PSLV-C19 RISAT-1 PSLV-C21

GSAT-10 PSLV-C20 SARAL

dm{f©H {anmoQ© ANNUAL REPORT Panoramic view of SARAL (top) and smaller satellites (below) attached to the fourth stage of PSLV-C20 dm{f©H {anmoQ© ANNUAL REPORT CITIZENS’ CHARTER OF DEPARTMENT OF SPACE

Department of Space (DOS) has the primary responsibility of promoting the development of space science, technology and applications towards achieving self-reliance and facilitating in all round development of the nation. With this basic objective, DOS has evolved the following programmes:

• Indian National Satellite (INSAT) programme for telecommunication, television broadcasting, meteorology, developmental education, societal applications such as telemedicine, tele-education, tele-advisories and similar such services • Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) programme for management of natural resources and various developmental projects across the country using space based imagery • Indigenous capability for design and development of satellite and associated technologies for communications, navigation, remote sensing and space sciences • Design and development of launch vehicles for access to space and orbiting INSAT, IRS satellites and space science missions • Research and development in space sciences and technologies as well as application programmes for national development

The Department of Space is committed to: • Carrying out research and development in satellite and launch vehicle technology with a goal to achieve total self reliance • Provide national space infrastructure for telecommunications and broadcasting needs of the country • Provide satellite services required for weather forecasting, monitoring, etc. • Provide satellite imagery required for the natural resources survey, management of natural disasters, public good services and monitoring of environment in the country • Provide satellite imagery and specific products and services required for the application of space science and technology for developmental purposes through Central Government, State Governments, Quasi Governmental Organisations, Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and the private sectors • Undertake proof of concept demonstration of space applications • Promote research in space sciences and development of applications programmes as per national needs

While implementing the above objectives, the Department of Space will: • Provide the required satellite transponders and facilities to meet the communications, television broadcasting and security requirements of our country • Provide adequate earth observation capability in spectral, spatial and temporal domains • Provide launch services to meet national requirements and commercial needs • Provide its products and services in a prompt and efficient manner to all the users/clients CONTENTS

Highlights 7

Organisation 11

Communication and Navigation Satellite System 23

Earth Observation System 30

Space Applications 37

Space Transportation System 60

Space Sciences 68

Sponsored Research 79

Indian Space Industry 82

Space Commerce 89

Systems Reliability and Safety 91

Human Resources 94

International Cooperation 101

‘Space’ in Parliament 104

Space Programme Publicity 105

Right to Information 108

Performance Evaluation of Department of Space Based on Result Framework Document (2011-12) 109

Audit Observations 110

Milestones 114

Acronyms 120

HIGHLIGHTS

2012 was a memorable year for the Indian Space programme with two successful launches of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) from Sriharikota, of which one orbited India’s Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1) and the other a French Remote Sensing Satellite SPOT-6 and the Japanese satellite PROITERES. The successful launch of SPOT-6 and PROITERES had the added significance since PSLV-C21 mission that launched them was the 100th Indian space mission. Besides, it was the twenty first successive successful launch of PSLV. The Honourable Prime Minister of India witnessed this historic launch live from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR, Sriharikota.

An advanced Indian Communication Satellite GSAT-10, which is the heaviest Indian satellite to be built by ISRO, was launched from French Guyana using the European Launch vehicle ARIANE-V. RISAT-1, GSAT-10 as well as the two foreign satellites launched by PSLV are functioning well. RISAT-1 and GSAT-10 have significantly enhanced our national capabilities for various space applications.

• RISAT-1, launched on April 26, 2012, is state-of-the-art remote sensing satellite to provide data to Indian user community. It is the first microwave Radar Imaging Satellite built by ISRO. RISAT-1, using an active radar sensor system, namely, a C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar imager, is an important microwave complement to its optical IRS series of earth observation missions. RISAT-1 can image the Earth’s surface day and night as well as in adverse weather conditions. The1858 kg RISAT-1 is the heaviest satellite launched by PSLV so far. • India’s advanced communication satellite, GSAT-10, carrying a total of 30 communications transponders in C, Extended C and Ku-bands as well as a two-channel GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) payload operating in L1 and L5 bands, was launched by European Ariane-V launch vehicle on September 29, 2012. The satellite was later placed in the intended geostationary orbital slot of 83 degree E longitude. The transponders are in the process of augmenting the capacity of the INSAT system while the GAGAN payload is intended to provide the Satellite Based Augmentation System through which the accuracy of the positioning information obtained from the GPS Satellites is improved. • ISRO currently has a constellation of 9 communication satellites, 1 Meteorological satellite, 10 Earth observation satellites and 1 scientific satellite.

Launch Vehicle Programme • Activities for the realisation of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II with indigenous cryogenic engine and stage for launching communication and meteorological satellites of two ton class into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit and GSLV-Mark III capable of launching four ton satellites are progressing well.

7 • SARAL, an oceanographic satellite built jointly by ISRO and the French space agency CNES was successfully launched on February 25, 2013 by PSLV-C20. The Honourable President of India was present at Satish Dhawan Space Centre to witness the launch. SARAL carries a Ka-band altimeter and ARGOS data collection system payload. • Research and development activities in semi-cryogenic propulsion engine, air breathing propulsion and re-usable launch vehicle technology are also being pursued vigorously in an effort towards reducing the cost of access to space. Development of critical technologies for undertaking human spaceflight has also made further progress.

Satellite Programme Following the launch of GSAT-10 and its subsequent placement in its designated geostationary orbital slot during the year, the following satellites are being built for meeting the country’s future requirements. • GSAT-14 satellite, envisaged to enhance extended C-band and Ku-band communication transponder capacity, carries 6 Extended C-band and 6 Ku-band Transponders as well as 2 Ka-Band Beacons and is planned to be launched in the forthcoming launch of GSLV-D5 in 2013. • IRNSS-1A, the first satellite of Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) constellation is planned to be launched onboard PSLV in 2013. • GSAT-7, a multi-band satellite, is planned to be launched onboard a procured launcher during 2013. • INSAT-3D is a state-of-the art meteorological satellite with 6 channel Imager and 19 channel Sounder payloads. The satellite will be located at 82 degree E longitude in geostationary orbit. The satellite is planned to be launched onboard a procured launcher during 2013.

Space Science Programme • Hectic Efforts are on to realise the Mars Orbiter Mission spacecraft for launch in October 2013 onboard PSLV. After leaving Earth orbit in November 2013, MOM spacecraft will cruise in deep space for 10 months and will reach Mars in September 2014. The spacecraft subsequently, is planned to enter into a 500 X 80,000 km orbit around Mars. The 1350 kg MOM spacecraft will carry five instruments to study Martian surface, atmosphere and mineralogy. • Chandrayaan-2 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-1 with an Orbiter, Lander and Rover. Chandrayaan-2 is designed to collect samples of lunar soil and conduct in-situ studies of chemical and mineralogical content that lunar soil. Chandrayaan-2 is to be launched onboard GSLV.

Societal Applications • The hallmark of Indian space programme has been the application-oriented efforts and the benefits that have accrued to the country. The societal services offered by INSAT satellites in the area of

8 tele-education and telemedicine were continued during the year. Today, tele-education network has about 56,000 class rooms connected to various academic institutions and universities. ISRO Telemedicine network facilities cover 389 hospitals connecting 311 rural hospitals and 18 mobile vans to 60 super speciality hospitals providing health care to citizens, especially in rural areas

Infrastructure development • To meet the requirements of increased launch frequency of 5 / 6 launches per year, infrastructure at SDSC SHAR is being augmented. As part of this endeavor, many new facilities were commissioned

Space Commerce • Antrix Corporation, the commercial arm of Department of Space, has been marketing the Indian space products and services in the global market. Under a commercial contract with Antrix, in the year 2012, two commercial satellites, namely, SPOT-6 of France and PROITERES of Japan, were launched on board PSLV-C21 mission

Indian Space Industry • Involvement of Indian space industry continued during the year. In the past, it has made significant contribution towards the realisation of subsystems required for Indian space programme. Department of Space has associated more than 500 small, medium and large scale industries while implementing its various programmes. So far, Department of Space has transferred nearly 300 technologies to Indian industries for commercialisation and undertaken technical consultancies in various fields. Presently, ISRO has 283 patents, 46 copyrights and 10 trademarks

International Cooperation • International cooperation is an integral part of space activities, and ISRO continues to lay importance on bilateral and multilateral relations with space agencies and space related bodies with the aim of taking up new scientific and technological challenges, defining international frameworks for exploitation and utilisation of outer space for peaceful purposes, refining space policies and building and strengthening existing ties between the countries

Human Resources • The achievements of Indian space programme are the result of commitment, dedication and expertise of its personnel who continue to play a key role. Recognising the importance of talented and motivated personnel, the department has laid stress on recruitment, training and career progression features. Department of Space has complemented and continues to strive for providing its personnel with facilities

9 such as housing, medical, canteen and schooling for their children. In addition, the personnel have been provided with additional compensation packages and rewarded with several incentives on the successful realisation of space missions

Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology • Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), a deemed university, was established towards capacity building in human resources and to meet the growing demands of the Indian Space Programme. The Institute has started functioning from its permanent campus at Valiamala in Thiruvananthapuram. Two batches of students have graduated successfully from the institute and meritorious amongst them have been inducted to various ISRO Centres/Units

Public Awareness on Space Programme • During the year, ISRO organised 33 exhibitions at national and international conferences, important public congregations like cultural festivals, trade fairs and events and also at academic institutions. Exhibitions and other out reach events were also organised in association with Non-Governmental Organisations in various places for keeping the public abreast of the Indian space programme

Right to Information — Ensuring Transparency • Strict compliance to the requirements of Right To Information (RTI) Act 2005 is practiced in the department. Department of Space has implemented RTI Act 2005 by identifying the Central Public Information Officers, Assistant Public Information Officers and the Appellate Authority for stage one appeals. As required under the Act, Department of Space has published the requisite information on ISRO website (http://www.isro.gov.in). During the year, 1094 applications were received under RTI on which appropriate responses have been given. 113 appeals were received by the First Appellate Authority and 36 appellants approached the Second Appellate Authority, namely, Central Information Commission

10 ORGANISATION

The Space activities in the country were initiated with the setting up of Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962. In the same year, the work on Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) near Thiruvananthapuram was also started. Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) was established in August 1969. The Government of India constituted the Space Commission and established the Department of Space (DOS) in June 1972 and brought ISRO under DOS in September 1972.

The Space Commission formulates the policies and oversees the implementation of the Indian space programme to promote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit of the country. DOS implements these programmes through, mainly, Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Antariksh Bhavan - Headquarters of ISRO/DOS Laboratory (SCL). The Antrix Corporation, established in 1992 as a government owned company, markets the space products and services.

The establishment of space systems and their applications are coordinated by the national level committees, namely, INSAT Coordination Committee (ICC), Planning Committee on National Natural Resources Management System (PC-NNRMS) and Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS).

The DOS Secretariat and ISRO Headquarters are located at Antariksh Bhavan in Bangalore. Programme offices at ISRO Headquarters coordinate the programmes like satellite communication, earth observation, launch vehicle, space science, disaster management support, sponsored research scheme, contracts management, international cooperation, system reliability and quality, safety, publications and public relations, budget and economic analysis and human resources development. The major establishments of DOS and their area of activities are given in the following paragraphs:

Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) at Thiruvananthapuram is the lead centre for the design and development of launch vehicle technologies for the Indian Space Programme. The Centre pursues research and development in the fields of Aeronautics, Avionics, Composites, Computer & Information,

11 Control, Guidance & Simulation, Launch Vehicle Design, Materials, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanisms, Vehicle Integration & Testing, Propellants, Polymers, Chemicals, Propulsion, Space Ordnance, System Reliability and Space Physics. Services like Programme Planning & Evaluation, Technology Transfer & Industrial Coordination, Human Resources Development, Safety, Personnel and General Administration, support the Centre’s core functions. Apart from this, VSSC main building on Veli Hills the Construction & Maintenance Group (CMG) carries out planning, execution and maintenance of all civil works related to the Centre.

VSSC has extension Centres at Valiamala, housing the major facilities of Mechanisms and Vehicle Integration/Testing and at Vattiyoorkavu, the Reinforced Plastics Facility for the development of reinforced plastics and composites. VSSC also supports (i) Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS), the International sounding rocket range and (ii) Rohini Sounding Rocket (RSR) Programme. An Ammonium Perchlorate Experimental Plant (APEP) has been set up by VSSC at Aluva near Kochi.

The major programmes at VSSC include: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), Rohini Sounding Rocket, Space-capsule Recovery Experiment, Reusable Launch Vehicles, Air Breathing Propulsion, GSLV-MkIII development and the development of critical technologies in the area of advanced launch vehicle systems.

ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore, is the lead centre of ISRO for design, development, fabrication and testing of all Indian made satellites. As a sequel to its mandate of spacecraft realisation, the Centre is engaged in the development of cutting-edge technologies of relevance to its satellite building activities and setting up of infrastructure for design, development, fabrication and testing of spacecraft. The Centre has highly trained and skilled manpower which includes about 1500 qualified Engineers and about 600 Technicians.

ISRO Satellite Integration and Test Establishment Productionisation building at ISITE (ISITE) is equipped with stat-of-the-art clean

12 room facilities for spacecraft integration and test facilities including 6.5 Metre thermo vacuum chamber, 29 Ton vibration facility and Compact Antenna Test Facility under one roof. Assembly, Integration and Testing of all Communication and Navigation Spacecraft is carried out at ISITE. A dedicated facility for the productionisation of standardised subsystems is established at ISITE.

Since its inception in 1972, the Centre has built a variety of spacecraft that encompass a wide spectrum of technologies and applications for satellite communication, remote sensing for natural resources monitoring, survey and management as well as meteorology and navigation.

Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR SDSC SHAR at Sriharikota, with two launch pads, is the main launch centre of ISRO that carries out launch operations. The mandate for the centre is (i) to produce solid propellant boosters for the launch vehicle programmes of ISRO, (ii) to provide the infrastructure for qualifying various subsystems and solid rocket motors and carrying out the necessary tests, (iii) to provide launch base infrastructure and (iv) for assembly, integration and launching of satellites and launch vehicles. The Centre is augmenting the infrastructure to meet the requirements of increased launch frequency of 5/6 launches per year.

Administrative Building at SDSC SHAR SDSC SHAR has a separate launch pad for launching the sounding rockets. The centre provides the necessary launch base infrastructure for sounding rockets of ISRO and for assembly, integration and launch of sounding rockets and the payloads.

As part of GSLV-MkIII Project, the Centre has created new facilities/augmented some of the existing facilities like solid motor production facilities for processing S200 motor, launch vehicle integration facilities, New Radars, Mission Control Centre, Static Testing Facilities, Liquid Propellant and Cryogenic Propellant storage and stage servicing facilities and Satellite preparation facility for preparing various satellites.

Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) of ISRO is the lead Centre for development and realisation of earth-to-orbit advanced propulsion stages for launch vehicles and also the in-space propulsion systems for spacecraft. It is vested with the responsibility of design, development and systems engineering of high performance Space Propulsion Systems employing Earth Storable and Cryogenic Propellants for ISRO Launch Vehicles and Satellites. Development of fluid control valves, transducers, propellant management

13 devices and other key components of Liquid Propulsion Systems are also under the purview of LPSC.

The LPSC activities and facilities are spread across its three campuses, namely, Headquarters and Design Offices at Valiamala near Thiruvananthapuram, LPSC Test Facilities (LMF) at Mahendragiri near Nagercoil, Tamil Nadu and Spacecraft Propulsion Systems Unit at LPSC, Bangalore, A view of LPSC Valiamala Campus Karnataka.

Space Applications Centre (SAC) Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad is a unique centre dealing with a wide variety of activities from payload developments to societal applications, thereby creating a synergy of technology, science and societal applications. The Centre is responsible for the development, realisation and qualification of communication, navigation, earth observation, meteorological and planetary observation payloads and related data processing and ground support systems. It is playing an important role in harnessing space technology for a wide variety of applications Space Applications Centre for societal benefits.

Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU) The Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU), Ahmedabad is mainly involved in the system definition, planning, implementation and socio-economic research and evaluation of satellite- based societal applications. It works with user agencies to experiment the innovative configurations to meet their requirements. It is through these applications-oriented experiments/demonstrations for communications, production of educational communication material and joint working with end-users – with an ‘end-to-end’ approach – that DECU facilitates covering of the ‘last mile’ in space applications to meet its main objective of ‘Reaching the unreached’.

ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) is entrusted with the primary responsibility to provide TTC support to Launch Vehicle and Spacecraft missions of ISRO. Major objectives of the centre are: carrying out mission operations of all operational remote sensing and scientific satellites, providing

14 TTC services from launch vehicle lift-off till injection of satellite into orbit and to estimate its preliminary orbit in space and establishment, operation and maintenance of TTC Stations, Control Centres, computers and communication facilities for providing flawless TTC and Mission Operations services.

In order to realise these objectives, ISTRAC has established a network of ground stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, Mauritius, Sriharikota (SHAR I&II), Port Blair, Thiruvananthapuram, Brunei, Biak (Indonesia) and Deep Space Network Stations DSN-32 and DSN-18 at Bylalu near Bangalore. The Mission Operations Complex has been established at Bangalore for round-the-clock mission operations for all remote sensing and scientific satellites. All network stations of ISTRAC are connected to the Mission Operations Complex (MOX) through dedicated high-performance satellite/terrestrial communication links. Alternate 11 m Antenna at Port Blair Spacecraft Control Centres (ASCCs) established at Lucknow and Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) provide the capability to switchover spacecraft operations from one location to another, in case of disaster scenarios affecting operations from MOX.

ISTRAC has also been mandated to provide space operations support for Deep Space Missions of ISRO, undertake development of radar systems for launch vehicle tracking and meteorological applications, provide Search and Rescue and Disaster Management Services and maintenance of hub station for spacenet services. Establishment, operation and maintenance of ground segment for the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) is yet another major responsibility vested in ISTRAC.

Master Control Facility (MCF) Master Control Facility (MCF) at Hassan in Karnataka and Bhopal in Madhya Pradesh monitor and control all the Geostationary satellites of ISRO, namely, INSAT, GSAT and Kalpana series of satellites. MCF is responsible for Orbit Raising of satellites, In-orbit payload testing, and On-orbit operations all through the life of these satellites. MCF activities include round-the-clock Tracking, Telemetry & Commanding (TT& C) operations, and special operations like Eclipse management, Station-keeping maneuvers and recovery actions in case of contingencies. MCF interacts with User Agencies for effective utilisation of the satellite payloads and to minimise the service A Satellite Control Earth Station at MCF disturbances during special operations.

15 MCF currently controls ten On-orbit satellites,namely, INSAT-3C, 3A, 3E, 4A, 4B, 4CR, Kalpana-1, GSAT-8, GSAT-12 and GSAT-10. To carry out these operations effectively, MCF-Hassan is having an integrated facility consisting of eight Satellite Control Earth Stations.

MCF-Bhopal Facility is currently managing round-the-clock operations of two spacecrafts, in close coordination with MCF-Hassan. The centre completed its sixth year of successful operations. The Facility is configured with one 11 m Full Motion Antenna and four 7.2 m Limited Motion Antennas, a Satellite Control Centre and a Power Complex.

ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) at Thiruvananthapuram is responsible for the design and development of Inertial Systems for both Launch Vehicles and Spacecraft Programmes of ISRO. IISU also designs and develops Actuators and Mechanisms for spacecraft and allied applications.

The Unit has crossed major milestones of competence building phase, experimental phase and is presently engaged in the process of consolidation and productionisation of the sensors, systems, actuators and mechanisms for a variety of launch vehicle and spacecraft applications. IISU has also contributed to ISRO’s efforts to venture into the international space market by supplying Inertial Actuators and Solar Array Drive Mechanisms to prospective customers.

The experience and knowledge gained over the years are used for perfecting the present class of sensors and systems. Further, IISU has initiated technology development programs in niche Panoramic View of IISU Campus areas to adapt itself as a Center of Excellence in Inertial Sensors and Systems. IISU strives to make the systems cost effective, reliable and realisable in tune with global trends.

Laboratory for Electro-Optic Systems (LEOS) Laboratory for Electro-Optic Systems (LEOS), Bangalore is responsible for design, development and production of Electro-Optic sensors and camera optics for remote sensing and meteorological payloads. The sensor system includes earth sensors, star trackers, sun sensors, magnetic sensors, fiber optic gyro, temperature sensors and processing electronics. Optics system includes both reflective mirror optics and refractive multi element optics for astronomical/scientific purposes, cartographic applications, remote sensing and meteorological payloads. Other special elements developed by LEOS include optical masks for sun sensors, star sensor optics, optical filter, encoder and optical coatings.

The technology development programs of LEOS include development of miniature sensors, active pixel sensors, detectors, MEMS devices, high-resolution camera optics and optical coatings.

16 National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) NRSC at Hyderabad was converted into a full-fledged centre of ISRO on September 1, 2008. NRSC was an autonomous body earlier, called National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) under DOS. The Centre is responsible for remote sensing satellite data acquisition and processing, data dissemination, aerial remote sensing and decision support for disaster management. NRSC has set up data reception station at Shadnagar near Hyderabad for acquiring data from Indian remote sensing satellites as well as others. The Centre is also engaged in executing remote sensing application projects in collaboration with the users. The Aerial Services & Digital Mapping (ASDM) Area provides end to end Aerial Remote Sensing services and value-added solutions for various large scale applications like aerial photography and digital mapping, infrastructure planning, scanner surveys, aeromagnetic surveys, large scale base map, topographic and cadastral level mapping, etc.

Regional Remote Sensing Centres (RRSCs) support various remote sensing tasks specific to their regions as well as at the national level. RRSCs are carrying out application projects encompassing all the fields of natural resources like agriculture and soils, water resources, forestry, oceanography, geology, environment and urban planning. Apart from executing application projects, RRSCs are involved in software development, customisation and packaging specific to user requirements and conducting regular training programmes for users in geospatial technology, particularly digital image processing and GIS applications.

Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing is a premier institute with the objective of capacity building in Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics and their applications through education and training programmes at postgraduate level. The institute campus also houses the headquarters of the Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and The Pacific (CSSTE-AP) affiliated to the United Nations.

IIRS conducts regular capacity building programmes, namely, M.Tech, M.Sc., post graduate diploma and the certificate courses on remote sensing and GIS in various disciplines like Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Geoinformatics, Sustainable Agriculture, Forest Resources & Ecosystem Analysis, Water resources, Geosciences, Marine and Atmospheric sciences and Human Settlement Analysis, NNRMS sponsored course for university lecturers and Decision makers courses. Two international IIRS

17 short term programmes sponsored by ITEC, MEA, GOI are also conducted regularly in the field of Geoinformatics and remote sensing and digital image processing. In addition, IIRS also conducts special programmes for International and National participants on request from different organisations.

Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) at Ahmedabad, is an autonomous unit of DOS and a premier research institute engaged in basic research in the areas of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Solar Physics, Planetary Science & Exploration, Space and Atmospheric Sciences, Geosciences and Theoretical Physics.

Apart from the main campus at Ahmedabad, there are two other campuses at Mt. Abu and Udaipur, hosting the Infrared Telescope and a Multi-Application- Solar Telescope (MAST), respectively. The planetary exploration (PLANEX)

Udaipur Solar Observatory, PRL programme and the astronomy group are housed in the fourth campus at Thaltej, close to Ahmedabad. A dedicated space instrumentation facility is being added to this campus.

National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) NARL at Gadanki near Tirupati, an autonomous society supported by DOS, is a centre for atmospheric research with a vision “Developing capability to predict the behaviour of the earth’s atmosphere through observations and modeling”. Towards realising this vision, NARL gives equal emphasis to technology development, observations, data archival, dissemination, assimilation and modeling.

NARL carries out its research activities under seven major Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) Radar at NARL groups, namely, Radar

18

Application and Development Group, Ionospheric and Space Research Group, Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics Group, Cloud and Convective System Group, Aerosols, Radiation and Trace Gases Group, Weather and Climate Research Group and Computers and Data Management Group. Apart from these groups, there are also specific projects such as the LIDAR project and Advanced Space-borne Instrument Development project.

The facilities at NARL are available for National and International Scientists to conduct atmospheric research.

North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) NE-SAC, located at Shillong, is a joint initiative of DOS and North Eastern Council (NEC) to provide developmental support to the North Eastern Region (NER) using space science and technology. The centre has the mandate to develop high technology infrastructure support to enable NE states to adopt space technology inputs for their development. The Centre has completed a number of applications projects sponsored by user agencies in the region and taken up research and developmental projects under Earth A View of NESAC Campus Observation Applications Mission, ISRO Geosphere Biosphere Programme, Satellite Communications, Disaster Management Support (DMS) and Space Science Programmes.

Antrix Corporation Limited Antrix Corporation Limited, Bangalore is a wholly owned Government of India Company under the administrative control of the Department of Space. Antrix Corporation Limited was incorporated as a private limited company owned by Government of India, in September, 1992 as a Marketing arm of ISRO for promotion and commercial exploitation of space products, technical consultancy services and transfer of technologies developed by ISRO. Another major objective is to facilitate development of space related industrial capabilities in India.

As the commercial and marketing arm of ISRO, Antrix is engaged in providing Space products and services to international customers worldwide. With fully equipped state-of-the-art facilities, Antrix provides end-to-end solution for many of the space products, ranging from supply of hardware and A View of Antrix building

21 software including simple subsystems to a complex spacecraft, for varied applications covering communications, earth observation, scientific missions; space related services including remote sensing data service, Transponders lease service; Launch services through the operational launch vehicles (PSLV and GSLV); Mission support services; and a host of consultancy and training services.

Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL) Semi-Conductor Laboratory, Chandigarh as a Society was registered on November 08, 2005, under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, as amended by the Punjab Amendment Act, 1957. The main emphasis of the society is on Research & Development in the field of Microelectronics. SCL is carrying-out the design, development, manufacturing, packaging and testing of CMOS/Imaging/MEMS devices, including development of Process Technology. It is also involved in Hi-Rel Board fabrication and component screening for ISRO, indigenisation of Electronic Boards for Air Force and production of Dr. Pisharoty Radio Sonde Systems. Presently, 0.18 micrometre CMOS Fab 8” and commensurate facilities and utilities are being upgraded.

Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) IIST, Asia’s first Space University, was established at Thiruvananthapuram during 2007 with the objective of offering high quality education in space science and technology to meet the demands of Indian Space Programme. The institute offers Bachelors Degree in Space Technology with specialisation in Avionics and Aerospace Engineering and Integrated Masters Programme in Applied Sciences with special emphasis on space related subjects. In addition to the existing postgraduate programme in “Soft Computing and Machine Learning”, a new M Tech programme on “Chemical Systems” has been introduced. Research in IIST Hostel Building at new IIST Campus is built on the foundations of various academic programmes run by the Departments of Aerospace Engineering, Avionics, Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics as well as Earth and Space Sciences.

The Institute has a faculty strength of 80. About 500 students from various parts of the country are pursuing undergraduate and masters courses. Two batches of students have graduated successfully and meritorious students have been placed in the various centres of ISRO as Scientists and Engineers.

22 COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM

Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system, established in 1983, is the largest domestic communication satellite system in the Asia Pacific Region with Nine satellites in operation INSAT-3A, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, INSAT-4A, INSAT-4B, INSAT-4CR, GSAT-8, GSAT-10 and GSAT-12. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with INSAT Coordination Committee.

SATELLITES IN SERVICE INSAT-3A The multipurpose satellite, INSAT-3A launched in April 2003 is completing nine years of operation. It is located at 93.5ºE longitude along with INSAT-4B. The INSAT-3A payloads include 12 Normal C-band transponders (9 channels provide expanded coverage from Middle East to South East Asia with an Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of 38 dBW, 3 channels provide India coverage with an EIRP of 36 dBW), 6 Extended C-band transponders provide India coverage with an EIRP of 36 dBW, 6 Ku-band transponders provide India coverage with an EIRP of 48 dBW.

The satellite also carries a Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) payload INSAT-3A having a global receive coverage with 406 MHz uplink and 4500 MHz downlink with India coverage, for relay of signals from distress beacons in sea, air or land. The meteorological payloads of INSAT-3A are detailed in the chapter on “Earth Observation System”.

INSAT-3C Launched in January 2002, INSAT-3C is positioned at 74ºE longitude. INSAT-3C payloads include 24 Normal C-band transponders providing an EIRP of 37 dBW, six Extended C-band transponders with an EIRP of 37 dBW, two S-band transponders to provide BSS services with 42 dBW EIRP, and an MSS payload. All the transponders provide coverage over India. The satellite is continuing to provide satisfactory service.

INSAT-3E Launched in September 2003, INSAT-3E is positioned at 55ºE longitude along with GSAT-8 and carries 24 Normal C-band transponders that provide an edge of coverage EIRP of 37 dBW over India and 12 Extended C-band transponders provide an edge of coverage EIRP of 38 dBW over India. The satellite is operating with reduced capacity due to an onboard power related anomaly.

23 INSAT-4 Series INSAT-4A Launched in December 2005 by the European Ariane launch vehicle, INSAT-4A is positioned at 83ºE longitude along with GSAT-12. It carries 12 Ku-band 36 MHz bandwidth transponders employing 140 Watts Travelling Wave Tube Amplifiers (TWTAs) to provide an EIRP of 52 dBW at the edge of coverage polygon with footprint covering Indian mainland and 12 C-band 36 MHz bandwidth transponders to provide an EIRP of 39 dBW at the edge of coverage with expanded radiation patterns encompassing Indian geographical boundary and area beyond India in Southeast and Northwest regions.

