Lucas, Keynes, and the Crisis
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
The Life and Times of Gordon Tullock
Public Choice (2012) 152:3–27 DOI 10.1007/s11127-011-9899-3 The life and times of Gordon Tullock Charles K. Rowley · Daniel Houser Received: 24 October 2011 / Accepted: 25 October 2011 / Published online: 10 November 2011 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 Abstract Gordon Tullock is a founding father of public choice. In an academic career that has spanned 50 years, he forged much of the research agenda of the public choice program and he founded and edited Public Choice, the key journal of public choice scholarship. Tullock, however did much more than this. This Special Issue of Public Choice honors Gordon Tullock in precisely the manner that he most values: the creation of new ideas across the vast range of his own scholarly interests. Keywords Gordon Tullock · Tullock’s life · Tullock’s times Si monumentum requiris, circumspice 1 Innocence of youth Gordon Tullock was born in Rockford, Illinois on February 13, 1922. His father, George Tullock, was a hardy Midwesterner of Scottish ancestry. His mother, Helen, nee Crumb, was of equally hardy Pennsylvania-Dutch stock. His father’s elder brother, Tom, and his two children, also lived in Rockford, but some distance away. So Gordon had no close and continuing relationship with them. Both of Gordon’s grandfathers died before he was old enough to remember them. Both of his grandmothers ‘lived with us for some time, but fortunately not at the same time’ (Tullock 2009:1) Rockford, often referred to as the ‘Forest City’, was a mid-sized city with a 64,000 pop- ulation in 1922, when Gordon Tullock was born. -
Tribute to Axel Leijonhufvud
A great teacher 6 Computable economics 24 Experimental Economics 30 Adaptive Economic Process 32 Behavioral Economics 36 Institutional Economics 40 Evolutionary Economic 44 Dynamics Agent-Based Computational 48 Economics Agent-Based Finance 58 Financial Instability and 62 Crisis 68 Networks and Innovation 72 Macroeconomics and Financial Crisis 78 Evolution of Social Preferences 84 Market Design 88 Modularity and Design for Innovation 92 Financial Crisis 98 Inequality and the Changing Distribution of Income 104 Macroeconomic Coordination and Externalities 110 New Thinking on the Firm 118 Macroeconomics after the crisis: looking ahead A GREAT TEACHER 6 his is the last Summer School after almost twenty years. It could be a melancholic event, but should not be so. We had Ta rare chance to reflect on the challenges for economic analysis, in the spirit of open- minded exploration that Axel instilled to the School form beginning to end. This meeting today is also an opportunity to celebrate Axel´s contributions to our craft and to express the gratitude that we (quite a few of us here) feel for having been able to learn for him, professionally, and also personally. It is on both these terms that I would like to offer my brief remarks. I first knew about Axel in Argentina through a friend who referred me to the Spanish translation of the book on Keynes. Those were grim times in the country, economically and otherwise, and we were anxious searching for ideas to understand what had been going on. The book impressed me strongly. It was full of analytical insights on crucial questions about economic coordination, and at the same time, it allowed one to glimpse useful ways to speak about actual experiences of macro instability. -
Working Paper No. 12
The Real Wage And The Marginal Product of Labor Tracy Mott* Working Paper No. 12 November 1988 * Research Associate, Program on Political and Economic Change, Institute of Behavioral Science, and Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Colorado, Boulder. Part of this work was done while on research fellowship at the Jerome Levy Economics Institute, Annandale-On-Hudson, NY. 1 The opening section of the Sumner 1987 issue of the Journal of Post Kevnesian Economics contained a symposium on the question of the significance of the concept of the marginal productivity of labor to Post Keynesian economics. This took the form of a discussion surrounding John Maynard Keynes's statement that his theory of employment in Chapter Two of the General Theorv did not reject "the first classical postulate" of equality between the real wage and the marginal product of labor. Though there were a number of interesting points raised and insights made, the discussion was hardly conclusive. I would like to add another intervention on the subject. I begin by noting Paul Wells's (1987) discussion, which I think very clearly points out the first and perhaps most important divergence of Keynes's theory from the neoclassical theory of employment. That is, Keynes's acceptance of the proposition that the real wage is equal to the marginal product of labor should not be taken as Keynes's saying that the level of employment is determined by the real wage, at that level where the real wage equals the marginal product of labor. Rather, Wells notes, for Keynes the level of employment is determined by the level of effective demand. -
