Victims of Progress Victims of Progress Sixth Edition John H. Bodley ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com 16 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BT, United Kingdom Copyright © 2015 by Rowman & Littlefield First edition 1975. Second edition 1982. Third edition 1990. Fourth edition 1999. Fifth edition 2008. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bodley, John H. Victims of progress / John H. Bodley. — Sixth edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4422-2692-0 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-2693-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-2694-4 (electronic) 1. Indigenous peoples. 2. Culture conflict. 3. Acculturation. 4. Social change. I. Title. GN380.B63 2014 305.8—dc23 2014015467 TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America Contents Preface and Acknowledgments ix What’s New in the Sixth Edition xi Acknowledgments xii 1 Introduction: Indigenous Peoples and Culture Scale 1 Culture Scale, Culture Process, and Indigenous Peoples 3 Large-Scale versus Small-Scale Society and Culture 5 The Problem of Global-Scale Society and Culture 6 Social Scale and Social Power 8 Negative Development: The Global Pattern 9 Policy Implications 11 Notes 11 2 Progress and Indigenous Peoples 13 Progress: The Commercial Explosion 13 The Culture of Consumption 14 Resource Appropriation and Acculturation 16 The Role of Ethnocentrism 20 Civilization’s Unwilling Conscripts 25 Cultural Pride versus Progress 31 The Principle of Stabilization 32 Notes 32 3 The Uncontrolled Frontier 37 The Frontier Process 38 Demographic Impact of the Frontier 50 Notes 54 4 We Fought with Spears 57 The Punitive Raid 58 v vi Contents Wars of Extermination 60 Guns against Spears 60 Notes 72 5 The Extension of Government Control 75 Aims and Philosophy of Administration 76 Tribal Peoples and National Unity 76 The Transfer of Sovereignty 77 Treaty Making 78 Bringing Government to the Tribes 80 The Political Integration Process 87 Anthropology and Native Administration 92 Notes 93 6 Land Policies 97 The People–Land Relationship 98 Land Policy Variables 98 Notes 117 7 Cultural Modification Policies 121 These Are the Things That Obstruct Progress 122 Social Engineering: How to Do It 125 Notes 141 8 Economic Globalization 145 Forced Labor: Harnessing the Heathens 146 Learning the Dignity of Labor: Taxes and Discipline 148 Creating Progressive Consumers 149 Promoting Technological Change 151 Tourism and Indigenous Peoples 166 Notes 168 9 The Price of Progress 171 Progress and the Quality of Life 172 Diseases of Development 173 Ecocide 180 Deprivation and Discrimination 184 Notes 186 10 The Political Struggle for Indigenous Self-Determination 189 Who Are Indigenous Peoples? 190 The Initial Political Movements 194 Creating Nunavut 195 Guna Self-Determination: The Comarca Gunayala 198 The Political Struggle 200 The Shuar Solution 202 Contents vii CONAIE: Uprising Politics Reshaping Ecuador’s Political Landscape 205 The Dene Nation: Land, Not Money 208 Land Rights and the Outstation Movement in Australia 211 Philippine Tribals: No More Retreat 219 Indigenous Peoples and the Arctic Council 221 The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 222 Revision of the ILO’s Convention 107 223 Tebtebba: An Indigenous Partnership on Climate Change and Forests 224 Notes 228 11 Petroleum, the Commercial World, and Indigenous Peoples 235 Petroleum: The Unsustainable Foundation of the Commercial World 236 The Gwich’in and Oil Development in the Sacred Place Where Life Begins 238 Petroleum Development and Indigenous Rights in Ecuador 241 First Nations Opposition to Canadian Tar Sand Development 245 Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation (ACFN) versus Shell Oil 247 Assigning Responsibility for Tar Sand Development 250 Notes 253 12 Global Warming and Indigenous Peoples 259 The Indigenous Response to Global Warming 261 Indigenous Peoples as Climate Change Refugees 265 Arctic Warming and Alaska Natives 267 Global Warming Perpetuators and Beneficiaries 272 Assessing the Global Costs of Climate Change and the Carbon Economy 275 Notes 279 13 Human Rights and the Politics of Ethnocide 283 The Realists: Humanitarian Imperialists and Scientists 285 The World Bank: Operational Manual 2005 and False Assurances 294 The Idealist Preservationists 298 You Can’t Leave Them Alone: The Realists Prevail 307 Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Advocates 309 