INSAT-4B Configured with payloads identical to that of INSAT-4A, INSAT-4B was launched onboard the European ARIANE-5 launch vehicle on March 12, 2007. INSAT-4B carries 12 Ku-band and 12 C-band transponders to provide an EIRP of 52 dBW and 39 dBW respectively. Two Transmit/Receive dual grid offset fed shaped beam reflectors of 2.2 m diameter for Ku-band and 2 m diameter for C-band are used. INSAT-4B has augmented the high power transponder capacity over India in Ku-band and over a wider region in C-band. INSAT-4B has been co-located with INSAT-3A at 93.5ºE longitude. Due to a power anomaly, the satellite is operating to half its capacity.

INSAT-4CR INSAT-4CR was launched on September 2, 2007 on GSLV from Sriharikota. INSAT-4CR with 12 high power Ku-band transponders with an EIRP of 51.5 dBW has been positioned at 74ºE longitude co-located with INSAT-3C and KALPANA-1. INSAT-4CR is the third satellite in INSAT-4 series. INSAT-4CR is designed to provide Direct-To-Home (DTH) television services, Video Picture Transmission (VPT) and Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG).

GEOSAT SERIES INSAT-4CR GSAT-8 GSAT-8 is a communication satellite configured around 3000 Kg class (I-3K) bus with a lift-off mass of 3093 kg and 6 kW power generation capacity with a mission life of more than 12 years. The satellite, launched in May, 2011, was placed in Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) orbit at 55ºE longitude. This satellite carries 24 Ku-band transponders covering Indian mainland and Andaman and Nicobar Islands as well as two channel GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation) payload.

GSAT-12 GSAT-12 satellite is configured around 1000 Kg class (I-1K) bus with 12 Ext C-band Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) based transponders. The satellite was successfully launched onboard PSLV-C17 on July 15, 2011 with a lift-off mass of 1410 kg. The satellite is designed for a mission life of 8 years and was placed at 83ºE longitude.

24 GSAT-10 GSAT-10, India’s advanced communication satellite was successfully launched by Ariane-5 from Kourou, French Guyana on September 29, 2012. Weighing 3400 kg at lift-off, GSAT-10 carries 30 communication transponders in normal C-band, lower extended C-band and Ku-band as well as GAGAN payload operating in L1 and L5 bands. GSAT-10 is the second satellite to carry GAGAN payload after GSAT-8. GSAT-10 also carries a Ku-band beacon to help in accurately pointing ground antennas towards the satellite.

The 30 communication transponders onboard GSAT-10 will further augment the capacity in the INSAT system. The GAGAN payload provides Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), through which the accuracy of the positioning information obtained from the GPS satellites is improved by a network of ground based receivers and made available to the users in the country through geostationary satellites. GSAT-10 at Compact Antenna Test Facility, ISITE SATELLITES UNDER DEVELOPMENT

GSAT-7 GSAT–7 is a multi–band satellite carrying payloads in UHF, S–band, C–band and Ku–band. The satellite employs the standard 2000 Kg class bus (I–2K) platform with a power handling capability of around 3000 W and lift-off mass of 2550 Kg.

Disassembled mode IST and assembled Mode IST were completed following which Thermovac test was completed during June 2012. Appendages, dynamic qualification and mechanism integration is in progress. It is planned to be launched during the second half of 2013 and to be positioned at 74ºE.

GSAT-14 GSAT–14 satellite with 6 Extended C band and 6 Ku band transponders is envisaged to enhance communication transponder capacity. The satellite employs the standard 2000 Kg class bus (I–2K) with a power handling capability of around 2.5 KW and a lift-off mass of 1980 kg. The spacecraft will be launched onboard GSLV–D5 Mission, the second development flight of GSLV with the indigenous Cryogenic stage. Satellite is fully integrated and GSAT-14 at Clean Room 25 system level tests have been completed. The satellite is expected to be launched during second half of 2013.

GSAT-6/6A GSAT–6 is a high power S-band communication satellite that will be co–located with GSAT–12, INSAT–4A and GSAT-10 at 83ºE.The satellite is configured around I–2K bus with a lift–off mass of 2200 kg. It is configured with CxS and SxC transponders. The S–band up and down links have high G/T and EIRP to be able to communicate with smaller ground terminals. This satellite will also provide a platform for developing technologies such as demonstration of large unfurlable antenna in satellites, handheld ground terminals and network management techniques that could be useful in future satellite based mobile GSAT-6 Unfurlable Antenna deployment test communication applications.

The satellite mainframe structure has been delivered. Payload and Flight subsystems are ready for assembly, integration and testing activities. GSAT-6A will be a follow-on satellite planned to be launched by the end of 12th Five year plan.

GSAT-11 GSAT-11 is an advanced communication satellite employing a 4000 Kg–6000 Kg class bus and is proposed to carry 32 Ku band user beams with corresponding gateway links operating in Ka band. The satellite will have power handling capability of around 10 KW. Spacecraft level Preliminary Design Review (PDR) has been completed and System level interfaces are finalised. Activities for the development of structural and subsystem-qualification models are in progress.

GSAT-9 GSAT–9 satellite is configured with 12 Ku-band transponders and to be positioned at 48ºE. The satellite is configured with 2000 Kg class (I-2K) bus with a power handling capability of around 2.8 KW and a lift-off mass of 2350 kg. Configuration of the satellite system has been finalised and realization is in progress.

GSAT-15 GSAT-15 is a communication satellite planned to be positioned at 93.5ºE with a lift-off mass of about 3100kg and 6.8 KW power generation capacity. It is expected to function with a mission life of more than 12 years. The satellite will carry 18 Ku Band operational transponders and two channel GAGAN payload. GSAT-15 is planned to be launched onboard a procured launcher.

26 GSAT-16 GSAT-16 is a communication satellite planned to be positioned at 55ºE with a lift-off mass of about 3100 kg and 6.8 KW power generation capacity. It is expected to function with a mission life of more than 12 years. The satellite will carry 12 Ku, 24 C and 12 Extended C-band transponders. GSAT-16 is planned to be launched onboard a procured launcher.

Satellite Navigation Programme Satellite Navigation (SATNAV) has been identified as one of the important activities in the department. ISRO and Airports Authority of India have jointly taken up GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) Technology Demonstration System (TDS) as a forerunner for the operational Satellite based Augmentation System (SBAS) over the Indian Airspace. The operational phase of “GAGAN” has an indigenously developed satellite navigation system to cater to the requirements of critical national applications in addition to providing a back up to the present global SATNAV system being used by commercial and other establishments in the country. In order to organise and implement the above activities effectively, a Satellite Navigation Programme was constituted.

To implement the SATNAV Programme, the organisational structure in various ISRO Centres has been created and activities such as GAGAN TDS and Final Operational Phase (FOP) as well as Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) will be part of this programme. ISAC is identified as the lead centre for SATNAV Programme activities.

GAGAN The Indian Space Research Organisation and the Airports Authority of India (AAI) are implementing the GAGAN project as a Satellite Based Augmentation System for the Indian Airspace. The primary objective of GAGAN is to establish a certified satellite based augmentation system for safety-of-life applications. The functional performance and operational requirements of GAGAN will be governed by the specifications as mentioned in the international standards.

In the GAGAN-FOP, all the ground elements, namely, 15 Indian Reference Earth Station (INRES), 2 Indian Master Control Centre (INMCC) and 2 Indian Land Uplink Station (INLUS) were established and integrated. In addition to the existing Optical Fibre Cable (OFC) Data Communication Network, VSAT link is also established between almost all INRES sites and INMCC. The establishment of third INLUS at New Delhi and an additional data communication network are in progress.

Final System Acceptance Test (FSAT) of GAGAN was successfully completed during July 2012. The objective of FAST was to evaluate the system performance and its critical parameters in the integrated live environment using the GSAT-8 satellite signals and ground based systems on integrity, accuracy, continuity and availability for aviation use. The FSAT results have successfully demonstrated that GAGAN Signals meet the Civil aviation requirements.

27 The GAGAN Indian Land Uplink Station INLUS-B was integrated with GSAT-8 satellite. Stability test was run with updated sets of Operation Specific and Station Specific Parameters.

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) user meet to inform and educate the users of GAGAN and GNSS was held during 2012.

Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) IRNSS is a regional navigation system independent of GPS, GALILEO and GLONASS with a constellation of GEO and Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO) satellites. The coverage includes the Indian subcontinent and around 1500 Km beyond the Indian geographical area.

IRNSS system is targeted to provide the dual frequency user with an accuracy better than 20 meters in horizontal and vertical positions in the coverage area. The IRNSS system mainly consists of Ground Segment, Space Segment and User Segment.

Ground Segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. The Ground segment comprises of Spacecraft Control Facility, Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations, Navigation Centre, Network Timing Facility, CDMA Ranging Stations, Laser Ranging Service and Data Communication Network.

The space segment consists of a constellation of seven GEO satellites. Three Satellites will be located in geostationary orbit at IRNSS-R1A getting ready for thermo-vacuum test 32.5 degree E, 83 degree E and 131.5 degree E and the remaining four will be located in GEO with an inclination of 29 degree and Longitude crossing at 55 degree E and 111.75 degree E in two different planes. All the satellites of the constellation are being configured identically. The satellites are configured with I-1K Bus to be compatible for launch on-board PSLV.

The Following are the significant milestones in the year towards the realisation of the Space Segment:

• IRNSS-R1A satellite was scheduled to be ready for shipment by May 2013 for launch, IRNSS-R1B and R1C structures were delivered to clean room. IRNSS-R1D structure assembly was completed at HAL.

28 For Navigation Payload, the Critical Design Review (CDR) has been completed. The Flight Payload for IRNSS-R1A is delivered to ISAC for integration. The payload has been tested with in-house developed payload test receiver. The flight CDMA ranging payload has been delivered for integration. The suitcase model of the Navigation payload was delivered to ISTRAC for testing the NovAtel reference receiver.

The IRNSS navigation software modules are developed by Space Navigation Group of ISAC.

Offline integration of all the IRNSS Navigation software modules is completed. Real-time integration of software modules are in progress. The CDR of Navigation Software has been completed.

29 EARTH OBSERVATION SYSTEM

Starting with IRS-1A in 1988, ISRO has launched many operational remote sensing satellites into orbit. Today, India has one of the largest constellations of remote sensing satellites in operation. Currently, ten operational satellites are in orbit – RESOURCESAT-1 and 2, CARTOSAT-1, 2, 2A, 2B, RISAT-1 and 2, OCEANSAT-2 and Megha-Tropiques. While RESOURCESAT-1, CARTOSAT-1 and 2 have successfully completed their designed mission life in orbit, they continue to provide limited services to the users. Varieties of instruments have been flown onboard these satellites to provide necessary data in a diversified spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to cater to different user requirements in the country and for global usage. With such satellites in orbit and considering the plans of the near future, such as INSAT-3D during 2013, the Indian Earth Observation System has setup its own niche to provide high quality data products and services for national development.

Earth Observation Missions accomplished in 2012 RISAT-1 The much awaited Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1), with its C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) payload, operating at 5.35 GHz in multi-polarisation and multi-resolution mode (ScanSAR, Strip and Spot modes), is providing images with coarse, fine and high spatial resolutions to the user community. It was launched by PSLV-C19 on April 26, 2012 and placed in the 536 km sun synchronous circular orbit. The development of complex technologies pertaining to phased array antenna has been one of the features of this satellite.

RISAT-1 FRS-1 (vv) SAR Image Optical + SAR image (Left: RISAT-1 geocoded data overlaid with vector data)

30 SAR, being an active remote sensing instrument, operates in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum, providing high quality images and also has the unique capability of imaging day and night, and in all weather conditions, including fog and haze. These unique characteristics of C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar enable applications in agriculture, particularly paddy monitoring in kharif season and management of natural disasters like flood and cyclone.

Earth Observation Satellites currently in Operation CARTOSAT-1 CARTOSAT-1 was launched into a 617 km polar sun synchronous orbit on May 5, 2005 on board PSLV-C6 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. Two panchromatic cameras, PAN (Fore) and PAN (Aft), with 2.5 m spatial resolution and a swath of 30 km are providing high quality images. The cameras are mounted with a tilt of +26 degree and -5 degree along track with respect to nadir that provides stereo pairs for the generation of Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Data from CARTOSAT-1 is being used for cartographic applications, cadastral level mapping, DEM generation and other high- resolution geospatial applications. The satellite has successfully completed its designed mission life and is continuing its operations and providing services.

CARTOSAT-2, launched on January 10, 2007 by PSLV-C7, carries a single panchromatic camera with capability to provide better than 1 m spatial resolution imagery and a swath of 9.6 km. It was placed in a sun synchronous polar orbit of a nominal altitude of 630 km with a re-visit of 4-5 days and can be brought to a special orbit of 560 km with a revisit period of 1 day. This is a highly agile satellite with a capability of steering along and across the track of up to ± 45 degree to facilitate frequent imaging of any specific area. The satellite has successfully completed its designed mission life and is continuing its operations and providing services to the user community for cartographic applications, cadastral level mapping, urban and rural applications.

CARTOSAT-2A was launched on April 28, 2008 by PSLV-C9 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. CARTOSAT-2A is an advanced remote sensing satellite with similar capabilities to CARTOSAT- 2.

CARTOSAT-2B was launched onboard PSLV-C15 on July 12, 2010 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. The CARTOSAT-2B satellite, a follow on of CARTOSAT-2A, weighing 694 kg, is configured to provide multi-scene imaging capabilities during a pass. This also has a single PAN camera and is also providing scene specific spot imagery for cartographic and a host of other applications. CARTOSAT-2B

RESOURCESAT-1 was launched by PSLV-C5 on October 17, 2003. It was placed in an 820 km polar Sun Synchronous Orbit. The satellite carries three cameras, namely,

31 • Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS-4) in 3 spectral bands in the Visible and Near Infrared Region (VNIR) with 5.8 m spatial resolution, 23 km (multi-spectral) and 70 km (mono) swath and steerable up to ± 26 degree across track to achieve a five day revisit capability • LISS-3 camera in 3 spectral bands in the Visible and Near Infrared Region and one in Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) band with 23.5 m spatial resolution and 141 km swath • Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) in 3 spectral bands in the Visible and Near Infrared Region and one band in SWIR with 56 m spatial resolution and a swath of 730 km The satellite has successfully completed its designed mission life and is still providing limited services.

OCEANSAT-2, a follow on mission to OCEANSAT-1, was launched on September 23, 2009 onboard PSLV-C14 from SDSC, SHAR, Sriharikota. OCEANSAT-2 was placed into a polar sun synchronous orbit at an altitude of 720 km, with an equatorial crossing of 1200 hrs. OCEANSAT-2 OCEANSAT-2 carries three sensors onboard, namely, Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM), Ku-band pencil beam Scatterometer and a payload called Radio Occultation Sounder for Atmospheric Studies (ROSA). • The 8 band Ocean Colour Monitor onboard Oceansat-2 provides Local Area Coverage (LAC) with a spatial resolution of 360 m covering a swath of 1420 km with a two-day repetivity. It also provides Global Area Coverage (GAC) with 1 km resolution and 1420 km swath with 8 day coverage cycle. • The pencil beam Scatterometer works in Ku-band with a ground resolution cell of 50 km x 50 km and scans the earth surface conically with a swath of 1400 km. It provides the wind vector in the range of 4 to 24 m/second with better than 10% accuracy in speed and 20 degree in wind direction. The Scatterometer data is being used for deriving the global wind velocity (magnitude and direction) over ocean surface, which is used as an input for weather forecasting, monitoring of cyclones and hurricanes and their trajectory, monitoring of Polar Sea Ice changes and ocean state forecasting. Scatterometer is a unique instrument in space and there is a significant demand for such data by the global community for ocean related applications. Orbit-wise Scatterometer data is downloaded, processed and the data products are disseminated through National Remote Sensing Centre/ISRO web portal and also through EUMetCast system of EUMETSAT, Darmstadt to the global users in Europe, Africa, U.S and a few Asian countries within 160 minutes of data acquisition. • ROSA Payload, designed and developed by Italy, was flown in OCEANSAT-2 to study temperature and humidity profile of the atmosphere.

RISAT-2, the Radar Imaging Satellite, with all weather capability and ability to penetrate through clouds, was realised in association with Israel Aerospace Industries and launched onboard PSLV-C12 from SDSC, Sriharikota on April 20, 2009. RISAT-2 has enhanced the country’s capability in the management of disasters.

32 RESOURCESAT-2 is a follow on mission to RESOURCESAT-1 to provide data continuity to Indian and global user community. It was launched by PSLV-C16 into an 817 km sun synchronous circular orbit on April 20, 2011. It has three optical Remote sensing payloads, namely, LISS-3, LISS-4 and AWIFS, as in RESOURCESAT-1, but, with improved features. It also carried an additional Announcement of Opportunities payload, known as AIS (Automatic Information System) from COMDEV, Canada as an experimental payload for ship surveillance in Very High Frequency (VHF) band to derive position, speed and other information of ships.

Megha-Tropiques (Megha means cloud in Sanskrit and Tropiques means tropics in French) is a joint ISRO-CNES satellite mission in understanding the life cycle of convective systems and their role in the associated energy moisture budget of the atmosphere in the tropical regions. The satellite was launched by PSLV-C18 on October 12, 2011 into an 867 km orbit at an inclination of 20 degree with respect to the equatorial plane. Following four scientific instruments were carried by the satellite: • Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures (MADRAS), an Imaging Radiometer developed jointly by CNES and ISRO • SAPHIR, a six channel Humidity Sounder • SCARAB, a four channel Scanner for Radiation Budget Measurement • GPS-ROS, a GPS Radio Occultation System to provide vertical profiles of temperature and humidity of the earth’s atmosphere All the payloads are performing satisfactorily and are providing useful scientific data for research and analysis.

SARAL Satellite with ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL) is a joint ISRO- French Space Agency (CNES) mission, and was successfully launched by the PSLV-C20 into a sun synchronous orbit with a local time of 6 pm descending node at an altitude of 785 km. The Ka band altimeter, ALTIKA, provided by CNES, operates at 35.75 Giga Hertz (GHz) for ocean applications. A dual frequency total power type microwave radiometer (23.8 and 37 GHz) is embedded in the altimeter to correct tropospheric effects on the altimeter measurement. Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) on board enables precise determination of the orbit. The LASER Retro-reflector Array helps to calibrate precise orbit determination system and the altimeter system, several times throughout the mission.

SARAL/ARGOS Data Collection System is a joint contribution of ISRO and CNES to the development and operational SARAL being lowered into the 4 m Thermovac Chamber at ISAC implementation of the global ARGOS Data Collection System

33 for a variety of data from ocean buoys to transmit the same to the ARGOS Ground Segment for subsequent processing and distribution. In addition, ARGOS Payload allows the transmission of short messages directly to Data Collection Platforms, equipped with a receiver. SARAL payloads are accommodated in the Indian Mini Satellite-2 bus, which weighs 400-450 kg and has a power generation capability of 800 Watt.

SARAL will provide Data Products to the user communities and support in marine meteorology and sea state forecasting; operational oceanography; seasonal forecasting; climate monitoring; ocean, earth system and climate research.

Meteorological Satellites — INSAT Series INSAT-3A Besides communication payloads, INSAT-3A has a Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR), a Charge Coupled Device (CCD) camera and a Data Relay Transponder (DRT) having a global receive coverage with 400 MHz uplink and 4500 MHz downlink for the relay of meteorological, hydrological and oceanographic data from unattended land and ocean-based automatic data collection-cum-transmission platforms. The satellite also carries a Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) payload having a global receive coverage with 406 MHz uplink and 4500 MHz downlink with India coverage, for relay of signals from distress beacons in sea, air or land.

KALPANA-1 KALPANA-1 is an exclusive meteorological satellite launched by PSLV in September 2002. It carries VHRR and DRT payloads to provide meteorological services. It is located at 74ºE longitude. Although the satellite has completed its designed life of seven years, it continues to provide satisfactory and useful service from its inclined orbit.

Future Earth Observation Missions India’s future Earth Observation Programme will ensure that the continuity of the thematic series of satellites, namely, Resourcesat, Cartosat, Oceansat and RISAT for land, water and ocean applications, would continue. At the same time, INSAT system would continue to provide support in the area of meteorology and atmosphere related studies with improved sensors and payloads, particularly the INSAT-3D. Specific initiatives are also being planned with respect to the reliasation of GISAT (Geo Imaging Satellite) from geosynchronous platform for climate studies. The overall aim is to maintain the continuity of services and plan for enhancements in capabilities with respect to sensors and payloads to meet the operational applications and to provide better technological solutions in the future missions.

Ground Segment ISTRAC provides Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TTC) and spacecraft health monitoring and control services for 14 satellites in-orbit, namely, RISAT-1, Megha-Tropiques, Resourcesat-2, Youthsat-1, Cartosat-2B, Oceansat-2, Cartosat-2A, Cartosat-2, Cartosat-1, Hamsat-1, RISAT-2, Indian Mini Satellite-1, Resourcesat-1 and Technology Experiment Satellite. The oldest satellite, TES, has completed

34 11 years in-orbit on October 22, 2012 and the latest satellite RISAT-1 launched on April 26, 2012 has been providing excellent data to users. Other satellites are performing normally.

Nominally with 14 satellites in orbit IMGEOS-Data Archival Facility (current scale of operations under multi-mission scenario) ISTRAC tracks more than 73,500 passes per annum from its own TTC network and those stations hired from other space agencies. In addition, about 17,000 payload data reception operations per annum are enabled by the multi- mission scheduling system. Routine orbit maintenance and calibration IMGEOS-Antenna Control Facility operations have been carried out as per the requirements of each mission.

Aerial Remote Sensing The aerial remote sensing facility of NRSC/ISRO offers value-added services like aerial photography and digital mapping, infrastructure planning, scanner surveys, aeromagnetic surveys, large scale base map, topographic and cadastral level mapping, etc. From April 01, 2012, two aircraft were utilised/flown for 65 hours for acquiring aerial data for various projects like flood mapping in Orissa, HySI data acquisition over Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh for SASE (DRDO), etc. Processing of data acquired from Large Format Digital Camera (LFDC) covering Brahmaputra basin (9500 sq km) is completed. Data for Nagapattinam to Cochin coast stretch covering 3900 sq km was processed. Fresh data was acquired over Godavari basin (5850 sq km) and Mahanadi basin (4500 sq km) was also accomplished. LFDC survey for 27 coal mine sites covering Chattisgarh, Jharkand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and West Bengal for Survey of India, are taken up for generating topographic database.10 sites covering 14300 sq km area has been completed and the balance 16 sites covering 22,848 sq km are being taken up.

Satellite Data Acquisition, Products and Services The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad is the nodal agency for satellite remote sensing data reception, archival, processing and dissemination in the country. NRSC Shadnagar Ground station acquires data from Indian remote-sensing satellites and a few foreign satellites. On an average, the station receives about 9900 passes per annum at a station efficiency of 98.5%. NRSC is also establishing Antarctica Ground Station for improved data acquisition and data availability. The Integrated Multi mission Ground segment for Earth Observation Satellites (IMGEOS) facility is in operation and the data products are being regularly generated at IMGEOS facility at NRSC, Shadnagar as part of user services.

35 Satellite Data Dissemination: As per the Remote Sensing Data Policy (RSDP 2011), NRSC as the national agency, acquires and disseminates all the satellite data within India. According to the new policy, satellite image data up to 1 m spatial resolution is provided to all users on request basis. Data better than 1 m spatial resolution is disseminated as per policy guidelines. More than 69,000 satellite data products were disseminated during FY 2011-12. Free satellite data download to facilitate academia and research students is also enabled through BHUVAN portal and Oceansat-2 Web-portals. Accordingly, LISS-3, AWiFS, CartoDEM data and Oceansat-2 (OCM and Scatterometer) data were available for free downloads from NRSC. There were 1,20,298 downloads during October 2011–August 2012.

Improvements in user services: To meet the demand for high spatial resolution data, 2.5 m colour pictures from Cartosat-1 and Resourcesat-2 were generated. Some of these pictures have been enabled under Bhuvan for visualisation by the user community. As a result of enabling satellite data dissemination through FTP downloads, which is a new product delivery chain, there is an improvement in data usage. About 500 products/month are being disseminated through Internet.

Bhuvan Services: Bhuvan Geoportal has entered its fourth year of operations in August 2012. During this period, Bhuvan has evolved both in terms of the content and features besides speed and access. The portal had an average of 19,000 visitors per month during the last one year.

In addition to visualisation, Bhuvan has been providing satellite data and products with 23 m and coarser spatial resolution and older than 2 years. Besides, several information products like CartoDEM, OCM based Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Vegetation, Fraction products, Tropical Cyclone Heat Potential, etc., are being provided as free downloads through NRSC Open Earth Observation Data Archive (NOEDA) since September 2011.

Various thematic layers such as Land use/Land cover maps on multiple scale, wasteland, urban, Flood layers, etc., generated under different national missions are being made available as OGC Web Services. Interoperability and online Geo-Processing services were also enabled since Dec 2011. Of more than 400 requests received for sharing Bhuvan services, 92 MOUs were signed and data was delivered to various institutions like World Institute of Sustainable Energy, National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), Bangalore University, Pune University, National Research Centre for Agroforestry, etc. Disaster specific information is also showcased on Bhuvan, such as flood and forest-fire. Bhuvan also provides a platform to users to showcase their applications through spatial mashups, from map centric to user centric applications for agencies like Bombay Natural History Society. Punjab Remote Sensing Centre has shared tourism information of Amritsar city with Bhuvan through spatial mashups and Tourism WebGIS. Towards enhancing Bhuvan with more user-centric applications, “Gateway to Karnataka Forest Observation” was released in collaboration with Karnataka Forest Department. A Prototype study was carried for Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka Forest Departments, Rajasthan Road Development Agency, Jharkhand Space Applications Centre, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Ministry of Railways, etc.

Apart from these, Bhuvan can be accessed through mobile phones. Point of Interest (POI) data for more than 5 Lakh locations has been incorporated. Also, high resolution Cartosat-1 data was enabled for 7 states. Bhuvan awareness workshops were conducted at 7 cities in various parts of India covering 3000 Students, Researchers, Educators, NGOs, etc.

36 SPACE APPLICATIONS

INSAT Applications Tele-Education (EDUSAT Programme) ‘EDUSAT’, India’s first thematic satellite dedicated exclusively for educational services, was used extensively to cater to a wide range of interactive educational delivery modes like one-way TV broadcast, video conferencing, computer conferencing, web-based instructions, etc. EDUSAT had manifold objectives - to supplement the curriculum-based teaching, imparting effective teacher training, providing access to quality resource persons and new technologies, thus finally resulting in taking education to every nook and corner of India. EDUSAT provided connectivity to schools, colleges and higher levels of education and also supported non-formal education including development communication.

EDUSAT Programme was implemented in three phases: pilot, semi-operational and operational phases. Pilot projects were conducted during 2004 in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh with 300 terminals. The experiences of pilot projects were adopted in semi-operational and operational phases. During semi-operational phase, almost all the states and major national agencies were covered under EDUSAT programme. The networks were expanded under operational phase with funding by respective state governments/user agencies.

The networks implemented under EDUSAT programme comprise two types of terminals, namely, Satellite Interactive Terminals (SITs) and Receive Only Terminals (ROTs). As on December 2012, a total of 83 networks have been implemented connecting to about 56,164 schools and colleges (4,943 SITs and 51,221 ROTs) covering 26 States and 3 Union Territories of the country. New tele-education networks were added in Sikkim, Karnataka-Training and Development Communication Channel (TDCC), Maharashtra - Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration (YASHDA). Implementation of EDUSAT network in Uttar Pradesh was initiated. About 15 million students are getting benefited through EDUSAT programme every year.

The EDUSAT (GSAT-3) satellite provided its services till September-2010, supporting Tele-education, Telemedicine and Village Resource Centres (VRC) projects of ISRO. After its de-commissioning, the traffic of Tele-education networks was migrated to other ISRO satellites. Most of the tele-education networks operating in Ku-band were migrated from GSAT-3 to INSAT-4CR and those in Ext. C-band networks were migrated to INSAT-3A, INSAT-3C and GSAT-12. Migration of remaining few networks is in the pipeline.

The Technical Support and Training Centre (TSTC) was established at Guwahati, Assam to provide technical support on continuous basis to all the Remote Sites, Hubs and Teaching-Ends of various state networks in the North East Region. The efforts are being initiated to setup similar TSTCs for Northern parts of the country, namely, Uttarakhand and Jammu & Kashmir.

37 Around 366 Satellite Interactive Terminals (SITs) of national users like IGNOU, CIET, AICTE, VP/DST and CEC were upgraded with classroom peripherals and Learning Management System (LMS) for better Audio-Visual interaction.

The ‘Network Monitoring Facility’ established at DECU, Ahmedabad is used to obtain the feedback on the utilisation and assess the quality of programmes transmitted on Ku and Ext C Band EDUSAT networks. Presently, the overall monitoring capacity is for 30 tele-education networks; however, at a time, any 10 networks can be monitored simultaneously by selection.

As a special impetus to providing support to tele-education networks installed in North-East (NE) States, contracts for AMC and hub operations are awarded by ISRO. A Users’ Meet of NE EDUSAT networks was conducted at North East-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC), Shillong, with an objective to campaign for enhancing the utilisation. Continuous technical consultations/guidance on operations and maintenance are provided to various user agencies in Orissa, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Lakshadweep, etc.