The Mont Pelerin Society: a MANDATE RENEWED
1 The Mont Pelerin Society: A MANDATE RENEWED By Deepak Lal Ladies and Gentlemen, Welcome to this special meeting of the MPS. In this address I would like to explain why it has been called at such short notice and how I hope it provides a renewal of the mandate our founders set for the society.1 After being anointed with the Presidency of this august body in Tokyo (in early September), my wife and I went on to a lecture tour in China. We were in Shanghai on a tour of the magnificent Suzhou industrial estate outside Shanghai, with MPS member Steven Cheung. On the afternoon of the 15th September Steve received a call on his Blackberry that Lehman Brothers had gone into bankruptcy. Steve opined that this marked the end of American capitalism. I thought this somewhat hyperbolic. But, on getting back to London at the end of September, as I was tending my roses, my neighbor, a Thatcherite heart surgeon, said over the hedge that, given the recent events in the capital markets, did I still stand by the views I had expressed in my last book on "Reviving the Invisible Hand".2 I replied that even a severe trade cycle downturn would not undermine the well tested classical liberal principles I had espoused. Though, Gordon Brown might be in trouble having repeatedly congratulated himself for having abolished boom and bust. Two subsequent events shattered this complacency. I had been following a political betting site called Betfair on which some youngsters at the Tokyo MPS meeting were placing bets on a McCain victory. -
Cambridge Economics: a Place, a People, an Academic Community and Its Palgrave Companion
Cambridge Economics: A place, a people, an academic community and its Palgrave Companion Cord, Robert A. (editor), 2017, The Palgrave Companion to Cambridge Economics, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2 Vol., pp. XVII, 1225. £ 165 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-137-41233-1 The Palgrave Companion’s two volume set on Cambridge Economics is part of an ongoing project by Robert Cord to bring together contributions that capture Economics, as it was, and is, practised in historically important universities for the subject. This publication project follows Cord’s Ph.D. work that discussed research centres in economics in the 1930s, with special reference to Cambridge, Oxford and the LSE (Cord, 2012). In that book Cord analysed the relative success of these research centres by utilising a framework that identified sociological, technical, intellectual and financial factors to explain why some centres where more successful than others. In contradistinction, this edited set starts with a collection of surveys ‘from within’, with academics reviewing fields of research through narratives that capture specific traditions and/or the interface of economics with related fields/faculties in Cambridge. These form Part I, titled “Themes in Cambridge Economics”. Part II, titled “Some Cambridge Economists”, has an extensive set of intellectual biographies of the major economists associated with Cambridge, who also figure in the narratives constructed in Part I. All of this yields more than a thousand pages of text, from fifty one academics contributing the various pieces. This is a herculean task, and the very scope of the project and its execution awes the reader. It is commendable that Cord not only completed this task but also amassed contributions from celebrated academics that know intimately Cambridge and its many traditions. -
Time, Expectations and Financial Markets
Institute for International Political Economy Berlin Time, Expectations and Financial Markets Author: Hansjörg Herr Working Paper, No. 03/2009 Editors: Trevor Evans ■ Eckhard Hein ■ Hansjörg Herr ■ Martin Kronauer ■ Birgit Mahnkopf Time, Expectations and Financial Markets Hansjörg Herr (Berlin School of Economics and Law) Abstract After the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system and the beginning of the neoliberal revolution, financial markets became very unstable. The theoretical background of the neoliberal revolution stands in the tradition of Léon Walras. He was very much impressed by Isaac Newton, used his methodology and wanted to lift economic thinking on the same level as Newton’s mechanics. The rational expectation approach and the hypothesis of efficient financial markets follow this methodology. In a Keynesian-Schumpeterian approach, expectations cannot be explained by economic models – as in the case of rational expectations. The economy is not a self-regulating stable system. Development depends on social and political processes which are beyond the scope of narrow economic modelling. The world needs a fundamental re-regulation of asset and financial markets as well as labour markets to turn globalisation into a project with more winners than there are now. JEL Code: B22, E12, E22 Key Words: Macroeconomics; Post-Keynesian, Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy Address for correspondence: Prof. Dr. Hansjörg Herr Berlin School of Economics and Law Badensche Str. 50-51 10825 Berlin Germany e-mail: [email protected] 1 1. Introduction Over the last decades financial markets have become very unstable. Asset prices (shares, real estate, currencies, and natural resources) followed a rollercoaster with violent ups and downs. -