Voluntary Isolation in the Twenty-First Century 311 Indigenous Peoples as Small Nations 319 Conclusion 320 Notes 320 viii Contents Appendix A: Petition for Support in Opposition to Belo Monte Dam (Brazil) 325 Appendix B: Declaration Regarding Mining and Development in Amazonian Peru and Ecuador Border Regions 329 Appendix C: Selected Websites of Indigenous People and Support Organizations 333 Appendix D: Selected Sources for Online Videos on Indigenous Peoples 335 Bibliography 337 Index 369 About the Author 395 Preface and Acknowledgments In the four decades since the first (1975) edition of this book appeared, there have been dramatic changes in the situation of the world’s 370 million indig- enous peoples. Most dramatically, with the first meeting of the UN Perma- nent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) in 2002 and the UN General Assembly’s adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) in 2007, indigenous peoples everywhere now have a solid inter- national foundation for defending their right to control their own territories, resources, and cultures as distinct peoples. This applies to indigenous peoples who are politically organized as well as those who have chosen to live as tribal societies in voluntary isolation. The present edition highlights the most recent outcomes of these changes and their implications for the future. Since the previous edition appeared in 2008, it has become clear that many indigenous peoples living on small islands and high mountains, in deserts, and in the Arctic are already feeling some of the earliest and most severe effects of climate change. At the same time, the deforestation and energy extraction that cause climate change have greatly intensified the pres- sure on their territories and the ecosystems and rich biodiversity that they are defending and that they depend on. The first nine chapters, about half the book, survey what happened to tribal peoples all over the world as they were overtaken by the expanding commercial world from approximately 1800 to 1970. This was a violent and destructive historic period of virtually unmitigated ethnocide and genocide during which as many as 50 million tribal people may have died. This history continues to be relevant because in many respects we are all becoming vic- tims of progress; tribal peoples were merely the first to suffer the negative impacts of commercial expansion. The second half, chapters 10 through 13, shows how since 1970 many of the former “victims of progress” organized ix x Preface and Acknowledgments themselves politically to mitigate the damage and defend their right to exist as part of the worldwide human rights movement. In spite of the formal human rights victories that indigenous peoples have achieved, their strategic problem continues to be over natural resources, as outlined in the 1975 edition. This continuing struggle over indigenous re- sources is reflected in the present edition in new material from Alaska, Cana- da, and South America. The ongoing conflict over indigenous territories will intensify, because the global population, which stood at four billion in 1975, may double to eight billion by 2025 according to UN projections, even as global GDP could increase nearly fivefold. The goal of Victims of Progress is to provide a clear consideration of how conquest, colonialism, and forced culture change historically devastated tribal societies and how development and economic globalization continue to impact indigenous peoples world- wide. With its distinct viewpoint, cogent arguments, and abundant case mate- rial, this book can serve as a stimulus for debate both in introductory general and cultural anthropology courses where the instructor wishes to tackle these topics in depth and in courses that focus more narrowly on cultural diversity and development issues. This edition responds to the dramatic changes in the way we learn in the digital age. The notes extensively cite current online, downloadable sources. New appendices direct readers to current political efforts by indigenous groups, new videos, and reports where they can access current in-depth mate- rial. New photographs from Associated Press photographers have been added to illustrate the case studies and events described. To help professors foster in-class discussion and prepare quizzes and exams, the author has prepared lists of short-answer and essay questions available through the publisher; contact [email protected]