Technical Support to the Rajasthan EDUSAT network is provided in various areas like technical guidance and support for procurement of equipment, awarding Comprehensive Annual Maintenance Contract (CAMC) for hub and SITs and establishing interactive ROT network using GSM technology. ISRO has also set up networks for users with special requirements like: • Blind People’s Association (BPA) of Gujarat – for Visually challenged • Rehabilitation Council of India (RCI) • Central Institute of Mentally Retarded (CIMR) in Kerala • C-DAC for Mentally challenged in Kerala

Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU) of ISRO provided maintenance and technical support to BPA for refurbishment of Uplink facility by providing working spare units this year. The network is now reactivated with 25 sites.

Telemedicine Telemedicine is one of the unique applications of Space Technology for societal benefit. ISRO Telemedicine programme started in 2001 has been connecting remote/rural/medical college hospitals and Mobile Units through the Indian satellites to major specialty hospitals in cities and towns. ISRO Telemedicine network covers various states/regions including Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands, North Eastern States and other mainland states. Many tribal districts of Kerala, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Punjab, West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Jharkhand and Rajasthan are covered under Telemedicine Programme.

Presently, the Telemedicine network of ISRO covers about 389 hospitals with 60 specialty hospitals connected to 311 remote/rural/district/medical college hospitals and 18 Mobile Telemedicine units.

38 The Mobile Telemedicine units cover diverse areas of Ophthalmology, Cardiology, Radiology, Diabetology, Mammography, General medicine, Women and Child healthcare.

While DOS/ISRO provides Telemedicine systems software, hardware and communication equipment as well as satellite bandwidth, state governments and the speciality hospitals have to allocate funds for their part of infrastructure, manpower and facility support. In this regard, technology development, standards and cost effective systems have been evolved in association with various state governments, NGOs, specialty hospitals and industry. DOS interacts with state governments and specialty hospitals for bringing an understanding between the parties through MOU.

During the year, the activities under Telemedicine Programme involved migration and operationalisation of the nodes which were affected due to non-availability of EDUSAT (GSAT-3). Most of 190 nodes operating on EDUSAT were migrated to operational GSAT-12 satellite. Around 139 nodes are now operational on INSAT-3A and the remaining nodes on INSAT-3C and INSAT-4A satellites. ISRO is in the process of bringing in annual maintenance support for the Telemedicine systems to ensure continuity of service.

A Telemedicine monitoring node is established in DECU, Ahmedabad which is used for testing and supporting users for minor troubleshooting, etc. This was effectively used during the migration of the telemedicine nodes to GSAT-12 by monitoring the operationalisation of each node.

A Telemedicine Users’ Meet was held at DECU, Ahmedabad to assess the utilisation and the future plans of the states/hospitals/institutions regarding the telemedicine nodes2

Television

INSAT has been a major catalyst for the expansion of television coverage in India. Satellite television now covers 100% area and 100% population. The terrestrial coverage is over 81 percent of the Indian land mass and over 92 percent of the population. At present, 33 Doordarshan TV channels are operating through C-band transponders of INSAT-3A, INSAT-4B and INSAT-3C. All the Satellite TV channels are digitised.

The following satellite television services are being operated by Doordarshan: • National networking service (DD-1), DD News (DD-2), DD-Sports, DD-Urdu, DD-India and DD-Bharati and DD-HD. • Regional services in the States of Kerala, Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, UP, Assam, Maharashtra, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura, Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), Haryana, Mizoram, Jharkhand, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Chhatisgarh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands.

39 As on November 30, 2012, 1415 transmitters of Doordarshan are working through INSAT system out of which 1242 transmitters [137 High Power Transmitters (HPT), 733 Low Power Transmitters (LPT), 354 Very Low Power Transmitters (VLPT) and 18 Transposers] are working in DD-1 network and 169 TV Transmitters (73 HPTs, 79 LPTs and 17 VLPTs) are working in the DD-News network. 108 Regional service transmitters (6 HPTs, 8 LPTS and 94 VLPTs) and 4 HPTs with digital transmissions are also operational in the Doordarshan Network. Out of these 4 transmitters, one located at Delhi is carrying 16 mobile TV services for experimental purpose. 59 Doordarshan and Private TV channels are operational through DTH service (“DD Direct+”). 10 channel DTH planned in C-Band for Andaman & Nicobar Islands is operational since 2009 and DD HD Service began on October 3, 2010 with the start of Common Wealth Games 2010.

Satellite News Gathering and Other Events Satellite News Gathering using INSAT system enables on-the-spot real-time news coverage and important events at different locations for transmission to a Central Station at Delhi or to State Capitals for rebroadcast over respective DD channels. Prasar Bharati has 14 C-band and 18 Ku-band Digital Outdoor-Broadcast Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) terminals operating through INSAT. 9 more DSNGs in C-Band are proposed to be introduced in the network.

Radio Networking Radio Networking (RN) through INSAT provides a reliable high-fidelity programme channels for National as well as Regional Networking. At present, 326 All India Radio (AIR) stations have been equipped with receive terminals.

A total of 85 RN channels are being up-linked at present. For this, AIR is utilising one C-band transponder (C-11) of INSAT-3C. A total of 90 carriers in CxC band are being envisaged for up-linking by utilising a full transponder of INSAT-3C by the end of 12th five year plan.

In AIR network, a total of 32 earth stations are equipped with the facility to uplink in CxC band. The Central earth station at Broadcasting House, New Delhi, has been augmented to up-link 26 RN carriers in CxC band.

At present, AIR has 21 radio channels on DTH platform in Ku-band being uplinked with TV carriers from Todapur, New Delhi on INSAT-4B. Efforts are underway to augment this to 40 channels, and installation is in progress to uplink 6 radio channels on DTH C-Band to cover Andaman and Nicobar areas during XII Plan period.

Telecommunications 988 Satellite Earth Stations of different sizes are operating in Satellite Network and are being utilised for Telecommunication/Broadcasting applications. 1,72,201 VSAT Telecommunication Terminals (Closed

40 User Group including Govt users – 7532 and Commercial Users – 1,64,669) of various sizes and capabilities, working in Star / Mesh connectivity (excluding NICNET and VSAT Micro Terminals), are operating in Satellite Network.

10,350 circuits are providing transmission backhaul point to point connectivity by BSNL. 25 Single Channel per Carrier (SCPC) VSATs and 33 Multiple Channel per Carrier (MCPC) VSATs as well as 5696 Ku Band VSATs under DSPT are working with BSNL which started services through IPSTAR Gateways working on Ka / Ku Band. A total of 11,890 VSAT connections has been provided across the country.

Captive satellite-based networks for National Thermal Power Corporation, Gas Authority of India Ltd, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., National Fertilisers Limited, Coal India Limited, ERNET, Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, IOCL, BPCL, Jai Prakash Industries Ltd., Indian Railway Project Management Unit, ICAR, POLNET and Infotel Satcom are operational in INSAT system. The Networks of National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange in Extended C-Band are also operational in INSAT system. Besides, a number of other Captive Government Networks are working with INSAT Satellites.

Mobile Satellite Services An S-band Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) was added to INSAT system with the launch of INSAT-3C in 2002 and GSAT-2 in 2003. The following two classes of services were identified for MSS:

INSAT Type-D Service A small portable satellite terminal that works with INSAT for voice/data communication has been developed with the participation of Indian industries. The terminal is useful for voice communication, especially during disasters when other means of communication break down. It can be used from any location in India for emergency communication. Transmit and receive frequencies of the terminal are in S-band and it is mainly used by the government users.

The portable terminal is connected to the EPABX at the central hub station through satellite channel and hence could be considered as an extension of EPABX and call could be made between any satellite terminals and local phones on EPABX. The central hub station is located at Delhi Earth Station, New Delhi.

INSAT Reporting (Type-C) Service This consists of low bit rate one-way reporting service using shared channels with portable and hand-held terminals. This unique one-way messaging from a remote location to user-headquarters operates with the Delhi Earth Station (DES) of DOS as the hub. This is an experimental service. Short messages from user terminals are relayed through the satellite to the hub and are automatically forwarded to the respective user headquarters via Fax or data links. This reporting service is provided using small hand-held terminals. There is a provision to attach a GPS receiver to the reporting terminal for position information.

MSS services are presently supported through INSAT-3C over Indian Region.

41 Meteorology The meteorological data of INSAT system is processed and disseminated by INSAT Meteorological Data Processing System (IMDPS) of India Meteorological Department (IMD), which is installed by M/s Antrix Corporation through an MOU with IMD. At present, KALPANA-1 and INSAT-3A satellites are operational. KALPANA-1 is located at 74 degree East and carries a Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) capable of imaging the Earth in the visible, thermal infrared and water vapor bands. It is the main operational satellite and 48 scans of this satellite with a frequency of half an hour, are taken daily. The products derived from the satellite data include cloud images in the visible, infra-red and water vapour channels, atmospheric motion vectors, sea surface temperature, outgoing long-wave radiation, quantitative precipitation estimates and upper tropospheric humidity. INSAT-3A satellite, located at 93.5 degree East, carries VHRR, Charged Couple Device (CCD) camera and Data Relay Transponder (DRT). 24 Scans of VHRR and 6 scans of CCD camera of INSAT-3A are taken daily and the product derived from CCD camera are Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). The satellite images are being used for weather forecasting, both synoptic and numerical weather prediction. The monitoring of cyclone intensity, its location, and various other weather systems such as fog, thunderstorms, Western disturbances and Norwesters, etc., are done by Satellite images and data. A satellite bulletin is prepared every three hours describing images and products generated by the data and hourly bulletins are issued in the case of a cyclone. All images and products generated by satellite data are displayed on IMD website satellite page for users in real time. INSAT-VHRR imagery are used by Doordarshan during news coverage and by newspapers as part of weather reporting.

INSAT VHRR images and data are made available in near real-time at 40 Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination (DMDD) stations set up by IMD in various parts of the country as well as in neighboring countries of Nepal, Maldives and Srilanka and DMDD stations of Air force and Navy through CxS transponder on INSAT-3C. The availability of Satellite Imagery and Digital data through DMDD at Regional Meteorological Centre/ Meteorological Centre has improved the forecasting capability at regional levels.

IMD has installed 679 Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) and other agencies have installed about 1000 AWS all over the country. IMD has also installed 969 Automatic Rain Gauge (ARG) Stations. AWS and ARG services are operational by using Data Relay Transponders (DRT) of INSAT-3A having global receive coverage with a 400 MHz uplink and 4504 MHz downlink and a data rate of 4.8 kbps for relay of Meteorological, Hydrological, Agro-Meteorological and Oceanographic data from unattended land and ocean based AWS. ISRO has taken up indigenous development of a low cost automatic weather station for deployment in the country in large numbers. The data collection is mostly carried out in TDMA mode instead of the old random access mode.

For quick dissemination of warnings against impending disaster from approaching cyclones, specially designed receivers have been installed at the vulnerable coastal areas in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, West Bengal and Gujarat for direct transmission of warnings to the officials and public in general

42 using broadcast capability of INSAT. IMD’s Area Cyclone Warning Centres generate special warning bulletins and transmit them every hour in local languages to the affected areas using Cyclone Warning Dissemination Systems (CWDS). 353 such receiver stations have been installed by IMD. Out of these, 101 are Digital CWDS (DCWDS) based on advanced technology. IMD is now upgrading all these existing network of CWDS/DCWDS by the ISRO developed DTH based Disaster Warning Dissemination Systems (DWDS). An MOU has been signed by ISRO, IMD and Doordarshan for the replacement of the existing network of CWDS by the new DTH based DWDS and the implementation of this project is under progress.

Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) India is a member of the international COSPAS-SARSAT programme for providing distress alert and position location service through LEOSAR (Low Earth Orbit Search And Rescue) satellite system. Under this programme, India has established two Local User Terminals (LUTs), one at Lucknow and the other at Bangalore. The Indian Mission Control Centre (INMCC) is located at ISTRAC, Bangalore. The system is operational for more than 20 years.

INSAT-3A, located at 93.5 degree East is equipped with a 406 MHz Search and Rescue payload that picks up and relays alert signals originating from the distress beacons of maritime, aviation and land users.

Indian LUTs provide coverage to a large part of the Indian Ocean region rendering distress alert services to Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Tanzania. The operations of INMCC/ LUT are funded by the participating agencies, namely, Coast Guard, Airports Authority of India (AAI), Directorate General of Shipping and Services.

INSAT GEOSAR Local User Terminal (GEO LUT) is established at ISTRAC, Bangalore and integrated with INMCC. The distress alert messages concerning the Indian service area, detected at INMCC are passed on to Maritime Rescue Coordination Centres (MRCCs) of Indian Coast Guard (Mumbai, Chennai, Port Blair), and Rescue Coordination Centres (RCCs) of AAI (Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai). The search and rescue activities are carried out by Coast Guard, Navy and Air Force. INMCC is linked to the RCCs, MRCCs, SPOCs (Search and Rescue Points of Contact) and other International MCCs (Mission Control Centres) through Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN). The Indian LUTs and MCC provide round the clock service and maintain the database of all 406 MHz registered beacons carried onboard Indian ships and aircraft.

Development of indigenous search and rescue beacons has been completed, and submitted for certification through international agencies.

During the year 2012, INMCC provided search and rescue support to 7 distress incidents in Indian service area through Indian system and contributed in saving 61 human lives.

Also during 2012, about 2,200 new radio beacons were added to Indian database (most of them for maritime applications). Till date, there are about 650 registered user agencies (Maritime and Aviation) in India with an Indian beacon population of more than 13,000 in our database.

43 The INMCC system at ISTRAC was upgraded and commissioned as per COSPAS-SARSAT. Upgradation of GEO and LEO LUTs is being undertaken. Migration from LEOSAR and GEOSAR to Medium Earth Orbit Search and Rescue (MEOSAR) system has been undertaken.

Standard Time and Frequency Signal Dissemination Services A Standard Time and Frequency Signal (STFS) Dissemination Service using INSAT system is provided by National Physical Laboratory. This service is available round-the-clock in a broadcast mode and is receivable on a set up consisting of receive antenna, a front-end converter, an FM demodulator and a microprocessor controlled signal decoder. The service consists of a train of 5 KHz bursts signal, which is frequency modulated on the carrier. The time has a precision of better than one microsecond and accuracy of better than 20 microseconds.

GPS AIDED GEO AUGMENTED NAVIGATION (GAGAN) GAGAN, the Indian Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), is in the Final Operational Phase and is expected to be ready for certification and commissioning in 2013.

In the GAGAN - Final Operational Phase (FOP), all the ground elements, namely, 15 Indian Navigation Reference Earth Stations (INRES), 2 Indian Navigation Master Control Centres (INMCC) and 2 Indian Navigation Land Uplink Stations (INLUS) are established and integrated. In addition to the existing Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) Data Communication Network, VSAT link is also being established between all INRES sites and INMCC.

For stability test, the GAGAN INLUS-West at Kundalahalli, Bangalore, which was integrated with GSAT-8 satellite earlier, was run with updated sets of Operation Specific and Station Specific Parameters. GAGAN Signal-In-Space (SIS) was available from December 15, 2011.

A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) user meet to inform and educate the users regarding GAGAN and GNSS was held on February 23, 2012 at ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore with 250 delegates. Also, two more user meets were held at Mumbai and Delhi.

IGM-MLDF (ISRO Grid Ionospheric Vertical Error Model – Multi Layer Data Fusion) was presented and Gagan System Architecture

44 accepted by the expert technical review team and has been subsequently incorporated in operational software in March 2012.

GAGAN Final System Acceptance Test (FSAT) was successfully completed in July 2012 by integrating GSAT-8 satellite signals to evaluate the system performance. The FSAT results have successfully demonstrated that GAGAN Signals meet the civil aviation requirements.

On the successful launch of GSAT-10, In-orbit Test (IOT) was completed for GAGAN Navigation payload from INLUS-EAST site at GAGAN complex, Kundalahalli, Bangalore and qualified the site for integration. The integration of this earth station with GSAT-10 is in progress and on successful completion, GAGAN signal-in-space will be available for user community from GSAT-10. Contract to develop INLUS Monitor & Control (M&C) software as per the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) standard has been awarded to a private vendor to fulfil the certification requirement.

The establishment of third INLUS at New Delhi and additional data communication network is in progress.

The next major milestone events in the GAGAN are the integration of New Delhi INLUS with GSAT-8, development of Operational Test & Evaluation (OT&E) software tools for GAGAN system performance analysis, development of INLUS M&C software as per ICAO standard to fulfill the certification requirement and final system certification by Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) in the year 2013.

INDIAN REGIONAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM (IRNSS) IRNSS constellation consists of seven satellites. Three satellites will be placed in Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) at 32.5 degree E, 83 degree E and 131.5 degree E and two satellites each will be placed in the Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO) with equatorial crossing at 55 degree E and 111.75 degree E with an inclination of 29 degree to the equator. Two spare satellites are also planned. IRNSS provides two services, a Standard Positioning Service (SPS) for common civilian users and a Restricted Service (RS) for special authorised users in L5 and S bands.

The Preliminary Design Review (PDR) and Critical Design Review (CDR) of major sub-systems of IRNSS satellites have been completed. The CDR of the Navigation payload was completed in June 2012. The payload has been tested with in-house developed payload test receiver. Assembly, Integration and Testing (AIT) of all housekeeping packages and payload of first IRNSS satellite (R1A) completed. End-to- End testing of payload integrated with spacecraft in disassembled mode is completed. R-1A spacecraft was scheduled to be ready for shipment by May 2013, for launch.

All components of second IRNSS satellite (R1B) payload are available and payload integration was scheduled to tentatively start by mid January 2013 and it was to be delivered for integration with spacecraft by the end of February 2013. The structures for the next three IRNSS satellites after the first one, namely, R1B, R1C and R1D are available in clean room.

45 First Critical Design Review (CDR) of IRNSS ground segment was conducted in October 2012.

At the IRNSS Navigation Centre–1 (INC-1), Byalalu, Bangalore, installation of computers and servers has been completed. Navigation software installation and testing has been initiated. Initial plans and design of the second IRNSS Navigation Centre (INC–2) at Lucknow has been made and further work is in progress.

With respect to the reference receivers to be installed at Indian Ranging Integrity and Monitoring Station (IRIMS), CDR of the procured reference receivers has been completed and the first batch was expected to be available in March 2013. The CDR of the reference receiver being developed by the indigenous vendor was conducted and the delivery of Level–1 receiver was expected by February 2013.

Installation of IRNSS Network Timing (IRNWT) subsystems was completed at INC, Byalalu followed by successful Level-1 Site Acceptance Test (SAT) in February 2012. Performance of the IRNWT Timescale system has been observed for a period of three months and the system was successfully accepted in June 2012. The IRNWT Monthly Bulletin is being released from August 2012. IRNWT is being maintained within 15 nanoseconds of Universal Time Coordinated (UTC). Common View (CV) data analysis of IRNWT data with National Physical Laboratory (NPL), New Delhi has been carried out for UTC traceability.

For establishing Two Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT) facility between IRNWT and NPL, necessary actions related to finalising the specification and procurement of terminals have been initiated. Third Active Hydrogen Maser (AHM) procurement for IRNWT is in progress. Proposal of second IRNWT facility (IRNWT-2) for INC2 is under preparation.

ISRO is collaborating with NPL to realise space qualified Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard.

For IRNSS CDMA Ranging (IRCDR) stations at Bhopal, Hassan and Jodhpur, Test and Evaluation have been conducted. For IRCDR station at Shillong, site readiness has been reviewed and Integration activities at this site have been initiated.

With respect to ground infrastructure pertaining to Telecommand and telemetry, one 11 m antenna and four 7.2 m antennas are planned as part of Satellite Control Facility at Hassan for the purpose of controlling four IRNSS satellites of the constellation. Out of these, One 11 m antenna and one 7.2 m antenna have been established and ready for operation. Establishment and testing activities for other earth stations are in progress. An exclusive Satellite Control Centre for IRNSS is under construction at Hassan. At Bhopal, a Satellite Control Facility is being established with one 11 m antenna and three 7.2 m antennas for the control of three IRNSS satellites.

The Software Design Document (SDD) and CDR of Navigation Software was completed. Offline Integration of all the software modules was also completed. Real-time integration of software modules at INC is in progress. User position achievable accuracies have been worked out with a constellation of 4 satellites and also for the constellation of up to 7 satellites.

46 A payload test receiver has been developed for testing purpose. In house development of SPS and RS user receiver is under progress. Efforts are also on for procuring the IRNSS/GPS user receiver for both SPS and RS signal reception.

In-house development of IRNSS simulator is under progress. Factory Acceptance Test of procured IRNSS Simulator was also carried out in November.

Discussions with Scientific Analysis Group (SAG), DRDO have been held to look into certification aspects for the Restricted Service. Modified Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) methodology has been submitted to SAG for evaluating the strength of the code and obtained their opinion on this aspect. Frequency Coordination activities like frequency filings, discussions with other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) service providers, etc., are being pursued.

Flood inundation in Kaziranga National Park, Assam (as seen from Resourcesat-1 AWiFS images)

47 Technical Review Executive Board meetings and project management board meetings are regularly held to monitor the progress and schedule as well as to resolve various technical issues.

Disaster Management Support (DMS) Programme The Disaster Management Support (DMS) Programme of ISRO provides continued support towards disaster management in the country through products and services emanating from space and airborne systems. The DMS- Decision support Centre (DMS-DSC) established at National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) is actively engaged in monitoring natural disasters such as flood, cyclone, agricultural drought, landslides, earthquakes and forest fires. Information generated from aerospace systems are disseminated to the concerned in near real time for aiding in assessment, management and decision making.

Floods: During the year, all the major floods in 4 states (Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh) were monitored and about 114 flood maps were disseminated to the concerned departments including Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). Flood hazard atlas of Bihar has been prepared using 1998-2010 satellite data which is being validated / verified jointly with the Bihar Government. Development of the Flood Management Information System (FMIS) for Orissa is in progress. Necessary information support, derived from near real-time satellite images, was provided to the Government of Assam during the floods of June and September 2012. The Flood early Warning System (FLEWS), developed for Assam region by North Eastern Space Application Centre (NE-SAC) is being operationally carried out for 14 districts. Regular inputs on the extent of flooding, villages affected, persistence maps, etc., were provided to the Assam State Government for combating and management of flood affected areas.

Cyclones: All cyclone events that originated in the northern portion of the Indian Ocean, such as Murjan and Nilam were closely monitored. As part of this activity, the track, intensity and landfall predictions were carried out and regularly updated on the MOSDAC website for information. With the help of OCEANSAT-2 Scatterometer data, the possibility of the formation of cyclone is also being attempted as part of prediction. In the case of Nilam, the cyclone formation was predicted 65 hours before the cyclone actually formed over the Bay of Bengal on October 28, 2012. After the formation of cyclone, its future Agricultural Drought Assessment & Area Favourable for Crop Sowing for India – Sept 2012 tracks were regularly

48 monitored and predicted on an experimental basis using a mathematical model, developed at Space Application Centre, ISRO. These experimental track predictions were regularly posted on departmental web portal (http://www.mosdac.gov.in/scorpio/) as part of information dissemination. The above model could predict the landfall of Nilam with an accuracy of about 36 km. The time of predicted landfall was delayed by about 5 hours 30 minutes as compared to the actual time of landfall.

Agricultural Drought: The activity of agricultural drought assessment for the kharif 2012 in 13 states of the country is now transferred to Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre (MNCFC) of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. During the kharif 2012, data analysis was done by MNCFC while NRSC provided necessary support to MNCFC in interpretation, drought assessment and report preparation. MNCFC disseminated the drought reports to the relevant Government Departments. Analysis of multiple indices indicated “Normal” agricultural situation in 236 districts (up to August 2012). The agricultural situation was termed as “Watch” in 109 districts and “Alert” in 65 districts. In Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Haryana, agricultural drought was assessed at sub-district level using IRS AWiFS data in addition to other indices. Further, the Area Favourable for Crop Sowing/ Crop sown area (AFCS) were derived from (i) Shortwave Angle Slope Index (SASI) method with the integration of ground data on cropping pattern, soils and irrigation support and (ii) Spatial Soil Water Balance model outcomes. These datasets are operationally disseminated to the user departments.

Forest Fire: Near real-time active forest fire alerts are being provided on 24x7 basis during the active fire season (Feb–Jun 2012) using remote sensing inputs. More than 43,000 fire incidents were reported during fire season in 2012. The alerts were disseminated in near real-time to Forest Survey of India (FSI) and also by Disaster Support Centre through Indian Forest Fire Response and Assessment System (INFFRAS) website and web-posting of the same information on Bhuvan web portal for the information and use towards fire fighting.

Landslides: Landslide inventory and damage assessment for Uttarkashi landslide-flash flood of August 06, 2012 was completed. The Analysis of the Okhimath (Uttarakhand) landslide, which was triggered by the cloudburst that occurred on September 14, 2012, is in progress. Landslide hazard zonation of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, landslide inventory of Sikkim and J&K (Amarnath yatra route) were also completed and uploaded onto Bhuvan web portal.

Earthquake: Damage assessment due to Philippines earthquake (August 31, 2012) and China earthquake (September 07, 2012) were carried out using IRS satellite images and the information was conveyed to the respective International agencies.

National Database for Emergency Management (NDEM): NDEM, conceived as a GIS based repository of data to support disaster/ emergency management for the country, is being realised. Civil works for the NDEM at NRSC Shadnagar are completed. The basic computer infrastructure for NDEM operations

49 has been positioned at the newly developed NDEM Facility in Shadnagar campus of NRSC. The Phase 2 computing infrastructure for NDEM is also in advance stage of realisation. The second NDEM Nodal Officers’ meeting was held at New Delhi which evolved a roadmap for early implementation. Modalities for implementation of NDEM prototype in Assam and Kerala states are being finalised in due consultation with the respective State Governments.

Aerial Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) Development: A C-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) had been built for an airborne platform. Integration and T&E of C-band Airborne SAR for Disaster Management (DMSAR)-Flight Model (FM) has been completed successfully. The system is ready for flight. Development Model (DVM) of the X-band DMSAR, for higher resolution, is in progress.

Aerial survey for large-scale mapping: Aerial LASER Terrain Mapping (ALTM) data processing covering 9500 sq km of Brahmaputra basin was completed and provided to DSC for further utilisation. Necessary data from Large Format Digital Camera (LFDC) was acquired over Godavari basin (5,850 sq km) and Mahanadi basin (4,500 sq km) with 30 cm ground sample distance as part of disaster management activity. Towards establishing Tsunami inundation models, Close Contour Maps of the entire coastal area was envisaged to be provided to the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS). A major portion of such data is already provided earlier (9900 sq km) and the remaining ALTM data covering Nagapattinam to Cochin coastal stretch (3900 sq km) has also been processed. Data Acquisition using LFDC is also planned for East Coast (Paradeep to Sunderbuns) and West Coast (Cochin to Mumbai). A study is being taken up to generate high spatial resolution topography data for Andaman & Nicobar Islands. In the initial phase of the project, it is proposed to generate topographical maps with good height accuracies from Cartosat-I stereo data and other relevant data sets.

Emergency Communication: INSAT MSS Type-D terminals (two way portable voice communication terminals operating in S-band) have been used by Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) for emergency operations. MSS Type-D Hub is operational on a 24x7 basis. The hub for Distress Alert Transmitter (DAT)–a low cost satellite transmitter for emergency communication of alert messages from fishing boats – is being maintained at Chennai. The DTH based Digital Disaster Warning System (DDWS), developed and demonstrated by ISRO, is another useful communication equipment that would be provided to India Meteorological Department and Doordarshan soon.

International Initiatives: The International Charter has been activated 11 times, for events like floods in Nigeria, Paraguay and Pakistan, earthquakes in IRAN and Philippines and a storm in the Gulf coast of US. About 60 IRS satellite data products were disseminated till August 2012. Under Sentinel Asia project, during 2012, six emergency requests were addressed by providing Indian Remote Sensing Satellites scenes – four for floods in Japan, Tajikistan, Philippines and Indonesia and two for forest fires in Nepal and Kazakhstan. NRSC hosted the ISRO-JAXA co-ordination meeting during August 2012 to discuss the future activities of Sentinel Asia project. Further, support was extended to UNOOSA /UN- SPIDER initiative for China Earthquake of September 2012 by providing Cartosat-1 and 2 data sets.

50 The Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) Programme has been providing operational services to the users in India and seven neighbouring countries for the last 21 years with the aid of Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) ground systems. The system supported six incidents involving ten lives this year.

Remote Sensing Applications Remote sensing applications and geospatial technology oriented projects at National, Regional, State and local levels are carried out through a well-established multi-pronged implementation architecture of National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) in the country. Major ISRO/ DOS Centres, namely, National Remote Sensing Centre and Space Applications Centre (SAC), spearhead all such applications development and implementation initiatives. Regional Remote Sensing Centres (RRSCs) of NRSC, North-Eastern Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC), Shillong and respective State Remote Sensing Applications Centres play a major role in applications and addressing local requirements for effective utilisation of the technology. User Ministries of State and Central Government departments and others institutions play a major role in utilising the technology in their own departments through the NNRMS system. In addition, private sector, Non-Governmental Organisations and academia also play a major role in the usage of this technology in different developmental sectors of the country. Some of the major application projects carried out during the year 2012-13 are highlighted below:

Institutionalisation of Crop Acreage and Production Estimation at Ministry of Agriculture: The Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre (MNCFC) was set up under the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture on April 23, 2012 in the Pusa campus, New Delhi. The centre has been established to carry out the crop monitoring activities and Agricultural Drought Assessment, which were hitherto done at SAC and NRSC under the Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro meteorology and Land based observations (FASAL) and National Agricultural Drought Assessment and Management System (NADAMS) projects respectively. All the technologies developed by ISRO/ DOS are successfully transferred to MNCFC through training and capacity building, procedural manuals, master image database, reference database, statistical data analysis, relevant software tools and models for image interpretation.