David R. Henderson: Why Everyone Read Samuelson - WSJ 8/17/15, 11:06 AM
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Faculty and Researcher Publications Faculty and Researcher Publications 2009-12 Why Everyone Read Samuelson Henderson, David R. The Wall Street Journal http://hdl.handle.net/10945/46117 David R. Henderson: Why Everyone Read Samuelson - WSJ 8/17/15, 11:06 AM This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to your colleagues, clients or customers visit http://www.djreprints.com. http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704869304574595823818190240 COMMENTARY Why Everyone Read Samuelson The late Nobel laureate's mathematical approach to economics has been a mixed blessing. By DAVID R. HENDERSON Updated Dec. 14, 2009 7:10 p.m. ET Three years after World War II drew to a close, a young professor at MIT published "Foundations of Economic Analysis." Its mathematical approach to economics would revolutionize the profession. And its author, Paul Samuelson, would go on to earn many awards and honors, culminating in 1970, when he won the Nobel Prize in economics—the second year it was awarded. Samuelson died on Sunday at the age of 94. His influence has been profound, but the mathematization of economics has been a mixed blessing. The downside is that the math hurdle in leading U.S. economics programs is now so high that people who grasp the power of economic concepts to explain human behavior are losing out in the competition to mathematicians. The upside is that Samuelson sometimes used math to resolve issues that had not been resolved at a theoretical level for decades. -
Lucas on the Lucasian Transformation of Macroeconomics: an Assessment M
Lucas on the Lucasian Transformation of Macroeconomics: an Assessment M. De Vroey Discussion Paper 2010-32 LUCAS ON THE LUCASIAN TRANSFORMATION OF MACROECONOMICS: AN ASSESSMENT Michel De Vroey ◊ July 2010 Abstract Robert Lucas is rightfully credited with having changed the course of macroeconomic theory. The aim of this paper is to document his transformation from a potential contributor to Keynesian macroeconomics to the master builder of an alternative paradigm, equilibrium macroeconomics. I reconstruct Lucas’s theoretical journey as involving seven steps: (1) his pre-macroeconomic years, (2) his early work as a macroeconomist, jointly with Rapping, (3) the ‘Expectations and the Neutrality of Money’ 1972 article, (4) his inaugural equilibrium model of the business cycle, (5) his all-out attack on Keynesian macroeconomics, (6) the passing of the baton to Kydland and Prescott, and (7) his standpoint after the victory of the approach he so much contributed to launch. JEL classification: B 22; B 31; E30. Keywords: Lucas, new classical macroeconomics. ◊ IRES, University of Louvain, [email protected] A first version of this paper was presented at seminars given at the University of Toronto and the University of British Columbia. The author is grateful to the participants at these seminars for their remarks. He also acknowledges his gratitude to Robert Lucas for having authorized him to quote from the Lucas Archives held at Duke University, as well as for his comments on the paper. Kevin Hoover’s vivid comments on an earlier version were also stimulating. 1 INTRODUCTION In the late 1970s and the beginning of the 1980s, macroeconomics underwent a radical change, which resulted in the overthrow of Keynesian IS-LM macroeconomics and its replacement by dynamic stochastic general-equilibrium macroeconomics. -
ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓ ΡΑΦΙΑ Bibliography
Τεύχος 53, Οκτώβριος-Δεκέμβριος 2019 | Issue 53, October-December 2019 ΒΙΒΛΙΟΓ ΡΑΦΙΑ Bibliography Βραβείο Νόμπελ στην Οικονομική Επιστήμη Nobel Prize in Economics Τα τεύχη δημοσιεύονται στον ιστοχώρο της All issues are published online at the Bank’s website Τράπεζας: address: https://www.bankofgreece.gr/trapeza/kepoe https://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/the- t/h-vivliothhkh-ths-tte/e-ekdoseis-kai- bank/culture/library/e-publications-and- anakoinwseis announcements Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος. Κέντρο Πολιτισμού, Bank of Greece. Centre for Culture, Research and Έρευνας και Τεκμηρίωσης, Τμήμα Documentation, Library Section Βιβλιοθήκης Ελ. Βενιζέλου 21, 102 50 Αθήνα, 21 El. Venizelos Ave., 102 50 Athens, [email protected] Τηλ. 210-3202446, [email protected], Tel. +30-210-3202446, 3202396, 3203129 3202396, 3203129 Βιβλιογραφία, τεύχος 53, Οκτ.-Δεκ. 2019, Bibliography, issue 53, Oct.-Dec. 2019, Nobel Prize Βραβείο Νόμπελ στην Οικονομική Επιστήμη in Economics Συντελεστές: Α. Ναδάλη, Ε. Σεμερτζάκη, Γ. Contributors: A. Nadali, E. Semertzaki, G. Tsouri Τσούρη Βιβλιογραφία, αρ.53 (Οκτ.-Δεκ. 2019), Βραβείο Nobel στην Οικονομική Επιστήμη 1 Bibliography, no. 53, (Oct.-Dec. 2019), Nobel Prize in Economics Πίνακας περιεχομένων Εισαγωγή / Introduction 6 2019: Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer 7 Μονογραφίες / Monographs ................................................................................................... 7 Δοκίμια Εργασίας / Working papers ...................................................................................... -
