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From the Millennium Development Goals to the Sustainable The Lao People’s Democratic Republic From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals: Laying the base for 2030 The United Nations in Lao PDR Vientiane, November 2017 Contents . : . / . / . : . - . i . : : ii Foreword by the United Nations Resident Coordinator in Lao PDR I am pleased to present the Review ‘From Millennium Development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals: Laying the base for 2030.’ Lao PDR has achieved considerable progress on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Between 1990 and the MDG target date of 2015, Lao PDR has more than halved poverty and undernourishment and brought net enrolment in primary schools from 59 to 99 percent. In the same period, the under-5 mortality rate has dropped from 170 to 86 per 1,000 live births, the proportion of births attended by trained health personnel has more than tripled from 14 to 54 percent, and the proportion of the population using an improved drinking water source has increased from 28 to 76 percent. However, as this review shows, significant challenges remain. Resulting from over two years of inclusive public consultations throughout the world, the Agenda 2030 with its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) seeks to address the unfinished business of the MDGs. The Agenda 2030 sets global priorities for people, planet and prosperity, and seeks to strengthen universal peace in larger freedom. Going beyond the largely social focus of the MDGs, its SDGs balance the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. In addition to the social goals, they include five economic goals, five environmental goals and a new goal on peace, justice and strong institutions. The SDGs are universal and thus apply to the entire world - developed and developing countries alike. They are integrated and indivisible, calling for coherent and integrated solutions and multi-stakeholder partnerships to address the complex development challenges we face. And they call for systematically and explicitly reducing inequality, putting a focus on those left behind on the path to sustainable development. Lao PDR has been at the forefront of SDG localization, under the leadership of the Prime Minister, who chairs the national SDG Steering Committee, and with lead support by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, together with the Ministry of Planning and Investment and the Lao Statistics Bureau. Nearly 60 percent of the indicators of the 8th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (2016-2020) are linked to the SDG indicators. Lao PDR was also the first country worldwide to adopt an 18th national SDG on removing the unexploded ordnance obstacle to national development. To achieve sustainable development, the Agenda 2030 underlines the fundamental importance of reliable, timely and disaggregated data and statistics. These are indispensable to analyse development challenges, measure progress achieved and make decisions that are based on evidence. In this regard, coordinated capacity development of the statistical system led by the Lao Statistics Bureau and continued support to the reporting on SDG indicators will be essential. This review provides an overview of MDG progress, compiles potential baseline data for the SDGs and highlights SDG localization and monitoring issues. With different data sources currently available through various channels, this review aims to provide a technical foundation for Lao PDR’s National Voluntary Review on the Sustainable Development Goals, which will be presented to the High-Level Political Forum in July 2018. Updating on progress across all 18 SDGs, the state- iii led National Voluntary Review will provide a platform for partnerships, including through the participation of major groups and other relevant stakeholders, to promote coherence, accountability and development effectiveness. I am pleased this review was also led by the Government and developed in close consultation with key stakeholders, including all relevant government ministries and departments, UN Agencies and development partners. I would like to thank Madame Phetsamone Sone, Deputy Director of the Lao Statistics Bureau, and her team for the technical guidance; the lead author, Dr. Yin-Yin Nwe, for carefully compiling all data and inputs; and the many experts from the Government, UN agencies and other partners for their contributions to this review. Kaarina Immonen UN Resident Coordinator in Lao PDR iv Executive Summary This Report has been prepared to provide technical support for Lao PDR’s SDG localization, monitoring and reporting, including for Lao PDR’s Voluntary National Review (VNR) in 2018, which will be part of the United Nations’ High Level Political Forum for that year. It is important to emphasize that the Report uses three kinds of data: (i) data from government administrative systems and from surveys conducted by government entities, (ii) calculations for this report based on publicly available government data, and (iii) data drawn from international agencies’ databases and projects, which include data from government sources, but may also include modifications and estimations made by that agency to ensure that the data is internationally comparable. For the VNR, the government will decide on and validate the data source on a case-by-case basis. In 2015 and 2016, Lao PDR went through a comprehensive national planning process. This included (i) preparing a summary overview of its progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, (ii) developing a monitoring and evaluation framework for its Eighth National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2016–2020, ensuring harmonization between the NSEDP indicators and the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators to the extent possible, and (iii) conducting the localization of the international SDG indicators by selecting and adapting the most relevant ones for in-country use during the current NSEDP cycle. This Report is based on the outcomes from these processes. Most indicators have been agreed upon; however, a few are still under consideration. The first part of the Report provides an overview of progress towards the MDGs. This is summed up below (see also Table 1). • MDG 1: Two years ahead of the target date, Lao PDR had already achieved the MDG target 1A of halving poverty. The poor on average have become less poor. However, disparities remain significant and have increased in some instances, with a widening gap between the poorest and richest quintiles. In terms of full and productive employment and decent work (target 1B), Lao PDR’s labour productivity grew significantly. This is due to the country’s largely resource-driven and capital-intensive growth which made the GDP per person employed grow as high economic growth outstripped employment growth. However, the growth in labour productivity did not generate sufficient decent employment opportunities. Among those who are employed, the share of vulnerable employment (own- account workers and unpaid family workers) remains high. On Target 1C, Lao PDR has achieved the MDG target of halving the proportion of hungry people. However, the country still has a significant level of hunger, and despite progress in the past two years, Lao PDR is still off-track on the MDG target of reducing underweight and stunting. • MDG 2: Lao PDR has achieved the MDG target on primary net enrolment but not the target on primary school survival and completion. The national gross enrolment ratio (GER) target for lower secondary education has been achieved. Further improvements in secondary enrolment will require improving survival rates in primary education. The literacy target for youth remains to be achieved, indicating among others the need to improve survival rates and the overall quality of teaching and learning. 1 • MDG 3: The gender equality gap has narrowed in all levels of education enrolment, with gender parity at both primary and secondary levels. At tertiary level, the gender equality gap is still below parity. In employment, women generally occupy the lower rungs of the labour market. Women are generally less likely to be employed in decent work and more likely to be found in the vulnerable informal sectors such as unpaid family workers, and therefore more excluded from social protection. While Lao PDR has one of the highest proportions of women in national parliaments, the proportion of women is still very low in other decision-making positions in government. • MDG 4: Lao PDR has made significant progress in reducing under-five and infant mortality, with UN estimates projecting the achievement of MDG 4. However, the 2015 census showed that both national and international targets have not yet been achieved. The 2018 LSIS results should provide a definitive answer, since this survey will calculate child mortality rates using the same methodology used across the years. Immunization programmes have made good progress, although still below levels required to induce herd immunity/ community immunity and reduce the threat of outbreaks. • MDG 5: Lao PDR has achieved the MDG target of reducing its maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by three-quarters from 1990 levels. However, both MMR and adolescent birth rate are still among the highest in the region, with great disparities within the population. The high MMR is explained by the low coverage and inadequate quality of services. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate among married women continues to rise, but the unmet need for modern contraceptives is still high. • MDG 6: HIV prevalence is still low in the general population,
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