National Crop Production Forecasting for 2011-12 was carried out covering six crops, namely, Jute, Kharif rice, winter potato, rapeseed/mustard, wheat and Rabi rice. A Total of 15 forecasts were made for these crops. Work plan for early estimation of sugarcane crop using temporal AWiFS data up to June covering Uttar Pradesh (UP), Maharashtra and Gujarat states during 2012 season was finalised. Rice biomass and yield analysis using SAR data were carried out for all 13 major rice-growing states of India.

Groundwater Prospects Mapping: Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission is a project that is funded by the Department of Drinking Water Supply. This project addresses the preparation and distribution of ground water prospects zone maps at 1:50,000 scale. After successful completion of Phase I, II, III A and III B of the project covering 13 States in the country, Phase-IV activities are initiated covering the

51 remaining 13 states (Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Puducherry, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, part of UP and West Bengal) and 5 union territories (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep). Generation of field based information on Water quality for the entire country, as a separate GIS layer, is in progress. Also, Ground water prospects maps were completed for Tamil Nadu and are in final stages for Bihar and Nagaland States. Phase IV is scheduled to be completed by the year 2013.

Water Resources Information System: A major project on “Web Enabled Water Resources Information System (India- WRIS)” in collaboration with Central Water Commission (CWC), New Delhi has been taken up. As part of the project, Version 2.0 of India-WRIS web portal was launched on March 22, 2012 (www.india-wris.nrsc.gov.in). The portal has 12 major and 35 sub info systems with 80 spatial layers starting from vintage periods (~100 years). India-WRIS portal is a ’Single Window’ solution for comprehensive data on India’s water resources along with other natural resources information in a GIS framework, to help CWC in monitoring and development of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).

Water Resources Assessment at Basin level: NRSC and CWC have jointly executed demonstrative pilot studies in Godavari and Brahmani-Baitarani river basins to estimate basin-level mean annual water resources using space based geospatial inputs and hydrological modeling. Expert Committee for re-assessment of water availability in India, constituted by Ministry of Water Resources, reviewed the pilot studies and recommended for up scaling to all other river basins in the country, jointly by NRSC and CWC. A proposal has been generated in this regard and submitted for necessary approval. This is done as part of developing new strategies for “Reassessment of basin-wise water situation” as identified by National Water Mission.

Natural Resources Census: The Natural Resources Census project aims at generation of a set of thematic maps through systematic inventory and mapping from space-based images and creation of a geospatial database for the whole country. The project uses satellite data at different spatial resolutions to prepare natural resources information layers, namely, land use/land cover, land degradation, wetlands, vegetation, snow and glaciers and geomorphology at 1:50,000 scale. Also, land use/land cover at 1:250,000 scales is periodically monitored as part of natural resources census on an annual basis.

(i) National Land Use/Land Cover: National Level Annual Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) maps using multi-temporal AWiFS data were generated at 1:250,000 scale, including related statistics for the years 2004-05 to 2011-12. The eighth cycle maps (2011-12) and assessment of net sown area along with Land use/land cover is completed. The net sown area was estimated at 153.2 Mha. All eight cycles LU/LC data has been hosted on ‘Bhuvan’ web portal of NRSC/ISRO. This data has been extensively used by various governmental organisations, NGOs and academia as an input for their planning, research (spatial modeling), environmental planning, watershed management, etc. Currently, the ninth cycle of mapping is initiated and this time RISAT-1 data is also being used.

52 The first cycle of the nation- wide land use/land cover mapping on 1:50,000 scale was completed for the entire country using 2005-06 Resourcesat (LISS-III) data and an atlas was prepared. The second cycle of mapping was initiated during 2011- 12. It is planned to map and depict areas with major changes between these two time periods also.

(ii) Land degradation: The Land degradation mapping has been completed using 2005- 06 satellite data for the entire country on 1:50,000 scale. Further, these datasets were enriched with soil information in collaboration with National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSS Landuse-landcover Map of India & LUP). District-wise area statistics were generated. The overall status of land degradation in India and various processes of land degradation are being assessed. Water erosion is another important form of land degradation that is being looked into.

(iii) Geomorphology and Lineament mapping: The mapping for entire country is being executed jointly with Geological Survey of India using Resourcesat data (2006-07). The mapping is based on a genesis-based classification system with 417 landform units. These maps are useful for applied geological investigations such as geo-hazards, mineral and ground water exploration. A significant area of mapping has already been done. Geospatial data of Orissa, Kerala, Goa, Haryana, Punjab, Tripura and Sikkim are being hosted in the Bhuvan. The project is expected to be completed by December 2013.

Indian Forest Cover Change Alert System (InFCCAS): Indian Forest Cover change Alert System, using high temporal resolution Resourcesat AWiFS data, has been initiated at the behest of the Ministry of

53 Environment and Forests, to establish a sub-annual forest cover change monitoring. Under the pilot study, forest cover change-alerts were provided for the area of Yaval Wildlife Sanctuary and surrounding region, Jalagaon as well as part of Gadchiroli districts of Maharashtra. Alerts were generated for three months (Oct – Dec 2011), which reflects the full foliage status of moist and dry deciduous forests. Results were validated along with Maharashtra State Forest Department and an overall accuracy of 80% was obtained in the pilot study. It is planned to upscale the alert detection protocol for the entire country once the validated results are discussed with all the stakeholders and peer-reviewed in a national workshop.

Space based Information System for Decentralised Planning (SIS-DP): This is a unique project, initiated at the behest of Planning Commission in 2009, to prepare district resource atlases using remote sensing and GIS techniques to strengthen various aspects of decentralised planning at district level through a coordinated approach. The salient aspects of the project include generation of natural resources database at 1:10,000 scale village map overlay; link state line-department datasets; develop ICT enabled geospatial solution; and providing space inputs for planning and development at panchayat level. The States of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Haryana, West Bengal and Assam have been selected for initial phase of implementation. However, the thematic map preparation has been taken up for all the remaining states. 2.5 m spatial resolution images are already prepared for the entire country. Thematic mapping (five layers, namely, Land Cover, Slope, Infrastructure, Drainage and Settlements) at 1:10,000 scale is in progress for five priority states. The proposed deliverables could potentially be used for some of the popular central government schemes like MGNREGA, IWMP, etc. for planning and developmental activities.

National Urban Information System: ISRO/DOS participated with Survey of India in realising National Urban Information System (NUIS) of the Ministry of Urban Development. NUIS enables the creation of an Urban Spatial Information System to meet the preparation of Development of Master Plans, Transportation Plans, Urban Site Suitability Analysis and Urban Environmental Planning. Phase-I of the project covered 152 cities/towns across the country and NRSC/ ISRO generated thematic geo-database for 142 towns on 1:10,000 scale besides acquiring aerial data for mapping at 1:2,000 scale for all 132 towns. The project is being executed in association with 25 Partner Institutions. Database for the remaining towns would be ready by the first quarter of 2013. NRSC organised a one-day National Workshop on “NUIS Scheme with Special emphasis on Bhuvan” for all the Stakeholders at Hyderabad on July 31, 2012 with a focus on utilisation of NUIS databases for Master Plan preparation.

Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) — Phase II: The project was taken up for 50 irrigation projects, with an irrigation potential (IP) of 8.5 Lakh ha. across 14 States. Studies for 30 sites have been completed. The project is being executed in association with 14 Partner institutes comprising of State Remote Sensing Application Centres and Academic institutes, as part of the capacity building in this domain. The project is planned to be realised in the first quarter of 2013.

54 Snowmelt Runoff Forecasting for Himalayan River Basins: NRSC provides snowmelt runoff forecasts for five Himalayan river basins (Chenab, Beas, Sutlej, Yamuna and Ganga). Snow melt runoff models were developed using remote sensing inputs on request from CWC. The forecasts for 2012 summer are being validated with the field data received from CWC, so that operational forecast can be provided during 2013. Out of five basins, the forecasts are within 10% deviation from the actuals for Sutluj and Chenab basins.

Monitoring of glacial lakes / water bodies within the Himalayan region of Indian River basins: As part of the project, 2028 glacial lakes and water bodies were inventoried using 2009-10 satellite data. Of these, 503 are glacial lakes and 1525 are water bodies. Monitoring of large lakes and water-bodies so identified (433 in number, with more than 50 Ha area) during 2011 monsoon revealed an increase in water spread in 218 water-bodies while it was observed that 35 water- bodies have shrunk and the rest did not show any major change. The monitoring is in progress for 2012. The current status of the monitoring carried out during the year 2012 is provided. A customised training program enabling transfer of this operational activity to CWC was organised at NRSC in October 2012.

Month No. of Water Spread Area, 2011 No. of glacial Water Spread Area, 2012 glacial lakes/ lakes/ water bodies water monitored bodies Increase Decrease No Increase Decrease No moni- Change Change tored June 178 49 20 109 267 40 126 101 July 125 36 17 72 217 48 73 96 August 153 73 23 57 240 16 128 96 September 243 93 56 94 305 5 200 100 October 360 114 97 149 370* 15** 228 123 * Includes 1 dry water body and 3 new Glacial Lakes ** Includes 1 Glacial Lake increased from 47.7 ha to 57.6 ha

Snow and Glacier Studies Phase-II: Under this project, funded by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, atlases of sub-basin-wise snow cover maps of Indus, Chenab, Sutlej, Ganga and Bramaputra basins have been prepared for the year 2010-11. A two day training on Carbon Soot monitoring in Glaciated Regions of Himalayas (2012-2013) was also organised at SAC under the Snow and Glaciers Studies Project. A glacier expedition was organised for glaciated region of Kargil-Leh sector of Indian Himalayas during August - September 2012 and some more glaciers were covered (one in Chandra valley and the other near Bathal, including one at ChhotaShigri glacier) during the period September 09-23, 2012. Geomorphological investigations and position of the snout of Bathal glacier were studied using GPS and ground observations.

55 Snow Cover Monitoring: Detailed analysis and statistics/ charts/ tables compilation of snow cover products for the months of October, November and December of 2011-12 for Sutlej, Chenab, Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra basins covering 30 sub-basins have been completed.

Capacity Estimation of Reservoirs: Spatio-temporal mapping and monitoring of about 4,000 surface water bodies was carried out using an automatic feature extraction tool from satellite remote sensing data. In view of the need for frequent and near real time monitoring of water bodies from satellite data, software tools were developed for extraction of water layer from satellite data, geo-tagging the identification to the cluster of reservoirs available in satellite image and linking lookup table for capacity estimation (pre defined area – capacity curve from the field data). Demonstration of the concept enables the future extension and implementation of this model at national scale. This could cover several reservoirs in the country and provide an operational service through ISRO Bhuvan / India WRIS.

Shoreline change mapping: The project funded by Central Water Commission, envisages Shoreline change mapping for the entire Indian coast and preparation of Atlas. The mapping is completed for the time frame 1989- 1991 and 2004-06. Shoreline Change Atlas for West Bengal and Orissa was prepared.

Tea GIS: The project aims at mapping, inventory and monitoring of tea gardens in Assam and West Bengal and the creation of a web-based Tea Garden Information System. The study was completed along with the realisation of Tea MIS-GIS package, including the preparation of an atlas showcasing the tea growing districts. Tea GIS-MIS hosts a comprehensive database on tea gardens with other ancillary data to provide required information to various stakeholders. This helps in monitoring and policy making at Tea Board level, advisory services by Tea Research Institute (TRI) and management at garden level. The second phase of the project covering the States of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu has been initiated.

Natural Rubber (NR) Cultivation: There is a need to gather scientific information about potential land available in North-Eastern India for cultivating natural rubber without any land use conflict. A pilot study was carried for the State of Tripura, jointly with Rubber Research Institute and Rubber Board to demonstrate the methodology to estimate the spatial extent of Natural Rubber (NR) and identify wasteland pockets suitable for the cultivation of NR. The extent of NR for Tripura is estimated at 48,037 ha. Suitability of the wasteland pockets for NR cultivation was analysed, considering pedo-climatic variables, continuity to the existing NR-patches and land characteristics like soil fertility, climate, slope, drainage, etc. About 22,947 ha of wasteland pockets were found to be suitable for NR cultivation. The methodology once established will be extended for the entire North Eastern region for promoting NR cultivation. The project was completed and the report was submitted to the User and the database generated is ported to Bhuvan portal for visualisation. Capacity building and transfer of technology to Rubber Board is also taken up.

National Information system for Climate and Environment Studies (NICES): A programme on NICES has been initiated in September 2012, with a specific focus to work out a science plan for climate change and environment studies.

56 Forest Working Plan inputs in the North East Region (NER): Under this project, preparation of forest working plan inputs in NER was taken up. Compartment-wise stock estimation has been completed for 27 reserve forests and 17 riverine reserve forests in Mizoram. Preparation of working plans for Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya are in progress, with the participation of the respective state forest departments.

Sericulture Development: Application of remote sensing and GIS for sericulture development, funded by the Central Silk Board, has been completed in all the selected 106 districts covering 24 states in the country. Sericulture Information Linkages and Knowledge System (SILKS) developed under the project is ready for hosting.

North Eastern District Resources Plan (NEDRP) programme: All the seven districts of Meghalaya have been covered in Phase-I and 25 selected districts from the remaining North Eastern Region (NER) states are being taken up in Phase-II. A space based Information Kiosk on North Eastern Region (SBIK-NER) was conceptualised and realised by NE-SAC to showcase the strength of existing geospatial inputs of NER for natural resources management and other developmental planning activities. SBIK-NER was inaugurated in June 2012.

Capacity Building: Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) is a premier institute of ISRO/DOS that imparts professional training and education in the field of Remote Sensing, Geoinformation technology for Natural Resources and Disaster Management. In addition, NRSC and SAC also conduct training programme as per the requirements of the user community. The technical support and training in various disciplines like photogrammetry and remote sensing, Geoinformatics, Sustainable Agriculture, Forest Resources and Ecosystem Analysis, Water resources, Geosciences, Marine and Atmospheric sciences and Human Settlement Analysis for various Central/State line departments, academic institutions as well as R&D institutions are being carried out regularly. Also, as part of human resources development activities, special training programs/workshops, as well as setting up/ augmentation of computing infrastructure/ facilities, at various academic institutions in many states across the country were carried out.

ISRO Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) During the first year of 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) Programme, while continuing the projects taken up during 11th FYP, the thrust of ISRO Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) is on measuring, modelling and monitoring the human factor in the biological, chemical and physical processes of the earth system. Efforts have been made to identify and assess the climate elements that are important in regional climate change. There has been a special emphasis on understanding carbon cycle, both in the atmosphere and the ocean. The focus is on understanding the regional factors in climate change and the requirements of sensor systems for monitoring the essential climate variables from satellite platforms.

57 The projects related to aerosol radiative forcing (ARFI & ICARB), boundary layer characterisation (NOBLE) and regional climate modelling (RAWEX), have progressed well. These projects are being implemented in partnership with 35 institutions spread across India. The ARFINET of aerosol observations is expanded to more than 41 locations, spanning the length and breadth of India, from Thiruvananthapuram to Hanle, and from Nalia to Dibrugarh. It has also immensely contributed to scientific capacity building. Several new stations and measurements have been added to the ARFINET, special aerosol problems have been undertaken and balloon-borne measurements of Black Carbon (BC) profiles have been made. Spatial distribution map of black carbon mass concentration over Indian region has been prepared. The Polar Research has been initiated jointly with NCAOR covering the North and South poles. New field experiments have been initiated jointly with Space Application Centre to investigate the impact of aerosols on Himalayan Glaciers. The project NOBLE (Network of Observatories for Boundary Layer Experiments) at SPL is progressing well with 8 network stations and 3 more stations are in the pipeline. Characterisation of sea breeze circulation over Thumba coast during winter monsoon has been completed. Based on Doppler SODAR echogram from Thumba, Port Blair and Shillong, the Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) has been characterised. Shipborne measurements of the ABL parameters and Radiosonde observations of the meteorological parameters were carried out from ORV Sagar Kanya (SK289) during the southwest Tropical Indian Ocean cruise (October 30-November 20, 2011). During this cruise, the diurnal evolution of ABL and tropical tropopause within and outside the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the Indian Ocean region were derived from regular Pisharoty sonde observations carried out at 4 hourly durations for 7 days. Analysis of the data is being carried out in conjunction with the satellite data for deep convection and cloudiness.

The projects related Atmospheric Trace gases Chemistry & Transport modelling (AT-CTM), Atmospheric mineral dust, carbonaceous aerosols, emission sources, chemistry & transport modelling (ADC&TM) and Monsoon Reconstruction from Speleothems (MRS) are progressing well. A new project aimed at investigating and quantifying aspects of the Marine Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles (MCNC) has been taken up. Integration of surface observations with satellite-based data and modelling to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of trace gases across the country has been clearly demonstrated. The in-situ and transported sources of these gases have been identified. Quantification of the trace gases is in progress. Atmospheric concentrations of particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their isomer ratios have been studied for two distinct biomass burning emissions: (post-harvest burning of paddy-residue in Oct-Nov and wheat- residue burning during April- May) in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The large temporal variability in the concentrations of particulate species and Organic Carbon/ Elemental Carbon (OC/EC) ratio (range : 1.9 -25.7) is attributed to the differences in the two biomass burning emissions and their relative source strength. Under the project on monsoon reconstruction from speleothems, several speleothem samples collected during previous field studies are archived in PRL. Potential of some of these for paleomonsoon reconstructions are currently being studied from Akalagavi cave, Dandak, and Belum cave.

58 The National Carbon Project (NCP) is being implemented in a matrix mode with multi-institutional collaboration laying equal emphasis on primary data collection, remote sensing, modelling and synthesis for long term data management and analysis. The project has five sub components: i) Vegetation Carbon Pools (VCP) ii) Soil Carbon Pools and Dynamics (SCP) iii) Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Fluxes

(SVAF) iv) Ocean Coastal-Hydro-Geochemistry and Fluxes (OCHF) v) Atmospheric CO2 Monitoring and Retrieval (ACMR). A nationwide network of carbon towers in major forests, croplands and grasslands for the measurement and modelling of the net carbon flux using eddy covariance techniques, satellite remote sensing data and models, is planned. Three towers at forest sites of 15-20 m height at Barkot, Uttharanchal; Haldwani, Uttharanchal and Bethul, Madhya Pradesh and one 3 m tower at Agriculture site (Meerut) were established. Several fast and slow response sensors on flux towers and ground sensors were established to measure surface carbon and water flux on diurnal basis.

The project “Energy and Mass Exchange in Vegetative systems (EME-VS)” is in progress characterising the energy (radiative and convective) and mass (H2O, CO2 assimilation) at canopy and regional scale. The project has developed models to establish relations among fluxes and biophysical and biochemical processes for short vegetation types, conditions and intra-seasonal climatic variabilities.

The project on Land use and Land Cover Dynamics and impact of Human dimensions in Indian River Basins (LULC) is progressing well. LULC change maps have been brought out for 11 out of 14 major river basins of the country. The Project team has developed an indigenous model for the prediction of LULC change and tested it in the Yamuna river basin. A Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model has been tried in Pennar basin and studied the impact of LULC change on the hydrological regime for the year 2025. It was found that there was a 37% increase in run-off from 1985 to 2005 due to change in land use (increase in built up and decrease in forest area). The software required for running these hydrological models has been developed using open source software tools.

59 SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

The Indian Space Programme began in a humble way with the launch of sounding rockets from Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram in the early 1960s. Initially, these sounding rocket launches were aimed at conducting scientific investigations over the geomagnetic equator passing over Thumba. Since then, India has made rapid strides in launch vehicle technology to achieve self-reliance in satellite launch vehicle programme with the operationalisation of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).

Major Accomplishments PSLV, the workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO, proved its reliability and versatility yet again with three successful missions PSLV-C19/RISAT-1, PSLV-C20/SARAL and PSLV-C21/SPOT-6 during the year.

PSLV-C19 in ‘XL’ configuration successfully launched RISAT-1, India’s first indigenous Radar Imaging Satellite on April 26, 2012 from the First Launch Pad (FLP) at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), SHAR. The major payload in RISAT-1 is the indigenous Synthetic Aperture Radar designed for unobstructed imaging of earth’s surface. RISAT-1 was the heaviest satellite (1858 kg) till date launched by PSLV. The satellite was placed in a polar orbit of 469.83 km x 478.89 km with an inclination of 97.62 degree.

PSLV- C21 mission, the 100th mission of ISRO, PSLV-C19 at the First Launch Pad was successfully realised on September 09, 2012 from the FLP at SDSC SHAR. SPOT-6 satellite was precisely injected into an orbit of 648.6 km x 655.5 km at an inclination of 98.29 degree. This was also the twenty first successive successful mission of PSLV,

60 which used its Core Alone (PSLV-CA) variant. This was a dedicated commercial mission with two foreign spacecraft, namely, SPOT-6 (France) and PROITERES (Japan) on-board. SPOT-6 (712 kg) is the heaviest commercial satellite launched by PSLV so far. This mission also successfully flight-tested mini RESINS (Redundant Strap-down Inertial Navigation System), RGP (Rate Gyro package)-Digital and MEMS-RGP (Micro Electro Mechanical System- Rate Gyro Package) in piggyback mode.

PSLV-C20 in Core-Alone configuration successfully launched SARAL satellite, an Indo-French joint mission along with six foreign satellites, namely, Sapphire, NEOSsat, 3 satellites of NLS-8 series and STRaND-1 on February 25, 2013 from the First Launch Pad (FLP) at Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC), SHAR.

The next PSLV Flight, PSLV-C22, with India’s first Regional Navigation satellite, IRNSS-R1A is PSLV-C21 lifts-off targeted for launch during June 2013.

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) GSLV, India’s launch vehicle for communication satellites, is a 3-stage vehicle with solid, liquid and cryogenic propulsion systems. The forthcoming GSLV-D5 vehicle carrying 2018 kg GSAT-14 will have the configuration (4 L40H+S139) + L37.5H + CUS-12 + 3.4 m diameter payload fairing. All the recommendations from Failure Analysis Committees of GSLV-F06 and GSLV-D3 have been incorporated and implemented. Modifications in Fuel Booster Turbo Pump (FBTP) and Oxidiser Booster Turbo Pump (OBTP) were carried out along with improvements in Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) elements. The CUS lower shroud was redesigned and strengthened. Wind tunnel configuration was modified by extending its length. The lanyard connector mounting bracket was relocated from the lower shroud to truss member.

GSLV-D5 aerodynamic characterisation was revisited. Force measurements, Steady and Unsteady Pressure measurements and aero elastic tests were conducted using wind tunnel models at National Aerospace Laboratory, Bangalore and Glavkosmos, Russia. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

61 simulations were carried out in-house for incremental effects on protrusion, overall aerodynamic load distribution and distribution on protrusions.

All the motor segments of S139 stage were realised and cleared for flight. All the four L40 stages are positioned at SDSC, SHAR. GS2 stage is under preparation at LPSC Mahendragiri Facility (LMF). Assembly of cryogenic C12 Indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage of GSLV-D5 flight stage is in advanced stage of completion after successful completion of acceptance test and post test inspection of flight engine at LPSC Mahendragiri. To demonstrate cryogenic engine ignition under vacuum condition, preparation for the test in High Altitude Test (HAT) facility at LPSC Mahendragiri is progressing well. In parallel, assembly of GSLV-D5 at Vehicle assembly building of Second Launch Pad commenced on High Altitude Test Facility at Mahendragiri January 31, 2013 and the launch is targeted for June 2013.

Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle MarkIII (GSLV-MkIII) GSLV-MkIII is a three stage heavy lift launch vehicle, designed for launching four tonne class of communication satellites to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). It has three propulsion stages and is 42.4 m tall with a lift-off weight of 630 tonnes. Two identical large solid strap-on boosters (S200) with 200 tonnes of solid propellant are strapped on either side of the core stage (L110) with 110 tonnes of liquid propellant loading. The upper stage is the cryogenic stage (C25) with 27 tonnes propellant loading. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) payload fairing measures 5 m in diameter which can accommodate a payload volume of 100 cu m.

The major development and qualification tests conducted during the year include Ground Resonance Test of the ‘Core Alone’ Configuration, structural tests of Equipment Bay, Fore Stub Adapter, Payload Adapter,

62 Inter Stage 1/2L, Inter Stage 1/2M, C25 Thrust frame, Acoustic test of Heat Shield and Equipment Bay (EB) subassembly, Vibration test of proto EB, System level functional separation tests of S200 forward and aft end joint, L-110 propellant mock-up at launch complex, Qualification test of control actuators for all stages, Demonstration of acoustic suppression system for the launch pad and full vehicle integration trial.

Considering the complexity of the vehicle design and also the maturity and readiness of S-200 and L-110 propulsive stages, it is planned to have an experimental flight of GSLV-MkIII with passive cryogenic stage (C25) to characterise the ascent of the vehicle during the critical atmospheric phase of flight.

The first experimental flight with passive cryogenic stage (GSLV-MkIII-X flight) is targeted in the last quarter of 2013. Towards this mission, all six segments of two S200 flight motor have been cast and are GSLV-Mk III mock-up vehicle at the Second Launch Pad stored in magazines. All flight hardware of L-110 is positioned at LPSC, Mahendragiri and flight stage integration is in progress. For passive C25 stage, propellant tanks for the flight stage have been realised and stage integration activities have been initiated.

Semi-cryogenic Project Semi cryogenic Project envisages the design and development of a 2000 kN semi cryogenic engine for the future heavy lift Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV) and Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV). The semi cryogenic engine uses a combination of Liquid Oxygen (LOX) and ISROSENE as propellants, which are eco-friendly and cost effective.

Design of single element thrust chamber was completed and single element thrust chamber injector elements realised and cold flow tested. A rubber composition resistant to ISROSENE was also qualified. Rectangular rings, gaskets and O-rings for control components and turbo pump of semi cryogenic engine as well as Tri-ethyl aluminum (TEA) based hypergolic igniter have also been developed. Hot test was carried out with LOX step injection mode on semi cryogenic pre-burner injector at high pressure after completing cold flow trials and sequence validation tests. Further tests with step injection for ISROSENE and LOX are planned.

63 Reusable Launch Vehicle—Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) A winged Re-usable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been configured to act as a flying test bed to evaluate various technologies, namely, hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight and hypersonic flight using air breathing propulsion towards realising a Two Stage to Orbit (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle.

Major highlights of RLV-TD during the year include mission analysis based on static test propulsion performance, updating of autopilot design Airframe - Structural and Engineering models of TDV in RLV-TD ascent phase and Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (TDV) descent phase, 6D simulations through COMETS & SITARA to validate Navigation and Guidance Control (NGC) design, liftoff studies and wind turbulence studies. Guidance and Autopilot designs were modified based on simulation results.

Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (TDV) structural model was realised. Fuselage and inter stage assemblies are realised for structural testing. Flush Air Data System (FADS) test article realised and integration procedure, FADS algorithm, avionics and leak tightness for pressure pick up assembly were validated through 1:1 FADS wind tunnel test at IIT, Kanpur.

Qualification model of Radar Altimeter was realised and balloon test conducted at TIFR, Hyderabad. Carbon-carbon (C/C) laminates Radar Altimeter undergoing balloon test for nose cap were realised through a new route. Functional qualification test of Launch Hold and Release System (LHRS) with dual pyro initiation carried out with simulated interfaces. The testing of HS9 booster stage separation system along with hydraulic line separation system was completed successfully. High altitude test of the 2 kN retro rocket developed for jettisoning spent HS9 motor was successfully conducted at SDSC SHAR.

The Integrated Technical Review (ITR) of RLV-TD by the National Review Committee in October 2012 has concluded that launch of RLV-TD HEX-01 mission in September 2013 is feasible.

64 Pre Project activities of Human Spaceflight Programme (HSP) The objective of Human Spaceflight Programme is to undertake a human spaceflight mission to carry a crew of two to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and return them safely to a predefined destination on earth. The programme is proposed to be implemented in defined phases. Currently, the pre project activities are progressing with a focus on the development of critical technologies for subsystems such as Crew Module (CM), Environmental control and Life Support System (ECLSS), Crew Escape System, etc.

As part of pre project activities, drop test of full scale Crew Module were conducted successfully to understand the deceleration characteristics and validate the estimated values of ‘g’ level, touchdown velocity and depth of penetration. Scale models of Crew Module have been realised for heat transfer studies, plasma wind tunnel tests and aero-ballistic range tests were conducted. Mortar based parachute ejection and deployment tests carried out in single and clustered configuration. Environmental simulation chamber has been realised for testing of ECLSS functional modules and flight suit systems. Flight suit has been successfully tested in vacuum chamber for leak rate assessment and material compatibility under vacuum conditions.

Air Breathing Propulsion Project (ABPP) Air-Breathing (AB) propulsion along with Reusable Launch Vehicle technology is the technological key for low cost access to Space. Unlike conventional rockets which carry both oxygen and fuel onboard, Air breathing propulsion systems make use of atmospheric oxygen for combustion resulting in substantial improvement in payload fraction and thus reducing overall costs.

ISRO has taken up a systematic R&D programme demonstrating stable supersonic combustion through a series of ground tests on the Air-Breathing Propulsion Technology and flight demonstration is planned with the Advanced Technology Vehicle (ATV).

Functional qualification testing of the air intake cowl opening mechanism of scramjet engine with flight load simulation was carried out. Prior to this, numerous full-scale air intake wind tunnel tests were carried out at NAL, Bangalore and for the first time cowl opening and closing have been demonstrated during a wind tunnel blow down. Pyro actuation tests were also carried out with equivalent resisting load for the fine-tuning of actuation time.

A high frequency data acquisition unit was developed for scramjet flight-testing. In order to measure “change in vehicle acceleration” during the scramjet experiment, a ceramic servo based acceleration measurement package was developed.