The Heckscher-Ohlin Model
CAVE.6607.cp06.p095-120 6/5/06 7:12 PM Page 95 CHAPTER 6 Factor Endowments and Trade II: The Heckscher-Ohlin Model theory of international trade that highlights the variations among countries of supplies of broad categories of productive factors (labor, capital, and land, none Aof which may be specific to any one sector) was developed by two Swedish econ- omists, Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin.1 Their model subsequently has been extended in scores of articles and treatises. Some of the new results were startling: Two countries that share the same general technology but differ in their endowments of the basic fac- tors of production may nonetheless find that free trade in commodities forces wage rates in the two countries into absolute equality. Advocates of protection have found support in another proposition: Even a broad-based factor such as labor may unam- biguously gain by the imposition of tariffs. Most of these propositions were carefully proven and adequately qualified in a simple form of the theory—the 2 3 2 model, so called because it analyzed an economy producing two commodities with the use of only two productive factors.This model has proved to be immensely popular not only in the area of international trade but also in fields such as public finance and economic growth. We initially follow Heckscher and Ohlin in assuming that countries share the same technological knowledge, an assump- tion made to highlight a cause for trade (different relative factor endowments) that is distinct from the technological asymmetries emphasized in the Ricardian model. -
Paul Samuelson's Ways to Macroeconomic Dynamics
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Boianovsky, Mauro Working Paper Paul Samuelson's ways to macroeconomic dynamics CHOPE Working Paper, No. 2019-08 Provided in Cooperation with: Center for the History of Political Economy at Duke University Suggested Citation: Boianovsky, Mauro (2019) : Paul Samuelson's ways to macroeconomic dynamics, CHOPE Working Paper, No. 2019-08, Duke University, Center for the History of Political Economy (CHOPE), Durham, NC This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/196831 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Paul Samuelson’s Ways to Macroeconomic Dynamics by Mauro Boianovsky CHOPE Working Paper No. 2019-08 May 2019 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3386201 1 Paul Samuelson’s ways to macroeconomic dynamics Mauro Boianovsky (Universidade de Brasilia) [email protected] First preliminary draft. -
Eli Heckscher,Sweden,Liberalism
Discuss this article at Journaltalk: http://journaltalk.net/articles/5902 ECON JOURNAL WATCH 13(1) January 2016: 75–99 Eli Heckscher’s Ideological Migration Toward Market Liberalism Benny Carlson1 LINK TO ABSTRACT Sweden is a country that is often misunderstood by outsiders, and even by Swedes themselves. From the latter part of the nineteenth century, Sweden’s eco- nomic policies were quite liberal, and for 100 years, say from 1870 to 1970, the economy grew rapidly (see Schön 2011; Bergh 2014). During this period Sweden enjoyed relatively high-quality public debate—a tradition in which Sweden still remains quite exceptional. Leading economists took active part and influenced opinion; they were genuine leaders in public discourse. Five titans stand out: Knut Wicksell, Gustav Cassel, Eli Heckscher, Bertil Ohlin, and Gunnar Myrdal.2 The first three were highly liberal. Ohlin began as liberal, like his mentor Heckscher, but moved to a position of social liberalism, or moderate welfare-statism, and became a leading politician (Berggren 2013). Myrdal represents Sweden’s turn toward social democracy (Carlson 2013). Here I tell of Eli Heckscher (1879–1952), and in particular of his ideological development. For most of his life Heckscher was the most firmly principled eco- nomic liberal Sweden had. He fought against state-socialist tendencies, Keynesian crisis policy, and economic planning, and had only one real rival, Gustav Cassel, 1. Lund University School of Economics and Management, 221 00 Lund, Sweden. I thank MIT Press for their permission to incorporate in this article some material that was previously published in a chapter of Eli Heckscher, International Trade, and Economic History, edited by Ronald Findlay, Rolf G.