpurposes, countries, andto

o o o o o o o o

Year offirst arrivalinGreece Dependent children Country ofbirth Age ofpermitholder Country ofprevious residence Region of usualresidence Country ofnextresidence [applies tohold Permit duration Interior Ministry Interior Ministry homogeneis citizenship award:to shouldaddressthevery shouldupgrade itscomputerso zenship awardshasserious pr fromCIScountries. are requiredby Eurostat, but including the Eurostat the including e. Thereseemtobetwo ma , the compilation ofalldata statistics whichare already recorded ould integrate data tabase (like that for residence permits) rmer citizenship,agean ftware upgrades: othe allogeneis ers oftheEUlong-t seriouslackofreliab requirements,thefo , homogeneis ftware fortheresidence permits oblems ofdataaccess, and jor sorts of problem –data on awardofGreekcitizenship concerning thethree are alsoessentialforpolicy erm residencestatus] rwise, thedatabase fromotherthanCIS d sexare requiredby le dataonawardof , coveringthe llowing data will 39

on non-Greek residents would confer advantag also wouldprovide policy-maker are not aluxuryfortheprivile permit such anadjustment of data. would notonlyallowGr ideal, thiswouldrepresent animprove data inordertoincludethelate voluntary an A coherent approach across thepublic domain 9 RECOMMENDATION IKA 8 RECOMMENDATION Access tothedata on statistical “fix” forthe The 7 RECOMMENDATION with immigrant issues:theim former residence’,othernationalitiesheld,et collection ofdatacurrentlyno requested andformats used.Inparticular, su with someexpertscientificparticipation, in examined here,suchasJusti Inter-Ministerial CommitteeonImmigrationDataStandards shouldexamineitsstatisticalpr Statistical ServiceofGreece problem ofnorecorded homogeneis eece toproducedatathestan ce, HealthorEducation,are plementation ofcommon st t available:theseinclude‘cou ged, but a normal toolinth anormal ged, but s withaclearerpictureofre permitsheldbythe Minist ovision, andifnecessaryissue shouldre-examine itsCe ment onthe current data provision. payments ofimmigrants. Althoughfarfrom ordertoagreeaframew c. Ministrieswhoseac ch acommitteecouldfacilitatethegeneral inthecollectionand homogeneis e totheGreekstate. dards of otherEUcountries, but andards ondatacollection e pursuit ofgoodgovernance. also continuouslygrappling withoutGreekcitizenship. ntry ofbirth’,‘country ality. Competentstatistics ry of Public Order would nsus dataand consider a tivities wehavenot post hoc post Werecommendthat management ofdata ork of typesof data be established, additional 40