Scramjet engine fabrication with super alloy Inconel 718 and Aluminium alloy AA2014 involving complex geometry is in advanced stage. A high feed machining technique (using special inserts) was evolved to improve machining of Inconel 718. First set of engine frame assembly and nozzle segment has been

65 realised. Also, realised Kevlar wound Titanium gas bottles for high-pressure gaseous hydrogen application. Fabrication of Fuel Feed System flight structure has been carried out at an external agency.

Towards scramjet combustor ground testing facility, vacuum brazing of critical air heater modules with intricate milled cooling channels were carried out for the scramjet combustor ground testing facility. Functional testing of gaseous Hydrogen – Oxygen based pilot flame igniter was also carried out.

Space Capsule Recovery Experiment—2 (SRE-2) SRE-2 Project was formed with the main objective of realising a fully recoverable capsule and to provide a platform to conduct micro-gravity experiments. SRE capsule has four major hardware, namely, Aero Thermo-structure (ATS), Spacecraft platform, deceleration and floatation system and payloads.

Critical Design Review(CDR) on mechanical systems, avionics systems, mission and ground segment, electrical systems and inertial systems were completed. Triggering Unit (TU) flight model was realised and is under test and evaluation. UHF Beacon qualification model tests are in progress.

Realisation of carbon-carbon cap and shell hardware with revised process is in progress. Carbon-Carbon Carbon-Carbon nose cap cap will be processed as 4D composite through Hot Isostatic Pitch Impregnation and Carbonisation (HIPIC) route. Carbon-carbon shell will be processed through 2D Pitch Impregnation and Carbonisation route. Carbon-carbon shell material characterisation at laminate level was completed. Design of interface elements is being revised. SiC coating process validation trials with graphite were done and coating trials on full scale carbon-carbon shell hardware were also completed. Acoustic test of Si-C coated carbon-carbon shell hardware was done successfully confirming its integrity.

Advanced Technology Vehicle and Sounding Rocket Project (ATVP) Advanced Technology Vehicle (ATV) has the unique capability to take a payload of 200-400 kg up to an altitude of 800 km. Ascent of the vehicle in a direct vertical profile makes it an excellent platform for space research, best suited for the studies of upper atmospheric features and short period transient phenomena/events in the atmosphere. ATV also provides a cost-effective platform for the study of microgravity conditions with up to 10 minutes of microgravity at levels better than 100 g which can be used for microgravity experiments in fluid physics, combustion research, materials sciences, biology as well as to perform precursor experiments for launch vehicles, satellites and manned missions.

66 The first sounding rocket designed and developed by students of IIST, VYOM, was successfully flight tested on May 11, 2012. Vehicle performance was normal and all flight objectives were met. Good quality telemetry data was received throughout the flight.

Nine RH 200 flights with chaff payload were successfully conducted from TERLS Range for collecting MET data. Performance of the vehicle was consistent and good data was obtained from all the flights.

Launch Infrastructure SDSC SHAR is augmenting the infrastructure to meet the requirements of increased launch frequency of 5/6 launches per year. The following major infrastructure was realised/being realised during the current year:

• Above Ground Curing Oven is commissioned

• Additional storage facilities are realised for AL and AP Bins

• 300 Gallon Vertical Mixer is in the final phase of commissioning

• 4.5 T Vertical Mixer is under realisation

• L 40 storage building is under realisation

• PSOM-XL Integration facility is under realisation

Titanium Sponge Production Plant (KMML) Titanium Sponge Plant with a capacity of 500 TPA is set up jointly by ISRO and the Government of Kerala using the indigenous technology developed by DMRL, Hyderabad. The plant is fully commissioned and production of titanium sponge commenced.

1m Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Hypersonic Wind Tunnel facility up to Mach 6 has been commissioned and the facility is operational in fully auto mode.

67 SPACE SCIENCES

Space Science Programme Space Science research has been an important element of Indian space programme. The space science research activities are pursued at PRL, SPL, NARL and SAG at ISAC. A number of space science research projects in the field of atmospheric science, astronomy and planetary exploration and science payload development activities are supported and implemented at various Universities and Research Institutes by ISRO through the recommendations of ISRO’s Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS). Some of the activities carried out under space science programme are summarised below.

Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission is ISRO’s first interplanetary mission to planet Mars with a spacecraft designed to orbit Mars in an elliptical orbit of 372 km by 80,000 km. Mars Orbiter mission is India’s next challenging technological mission out of the Earth’s gravitational field. The major demands will be critical mission operations and stringent requirements on propulsion, communications and other bus systems of the spacecraft. The primary driving technological objective of the mission is to design and realize a spacecraft with a capability to reach Mars (Martian transfer Trajectory), then to orbit around Mars (Mars Orbit Insertion) which will take about nine months time. Yet another technological challenge is to realize

Mission Profile

68 related deep space mission planning and communication management at a distance of nearly 400 million km. The polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV will be used to inject the spacecraft from SDSC, SHAR in the 250 X 23000 km orbit with an inclination of 17.864 degree. As the minimum energy transfer opportunity from Earth to Mars occurs once in 26 months, the opportunity in 2013 demands a cumulative incremental velocity of 2.592 km/sec.

This satellite will also carry compact science experiments, totaling a mass of 15 kg, as listed in the table below which has been reviewed and selected by Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS).

Payload Primary Objective Escape processes of Mars upper atmosphere Lyman Alpha Photometer (LAP) through Deuterium/Hydrogen Methane Sensor for MARS (MSM) Detect presence of Methane Martian Exospheric Composition Study the neutral composition of the Martian Explorer (MENCA) upper atmosphere MARS Colour Camera (MCC) Optical imaging TIR imaging spectrometer (TIS) Map surface composition and mineralogy

The deployed view of the spacecraft configuration indicating the scientific payloads is shown below.

MCC Payload MSM Payload TIS Payload

Deployed views of the spacecraft indicating some of the scientific payloads

Status Preliminary Design Reviews of all the spacecraft systems and payloads have been completed. The structure has been delivered to clean room and the propulsion system integration is in the final stage.

69 All payloads are in the advanced stage of development and expected to be delivered for Integration by March/April 2013. The ground segment elements at Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) at Byalalu and S- band sea-borne terminals are getting geared up for the mission.

CHANDRAYAAN-2 MISSION Chandrayaan-2 will be an Indo-Russian Mission. It is an advanced version of the previous Chandrayaan-1 mission to Moon. ISRO’s capability to soft-land on the lunar surface will be demonstrated with this mission.

Chandrayaan-2 is configured as a two module system comprising of an Orbiter Craft module (OC) and a Lander Craft module (LC) carrying the Rover developed by ISRO. Both the modules are interfaced mechanically by an inter module adapter. The functions of the two modules are as follows:

• The Orbiter Craft with payloads onboard will orbit around the moon and perform the objectives of remote sensing the moon. The payloads on the orbiter will conduct mineralogical and elemental studies of the Moon’s surface. • The Lander Craft with scientific payloads will soft land on the lunar surface at a predetermined location on the lunar surface. Payloads for Lander are under finalization. • The Rover is released by the Lander Craft and has the mission objective of performing mobility activities on low gravity and vacuum of Moon surface with Semi-Autonomous Orbiter and Lander in stacked configuration with Rover inside the Lander craft navigation and hazard avoidance capability. The Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) and Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer (APXS) payloads onboard Rover would perform elemental analysis of the lunar surface near the landing site.

The Rover will be powered with a small solar panel and will have the capability to communicate to IDSN either through Lander Rover Communication System onboard the Lander or through the Orbiter Rover Communication System onboard the Orbiter. The design and development of the 4 wheel Rover Bread Board Rover-Bread Board Model moving on a slope Model has been completed and mobility activities are successfully demonstrated. Presently, modification of the 4 wheeled Rover to 6 wheeled Rover is in progress.

Sample test bed with lunar soil stimulant has been established at the Terrain Test Facility, ISITE and Rover Bread Board Model (BBM) is tested successfully.

70 ASTROSAT The ASTROSAT project is aimed at design, development, fabrication and launch of an astronomical observatory for studies of cosmic sources. ASTROSAT is envisaged to be a National Observatory which will be available for astronomical observations to any researcher in India. Although most of the observation time will be for the use of Indian researchers, a part of the ASTROSAT observation time will also be made available to International astronomical community on a competitive basis.

ASTROSAT is planned to be launched by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The requirement of the launcher is to put the 1500 Kg spacecraft into low earth orbit of 650 km altitude, low inclination (< 8 deg.) circular orbit. The life of the satellite has been configured for a minimum period of 5 years.

All the data from ASTROSAT will be received by a dedicated Data reception station located at Bangalore. An ASTROSAT Data Facility will be established for the storage and archiving of all the ASTROSAT science data.

Payloads • UVIT (Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope) payload interface test with Bus Management Unit (BMU) is completed. Optics focus tests on both telescopes FUV/NUV were completed and integration of both the telescopes with Titanium adapter and cabling works are done.

• LAXPC (Large Area Xenon Proportional Counter) payload FM Detector thermal implementation work is completed.

• Integrated SXT (Soft X- Ray Telescope) QM payload Vibration/Thermovac tests are done. SXT flight thermal baffle assembly and statics/dynamics analysis of the same is also completed; Processing electronics for all cards are fabricated and tested except FPGA cards for which modes testing are under progress. FM optics alignment with Camera adapter is in progress.

• CZTI (Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager) payload detector two quadrants assembly and characterisation tests were completed. Onboard software review is completed and flight FPGAs fused. All cards of processing electronics were tested and assembled and T&E is taken up at VSSC.

• CPM (Charge Particle Monitor) FM cards are tested and assembled and T&E is progress.

• SSM (Scanning Sky Monitor) payload detector chain is baked and filled with gas and tested for stability. SSM platform vibration fixture qualification is completed. Vibration tests of the integrated SSM Payload on platform with mechanism elements is completed. SSM QM motor Life cycle test is done successfully.

ADITYA-1 Aditya-1 is a scientific mission designed to study solar corona. The major scientific objectives of the proposed space solar coronagraph are to achieve a fundamental understanding of the physical processes that (a) Heat the solar corona (b) Accelerate the Solar Wind, and (c) Produce Coronal Mass Ejections

71 (CMEs). The proposed design of the coronagraph instrument is aimed to understand High Frequency Intensity Oscillations(~1Hz), Dynamics of Coronal Loops with High Cadence, Magnetic Field Topology and CMEs close to the Solar Disk.

Aditya-1 is planned to be launched by PSLV into 800 km polar orbit. It will carry an internally occulted solar coronagraph of mass 130 kg. The 20 cm coronagraph, having a Field of View of corona from 1.05 R to 3.0 R, uses an off axis parabolic mirror. The payload will have three CCD detectors system with a capability of simultaneous imaging in 6374 Å, 5303 Å and in 5800 Å for continuum/broadband.

Preliminary Design Review of Optics and Detector systems is completed. Payload structural design and thermal design of the mirrors are being worked out.

Development of X-ray Polarimeter The space X-ray astronomy experiments carried out during the last three decades have brought in improvements of a few order of magnitude in sensitivity for Timing, Spectroscopy and Imaging. However, in the whole history of X-ray astronomy, the Crab Nebula is the only X-ray source for which definite polarisation measurements exist. Some key scientific issues in high energy astrophysics require input from polarisation measurement. Hence there is a strong need for X-ray polarisation measurement.

The accretion powered X-ray pulsars, black hole X-ray binaries, rotation powered pulsars and non-thermal SNR will be the prime targets for this mission. As this instrument will be suitable for measurement of X-ray polarisation in several dozen hard X-ray sources of different types, this experiment will give a unique opportunity to expand the field of X-ray astronomy into a hitherto unexplored dimension.

The instrument is designed to make measurement of degree of linear polarisation and the polarisation angle based on anisotropic Thomson scattering of X-ray photons. X-rays from the source are made to undergo Thomson scattering and the intensity distribution of the scattered photons is measured as a function of azimuthal angle. Polarised X-rays will produce an azimuthal modulation in the intensity and same is used to make the polarisation measurement.

Development status: A laboratory model of the instrument working in the energy band of 5-30 keV was made at Raman Research Institute (RRI) and tested successfully in 2009. An engineering model of the instrument has been designed and fabrication of the same is in progress.

Figure on the right shows two engineering model detectors completely machined and assembled along with the wire frames. The machining of the remaining two engineering model detectors is in progress. The fabricated engineering model detectors

72 In order to compensate for any small pointing offset of the satellite and to attain constant effective area, the instrument requires a collimator with a flat-topped response. Figure on the right shows the engineering model collimator with hexagonal tapered holes, being machined from a solid aluminum block using wire-cutting method.

The development of front end and signal processing electronics for the instrument is nearly completed. The detectors used are position sensitive proportional counters, which employ charge division principle to determine the Engineering model of the collimator position of photons falling on the detector.

YOUTHSAT The YOUTHSAT satellite was launched successfully by the PSLV-C16 on April 20, 2010 in an 818 km orbit. The Indo-Russian joint venture ‘YOUTHSAT’ had three scientific payloads, namely RaBIT (Radio Beacon for Ionospheric Tomography), and LiVHySI (Limb Viewing Hyper Spectral Imager) from ISRO and SOLRAD from Moscow State University, Russia.

The RaBIT, a SPL-VSSC venture, is a radio beacon emitting coherent radio signal at 150 and 400 MHz frequencies. These are received using a chain of five receivers deployed along the ~76 degree E meridian at Trivandrum, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Bhopal and Delhi. The receivers estimate the Total Electron Content (TEC) of the ionosphere through the relative phase change of the received radio signals. The TECs thus estimated near simultaneously, are used to generate a tomogram, which gives an Altitude-Latitude distribution of the ionospheric electron density. For the YOUTHSAT configuration, the tomogram covers the ionosphere from a few degrees (5-6 degree) south of Trivandrum to about 3-4 degree north of Delhi depending upon the satellite elevation. Important scientific results obtained from RaBIT is explained below.

Studies on the manifestations of Plasma bubbles in Tomograms The RaBIT measurements of Total Electron Content (TEC) during nighttime show large modulations caused by the electron density depletions also known by the generic name ‘ESF’). Therefore, a simulation study was carried out to understand the extent of modulations these density depletions can produce in the TEC. For the simulations, an overhead RaBIT path was simulated and the night time electron densities were obtained from the IRI model. In this model ionosphere, plasma density depletions were introduced to mimic the presence of a plasma bubble. The TEC was estimated and the manifestations of the plasma bubble on TEC were examined. The TEC thus estimated when compared with actual night time TEC measured using RaBIT revealed striking similarities. Likewise more simulations were done to understand how the variation in the spatial extent i.e. along latitude and altitude of these plasma bubbles manifest

73 also in the reconstructed TEC. In the real ESF scenario a large number of bubbles would be present at different locations modulating the TEC, making the ionospheric reconstruction really difficult. Presented on the right is a tomogram generated for the night pass of RaBIT at 22:00 IST on October 20, 2011. The digisonde derived ionograms around 22:00 IST revealed the presence of Equatorial Spread-F (ESF) on this night. This tomogram is, perhaps, the first representing the ESF conditions. The tomogram reveals very significant modulations in the top-side ionosphere. Many small scale fluctuations are seen on the topside ionosphere indicating the presence of ESF instabilities. The peak electron density around the 250-350 km altitude range also exhibits several small scale modulations present therein.

A Tomogram obtained on 20th October 2011 representing the ESF conditions, perhaps first tomogram during ESF obtained over the Indian Longitudes.

SPL conducted a two day YOUTHSAT ‘Data Utilisation and Hands-On Training Workshop’ at SPL, VSSC during October 14-15, 2011. About 45 researchers from universities and institutes from across the country participated in it.

Planetary Science and Exploration (PLANEX) Programme Laboratory studies of meteorites to understand early solar system processes and planetary evolution, analysis of remote sensing data from Moon and Mars missions, investigation of terrestrial analogues of Mars and payload development activities for Chandrayaan-2 and upcoming exploration missions of ISRO are the focus of PLANEX during the year.

Laboratory studies were carried out on some special meteorites (falls) that include a Martian shergottite (Tissint), a Carbonaceous chondrite (Sutters Mill) and a large L chondrite from India (Katol). In addition, lunar samples (including lunar meteorites) studies have been initiated to address specific issues like understanding magmatic water on moon and to understand lunar nitrogen problem. Terrestrial analogues of Mars are also being studied to understand water rock interactions on ancient Mars. Some important results like a) Clear signatures of cosmogenic 21Ne, trapped 36Ar and radiogenic 129Xe, all of unmistakable meteoritic origin in impact glass from Lonar was found. These results establish a new tool for inferring and identifying the extraterrestrial object that made the crater and b) Trapped and cosmogenic noble gas studies have shown the presence of Mars atmosphere in Tissint and also gave a Cosmic ray exposure age of 1.1 Ma.

74 Remote sensing of Moon (continuing program) and Mars (initiated last year) using data from planetary missions to understand morphological features to decipher surface processes and chemical, mineralogical information is another focus of the work. M3, HySI and TMC data from Chandrayaan-1, LROC-NAC and LOLA data from LRO mission, and MI data from Kaguya mission have been used to carry out the following studies: Non-mare silicic volcanism on Moon; Evidences for post formation volcanic activity on the central peak of Tycho crater; Origin of pyroclastic ring in the Orientale basin on the Moon; Regional Dark mantle Deposits on Moon. Surface morphological features related to water and ice activity on Mars have been studied. Using high resolution remote sensing datasets from various missions, the glacier-like features on the surface of Mars have been investigated. Seasonal and temporal studies of glaciological features have been carried out to assess the processes by which the landforms have formed. The imagery have been employed to map the interpretable features for developing a general understanding of the extent of glaciation that could have occurred on the planet.

The two payloads, XSM onboard Chandrayaan-2 orbiter and APXS on Chandrayaan-2 rover have made good progress. The PDR for both have been conducted in November 2011. The changes suggested by the PDR committee have been incorporated and the modified versions have been approved in April 2012. Engineering Models (EM) of the final approved versions will be realized by the end of 2012. Work on Wireless Sensor Networks as a new technology for planetary surface exploration is progressing. A miniature light sensor node weighing less than 20g has been developed with industrial components and attempts to fabricate its space qualified version are in progress. The new initiative, one of the short listed payloads for the forthcoming Mars mission of ISRO, Plasma And Composition Experiment (PACE) is progressing.

In addition to the two annual meetings, PLANEX Workshop and the PLANEX PIs annual review meeting, we have organized a International Conference on Planetary Sciences and Exploration: 7th Chandrayaan-1 Meeting at PRL, Ahmedabad. During the period, five new projects have been funded. Currently there are 18 ongoing projects. During the year, 18 publications have come out of these projects.

This new venture of bringing out a quarterly electronic publication has evoked a lot of interest amongst the target audience. Two volumes of 4 issues each, have been brought out. This venture has been rewarded by a Prize at NSSS-2012 at Tirupati. PLANEX has two visitors during the year and has supported two participants to attend international conferences to present their work.

Space Science Promotion ISRO Space Science Promotion Scheme (ISRO-SSPS) is an ADCOS initiative towards supporting and strengthening of research in space sciences in the universities. A few universities have been selected under the scheme based on their national representation and regional distribution. The basic criteria for the selection of the universities have been the heritage of space science and atmospheric research in them. The salient points of the scheme, which is initially for five years, are as follows:

75 • M.Sc / M.Tech Fellowship Scheme to attract students with the right aptitude / interest in space science at the postgraduate level and encourage them to pursue space science research as their career after their post graduation. • One time grant to university for laboratory augmentation towards conducting space science related experiments. • Augmentation of faculty positions for a period of five years as requested by the universities. • Honorarium and travel support for visiting scientists / guest faculties

The scheme has been implemented in eight Universities under the Phase-I activities of the scheme. A meeting was conducted during November 22 – 23, 2011 to review SSPS activities. Presentations were made by the Universities on the status and activities under SSPS.

S.K. Mitra Centre for Research in Space Environment ISRO has funded six research projects at the centre in the areas: (i) Atmosphere and Climate, (ii) Radio Remote Sensing of Earth’s Environment and, (iii) Satellite Beacon and Space Weather. ISRO has also provided funding under its programme “Space Science Promotion Scheme” for procuring equipments, three M. Tech Fellowships and two posts of Assistant Professors for five years to work under the Centre. Research has been undertaken to determine the relationship between Stratospheric Moistening and Stratospheric Ozone, Aerosol and Cloud Interaction, Diurnal variation of Black Carbon Concentration, Rain Attenuation Modelling, Cloud Attenuation, Multi-station characterization of EIA and ESF from the magnetic equator through the northern crest of the EIA and beyond and GPS phase scintillation observations near the northern crest of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA).

Astronomy Olympiad Astronomy Olympiad is intended to encourage students with good foundation in Physics and Mathematics and interest in Astronomy to pursue further studies in this field. It involves a five stage process leading to participation of Indian teams in International Astronomy Olympiad (IAO). From the year 2007, India has been participating in International Olympiad in Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA) also.

The programme is being supported by ISRO and DAE and co-ordinated through Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education (TIFR), Mumbai in collaboration with Indian Association of Physics Teachers. The next Olympiad in Astronomy and Astrophysics (IOAA) is planned to be held at Rio De Janeiro, Brazil.

National Space Science Symposium (NSSS-2012) Seventeenth National Space Science Symposium (NSSS-2012) was held at Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati during 14-17 February, 2012. The Symposium, sponsored by ISRO in association with the Astronomical Society of India was organized to provide a scientific forum for the presentation of new results and to discuss recent developments in space science, planetary exploration and space and ground- based astronomy programmes /projects being pursued at various research institutions and universities in India.

76 The Inaugural session of the symposium started with the welcome address by Prof. A. Jayaraman, Programme Director, SSO/ Director, NARL. The Symposium was inaugurated by Prof. U.R. Rao, Chairman, Advisory committee for Space Science (ADCOS) 14th February, 2012. Prof. J.N. Goswami, Director, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad delivered the keynote address. Shri. M.G. Gopal, IAS, Vice- Chancellor, S.V. University presided over the function.

Six hundred delegates across the country participated in the symposium. The scientific programme had several parallel sessions, special plenary sessions and special invited talks by outstanding scientists from premier institutes. Special Plenary Sessions on (i) Advances in Astronomy (ii) Meghatropiques and (iii) Polar Research were organized. A popular lecture was given by Prof. G. Srinivasan on “The Accelerating Universe”. Inter-disciplinary Lectures on “Cosmology-recent discoveries and challenges ahead”, “CAWSES” and “Neutrinos in Physics and Astronomy” were also organized.

The parallel sessions in the areas of (i) Space –based Meteorology, Oceanography and Geosphere- Biosphere Interactions (ii) Middle atmosphere, coupling dynamics and climate change (iii) Ionosphere, magnetosphere, Thermosphere, Space weather and sun earth relationships (iv) Astronomy and Astrophysics (v) The Solar system bodies including Planetary system were organized during the symposium. The Conference was held for four days with contributory oral and poster sessions and an ISRO exhibition for the benefit of College / School students. Best Oral and Poster Cash Prize Awards were presented during the concluding session.

The 39th COSPAR Scientific Assembly The 39th COSPAR Scientific Assembly (COSPAR-2012) was held during 14-22 July 2012 at Narayana Murthy Center of Excellence (Infosys Training Center), Mysore, India. ISRO had the complete responsibility of organising the 39th COSPAR Assembly. Infosys, Mysore was the co-sponsor of this event.

COSPAR Scientific Assembly is the largest gathering of Space Scientists in the world wherein the scientific results of the recent space missions and plans for future are presented and discussed through interactions. More than 2200 space scientists, from all over the world, engaged in space science research activities have participated in the Scientific Assembly. COSPAR-2012. The main theme of COSPAR-2012 assembly was “Space for the Benefit of Mankind “. The main topics of interest addressed in COSPAR 2012 include Earth Science, Meteorology, Climate, Atmospheric Science, Astrophysics, Life Science related to Space, Material Sciences in Space, and Fundamental Physics in Space, Planetary Exploration, Space Weather etc.

The COSPAR Scientific Assembly had thirty Parallel scientific sessions, Space Agency Round table, Inaugural and Awards ceremony, Opening Reception, Scientific Commission/Panel Business meetings, interdisciplinary lectures, Public lecture, Exhibition and Scientific poster sessions.

The invited lectures from eminent scientists from various parts of the globe were arranged on the latest development in the field of space science. Some of the very interesting scientific topics covered were

77 “The New Face of the Moon”, “The Very Early Universe”, “Dynamics of the Global Sun from Interior to Outer Atmosphere”, “Origin and Signatures of Life”, “The Gamma-ray Universe through Fermi, Long-term Aerosol and Cloud Observations from Space for Climate Studies”, “A Space Astronomy Global Road Map for the Next Decade”, and a public lecture was arranged on the topic “Exo-planets” by Prof Willey Benz at the University of Mysore.

The Space Agency round table was chaired by Prof. U.R.Rao, Chairman LOC, COSPAR- 2012. Dr.K. Radhakrishnan, Chairman ISRO/Secretary DOS, Prof.R. Bonneville, Deputy Director for Program and Strategy, CNES, Dr.D.Kendall, Director General of Space Science and Technology, CSA, Dr.H.Dittus, the Executive Board Member, DLR, Prof M. Nakamura, Research Director, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA participated in the round table to discuss the topic “Space Vision-2020 and Beyond”.

78 SPONSORED RESEARCH

RESPOND (Research Sponsored) programme started in the early 1970s, aims at encouraging academia to participate and contribute in various space related activities. Under RESPOND, projects are taken up by universities / academic institutions in the areas of relevance to Space Programme. Apart from this, ISRO has also set up Space Technology Cells at premiere institutions like Indian Institute of Technologies (IITs) - Bombay, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras; Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore and Joint Research Programme with the University of Pune (UoP) to carry out research activities in the areas of space technology and applications.

The main objectives of the RESPOND Programme are to establish strong links with academic institutions in the country to carry out research and developmental projects which are of relevance to space and derive useful outputs of such R&D to support ISRO programmes. RESPOND programme aims to enhance academic base, generate human resources and infrastructure at the academic institutes to support the space programme. The major activity of RESPOND is to provide support to research projects in a wide range of topics in space technology, space science and applications areas to universities/ institutions. In addition, conferences, workshops and publications, which are of relevance to space research, are also being supported.

Activities During the year, RESPOND supported 32 New Projects and 36 Ongoing Projects (from 52 academic institutions) and five space technology cells and joint research programme with University of Pune (UoP). In addition, ISRO Chairs and 93 conferences/symposia/publications and other scientific promotional activities have been supported. During the year, 58 projects sponsored earlier under RESPOND have been successfully completed. A few high quality scientific publications have emerged out of these projects apart from fulfilling the objectives at individual project level. Principal Investigators (PI), Co-PIs and research fellows involved in various projects interacted with various ISRO focal points/experts in realising the projects.

RESPOND has s u p p o r t e d 1 7 Universities/ Colleges, three National Institutes and four Research Centres to take up 32 new research projects. Further, 25

79 Universities/colleges, five National Institutes and one Research Centre have been supported to continue 36 ongoing RESPOND Projects. During the year, RESPOND has supported totally 40 Universities/colleges, seven National Institutes and five Research Centres to take up RESPOND Projects both new and ongoing. During this period, a good number of projects has been supported in all three broad areas, namely, Space Science (26), Space Applications (26) and Space Technology (16).

Projects at STC: During the year, RESPOND has supported 200 projects of advanced R&D activities in selected areas of Space by five Space Technology Cells and the Joint Research Programme at University of Pune. Among these, 55 are new projects,100 ongoing projects and 45 completed projects during the year as given in the table below:

Sl. STC at No. of Projects No. New Ongoing Completed 1 IISc Bangalore 24 26 13 2 IIT Madras 02 15 03 3 IIT Bombay 04 12 03 4 IIT Kanpur 07 07 07 5 IIT Kharagpur 05 34 01 6 Joint Research Programme 13 06 18 at University of Pune Total 55 100 45

The project proposals are reviewed by domain experts of ISRO and later by Joint Policy Committees consisting of experts from ISRO and the academia. In addition to the R&D Projects, ISRO under RESPOND programme has established research chairs to guide advanced research in niche areas of space at IIT Kharagpur, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), University of Pune (UoP) and Bangalore University.

Major Highlights of Some of the RESPOND Projects • Urban Disaster management and emergency response: This project has established the effective use of GIS for understanding and analysing the flood and fire, accidental conditions and has found proper solutions towards mitigating these disasters in the city area. The study has concluded that the proper emergency response management system comprising of 3 to 4 services like fire brigade, police, ambulance and hospital services is required in the city to protect its population and property from potential risks at proper locations. This study can be used to enhance the efficiency of these departments which will help in saving life of people, safeguard health, save property, surrounding the risk environment within a short time due to the quick response generated from the emergency response system.

80 • Development of Artificial Intelligence for interpretation of Ultrasonic Test data: Under this project, an artificial intelligence model has been developed based on the calculation of wavelet coefficients, time frequency domain parameters to characterise defects echoes in order to classify material defects. Due to the multi resolution property of the wavelet transform, the sensibility of flaw detection is improved. The features from wavelets decomposition associated with Artificial Neural Network appear to be better in the classification of defects. • Electro-chemical decomposition of Aluminium —Lithium alloys for cryo and space applications: Under this project, an electrolyte bath was developed and optimisation of deposition parameters for the electro-decomposition of Aluminum Lithium alloys has been achieved. The deposition potentials of Aluminum and the other metals in the ionic liquid are closer, which is an essential criterion for electro- deposition of alloys. This ionic liquid is cost effective and easy to prepare than the other expensive ionic liquids. The electrodeposited alloys are highly adherent, uniform and achieved a thickness of more than 200 µm on Gold electrode surface, which is helpful for electroforming of the alloys for specific component preparation. • Friction stir welding (FSW) of Al-alloys used in space application (6061 T6): Under this project, the FSW technology was developed for 1 mm, 3 mm, 6 mm and 13 mm thick plates of 6061 Al-alloys. Different tools were designed for different thicknesses of 6061 Al-alloys. The process parameters were optimised and FSW joint strength of samples were characterised through various tools. • Study of grain chemistry in relation to the formation of complex molecular cloud: The chemical decomposition of the interstellar grain mantle was studied under different interstellar conditions .The project dealt mainly with the chemical evolution of the interstellar medium due to gas grain interaction. Grain chemistry was extensively studied by the Monte Carlo method. Production of complex molecules on the grain surface was the prime importance of this project. • Autonomous navigation system for Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites Using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS): Under this project, a simple but fairly accurate algorithm has been developed to determine the LEO satellite in real time and with low computational burden. This is done by using raw navigation solution provided by GPS receiver using the satellite dynamic orbit model equation. A fixed step–size Runge–Kutta fourth order numerical integration method is selected for orbit propagation. Least square differential correction and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) are used to generate the optimal state estimate of the satellite orbit. Software to generate reference trajectory is developed in MATLAB. EKF algorithm is found to be fast and accurate compared to least square algorithm because of its recursive nature and this makes it suitable for implementation in autonomous orbit determination. • Study of Si quantum dots for solar cell application: Under this project, films of Si nanoparticles were spin cast on Silicon solar cell applications. Films of Si nanoparticles were spin cast on Silicon solar cells (procured from the market) at room temperature. The analysis showed 9.4% increase in Si solar cell efficiency due to the surface passivation effect offered by Silicon Nano Particles (Si NPs). In this work, Silicon Nano Particles are prepared by pulverising electrochemically formed porous Si layer and passivated with hydrogen and 1-Heptene molecules. Investigations to understand the underlying phenomenon indicate the reduction in surface recombination.

81 INDIAN SPACE INDUSTRY

The Indian space programme has been growing stronger during the past four decades, attracting global attention for its rapid strides. Towards achieving shorter turnaround times for realising the missions, ISRO, right from the beginning, has been encouraging the participation of Indian Industry. Indian Space program has the responsibility of promoting the development of space science, technology and applications for facilitating the development of the nation and in doing so, ISRO has forged a strong relationship with a large number of industrial enterprises, both in public and private sector to implement its space projects. Robust industry participation has been a cornerstone in the policies adopted by ISRO for achieving self reliance. Now, ISRO is encouraging the participation of industries in taking up challenging roles in the realisation of operational launch vehicles, heavier class of communication satellites, sophisticated earth observation satellites, establishment of new facilities and augmentation of existing infrastructure, identification of several new industries for placement of orders and work related to spacecraft, launch vehicle and ground segment, which have grown both in terms of complexity and scale. Thrust has been given towards indigenisation of space materials and systems with industry participation. With ISRO undertaking development of cutting edge technologies and interplanetary exploratory missions, there is a huge opportunity thrown open for industry to contribute in the realisation of operational missions and also to contribute in upcoming areas like satellite navigation.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER During the year, the technologies licensed to industries for commercialisation include Multi Layer Printed Antenna Technology and DDV 100 Resin system. In addition to this, industries have been shortlisted for the know-how transfer of Dual Polarisation LIDAR, Solid State Power Amplifier, Precision Tapping Attachment and EPY 1061 coating compound.

The Multilayer Printed Antenna Technology includes the usage of a new type of light weight low dielectric constant material for high radiation efficiency and low surface wave propagation. The technology is expected to find wide applications in mobile communication, VSAT terminals, electronic controlled active phased array antenna, MSS terminals and in the manufacturing of Ground Penetration Radar, etc. DDV 100 is an electrically insulating heat curable epoxy imidazole resin specially developed as a result of indigenisation efforts for applications in Direct Drive Valve actuators of an important national program.

The compact Dual Polarisation Lidar (DPL) technology developed by ISRO provides insight into locating the presence of aerosol particles and clouds in the atmosphere, which plays a major role in regulating earth’s climate and air quality. The 15W C-band SSPA developed by ISRO consists of an RF tray and Electronic Power Conditioner (EPC) assembly and is expected to be used in satellite payloads. Tapping is one of the essential tooling operations to be carried out in mechanical packages used in communication payloads. The tapping mechanism developed by ISRO is useful for high precision tapping operations from M1.2 screw size onwards. The precision tapping attachment ensures precise tapping with perpendicularity and no jamming/breaking of tapping tool and operation by an unskilled worker.

82 EPY1061 is an amidoamine modified epoxy based system specially developed to protect the metal surfaces from corrosion in aqueous strontium perchlorate medium.

The productionisation of technologies licensed to industries has been progressing satisfactorily. During the year, industry has successfully productionised the ASIC based Demodulator and exported few units for meeting the requirements of an international organisation. The Distress Alert Transmitter (DAT) continues to have demand from users. More than 750 units were supplied during the year to users such as sea going vessel associations and port authorities. Few units of MSS Type D terminal, which has application in two-way voice and data communication through satellite, were also manufactured and supplied by licensee industry. Indigenous GIS software (IGIS) has proved its credibility in the market with more than 70 licenses being given primarily to research and development and academic institutions. The Multi Layer Printed Antenna technology has been successfully used by the licensee industry in the realisation of hardware for ISRO’s Multi Object Tracking Radar (MOTR) project. Industry has successfully continued supplying Pedcoat liner system for application in the launch vehicle projects. It is expected that the demand for this product will increase in the future. During the year, 300 kg of five different types of adhesive systems were supplied by industry for various applications in launch vehicle area. The fire extinguishing powders, OLFEX and TEC for oil and metal fires respectively, continue to have demand from users, particularly in petrochemical industries. Attempts are being made by industries to customise the licensed technologies to suit the requirements of user community.

There are a number of technologies identified for know-how transfer from ISRO. These include various types of adhesives and polymers, silica fiber and granule material, ceramics, pressure transducers, liquid level detectors, temperature sensors, silver plating and thermal control coating techniques, ground penetration radar, elastic Raman lidar, lower atmospheric wind profiling radar, etc.

In order to promote the technology transfer activities, a half day ISRO Innovation and Technology Transfer Meet was organised during BSX 2012. The technology transfer meet was well attended with the participation of more than 175 industry delegates. Over 70 technologies for know-how transfer from various ISRO Centres/Units were announced during the meet. A compendium on “Technology Offers from ISRO for Know How Transfer to Industries” was released during the meet. Many industries have shown interest in the know-how transfer of ISRO technologies. Industries are being encouraged to think innovative spin-off applications from the space technologies developed by ISRO.

PATENTS AND COPYRIGHTS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) are valuable assets of organisation and realising this, efforts are on to create a strong IPR portfolio which will not only protect novel technologies developed in-house but will also significantly strengthen ISRO’s effort for finding spin-off applications of such inventions. ISRO scientists are sensitised about the importance of obtaining IPRs for the novel development arising out of their activities.

Eight new patent applications were granted during the year including a manufacturing process to realise light weight Inconel panels, system for digital calibration of signal processing electronics for naturally

83 occurring signals, segmented shaped multi-beam antenna, wideband planar micro-strip antenna for space-borne applications, etc. Patents for 14 new products and processes developed by ISRO were filed during the year. Copyright protection for seven softwares developed by ISRO for space applications and others has been undertaken during the year.

TECHNICAL CONSULTANCY ISRO continues to provide technical consultancy services to industries and R&D institutions in diverse areas of its expertise. During the year, consultancy services were offered whereby specialised test facilities at ISRO centres were utilised by industry. Consultancy was provided for selective Gold plating application on MMIC based Ku-band receiver and on Aluminium boxes, fabrication of precision components, mechanical shock tests, etc., to name a few.

Consultancy services have been finalised for Electromagnetic performance measurements of Radome using Compact Antenna Test Facility and Radome testing for premier Government organisations. Industry personnel are being trained for fabrication, assembly and testing of critical components required for spacecraft and launch vehicle projects. Under the technical consultancy scheme of ISRO, best practices and expertise of ISRO are shared with industry.

TECHNOLOGY UTILISATION AND VENDOR DEVELOPMENT In its mandate of realising spacecraft and launch vehicles for meeting the ever increasing needs of the nation, ISRO has been immensely benefitted by the contribution of Indian industries in realising a variety of hardware, components, sub systems and systems. In keeping up with the changing trends, industry is also contributing by providing essential services and building up infrastructure for realising our mission goals.

There is a significant increase in the quantum of missions planned during the 12th Five Year Plan. With more than 50 missions planned during this period, consisting of diverse projects such as spacecraft for planetary mission to Mars, satellites for IRNSS constellation, advanced communication and earth observation satellites, the industry is expected to gear up and play a pivotal role to meet the challenges of achieving increased throughput for satellites and launch vehicles.

In the launch vehicle area, newer initiatives with industry are being undertaken, especially to realise propulsion and related components to meet the needs of PSLV and GSLV. Initiatives like Integrated Production of Components and Modules (IPCM) and Integrated Production of Control System and Modules (IPCS) are expected to reap rich dividends in future. The scope under IPCS implemented at private sector industry covers the delivery of fully assembled and tested components and modules for Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control (SITVC) and Reaction Control System (RCS) for various stages of PSLV and Payload Assist Module (PAM) for GSLV. IPCS will cater to the requirements of four PSLV and two GSLV launches per year. The first phase of the activity at industry is nearing completion with the fabrication of component parts. Commissioning of assembly and testing facilities at industry is in progress. Under IPCM, it is envisaged that industry will deliver fully assembled and tested components and modules for PS2 stage of PSLV and GS2 and L40 stages of GSLV apart from propulsion systems for

84 GEOSAT satellites. Initial phase, involving fabrication of component parts by industry and assembly and testing by industry personnel at ISRO premises is nearing completion. During the year, the establishment of required assembly and testing facilities at industry has been completed. In the next phase, fabrication, assembly and testing will be carried out by Industry at their facility.

In continuation of the relation nurtured over the past years, the excellent rapport with industry is maintained for hardware fabrication; stage propellant tanks, water tanks, feed lines, interface elements and stage tibia are being sourced through various industries to meet launch vehicle programme requirement. Industry consortium partners have continued supplying VIKAS engines for PSLV and GSLV stages.

Propellant and Water Tanks of GSLV L40 Strap-ons

Private industry has come forward to setup a dedicated work centre for end-to-end production of pressure transducers. It is planned to realise 4500 numbers of 21NA pressure transducers and 750 numbers of differential pressure transducers at this facility.

In the cryogenic area, Cryogenic Upper Stage (CUS) and Cryogenic Engine CE20 are being realised through leading private industries. The major hardware realisation includes CUS steering engine and main engine, booster pump, turbo pump and thrust chamber for CE20 engines. Efforts have been initiated to establish new work centres for meeting the requirements of Cryo, Semi Cryo and GSLV Mk III production. A second work centre at a public sector industry has been established for CE20

Hardware for CE 20 Engine-Thrust Chamber and LOX Turbo Pump

85 thrust chamber fabrication and another industry has been identified for setting up of an integrated cryo engine manufacturing facility to cater to production of CUS, CE20 and semi-cryo engines. Industry has also augmented its facilities to increase GSLV Mk III tankage production. Integrated production of Injection valves and Gear Box Assembly Actuators (IPIG) and production island for realisation of cryogenic engine and stage components, modules and umbilical systems are planned in the near future.

Private sector industry partners have significantly contributed towards ISROs effort for indigenisation of materials. During the year, an indigenous torque motor has been qualified for application in PSLV and indigenous development of a Copper alloy has been completed.

Industry participation is on the rise in spacecraft building and related activities. In the area of spacecraft mechanisms, private industries have continued to realise Solar Array Deployment Mechanisms (SADM) for I3K, I2K, IRS and I1K (IRNSS) satellite bus. Dual Gridded Reflector (DGR) and shell type Reflector Deployment Mechanism (RDM) have also been realised by private industry. To cater to the increased requirement of 12th plan, the industry has been entrusted with the supply of more numbers of SADM wing sub assembly. During the year, industry successfully realised six more sub assemblies for IRNSS. The industry is in advance stage of completing the assembly and testing of DGR type RDM for GSAT-15.

In area of spacecraft power system, a leading public sector enterprise continued fabrication and testing of solar panels for both communication and remote sensing satellites. Fabrication work of panels for three GSAT series satellites has been successfully completed. With industry participation, 80 Ah Lithium- Ion battery for GSAT-14 and 160 Ah Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) battery for GSAT-10 have been realised. During the year, industry also supplied Nickel-Cadmium battery for two spacecrafts.

During the year, new vendors have been added up for realising critical hardware through industry. After process qualification, industry has supplied low absorptance rigid Optical Solar Reflector (OSR) which has been used in GSAT-10 and Astrosat spacecraft. After trials with ISRO participation, private sector industry has been able to successfully manufacture Titanium Liquid Apogee Motor (LAM) heat shield. Indigenous heat pipe manufacturing based on ISRO technology for meeting the needs of all our communication satellites is being regularly carried out by industry. ISRO has always given importance for the indigenous development of materials and in this endeavour, during the year, industry has contributed by supplying indigenous spacer materials and thermistor for temperature monitoring of spacecraft.

Fabrication of Telemetry, Telecommand (TM/TC) packages for four satellites have been outsourced to industry with ISRO providing handholding and guidance with test systems, procedures and result validation. In the electronics area, industry supplied X-band data transmitters, C-band Telecommand receivers, telemetry transmitters and Temperature Controlled Crystal Oscillator (TCXO) for use in satellite projects. Two 60 W C-band TWTA were delivered after acceptance tests and integration of more numbers are in progress at industry end. During the year, expertise of industry has been utilised for the development of Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters, Gold plate for Hybrid Microcircuit (HMC) application and fabrication of Magnetic Torque Driver.

86 Five types of flight model clock oscillators from 256 KHz to 24 MHz range have been developed with industry participation. Fabrication of next batch of 24 MHz clock oscillator is in progress. Qualification of 256 KHz clock oscillator and proto fabrication of 52.5 MHz clock oscillator is being carried out.

Satellite propellant tanks are continued to be C-band TWTA manufactured by public sector and private sector industry. ISRO has entered into long-term understanding with a private sector Indian industry for end-to-end production of 14 types of spacecraft propulsion systems for meeting the spacecraft requirements over the next five years. Under this, industry personnel are being trained at ISRO, where simultaneously industry is working for the establishment of adequate facility for productionisation.

In the electro-optics area, many of the elements of sensors and optics for GSAT- 7, GSAT-10, GSAT-14, RISAT-1, ASTROSAT and SARAL satellites were developed in coordination with industry. During the year, fabrication and supply of precision optical components with anti reflection coatings was completed by private industry. A development work to fabricate and supply unpolished aspheric profiled glass substrates and electroless Nickel coating metal substrates has been placed on industry. Industry has been qualified for the supply of whiffle tree type support system for testing medium sized mirror optics. Fabrication and assembly of Multi Point Test Bed for testing of medium sized mirror optics for near zero g condition has been completed. Public sector industry has been supporting ISRO with the supply of implanted/diffused Silicon wafers for the production of Silicon photo detectors required for IRS and INSAT projects. Space qualified hemispherical lenses for bolometer were supplied by industry based on the ISRO technology of anti reflection coatings on Germanium optics. Industry personnel have been trained on fabrication, assembly and testing activities pertaining to earth sensors, sun sensors and sensor electronics at an ISRO facility.

Other areas in which industries are contributing in spacecraft program include supply of stimuli generators, which have been inducted and deployed for checkout of satellites. There is an increasing trend towards industry participation in service activities related to spacecraft manufacturing. Industry was involved in carrying out routine thermal activities, bonded dry lubrication process, chemical analysis of critical process solution, etc. Industry continues to carry out testing of a variety of power electronics elements. Small-scale industry has been qualified for normal anodising, anodising black dyeing and hard anodising of spacecraft components.

In the realisation of inertial systems for launch vehicles and spacecraft, industry is actively involved in electro- mechanical fabrication, assembly and testing activities. The services of industry were utilised for fabrication of servo accelerometer caging, momentum wheel and reaction wheel hardware, dynamically tuned gyroscope, Redundant Strap-down Inertial Navigational System (RESINS), inertial reference unit hardware, flywheel for momentum wheel applications, etc. In addition to this, industry is also involved in PCB wiring, module integration, testing and delivery of power module for mini RESINS, design and

87 development of low noise amplifiers and power combiners, etc. During the year, alternate vendors have been developed for fabrication and assembly of slip ring for INSAT Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA) and fabrication of Mini RESINS hardware.

In space applications and ground system area, industry is contributing by undertaking development, fabrication and supply of antenna and feed systems, establishment of communication ground stations, supply of gearboxes, mount pedestal, digital servo systems, bore-sight towers, etc. Development of IRNSS GPS user receiver, IRNSS signal simulator and fabrication of waveguide assemblies is being carried out through industry participation.

Industry participation in the augmentation and establishment of facilities at launch complex is on the rise. Private sector industry contributed by developing control system for liquid propellant safety operations and carried out important activities related to design, development and fabrication of cryogenic cooler, fabrication and installation of piping for cryo stage augmentation work at second launch pad, commissioning of overhead tank for acoustic suppression system at second launch pad, modification of cryo arm hydraulic system for meeting GSLV MK III requirements, fire protection system for new aluminium storage facility, etc. The installation and commissioning of a 4.5 tonne vertical mixer was completed. Public and private sector industry carried out the design, fabrication, testing and supply of 200 W L-band TR module for subscale testing of Multi Object Tracking Radar (MOTR). In addition, receiver and data processing system hardware, tile control card, cooling system and rectifier units for sub scale system of MOTR were also realised by Industry.

Industry continues to meet the propellant requirements of the space programme. During the year, a Titanium Sponge Production Plant was fully commissioned to meet the requirements of our launch vehicle programme.

In the years to come, with the active participation of Indian industries, ISRO is confident of meeting the demands of space based services in the fields of telecommunications, broadcasting, weather monitoring, earth observation and natural resource management.

88 SPACE COMMERCE

Antrix Corporation Limited, the commercial arm of Department of Space, has undertaken a number of initiatives for global marketing of space products and services. Antrix has continued to expand its market base and there has been an increase in revenues during the year.

PSLV, in its 22nd flight (PSLV-C21), successfully launched French satellite SPOT- 6 and Japanese satellite PROTIERS on Sept 09, 2012. SPOT- 6 with a lift-off mass of 712 kg, is the heaviest satellite ever launched by PSLV for an international customer. SPOT-6, built by Astrium SAS, a leading European space technology company, is capable of imaging the earth with a resolution of 1.5 m. The Japanese micro-satellite PROITERES built by Osaka Institute of Technology, carried as an auxiliary payload, had a lift-off mass of 15 kg and was intended to study the powered flight of a small satellite by an electric thruster and observe Kansai district in Japan with a high resolution camera.

On February 25, 2013, PSLV-C20, the 23rd flight of PSLV, successsfully launched six foreign satellites into orbit alongwith the Indo-French satellite SARAL. So far, PSLV has launched 35 satellites for international customers and has established ISRO MISSION SATELLITE WEIGHT (kg) COUNTRY as a major player in the satellite SPOT-6 712 FRANCE launching business. Commercial PSLV-C21 PROITERES 15 JAPAN launch contracts have also been SAPPHIRE 148 CANADA signed for launching satellites from NEOSSAT 74 CANADA Canada, Germany and Indonesia NLS 8.1 14 AUSTRIA PSLV-C20 onboard PSLV. Discussions are also NLS 8.2 14 AUSTRIA on with many prospective customers NLS 8.3 3 DENMARK for satellite launches by PSLV in the STRaND-1 6.5 BRITAIN future. Foreign Satellites launched by PSLV during 2012-13

In the area of export of satellite subsystems and systems, enquiries from prospective customers are being pursued. Antrix will continue its efforts for expanding its ability to supply satellite hardware and subsystems to overseas companies.

The global marketing of IRS data is being pursued in collaboration with international resellers. The global distribution of Indian earth observation satellite data is being undertaken through a network of six international ground stations. These ground stations are being served with data downlink from Cartosat-1 and Resourcesat-1 satellites. It is planned to distribute data to many more users. Currently, there are 20 resellers for IRS data across the globe. It is planned to increase the reseller network.

In the area of value added services, Antrix Corporation is involved in the development of municipal GIS for Surat.

89 The transponder services have registered a significant growth in revenue with the fillip in requirements of diverse applications. Provision of transponders for more than 100 users, meeting application requirements for TV, VSAT, DTH and DSNG continued during the year. With emerging services like HITS, etc, the demand from customers for space segment capacity in C and Ku bands is expected to grow.

There has been a good progress in the provision of TTC support to international customers. As part of the long term Agreement entered into with a leading USA based customer for providing Transfer Orbit Support Services (TOSS) and other on-orbit services, TOSS for a Ka-band multi beam spot satellite and TOSS for a Ku-band communication satellites was successfully provided from MCF, Hassan. In-orbit Support for W2M and HYLAS spacecraft is also being provided from MCF, Hassan. There is a steady demand from foreign customers for mission support from our earth stations.

Antrix participated in the XXII Congress of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS-2012) held in Melbourne, Australia and had an exhibition stall to promote its activities. Antrix teamed up with Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), to organise the third edition of Bengaluru Space Expo (BSX) 2012. A concurrent conference, “World Space Biz 2012” was also held during Sept 12 – 15, 2012 at Bangalore International Exhibition Centre (BIEC), Bangalore. The event had the participation of delegates from Indian industry and ISRO. Delegates and visitors from countries like USA, Japan, Korea, Nigeria, Egypt, France, Singapore, Malaysia and Sudan, etc., also attended BSX 2012. The main seven sessions during the conference focused on topics ranging from access to space, satellite manufacturing, commercialisation of geospatial technologies to risk management and legal framework for space ventures. More than 70 industries had their stalls at BSX; B2B meetings were also held during the event. A large number of visitors from industry and academia apart from general public visited the exhibition.

Industry delegations and high level officials from leading global space companies visited Antrix to discuss commercial projects of mutual interest. In recognition of its efforts in global marketing of space services, Antrix Corporation Limited has been awarded the “Silver Trophy for Top Exporter as Merchant Exporter for 2010-11” by the Engineering Export Promotion Council, Southern Region.

90 SYSTEMS RELIABILITY AND SAFETY

Systems Reliability Various ISRO centres have continued their efforts this year too, in ensuring reliability of space systems through rigorous quality control, quality assurance and test & evaluation activities. Directorate of Systems Reliability and Quality (DSRQ), a nodal agency from ISRO Headquarters, has extended the necessary support and guidance for the realisation of quality systems.

In-depth reviews conducted on quality issues in PSLV-C19, C21, and for Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1), have contributed towards the success of respective missions. Feedback was provided on quality issues on missions such as PSLV, GSLV MK II and CUS for GSLV-D5, Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), etc., based on various reviews and PDR for Mars Orbiter Mission. A special Integrated Product Assurance Board (IPAB) meeting was convened to review the quality related issues in GSLV-MK III and suggestions were made for improvement. The intranet portal of DSRQ was very much instrumental in sharing these review outcomes widely across ISRO centres. Besides these review outcomes, the proceedings of previously organised events like Quality day, lessons learned, workshop, etc., are also hosted on this portal for better percolation into the deepest possible across ISRO centres.

The necessity for revising the existing ISRO Reliability Standards (ISREL) was felt during the reviews and accordingly, inter centre expert teams were formed to revise these standards in-line with best contemporary practices. These documents play a vital role in establishing common workmanship practices, review and non-conformance control mechanisms across ISRO centres. With relentless support from the expert teams formed Quality Pavilion during Quality Day and review by the Integrated Product Assurance Board (IPAB), revision for a good number of documents has been completed.

The bi-monthly online magazine of DSRQ, the eNewsletter, has successfully completed one year. Information about various test facilities, quality concepts, satellite in-orbit operations, etc., are being shared in the eNewsletter.

91 Quality Day was organised during the month of November at ISRO HQ with customer feedback from Launch vehicle and Satellite areas as the main theme. The program and project directors have shared their feedback on R&QA teams’ performance during the current year and the expectations for the future missions. Lessons learned from launching foreign satellites were also shared during the event, which has provoked thoughts for the future missions. Many young engineers from various ISRO Centres have participated and got benefitted from this event.

To showcase the R&QA personnel’s achievement during the recent past, a quality pavilion was also arranged during the Quality day. Young participants have utilised this platform efficiently in projecting their contribution to the organisation’s success through posters and demos. The revised ISRO Reliability standards were released by Chairman, ISRO during this event and the same will be hosted on DSRQ’s intranet portal.

To improve reliability standards across ISRO centres and to build up confidence at Technician/Technical Asst level, a campaign titled “Zero-Defect Delivery Program (ZDP)” was initiated. As a prelude to the campaign, during the inaugural session, Chairman, ISRO addressed the ISRO community and re-emphasised the importance of zero-defect in our programmes. A three phase approach is planned, to take the message to the deepest level possible across ISRO centres. All senior R&QA offcials will play a key role in this campaign.

Independent Audits at various external work centres like M/s Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Bangalore, M/s Centum Electronics, Bangalore, etc., were conducted for the verification of quality practices in place and provided the necessary feedback.

Efforts are being laid for improving the awareness about the quality requirements of future missions like Mars Orbiter Mission, Reusable Launch Vehicle, GSLV-MK III, etc.

Safety Services The space programme continued to be free from any major incidents during the year. The launch of PSLV-C19 and PSLV-C21 missions were carried out without any safety related problems. As in the case of previous launches, well established safety procedures and an emergency preparedness plan were implemented to avoid any unforeseen incidence. Safety participation in the launch campaign activities was ensured round the clock involving production of solid propellants, handling of solid rocket motors, pyrotechnic materials, assembly of rocket stages, earth storable propellants and high pressure gas servicing to launch vehicles, propulsion stages as well as preparation of satellites at the launch site. The transportation of propellants, liquid propulsion stages and rocket hardware were carried out under the umbrella of a well co-ordinated safety net, all along the route.

Propellant mock up trial and decontamination of L110 stage of GSLV-MK III, structural and ground resonance tests of GSLV-MK III systems at SDSC SHAR, flight acceptance hot test of the main cryogenic engine of GSLV- D5 flight at LPSC, were the most significant achievements during the year.

92 The other major safety activities, namely, flight acceptance test of steering engines in high altitude test facility, testing of various subsystems of GSLV-MK III, qualification test of AOCS, LAM and RCS were conducted under rigorous safety surveillance. Safety surveillance was in place during the fabrication, integration, thermovac test, vibration tests and high-pressure tests of GSAT-10 and SARAL spacecraft.

Rigorous safety inspections and audits, drills at various hazardous areas, preparation of safety manuals and review of facilities before critical operations like hot test of cryogenic engine, ground resonance test and L-110 propellant mock-up were carried out by safety groups.

Safety committees at various DOS establishments reviewed and cleared locations as well as the construction and commissioning of new facilities. Safety awareness and promotional activities have continued through the celebration of National Safety day, Fire Service day, issuing posters, organising safety training programme, etc.

93 HUMAN RESOURCES

The total approved sanctioned strength of the department as on 1.3.2012 is 18,561 out of which 12,850 are in scientific and technical categories and 5,711 are in administrative categories. Welfare measures like housing, medical, canteen, schooling for children, are provided to the existing personnel. Life insurance coverage from accidents, namely VISWAS and a special scheme for assistance to families in exigency, namely, ‘SAFE’, are also extended to employees at a relatively low premium through an internal trust.

Sanctioned Strength as on 1.3.2012

S & T Admin

The commitment, dedication, knowledge and skills of DOS Personnel have played a key role in the achievements of Indian Space Programme. DOS attaches great importance to the quality in recruitment, training and development of its human resources to meet the stringent requirements of the space programme and realisation of goals and objectives of the Department.

ISRO also participated in the campus placement of B.Tech graduates in core areas of engineering at seven IITs and a few bright young engineers were inducted into the system.

Centralised recruitment of scientists and engineers with degree in Engineering has been continued during the year. The applications were received on ISRO website and selection and induction of engineers have been completed through a process of written test and interview. Centralised recruitment process has been continued for Officers in Administrative areas, Office Assistants and Junior Personal Assistants during the year.

The second batch of students, who were admitted to B.Tech Programme during September 2008 at Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram, have graduated during June 2012. All those students who have passed out with pre-defined benchmark of marks, have been inducted in all DOS/ISRO Centres. 94 Training The scheme of induction training programme for newly recruited scientists/engineers which was introduced in 2002, has been continued during the year. The scheme is useful for youngsters to understand and appreciate the challenges of the space programme.

The induction training programme has been continued for newly recruited administrative staff wherein the newly recruited personnel are introduced to various systems and processes that are prevailing in the organisation. The scheme of induction training programme was also continued in similar lines to personnel in administrative areas who join the organisation. Residential Management Development Programme was also introduced for officers in administrative, accounts and purchase categories.

Structured training programme for Scientists/Engineers at Scientist SE, Scientist SF and Scientist SG levels which was introduced during last year has been continued during this year also. The course curriculum has been developed in ten areas of technology which are relevant to ISRO. Apart from this, several training programmes in various areas of technology, techno-management, computer, safety, administrative systems, etc., were organised during the year for the existing employees at various Centres/ Units. Customised and exclusive training programmes and Management Development Programmes for middle level scientific, technical and administrative officers have been organised with tie-ups with reputed management institutes.

I APPRENTICE TRIANING Under training programme of apprentices in the Technical and Commercial Trades in the Centres/Units of the Department, 1097 apprentices were trained.

II RESERVATION IN SERVICES: i) SCHEDULED CASTE AND SCHEDULED TRIBES The Department has been observing the guidelines for recruitment, promotion and the welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Table-I indicates the status of representations of persons belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. ii) PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES Position regarding appointment of Persons with Disabilities is given in Table–II. iii) EX-SERVICEMEN The status of representation of ex-servicemen is given in Table-III. iv) OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES (OBCs) 2815 Persons belonging to Other Backward Classes are existing at present. Out of the 2815 OBCs, 206 were appointed during the year. v) WOMEN EMPLOYEES: There are 1719 Women Employees belonging to Scientific and Technical categories and 1156 Women Employees belonging to Administrative categories in the Department as per details in Table IV. They represent 19.54% of personnel in the Department.

95 vi) JOINT CONSULTATIVE MACHINERY (JCM) The Scheme of Joint Consultative Machinery (JCM) of the Department continued to function satisfactorily. The last meeting of Departmental Council was held on 06.07.2012. vii) CONFERENCES AND WORKSHOPS: Inter Centre Hindi Technical Seminar — 2012 at SCL, Chandigarh A Hindi Technical Seminar with the theme “Application of Micro Electronics in Space Technology” was organised at Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL), Chandigarh on April 27, 2012. Eight articles were presented during the seminar.

National Conference for ISRO Women on March 9, 2012 at SAC, Ahmedabad A National Conference for ISRO Women with the theme “Women @ ISRO: Inspiring Futures” was organised at Space Applications Centre, (SAC), Ahmedabad on March 09, 2012. More than 350 delegates participated in the conference and 22 papers were submitted.

TABLE — I STATUS OF SCHEDULED CASTE/SCHEDULED TRIBE PERSONNEL

SL. CENTRE/UNIT TOTAL STRENGTH STRENGTH OF STRENGTH OF NO OF EMPLOYEES SC EMPLOYEES ST EMPLOYEES 2012-13 2012-13 2012-13 1 DOS/ISRO HQ 422 82 26 2 VSSC 4296 356 76 3 ISAC 2322 299 90 4 SDSC-SHAR 2068 305 119 5 SAC & DECU 1828 209 118 6 LPSC 1730 241 30 7 NRSC 958 116 32 8 ISTRAC 466 71 15 9 MCF 331 40 15 10 ADRIN 168 21 5 11 IIRS 127 16 6 TOTAL 14716 1756 532

96 TABLE - II STATUS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES

Sl. CENTRE/ UNIT TOTAL STRENGTH CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES No. STRENGTH OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES OF WITH EMPLOYEES DISABILITIES DEAF & BLIND PARTIALLY ORTHO- DUMB BLIND PAEDICALLY HANDICAPPED 1 DOS/ISRO HQ 422 6 0 0 0 6 2 VSSC 4296 85 15 1 13 56 3 ISAC 2322 60 4 1 0 55 4 SDSC-SHAR 2068 52 5 1 0 46 5 SAC & DECU 1828 33 3 2 0 28 6 LPSC 1730 38 5 0 0 33 7 NRSC 958 16 1 0 0 15 8 ISTRAC 466 8 3 0 0 5 9 MCF 331 3 0 0 0 3 10 ADRIN 168 1 0 0 0 1 11 IIRS 127 201 0 1 TOTAL 14716 304 36 6 13 249

TABLE — III STATUS OF REPRESENTATION OF EX-SERVICEMEN IN DOS

Sl. CENTRE/ UNIT TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES TOTAL NUMBER OF EX-SERVICEMEN IN No IN GROUP - C 2012-2013 GROUP - C 2012-2013 1 DOS/ISRO HQ 86 7 2 VSSC 953 100 3 ISAC 277 5 4 SDSC-SHAR 552 24 5 SAC & DECU 177 4 6 LPSC 265 56 7 NRSC 120 6 8 ISTRAC 50 1 9 MCF 58 1 10 ADRIN 29 5 11 IIRS 22 3 TOTAL 2589 212

97 TABLE - IV WOMEN EMPLOYEES IN DOS Sl. CENTRE/UNIT NUMBER OF WOMEN EMPLOYEES No TOTAL SCIENTIFIC & ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF TECHNICAL STAFF 1 DOS/ISRO HQ 133 24 109 2 VSSC 917 521 396 3 ISAC 564 434 130 4 SDSC-SHAR 277 119 158 5 SAC & DECU 313 219 94 6 LPSC 247 118 129 7 NRSC 213 147 66 8 ISTRAC 105 67 38 9 MCF 39 24 15 10 ADRIN 39 29 10 11 IIRS 28 17 11 TOTAL 2875 1719 1156

Vigilance Vigilance Awareness Week was observed commencing with the administering of pledge to the employees on October 29, 2012.

The details of Disciplinary (non-vigilance) and vigilance cases dealt with during 2012 are as below:

Category of Type of Cases Cases received Total Disposed Pending Employees cases pending during the period (Col.3+4) during (Col.5-6) as on 01.10.2011 to 01.10.2011 to 01.10.2011 30.09.2012 30.09.2012 Group – A Disciplinary 13 1 14 1 13 Group -B (non- (Gazetted) Vigilance) Vigilance - - - - - Group B Disciplinary 17 22 39 31 8 (Non- (non- gazetted) Vigilance) Groups Vigilance 3 1 4 1 3 C&D Total 33 24 57 33 24

98 Progressive use of Hindi: • Implementation of Hindi in the Department of Space (DOS) continued with vigour during the year. The Official Language Implementation Committees (OLICs), both at the Department level and at Centres/Units, held their quarterly meetings to review the progress in the use of Hindi. DOS/ ISRO and its Centres and Units have also participated in the meetings of Town OLIC constituted in respective Towns. DOS also participated in the Central OLIC meetings held at New Delhi. • The Second Sub Committee of Committee of Parliament on Official Language inspected Centres/ Units of DOS/ISRO, namely, SDSC and NARL on 15.02.2012, SCL on 18.07.2012, ISTRAC on 03.10.2012 and ISAC on 04.10.2012 with regard to the progress made in the Implementation of Official language. • In order to implement Hindi in a more meaningful and effective manner and to evaluate the progressive use of Hindi in DOS/ISRO Centres/Units, an Annual Inspection Programme was drawn up by the Department and inspections were carried out. The Officers from Regional Implementation Offices of the Department of Official Language have also inspected the various Centres/Units to review the progressive use of Hindi. • The training programme in Hindi through Hindi Teaching Scheme, Correspondence course and other Departmental arrangements like Video Conferencing have been strengthened. The percentage of employees possessing working knowledge of Hindi in all DOS/ISRO Centres/Units has considerably increased to more than 80 per cent. The Centres/Units have been requested to prepare an action plan for imparting training to the remaining employees and to complete the training programme at the earliest. Arrangements have been made for imparting training in Hindi Stenography and Hindi Typewriting in all Centres/Units. • With a view to refresh and update the knowledge of Official Language personnel, an ‘Official Language Orientation Programme’ was organised in the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram during August 23-24, 2012. • Hindi Day, Hindi Week, Hindi Fortnight/Hindi Month and Hindi Workshops have been organised, in all DOS/ISRO Centres/Units, during which competitions in essay, noting and drafting, typewriting, quiz, poetry recitation, story writing, news reading, memory, debate, etc., have been held. These competitions have been organised for Hindi speaking and non-Hindi speaking employees separately. The prizes have also been awarded separately for each category. • In order to implement the recommendation of the JHSS regarding propaganda of Hindi from house- to-house, competition for the family members of the employees were introduced during the year during Hindi Fortnight celebrations and there was a very good response. • The publication of a Quarterly News Bulletin with regard to the progressive use of Hindi named ‘Antariksh Samachar’, continued during the year. • World Hindi Day was celebrated on January 10 in all Centres/Units of the Department. • Technical articles written by Shri Rakesh Shukla, a Scientist of ADRIN under DOS has been published in the Scientific Magazine – “Vigyan Pragati” continuously and this scientist has also written books

99 on scientific subjects in Hindi. He has been awarded prize under Rajiv Gandhi Hindi Pustak Lekhan for writing technical books in Hindi. • Several pamphlets and stickers/posters on Indian Space Programme and Booklets on Glimpses of Indian Space Programme, PSLV-C19, PSLV-C18, Megha-tropiques, etc., were brought out in Hindi. “Antariksh Bharat” biannual technical magazine is brought out in Hindi by the Department. In-house Hindi magazines are brought out by various Centres/Units of the Department. Space Odyssey and Glimpses of Indian Space Programme were updated. • Updated edition of a colorful book on “Chandrayaan-1” for students was brought out in Hindi during the year. • Exhibitions in Hindi on Space were organised in schools during the year. • Hindi Website is being updated regularly. Apart from ISRO Website, a separate DOS Website has also been launched during the year. In addition to Department’s own Website, SAC, PRL, NRSA and NARL have their own Websites. ISAC, VSSC, LPSC and SHAR also have internal web pages on intranet. • ‘Hindi Fortnight Incentive Scheme’ continued during the year under which the Officers/Employees doing maximum work in Hindi during the Hindi month were awarded. Apart from Technical Seminars in Hindi conducted by Centres/Units, SCL, Chandigarh conducted an Inter-Centre Technical Seminar in Hindi for all the Centres/Units of DOS / ISRO on April 18, 2012. • The employees of DOS/ISRO Centres/Units have also participated in the activities on progressive use of Hindi organised by various voluntary organisations, namely, Kendriya Sachivalaya Hindi Parishad, New Delhi, Mysore Hindi Prachar Parishad and also by Town OLIC. • Hindi Implementation introduced as part of Induction Programme in all the major Centres of DOS/ ISRO continued during the year.

Awards: • The Department has been awarded II Place under Town Official Language Implementation Committee for Best Implementation of Hindi. • VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram has been awarded III prize under Town Official Language Implementation Committee, Thiruvananthapuram. • SAC, Ahmedabad has been awarded I prize under Town Official Language Implementation Committee (for central government offices), Ahmedabad. • MCF, Hassan has been awarded I prize under Town Official Language Implementation Committee, Hassan. • PRL, Ahmedabad has been awarded I prize under Town Official Language Implementation Committee (for autonomous bodies), Ahmedabad. • SCL, Chandigarh has been awarded II prize for Best Implementation of Official Language by Town Official Language Implementation Committee, Chandigarh.

100 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

The Indian space programme continues to harness the benefits of international cooperation apart from sharing its expertise and resources with other nations. Through international cooperation, ISRO continues to take-up new scientific and technological challenges; define international frameworks for the utilisation of outer space for peaceful purposes, and share its space-based products, services and technological expertise.

Formal cooperative arrangements are currently in place with space agencies of 33 countries and 3 multinational bodies, namely, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Egypt, European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), European Organisation for Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), European Space Agency (ESA), France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mauritius, Mongolia, Myanmar, Norway, Peru, Republic of Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, The Netherlands, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States of America and Venezuela. The areas of cooperation address mainly Remote Sensing of Earth, Satellite Communication, Launch Services, Telemetry and Tracking Support, Space Exploration, Space Law and Capacity Building.

Cooperative instruments signed during this year are: (i) Implementing Arrangement between ISRO and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of USA for collaboration of OCEANSAT-2 activities (ii) Implementing Arrangement between ISRO and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of USA for the collaboration of OCEANSAT-2 activities (iii) Implementing Arrangement between ISRO and NASA for cooperation on Global Precipitation Measurement and Megha- Tropiques; (iv) Memorandum of Understanding between India and Australia concerning cooperation in Civil Space Science, Technology and Education and (v) Cooperation Agreement among ISRO, CNES and EUMETSAT concerning the use of Near Real-Time Megha-Tropiques data.

As part of India-France space cooperation, ISRO and the French National Space Agency (CNES) have worked in synergy to make available data products from Indo-French Megha-Tropiques satellite to the global scientific community for validation activities. Data from Megha-Tropiques would also contribute to the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) activities as the first of eight-satellite constellation. ISRO and CNES have jointly developed ‘Satellite for ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL)’ carrying a radar altimeter (Ka-band Altimeter - ALTIKA) to study sea surface altitude and a data collection platform (ARGOS) for collecting data from ocean buoys and weather data centres. French Earth Observation satellite ‘SPOT-6’ was successfully launched by India’s PSLV-C21 on September 09, 2012 under the commercial agreement between Antrix Corporation and Astrium SAS.

Indo-French Megha-Tropiques Science Meet was organised at Bangalore during December 17-19, 2012 wherein scientific community from both nations shared their results of preliminary analysis of

101 Megha-Tropiques data. 33 French Scientists and 60 Indian scientists have participated and made 40 technical presentations. Both sides expressed satisfaction over the data quality and validation activities and proposed a possible follow-up mission to Megha-Tropiques. This was followed by the meeting of ‘India-France Joint Science Working Group (JSWG) on Megha-Tropiques’, which reviewed the current status of data products generation, calibration/ validation and science application activities.

India-USA space cooperation made significant progress during this year and several follow-up actions of the third meeting of India-USA Joint Working Group on Civil Space Cooperation held at Bangalore in July 2011 were actively pursued. The identified areas of cooperation include: satellite meteorology and oceanography; future Earth Observation missions; space exploration and space science; satellite navigation system; and exchange of scientific personnel.

The wind products derived from OCEANSAT-2 Scatterometer are disseminated globally since October 25, 2012 for operational global applications through an arrangement with EUMETSAT. The processed data from meteorological satellites of other nations are made available by EUMETSAT to Indian scientific community through a system called ‘EUMETCast’.

ISRO and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) are working on the development of the Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (UVIT) planned on ISRO’s multi wavelength astronomy satellite ASTROSAT. This cooperation also envisages sharing of data from ASTROSAT mission and joint research in astronomy data analysis.

ISRO hosted the 39th Scientific Assembly of Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) with the theme ‘Space for the Benefit of Mankind’ at Mysore during July 14-22, 2012. About 2,200 scientists, researchers and students from 75 countries joined the scientific assembly, where more than 3600 researches/ reports were deliberated in more than 630 sessions on the contemporary topics in space science.

ISRO, as the 2012 Chair of ‘Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS)’, successfully organised the 26th CEOS Plenary at Bangalore during October 24-27, 2012 with the participation of 86 officials from 28 space agencies/organisations. The ‘Bangalore Statement’ adopted at the end of the Plenary highlighted the important role played by Earth Observation satellites to support effective societal decision making in the areas of climate monitoring, sustainable development, food and water security and disaster risk reduction.

A meeting of India-ASEAN Heads of Space Agencies was organised at Bangalore during June 19-20, 2012 with the participation of delegates from all the ten member countries of ASEAN (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) and ASEAN Secretariat. Possibilities of space cooperation between ASEAN and India, and challenges in ensuring the delivery of the benefits of space technologies to the developmental needs of ASEAN, were discussed during the panel discussion.

102 A technical meeting on “India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) satellite for space weather studies” and a ‘Discussion Meet’ to explore the possible space cooperation between India and Italy were also organised this year.

Prominent visitors to ISRO this year include Deputy Prime Minister of Vietnam; Minister for Science and Technology, Nigeria; Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs from Saudi Arabia; National Secretary of Science, Technology and Innovation, Republic of Panama; and US Ambassador to India.

In the field of capacity building, ISRO continues to share its facilities, expertise and services in the application of space technology through hosting of United Nations (UN) affiliated Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP). As of now, there are more than 1100 beneficiaries from 52 countries. Two short term courses on (i) small satellites and (ii) satellite navigation were conducted this year, in addition to the regular courses.

ISRO, on behalf of India, continues to play an active role in the deliberation of the United Nations Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UN-COPUOS). ISRO also plays a major role on behalf of India in various other multilateral fora including United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UN-ESCAP), International COSPAS-SARSAT system for search and rescue operations, International Astronautical Federation (IAF), International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS), Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Inter Agency Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), Space Frequency Coordination Group (SFCG), Coordinating Group on Meteorological Satellites (CGMS), International Global Observing Strategy (IGOS), International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISPRS), International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG), International Committee for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG), International Charter ‘Space and Major Disasters’, UN Platform for Space based Information for Disaster management and Emergency Response (UNSPIDER) and Asia Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF).

103 ‘SPACE’ IN PARLIAMENT

Indian Space Programme continued to attract the attention of both the Houses of Parliament. Questions were answered in Parliament during the year 2012 as shown below:-

Questions Budget Session Monsoon Session Winter Session Total L.S. R.S. L.S. R.S. L.S. R.S. L.S. R.S. Starred 03 05 - 02 - 01 03 08 Unstarred 30 19 14 06 16 09 60 34 Total 33 24 14 08 16 10 63 42

The Questions were generally pertaining to matters relating to Avatar Project, Antrix-Devas Deal, Manufacture of Telescope, Human Space Flight Programme, Launch of Satellites, Setting up of IIST, Launching of GSLV-D3, Launch of Mars Mission, Mechanism for all weather, Telemedicine programme, Scientific Mission to Venus, Astronaut Training Centre, Third Launch Pad at Sriharikota, Scholarships for study abroad in space science, Launch of Manned and Unmanned flights, Operationalisation of EDUSAT, Flood Early Warning System, ISRO’s Missions, Chandrayaan-II, Satellite Transponders, Geostationary satellites, Achievements of ISRO, Space Missions, Village Resource Centres, Launching of space labs, etc.

104 SPACE PROGRAMME PUBLICITY

Space based services are touching all facets of human life in the country. India has made tremendous progress in the area of space science and technology. Creating awareness among the general public, especially students, about the benefits that have accrued from India‘s application driven space programme to the society and the progress made by the country in space science and technology has been given utmost importance. Media campaigns on important events, organisation of exhibitions, publications, educational activities like lectures, interactive sessions with students, quiz programmes, water rocket making and launching events, etc., have helped in not only keeping the public abreast of the space programme but also to evoke interest in them on the nuances of space science and technology.

Publicity Through Media Doordarshan and many private TV channels provided live coverage to the launch of PSLV-C19/RISAT-1 on April 26, 2012 and PSLV-C21/SPOT-6/PROITERES on September 9, 2012 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. For these launches, media from Chennai, Nellore, Tirupati and Sullurpetta were taken to Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota to witness the launch. Besides, the launch of GSAT-10 onboard Ariane 5 launch vehicle of Europe on September 29, 2012 was covered live by Doordarshan. These events were widely covered in all the leading newspapers and electronic media. Additionally, print and electronic media provided conspicuous coverage to the 39th general assembly of COSPAR organised by ISRO, which was held at Mysore in July 2012. Also, Press Meets scheduled by ISRO on special occasions were well attended by the media and extensively covered.

Special video capsules on the Indian Space Programme were produced and telecast. Besides media coverage on specific events of importance, several articles have appeared in various regional and national newspapers and magazines about the Indian space programme. This apart, many news agencies, newspapers and TV channels made and telecast programmes on Indian Space activities, highlighting the accomplishments of the Indian Space Programme.

Exhibitions During the year, ISRO organised 33 exhibitions at national and international conferences including 39th General Assembly of COSPAR and centenary session of Indian Science Congress, important public congregations like cultural festivals, trade fairs and events and also at academic institutions. Exhibitions were also organised in association with Non-Governmental Organisations in various places and at prestigious events like Bangalore Space Expo-2012 (BSX-2012) in September 2012. A large number of scientists, academicians and students from India as well as delegates from abroad visited many of these exhibitions. ISRO pavilion was adjudged as ‘the most interactive pavilion’ at the 100th Indian Science Congress, Kolkata.

105 World Space Week during October 4-10, 2012 and National Science Day on February 28 were organised towards creating awareness among the public about space. In order to create interest and awareness on rocketry, Water Rocket launching events were conducted at Bangalore, Ranebennur and Ujire in Karnataka and Kakkanad in Students at an ISRO exhibition in Bangalore Kerala. Students and teachers enthusiastically participated in the event. The permanent exhibitions at Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Space Applications Centre (SAC) and ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC) continued to attract a large number of visitors. The Space Museums at ISRO centres have been refurbished to make them more attractive and educative for the visiting public.

Static models of satellite and launch vehicles as well as display panels were provided to various schools and colleges on loan basis for display during science exhibitions organised Water Rocket Launch by a student at Ujire by these institutions. Besides, models and displays on Indian space programme have been provided to a few institutions.

Publications: Publication of the journal Space India both in Hindi and English was continued to keep the public aware of the progress on the Indian space programme. The revised edition of the highly illustrated book “Chandrayaan-1: India’s Giant Leap to Moon” in English and Hindi, targeted towards student community, was widely distributed during the year. Science writers are also being encouraged to publish books on space programme. Publicity materials such as posters, stickers, etc., have been brought out in English, Hindi and a few regional languages during the year on important events.

106 General The World Space Week was celebrated with great enthusiasm in DOS Centres during October 4-10. The programmes included space quiz, debates, special lectures, video shows and media workshops. Essay competition for college students and space model making for school students and special public lectures were also part of the World Space Week celebrations. On National Science Day on February 28, DOS Centres observed open house wherein the visitors were allowed to see them. Several competitions like essay writing, painting, quiz, model making, exhibitions, etc., were also organised. The information on the Indian space programme is also available to public through the highly interactive and user friendly ISRO website http://www.isro.gov.in. The Website also provides DOS Annual Report, Space India, press releases, employment opportunities, RTI related information, etc.

107 RIGHT TO INFORMATION

Right To Information (RTI) Act 2005 is implemented in the Department with strict compliance to the requirements of the act by identifying Central Public Information Officers (CPIO) for receiving applications and dissemination of information, Assistant Public Information Officers (APIO for receiving applications), First Appellate Authority for disposal of stage one appeals and Transparency Officer. As required under the Act, DOS has published the requisite information on the web page http://www.isro.gov.in/Right to Information.

The following information is available on the website:

• Organisation, functions and duties • Powers and duties of the Officers and Employees • Procedures followed in the decision making process, including channels of supervision and accountability • Norms set by the Department of Space for the discharge of its functions • Rules, regulations, instructions, manuals and records of the Department of Space used by its employees for discharging their functions • Statement of the categories of documents held by the Department of Space or under its control • Statement of Boards, Councils, Committees and other Bodies and as to whether meetings of such boards, etc., are open to public, or the minutes of such meetings are accessible to public • Directory of officers holding functional designations • Number of Officers/Employees on rolls and structure of emoluments • Budget provisions of the Department of Space • Manner of execution of subsidy programmes and details of beneficiaries of such programmes • Particulars of recipients of concessions, permits or authorisations granted by the Department of Space • Details of Information available or held by the Department of Space in the electronic form • Names, designations and other particulars of the Public Information Officers, Assistant Public Information Officers, Nodal Officer, First Appellate Authority and Transparency Officer • Achievements of the Department of Space/ Indian Space Research Organisation

During the period January 2012 to December 2012, 1094 applications were received and information was disseminated under the provisions of the RTI Act. 113 appeals were received by the First Appellate Authority and 36 appeallants approached the Second Appellate Authority, namely, Central Information Commission.

108 Performance Evaluation of Department of Space Based on Result Framework Document (2011-12)

Department of Space/ISRO was brought under the ambit of Performance Management Division of Cabinet Secretariat for the financial year 2011-12. The Result Framework Document (RFD) truly represents the Vision, Mission and Objectives of the department. The objectives included the Launch vehicle Programme, Satellite Programme (Earth Observation, Communication, Navigation and Space science), Space Applications, Infrastructure and facility development as well as the promotion of space technology, training and capacity building and international cooperation.

The RFD for Department of Space for the year 2011-12 contained 118 milestones (success indicators) in respect of 73 specific action/projects identified towards 14 major objectives (as mentioned above) under Indian Space Programme. The first RFD of the Department of Space was evaluated in the year 2011-12 where the Department scored 74.2.

The main accomplishments that contributed to this composite score pertains to: (i) Successful launch of PSLV-C16, C-17 and C18 missions (ii) Successful realisation and Completion of pre-launch operations of RESOURCESAT-2, GSAT-12, Megha-Tropiques and GSAT-8 satellites (iii) Successful qualification of S-200 solid motor (third largest in the world) and L-110 liquid core engine for GSLV-Mk III (iv) In-orbit validation of GAGAN payload onboard GSAT-8 and realisation of GAGAN payload for GSAT-10 satellite (v) Delivery of 69,740 data products from Earth Observation Satellites (vi) Outstanding achievements under the objectives of “Advanced Technologies and Newer Initiatives” and “Infrastructure and facility development for Space Research” (vii) Sustaining 82 active Bilateral and Multilateral cooperation agreements as part of International Cooperation

The RFD for 2012-13 has also been prepared and submitted. The current RFD contains 200 milestones (success indicators) in respect of 117 specific action/projects identified towards 15 major objectives. These targets have been identified in coherence with the projections and programmatic priorities as identified in the 12th Five Year Plan Document of the Department.

109 AUDIT OBSERVATIONS (A) Status of the Action Taken Note (ATN) Sl. Year No. of Details of the Paras/PA reports on which ATNs are pending No Paras/PA reports on No. of ATNs No. of No. of ATNs No. of ATNs which ATNs not sent by ATNs sent sent but which have have been the Ministry by the returned with been finally submitted even for the Ministry observations vetted by to PAC first time and and Audit is audit but after awaiting awaiting their have not been vetting by vetting by resubmission submitted by Audit Audit by the the Ministry to Ministry PAC

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. 2006-2007 NIL NIL ONE NIL NIL (Chapter V of Report No.9 of 2006 - Non-Tax receipts – issues relating to receipts of DOS) 2. 2008-2009 NIL NIL ONE NIL NIL (Chapter II of Report No. PA 2 of 2008- Performance Audit on Procurement of Stores and Inventory Control in DOS)

3. 2010-2011 NIL NIL ONE NIL NIL (Report No. 21 of 2010-2011- Performance Audit of the Activities of NRSC) 4. 2011-2012 (Report NIL NIL ONE NIL NIL No.16 of 2011-12- Para No19.1 – Idle investment on development of a linac tube)

110 5. 2011-2012 (Report NIL NIL ONE NIL NIL No. 16 of 2011-12 – Para No 19.2 – Avoidable payment of electricity duty and cess) 6. 2011-2012 NIL NIL ONE NIL NIL (Report No. 1 on Union Government Accounts 2010-11 – Review of Selected Grants) 7. 2012-2013 NIL NIL NIL ONE NIL (Report No. 4 – Hybrid satellite digital multimedia broadcasting service agreement with Devas)

(B) SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT AUDIT OBSERVATIONS 1. C&AG Report No.1 on Union Government Accounts 2010-11 — Review of Selected Grants The C&AG in its ‘Report No.1 of the on Union Government Accounts 2010-11 on Review of Selected Grants” has included an audit para on the budget of the Department for the period from 2008-09 to 2010-11. C&AG has observed that there existed serious issues relating to the integrity of the accounts rendered by the Department, weakness in execution of the budget and poor budgetary management in terms of large savings, surrenders at the fag end of the year, obtaining supplementary grants when the original provision was sufficient and deficient/non-existent internal audit.

2. C & AG Report No.13 of 2012-13 Union Government (Civil), Compliance Audit Observations. Avoidable Payment of demand charges: Failure of the ISRO Satellite Centre and ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network to assess their power consumption needs accurately, coupled with delays in taking action to reduce contracted demand resulted in avoidable payment of `3.72 crores on consumption of electricity.

3. CAG’s Report No.1 for the year 2011-12 on Accounts for the year 2010-11 of the Union Government Para No.4.2.1: Failure to obtain legislative approval for augmenting provision — Augmentation of provision to object head ‘Grants-in-aid’ In accordance with instructions issued by the Ministry of Finance in May 2006, augmentation of provision by way of re-appropriation to the object head ‘Grants-in-aid’ to anybody or authority from the Consolidated Fund of India in all cases could only be made with the prior approval of Parliament.

111 Scrutiny of Appropriation Accounts revealed that `4.15 crore was augmented by the Department during the financial year 2010-11 under ‘grants-in-aid’ to a body/authority without obtaining the prior approval of the Parliament.

Para No.4.5.3 Issue of deficient sanction orders by Department of Space Detailed Demands for Grants are prepared in the Department of Space showing the estimates of expenditure on Revenue and Capital accounts separately under Plan and Non-Plan up to the sixth tier of classification, i.e. up to the object head level.

However, sanction orders issued by the Department of Space authorising incurrence of expenditure, did not distinctly specify the amount of expenditure to be debited to revenue and capital accounts separately. Even, Plan and Non-Plan bifurcation of the expenditure to be booked under revenue and capital accounts was not specified in the sanction orders. The sanction orders specified the amount of expenditure to be classified only up to the fourth tier of classification, i.e. the sub-head level, instead of giving comprehensive direction up to the sixth tier of classification. Thus, the sanction orders issued by the authorities in the Department of Space were deficient, as they did not give clear directions with regard to proper booking/ classification of expenditure.

4. REPORT ON HYBRID SATELLITE DIGITAL MULTIMEDIA BROADCASTING SERVICE AGREEMENT WITH DEVAS FOR THE YEAR ENDED MARCH 2012 (REPORT NO. 4 OF 2012-13) PRESENTED IN THE PARTLIAMENT ON 15.05.2012 The report on the hybrid satellite digital multimedia broadcasting service agreement with Devas is a classic case of public investment for private profit. The Department of Space, in its eagerness, went beyond its remit as laid down in the Allocation of Business Rules, concealed facts from the Union Cabinet and violated numerous rules, policies and procedures. Public interest and those of the Government were sacrificed to favor a private consultancy firm which was promoted by Sh.D.Venugopal and Sh. M.G. Chandrashekar, retired employees of ISRO.

The breach of existing rules, policies and procedures finds resonance throughout the Report. The Department of Space took upon itself the task of approving the new hybrid SDMB service which as in the case of DTH services, was the prerogative of the Union Cabinet. Valuable spectrum frequencies, including 10 MHz were to be reserved for strategic purpose, were earmarked for Devas without obtaining approval of the Wireless Planning and Coordination (WPC) wing of DoT.

The Department of Space, while seeking approval of the Union Cabinet for the launch of the GSAT-6 satellite in November 2005, suppressed the crucial fact that it had signed an agreement with only one user i.e., Devas and not with different users as mentioned in the Cabinet note. The agreement with Devas was, in fact, signed well in advance of seeking approval of the Cabinet (January 2005). The Department of Space also failed to inform the Cabinet that GSAT-6 and 6A satellites, proposed to be funded by the Government budget, were almost entirely (only 10 per cent was set apart) to be used by the private commercial entity. Further, to avoid the obtaining of approval of the union Cabinet, DOS estimated the

112 cost of GSAT-6A, the subsequent satellite of a similar configuration after GSAT-6 at `147 crore so that it fell within the financial competence of the Space Commission. The first satellite GSAT-6, had been costed at `269 crore.

To promote the interest of the private consultancy firm, M/s. Forge Advisors, USA, the Department of Space extended to it a host of benefits. Seventy MHz of S-band spectrum was earmarked for an indefinite period to Devas ignoring its revenue potential to the Government. Subsequent events like the auction of 3G in which the Government received `67,719 crore and auction of Broadband Wireless Access where Government received `38,543 crore revealed that the possibility of obtaining commensurate amounts for providing this commercial service was never explored. The special treatment accorded to Devas is also reflected in the fact that in the case of Devas, Dos decided to use the country-specific scarce orbital slot at 83 degree East, for two co-located satellites, to be used exclusively by the private customer.

The Antrix-Devas agreement cherry-picked from two different modeless in a way that extended maximum benefits to Devas. DOS further went on to even revise the contract to ‘reassure the investors’ so that even before engaging in any trading, manufacturing, ground segment development activity and rolling out of any services, it could raise an amount of `575.76 crore from foreign investors.

There is an expectation that the Government should deliver a high standard of integrity in the civil services, public institutions and public services. There is a need to recognize and deal with conflict of interest issues so that the fundamental integrity of decisions, departments and the Government is not undermined. This conflict is evident in the multiple roles exercised by Dr.G.Madhavan Nair. As Chairman ISRO, he appointed the Shankara Committee to examine the proposals of M/s. Forge Advisors. As Secretary, Department of Space, he submitted a note to the Union Cabinet in which critical facts were concealed. As Chairman, Space Commission, he chaired meetings where approval to GSAT-6 and 6A satellites were accorded. He failed to convene INSAT Coordination Committee meetings as its Chairman, s a result of which, concerns of key stakeholders, represented through respective Secretaries of Ministries/Department, were effectively blocked off in the decision-making process.

Thus, having the same person holding multiple posts of Chairman ICC, Chairman Space Commission, Secretary Dos, Chairman ISRO and Chairman-cum-Managing Director, Antrix clearly led to a conflict of interest, since the damage that this could do has been very clearly brought out, among others, by the High-Powered Review Committee, it is evident that the Government would have to ensure that the same person does not hold all the crucial posts and different functionaries are appointed to ensure checks and balances.

The Antrix-Devas deal is a classic instance of failure of the governance structure in which selected individuals, some serving and some retired public servants, were able to successfully propel the agenda of a private entity by arrogating unto themselves, powers which they were not legitimately authorized to exercise. In the parliamentary system of Government, the Cabinet has a role of centrality in the exercise of executive power. The fact that a group of individuals was able to conceal facts and side-step the Cabinet is a testimony of the extent of abuse of the trust reposed in them. This needs to be addressed.

113 MILESTONES

1962 • Indian National Committee for Space Research formed and works on establishing Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) started

1963 • First sounding rocket launch from TERLS (November 21, 1963)

1965 • Space Science and Technology Centre (SSTC) established in Thumba

1967 • Experimental Satellite Telecommunication Earth Station set up at Ahmedabad

1968 • TERLS dedicated to the United Nations (February 2, 1968)

1969 • Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) formed (August 15, 1969)

1972 • Space Commission and Department of Space set up. ISRO brought under DOS (June 1, 1972)

1972-76 • Air-borne remote sensing experiments

1975 • ISRO becomes Government Organisation (April 1, 1975)

• First Indian Satellite, Aryabhata, launched (April 19, 1975)

1975-76 • Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) conducted

1977-79 • Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project (STEP) carried out

1979 • Bhaskara-I, an experimental satellite for earth observations, launched (June 7, 1979)

• First Experimental launch of SLV-3 with Rohini Technology Payload on board (August 10, 1979) Satellite could not be placed in orbit

114 1980 • Second Experimental launch of SLV-3. Rohini satellite successfully placed in orbit (July 18,1980)

1981 • First developmental launch of SLV-3. RS-D1 placed in orbit (May 31, 1981)

• APPLE, an experimental geostationary communication satellite successfully launched (June 19, 1981)

• Bhaskara-II launched (November 20, 1981)

1982 • INSAT-1A launched (April 10, 1982). Deactivated on September 6, 1982

1983 • Second developmental launch of SLV-3. RS-D2 placed in orbit (April 17, 1983)

• INSAT-1B, launched (August 30, 1983)

1984 • Indo-Soviet manned space mission (April 1984)

1987 • First developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-1 satellite on board (March 24, 1987). Satellite could not be placed in orbit

1988 • Launch of first operational Indian Remote Sensing satellite, IRS-1A (March 17, 1988)

• Second developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-2 on board (July 13, 1988). Satellite could not be placed in orbit

• INSAT-1C launched (July 22, 1988). Abandoned in November 1989

1990 • INSAT-1D launched (June 12, 1990)

1991 • Launch of second operational Remote Sensing satellite, IRS-1B (August 29, 1991)

1992 • Third developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-C on board (May 20, 1992). Satellite placed in orbit

• INSAT-2A, the first satellite of the indigenously-built second-generation INSAT series, launched (July 10, 1992)

115 1993 • INSAT-2B, the second satellite in INSAT-2 series, launched (July 23, 1993)

• PSLV-D1, the first developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-1E on board (September 20, 1993). Satellite could not be placed in orbit

1994 • Fourth developmental launch of ASLV with SROSS-C2 on board (May 4, 1994). Satellite placed in orbit

• PSLV-D2, the second developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-P2 on board (October 15, 1994). Satellite successfully placed in polar sun synchronous orbit

1995 • INSAT-2C, the third satellite in INSAT-2 series, launched (December 7, 1995)

• Launch of third operational Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, IRS-1C (December 28, 1995)

1996 • PSLV-D3, the third developmental launch of PSLV with IRS-P3 on board (March 21, 1996). Satellite placed in polar sun synchronous orbit

1997 • INSAT-2D, fourth satellite in INSAT-2 series, launched (June 4, 1997). Becomes inoperable on October 4, 1997. (An in-orbit satellite, ARABSAT-1C, later renamed INSAT-2DT, was acquired in November 1997 to partly augment INSAT system)

• PSLV-C1, the first operational launch of PSLV with IRS-1D on board (September 29, 1997). Satellite placed in orbit.

1998 • INSAT system capacity augmented with the readiness of INSAT-2DT acquired from ARABSAT (January 1998)

1999 • INSAT-2E, the last satellite in the multipurpose INSAT-2 series, launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana (April 3, 1999)

• Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT-1), launched by Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C2) along with Korean KITSAT-3 and German DLR-TUBSAT from Sriharikota (May 26, 1999)

2000 • INSAT-3B, the first satellite in the third generation INSAT-3 series, launched by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana (March 22, 2000)

116 2001 • Successful flight test of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV - D1) (April 18, 2001) with an experimental satellite GSAT-1 on board • Successful launch of PSLV-C3 on October 22, 2001 placing three satellites – India’s TES, Belgian PROBA and German BIRD into Polar sun synchronous orbit

2002 • Successful launch of INSAT-3C by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana (January 24, 2002) • Successful launch of KALPANA-1 by ISRO’s PSLV-C4 from SDSC SHAR (September 12, 2002)

2003 • Successful launch of INSAT-3A by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana (April 10, 2003) • GSLV-D2, the second developmental test flight of GSLV with GSAT-2 on board from SDSC SHAR successfully launched (May 8, 2003) • Successful launch of INSAT-3E by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana (September 28, 2003) • Successful launch of RESOURCESAT-1 by ISRO’s PSLV-C5 from SDSC SHAR (October 17, 2003)

2004 • GSLV-F01, the first operational flight of GSLV from SDSC-SHAR. EDUSAT successfully placed in GTO (September 20, 2004)

2005 • Successful launch of CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT by PSLV-C6 from the newly established Second Launch Pad at SDSC SHAR (May 5, 2005) • Successful launch of INSAT-4A by Ariane from Kourou, French Guyana (December 22, 2005)

2006 • GSLV-F02, the second operational flight of GSLV from SDSC SHAR with INSAT-4C on board (July 10, 2006). The satellite could not be placed in orbit

2007 • PSLV-C7 successfully launches four satellites – India’s CARTOSAT-2 and Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-1) as well as Indonesia’s LAPAN-TUBSAT and Argentina’s PEHUENSAT-1 (January 10, 2007) • Successful recovery of SRE-1 after manoeuvring it to reenter the earth’s atmosphere and descend over the Bay of Bengal about 140 km East of Sriharikota (January 22, 2007) • Successful launch of INSAT-4B by Ariane launch vehicle from Korou, French Guyana on March 12, 2007 • PSLV-C8 successfully launches an Italian satellite AGILE on April 23, 2007 under a commercial contract with Antrix Corporation

117 • Successful launch of GSLV-F04, with INSAT-4CR on board from SDSC SHAR on September 2, 2007

2008 • PSLV-C10 successfully launches TECSAR satellite on January 21, 2008 under a commercial contract with Antrix Corporation • PSLV-C9 successfully launches ten satellites on April 28, 2009: India’s CARTOSAT-2A, Indian Mini Satellite-1 (IMS -1) and eight Nano Satellites for International Customers under a commercial contract with Antrix Corporation • PSLV-C11 successfully launches Chandrayaan - 1 spacecraft on October 22, 2008 • European Ariane 5 launch vehicle successfully launches W2M satellite on December 21, 2008 jointly built by Antrix/ISRO and EADS Astrium on a commercial basis

2009 • PSLV-C12 successfully launches RISAT-2 and ANUSAT, on April 20, 2009 • PSLV-C14 successfully launches OCEANSAT-2 and six nanosatellites for international customers under a commercial contract with Antrix Corporation (September 23, 2009)

2010 • Successful static testing of GSLV-MkIII Launch Vehicle’s S200 Solid Propellant Booster Rocket Stage (January 24, 2010) • GSLV-D3, the first launch of GSLV with indigenous cryogenic upper stage. GSAT-4 satellite onboard • GSLV-D3 could not be placed in orbit (April 15, 2010) • PSLV-C15, the seventeenth flight of PSLV, successfully launches India’s CARTOSAT-2B and STUDSAT, Algeria’s ALSAT-2A, Canada’s NLS-1 and NLS-2 on July 12, 2010 • Successful Static Testing of GSLV-MkIII Launch Vehicle’s L110 Liquid Core Stage (September 8, 2010) • European Ariane-5 launch vehicle successfully launches HYLAS satellite on November 27, 2010| jointly built by Antrix/ISRO and EADS Astrium on a commercial basis • GSLV-F06, the seventh launch of GSLV with GSAT-5P satellite onboard, could not place the satellite in orbit (December 25, 2010)

2011 • PSLV-C16 successfully launches India’s RESOURCESAT–2, YOUTHSAT And X-SAT from Singapore on April 20, 2011 • GSAT-8 Communication Satellite launched onboard by Ariane launcher from Kourou, French Guiana on May 21, 2011

118 • PSLV-C17 successfully launches GSAT-12 Communication Satellite on July 15, 2011 • Second successful static testing of S-200 booster to be used in GSLV-Mk III on September 4, 2011 • PSLV-C18 successfully launches the Indo-French satellite MeghaTropiques and three co-passenger satellites – Jugnu from IIT, Kanpur, SRMSat from SRM University, Chennai and VesselSat–1 from Luxembourg – on October 12, 2011

2012 • PSLV, in its twenty first flight (PSLV-C19), launches India’s first Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1) from Sriharikota on April 26, 2012 • In its twenty second flight (PSLV-C21), PSLV successfully launches the French earth observation satellite SPOT-6 along with Japanese micro-satellite PROITERES from Sriharikota on September 09, 2012 • India’s heaviest communication satellite, GSAT-10, successfully launched by Ariane-5 VA 209 from Kourou, French Guiana on September 29, 2012

2013 • PSLV, in its twenty third flight (PSLV-C20), successfully launches Indo-Franch Satellite SARAL along with six smaller satellites from abroad from Sriharikota on February 25, 2013 ACRONYMS

AAI : Airports Authority of India AB : Air-Breathing ABPP : Air Breathing Propulsion Project ADCOS : Advisory Committee for Space Sciences AFCS : Area Favourable for Crop Sowing AFTN : Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network Ah : Ampere-Hour AHM : Active Hydrogen Maser AIBP : Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme AICTE : All India Council for Technical Education AINS : Advanced Inertial Navigation System AIR : All India Radio AIT : Assembly, Integration and Testing ALTIKA : Altimeter in Ka band ALTM : Aerial Laser Terrain Mapping AMC : Advanced Mission Computer AOCS : Attitude and Orbit Control System AOD : Aerosol Optical Depth APEP : Ammonium Perchlorate Experimental Plant APIO : Assistant Public Information Officer APRSAF : Asia Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum APXS : Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer ARFI : Aerosol Radiative Forcing over India ARFINET : The Network of Observatories under ARFI ARG : Automatic Rain Gauge ASAR : Aerial Synthetic Aperture Radar ASCC : Alternate Spacecraft Control Centre ASDM : Aerial Services and Digital Mapping ASI : Italian Space Agency ASIC : Application Specific Integrated Circuit ATN : Action Taken Note ATS : Aero Thermo Structure ATV : Advanced Technology Vehicle ATVP : Advanced Technology Vehicles and sounding rocket Project AWiFS : Advanced Wide Field Sensor AWS : Automatic Weather Station B2B : Business-to-Business BBM : Bread Board Model BIEC : Bangalore International Exhibition Centre BLDC : Brushless Direct Current (Motor)

120 BMU : Bus Management Unit BPA : Blind People’s Association BPCL : Bharath Petroleum Corporation Limited BSNL : Bharath Sanchar Nigam Limited BSS : Broadcast Satellite Service BSX : Bengaluru Space Expo C&AG : Comptroller and Auditor General C/C : Carbon-Carbon CAMC : Comprehensive Annual Maintenance Contract Cartosat : Satellite for Cartographic Applications CCD : Charge Coupled Device C-DAC : Centre for Development of Advanced Computing CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access CDR : Comprehensive Design Review / Critical Design Review CE : Cryogenic Engine CEC : Consortium for Educational Communication CEOS : Committee on Earth Observation Satellites CES : Crew Escape System CFD : Computational Flight Dynamics CFRP : Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic CGMS : Coordinating Group on Meteorological Satellites CIET : Central Institute of Educational Technology CII : Confederation of Indian Industry CIMR : Central Institute of Mentally Retarded CM : Crew Module CME : Coronal Mass Ejection CMG : Construction and Maintenance Group CMOS : Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CNES : Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales COMETS : Computer Oriented Multi Engine Trajectory Simulation COSPAR : Committee on Space Research CPIO : Central Public Information Officer CPM : Charge Particle Monitor CQAAT : Comprehensive Quality Assessment and Audit Team CRPF : Central Reserve Police Force CS : Cryo Stage CSA : Canadian Space Agency CSAP : Ceramic Servo Accelerometer Package CSSTEAP : Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and The Pacific CUS : Cryogenic Upper Stage CV : Common View CWC : Central Water Commission

121 CWDS : Cyclone Warning Dissemination System CZTI : Cadmium Zinc Telluride Imager DAT : Distress Alert Transmitter dBW : deciBel Watt DCWDS : Digital Cyclone Warning Dissemination System DDV : Direct Drive Valve DDWS : Digital Disaster Warning System DECU : Development & Educational Communication Unit DEM : Digital Elevation Model DES : Delhi Earth Station DGCA : Directorate General of Civil Aviation DGR : Dual Girded Reflector DMDD : Digital Meteorological Data Dissemination DMS : Disaster Management Support DMSAR : Airborne SAR for Disaster Management DORIS : Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated DOS : Department of Space DPL : Dual Polarisation Lidar DRDO : Defence Research and Development Organisation DRT : Data Relay Transponder DSC : Decision support Centre DSN : Deep Space Network DSNG : Digital Satellite News Gathering DSPT : Digital Satellite Phone Terminal DSRQ : Directorate of Systems Reliability and Quality DTH : Direct-To-Home DVM : Development Model DWDS : Disaster Warning Dissemination System EB : Equipment Bay EBM : Earth Bound Manoeuvre ECLSS : Environmental Control and Life Support System ECMWF : European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts EDUSAT : Educational Satellite EIA : Equatorial Ionization Anomaly EIRP : Effective Isotropic Radiated Power EKF : Extended Kalman Filter EM : Engineering Model EOL : End Of Life EOS : Earth Observation System EPC : Electronic Power Conditioner ERNET : Education and Research Network ESA : European Space Agency ESF : Equatorial Spread-F

122 EUMETSAT : European Organisation for Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites FAC : Failure Analysis Committee FADS : Flush Air Data Systems FASAL : Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro meteorology and Land based observations FBTP : Fuel Booster Turbo Pump FLEWS : Flood Early Warning System FLP : First Launch Pad FMIS : Flood Management Information System FOP : Final Operational Phase FSAT : Final System Acceptance Test FSI : Forest Survey of India FSIM : FADS Sensor Interface Module FSW : Friction Stir Welding FTP : File Transfer Protocol FUV/NUV : Far Ultra Violet / Near Ultra Violet GAC : Global Area Coverage GAGAN : GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation GEO LUT : GEOSAR Local User Terminal GEO : Geostationary Earth Orbit GEOSAR : Geostationary Earth Orbit Search And Rescue GIS : Geographical Information System GISAT : Geo Imaging Satellite GIVE : Grid Ionospheric Vertical Error GK : GlavKosmos, Russia GNSS : Global Navigation Satellite System GOI : Government of India GPM : Global Precipitation Measurement GPS : Global Positioning System GSAT : Geostationary Satellite GSLV : Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle GSO : Geosynchronous Orbit GTO : Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit HAL : Hindustan Aeronautics Limited HAT : High Altitude Test HIPIC : Hot Isostatic Pitch Impregnation and Carbonisation HITS : Head-end In The Sky HMC : Hybrid Microcircuit HPT : High Power Transmitter HSP : Human Spaceflight Programme HySI : Hyper Spectral Imager I&CO : Integration & Check-out IAA : International Academy of Astronautics

123 IADC : Inter Agency Debris Coordination Committee IAF : International Astronautical Federation IBSA : India, Brazil and South Africa ICAO : International Civil Aviation Organisation ICAR : Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICARB : Integrated Campaigns for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget ICC : INSAT Coordination Committee ICG : International Committee for Global Navigation Satellite Systems ICT : Information and Communication Technology IDSN : Indian Deep Space Network IGIS : Indigenous GIS software IGM-MLDF : ISRO GIVE Model-Multi Layer Data Fusion IGNOU : Indira Gandhi National Open University IGOS : International Global Observing Strategy IIRS : Indian Institute of Remote Sensing IISc : Indian Institute of Science IIST : Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology IISU : ISRO Inertial Systems Unit IIT : Indian Institute of Technology IMD : India Meteorological Department IMDPS : INSAT Meteorological Data Processing System IMGEOS : Integrated Multi mission Ground segment for Earth Observation Satellites INC : IRNSS Navigation Centre INCOIS : Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services INCOSPAR : Indian National Committee for Space Research InFCCAS : Indian Forest Cover Change Alert System INFFRAS : Indian Forest Fire Response and Assessment System INLUS : Indian Navigation Land Uplink Station INMCC : Indian Mission Control Centre INRES : Indian Navigation Reference Earth Stations INSAT : Indian National Satellite System IOAA : International Olympiad in Astronomy and Astrophysics IOCL : Indian Oil Corporation Limited IP : Irrigation Potential IPAB : Integrated Product Assurance Board IPCM : Integrated Production of Components and Modules IPCS : Integrated Production of Control System and Modules IPIG : Integrated Production of Injection valves and Gear box assembly actuators IPR : Intellectual Property Right IRCDR : IRNSS CDMA Ranging IRIMS : Indian Ranging Integrity and Monitoring Station IRNSS : Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System IRNWT : Installation of IRNSS Network Timing

124 IRSIS : Infra-Red Spectroscopic Imaging Survey ISAC : ISRO Satellite Centre ISECG : International Space Exploration Coordination Group ISITE : ISRO Satellite Integration and Test Establishment ISM : Interstellar Medium ISPRS : International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ISREL : ISRO Reliability Standards ISRO : Indian Space Research Organisation ISRO-SSPS : ISRO Space Science Promotion Scheme IST : Integrated Spacecraft Testing ISTRAC : ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network ITCZ : Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ITEC : Indian Technical and Economic Co-operation ITR : Integrated Technical Review IWMP : Integrated Watershed Management Programme IWRM : Integrated Water Resources Management JCM : Joint Consultative Machinery JHSS : Joint Hindi Salahakar Samiti JSWG : Joint Science Working Group KMML : Kerala Mineral & Metals Ltd LAC : Local Area Coverage LAM : Liquid Apogee Motor LAP : Lyman Alpha Photometer LAXPC : Large Area Xenon Proportional Counter LC : Lander Craft LEO : Low Earth Orbit LEOS : Laboratory for Electro-Optic Systems LEOSAR : Low Earth Orbit Search And Rescue LFDC : Large Format Digital Camera LIBS : Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope LIDAR : Light Detection And Ranging Li-Ion : Lithium-Ion LISS-4 : Linear Imaging Self Scanner-4 LiVHySI : Limb Viewing Hyper Spectral Imager LMF : LPSC Mahendragiri Facility LMS : Learning Management System LOX : Liquid Oxygen LPSC : Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre LPT : Low Power Transmitter LTF : LPSC Test Facilities LU/LC : Land Use / Land Cover LUT : Local User Terminal MADRAS : Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures

125 MAST : Multi Application Solar Telescope MCC : MARS Colour Camera MCF : Master Control Facility MCPC : Multi-Channel Per Carrier MDAU : Multiplexed input Data Acquisition Unit MEA : Ministry of External Affairs MEMS-RGP : Micro Electromechanical System - Rate Gyro Package MENCA : Martian Exospheric Composition Explorer MEOSAR : Medium Earth Orbit Search And Rescue MET : Meteorological MGNREGA : Mahathma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act MHA : Ministry of Home Affairs MIM : Model Incidence Mechanism MMC : Mission Management Computer MMIC : Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit MNCFC : Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre MoES : Ministry of Earth Sciences MOI : Mars Orbit Insertion MOSDAC : Meteorological and Oceanographic Satellite Data Archival Centre MOTR : Multi Object Tracking Radar MOU : Memorandum Of Understanding MOX : Mission Operations Complex MRCC : Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre MSM : Methane Sensor for MARS MSS : Mobile Satellite Service MST : Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere MTT : Martian Transfer Trajectory NADAMS : National Agricultural Drought Assessment and Management System NARL : National Atmospheric Research Laboratory NASA : National Aeronautics and Space Administration NBSS&LUP : National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning NCAOR : National Centre for Antarctic Ocean Research NDEM : National Database for Emergency Management NDVI : Normalised Difference Vegetation Index NEC : North Eastern Council NEDRP : North Eastern District Resources Plan NER : North Eastern Region NE-SAC : North Eastern-Space Applications Centre NGC : Navigation, Guidance, Control NGO : Non Governmental Organisation NIAS : National Institute of Advanced Studies NICES : National Information system for Climate and Environment Studies NICNET : National Informatics Centre Network

126 NIO : National Institute of Oceanography NNRMS : National Natural Resources Management System NOBLE : Network of Observatories for Boundary Layer Experiments NOEDA : NRSC Open EO Data Archive NPL : National Physical Laboratory NR : Natural Rubber/Natural Resources NRSA : National Remote Sensing Agency NRSC : National Remote Sensing Centre NSSS : National Space Science Symposium NUIS : National Urban Information System OBTP : Oxidizer Booster Turbo Pump OC : Orbiter Craft Oceansat : Satellite for Oceanographic applications OCM : Ocean Colour Monitor OFC : Optical Fiber Cable OGC : Open Geospatial Consortium OLIC : Official Language Implementation Committee OSR : Optical Solar Reflector OT&E : Operational Test & Evaluation PACE : Plasma and Composition Experiment PAM : Payload Assist Module PAN : Panchromatic PC-NNRMS : Planning Committee on National Natural Resources Management System PDR : Preliminary Design Review PFA : Post Flight Analysis PI : Principal Investigators PLANEX : Planetary science and Exploration POI : Point of Interest POLIX : X-Ray Polarimeter Experiment PRL : Physical Research Laboratory PSLV : Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-CA : PSLV Core Alone R&D : Research & Development R&QA : Reliability & Quality Assurance RaBIT : Radio Beacon for Ionospheric Tomography RAWEX : Regional Atmospheric Warming Experiment RCC : Rescue Co-ordination Centres RCI : Rehabilitation Council of India RCS : Reaction Control System RDM : Reflector Deployment Mechanism RESINS : Redundant Strap-down Inertial Navigational System Resourcesat : Satellite for Resources Management RESPOND : Research Sponsored

127 REX : Real-time Executive System Software RGP : Rate Gyro Package RISAT-1 : Radar Imaging Satellite-1 RLV : Reusable Launch Vehicle RLV-TD : Re-usable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator RN : Radio Networking ROS : Radio Occultation System ROSA : Radio Occultation Sounder for Atmospheric studies ROT : Receive Only Terminal RRI : Raman Research Institute RRSC : Regional Remote Sensing Centre RS : Restricted Service RSDP : Remote Sensing Data Policy RSR : Rohini Sounding Rocket RTI : Right To Information SA&R : Satellite Aided Search and Rescue SAC : Space Application Centre SADA : Solar Array Drive Assembly SADM : Solar Array Deployment Mechanism SAG : Scientific Analysis Group SAPHIR : Sounder for Probing Vertical Profile of Humidity SAR : Synthetic Aperture Radar SARAL : Satellite for ARGOS and ALTIKA SASAR / SAS&R : Satellite Aided Search and Rescue SASI : Shortwave Angle Slope Index SATNAV : Satellite Navigation SAW : Surface Acoustic Wave SBAS : Satellite Based Augmentation System SBIK-NER : Space Based Information Kiosk on North Eastern Region ScaRaB : Scanner for Radiation Budget Measurement SCL : Semi-Conductor Laboratory SCPC : Single Channel Per Carrier SDD : Software Design Document SDSC : Satish Dhawan Space Centre SFCG : Space Frequency Coordination Group SHAR : Sriharikota Range SILKS : Sericulture Information Linkages and Knowledge System SIP : Simulated Input Profile SIS : Signal In Space SIS-DP : Space based Information System for Decentralised Planning SITARA : Software for Integrated Trajectory Analysis with Real-time Application SITE : Satellite Instructional Television Experiment SIT : Satellite Interactive Terminal

128 SITVC : Secondary Injection Thrust Vector Control SLP : Second Launch Pad SOLRAD : Solar Radiation Detector SONC : Strap-on Nose Cone SPL : Space Physics Laboratory SPOC : Search and Rescue Points of Contact SPS : Standard Positioning Service SRE-2 : Space Capsule Recovery Experiment –2 SSB : Small Satellite Bus SSM : Scanning Sky Monitor SSPA : Solid State Power Amplifier SSTC : Space Science and Technology Centre ST-02 : Static Test-02 STEP : Satellite Telecommunication Experiments Project STFS : Standard Time and Frequency Signal SWIR : Short Wave Infrared SXT : Soft X- Ray Telescope TCXO : Temperature Controlled Crystal Oscillator TDCC : Training and Development Communication Channel TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access TDS : Technology Demonstration System TDV : Technology Demonstrator Vehicle TEA : Tri-Ethyl Aluminium TEC : Total Electron Content TERLS : Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station TES : Technology Experiment Satellite TIFR : Tata Institute of Fundamental Research TIS : TIR Imaging Spectrometer TMTC : Telemetry Tele-command TOSS : Transfer Orbit Support Services TPA : Tonnes Per Annum TRI : Tea Research Institute TSTC : Technical Support and Training Centre TSTO : Two Stage To Orbit TTC / TT&C : Telemetry, Tracking and Command TU : Triggering Unit TV : TeleVision TWSTFT : Two Way Satellite Time and Frequency Transfer TWTA : Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier UFA : Unfurlable Antenna UHF : Ultra High Frequency ULV : Unified Launch Vehicle UN-COPUOS : United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space

129 UN-ESCAP : United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific UNSPIDER : UN Platform for Space based Information for Disaster management and Emergency Response UoP : University of Pune UTC : Universal Time Coordinated UVIT : Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope VHF : Very High Frequency VHRR : Very High Resolution Radiometer VLPT : Very Low Power Transmitter VNIR : Visible and Near Infrared Region VP/DST : Vigyan Prasar/Department of Science and Technology VPT : Video Picture Transmission VRC : Village Resource Centre VSAT : Very Small Aperture Terminal VSSC : Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre WDE : Wheel Drive Electronics WRIS : Water Resources Information System YASHDA : Yashwantrao Chavan Academy of Development Administration ZDP : Zero-Defect Delivery Program

130