SYSTEM V RELEASE 4 Migration Guide
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A Political History of X Or How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love the GPL
A Political History of X or How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love the GPL Keith Packard SiFive [email protected] Unix in !"# ● $SD Everywhere – $'t not actually BS% ● )*+* want, to make Sy,tem V real – S'rely they still matter ● .o Free So/tware Anywhere The 0rigins of 1 ● $rian Reid and Pa'l Asente at Stan/ord – - kernel → VGTS → W window system – Ported to VS100 at Stan/ord ● $o4 Scheifler started hacking W→ X – Working on Argus with Barbara Liskov at LCS – 7ade it more Unix friendly (async9, renamed X -AXstation 00 (aka v, 339 Unix Workstation Market ● Unix wa, closed source ● Most vendors ,hipped a proprietary 0S 4ased on $SD #.x ● S'n: HP: Digita(: )po((o: *ektronix: I$7 ● ;congratu(ation,: yo'<re not running &'nice=. – Stil(: so many gratuito', di/ference, -AXstation II S'n >?@3 Early Unix Window Systems ● S'n-iew dominated (act'al commercial app,A De,ktop widget,A9 ● %igital had -WS/UIS (V7S on(y9 ● )pollo had %omain ● *ektronix demon,trating Sma((*alk 1 B1@ ● .onB/ree so/tware ● U,ed internally at MIT ● Shared with friend, in/ormally 1 3 ● )(mo,t u,able ● %elivered by Digital on V)1,tation, ● %i,trib'tion was not all free ,o/tware – Sun port relied on Sun-iew kernel API – %igital provided binary rendering code – IB7 PC?2T support act'ally complete (C9 Why 1 C ● 1 0 had wart, – rendering model was pretty terrible ● ,adly, X1 wa,n't m'ch better... – External window management witho't borders ● Get everyone involved – Well, at lea,t every workstation vendor willing to write big checks X as Corporate *ool ● Dim Gettys and Smokey -
Solaris 2.5 Software Developer Kit Introduction
Solaris 2.5 Software Developer Kit Introduction 2550 Garcia Avenue Mountain View, CA 94043 U.S.A. A Sun Microsystems, Inc. Business 1995 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 2550 Garcia Avenue, Mountain View, California 94043-1100 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Portions of this product may be derived from the UNIX® system, licensed from UNIX Systems Laboratories, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Novell, Inc., and from the Berkeley 4.3 BSD system, licensed from the University of California. Third-party software, including font technology in this product, is protected by copyright and licensed from Sun’s Suppliers. RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGEND: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 and FAR 52.227-19. The product described in this manual may be protected by one or more U.S. patents, foreign patents, or pending applications. TRADEMARKS Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, SunSoft, the SunSoft logo, Solaris, SunOS, OpenWindows, DeskSet, ONC, ONC+, NFS, SunExpress, ProCompiler, XView, ToolTalk, XGL, XIL, Solaris VISUAL, Solaris PEX, and AnswerBook are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries. CatalystSM is a service mark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. -
Sunscreen SKIP Open Issues and Late-Breaking News, Release 1.1.1
SunScreen SKIP Open Issues and Late-breaking News, Release 1.1.1 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 901 N. San Antonio Road Palo Alto, CA 94303-4900 U.S.A. Part No: 805-6051–10 June 1998, Revision A Copyright 1998 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 901 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, California 94303-4900 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, SunSoft, SunDocs, SunExpress, and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK and SunTM Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. -
UNIX® Systel11 V 1386 Release
UNIX® Systel11 V1386 Release 3.2 Foundation Set and User Interface Utilities The UNIX System V/386 Release 3.2 Foundation Set provides the highly portable, multitasking and mUlti-user UNIX System V environment permitting many users to simultaneously run application software and share programs and data. It features a hierar chical file system, system access and file security, job control, interprocess communication, 1/0 redirection, and a versatile command set providing numerous tools for information retrieval, data manipulation, report generation, and task scheduling. Release 3.2 enhancements enable the system to run application software developed to XENIX® System V/386 (Release 2.2.0 and later) and XENIX System V/286 (Release 2.0 and later) as well as the many programs developed for UNIX System V/386 (Release 3.0 and later) and 6300 PLUS UNIX System V (Release 2.0 and later). The system also supports AT&T's Simul-Task 386 and XWIN Graphical Windowing System featuring AT&T OPEN LOOJ(TM Window Manager. Included with each Foundation Set product are the AT&T User Interface Utilities, FMLI and FACE, providing the user with a logical view of the UNIX System V environment. It presents easy-to-use menus to commonly used commands, task scheduling, program services, arid administration. The UNIX System V/386 Release 3.2 Foundation Set and User Interface Utilities is supported by AT&T for use on the 6386 and 6386E WorkGroup Systems. The product requires a minimum of 2 megabytes of random access memory and a hard disk drive with 30 megabytes of free space for installation and operation. -
Solaris Advanced User's Guide
Solaris Advanced User’s Guide Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. Part No: 806–7612–10 May 2002 Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. 4150 Network Circle, Santa Clara, CA 95054 U.S.A. All rights reserved. This product or document is protected by copyright and distributed under licenses restricting its use, copying, distribution, and decompilation. No part of this product or document may be reproduced in any form by any means without prior written authorization of Sun and its licensors, if any. Third-party software, including font technology, is copyrighted and licensed from Sun suppliers. Parts of the product may be derived from Berkeley BSD systems, licensed from the University of California. UNIX is a registered trademark in the U.S. and other countries, exclusively licensed through X/Open Company, Ltd. Sun, Sun Microsystems, the Sun logo, docs.sun.com, AnswerBook, AnswerBook2, SunOS, and Solaris are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. All SPARC trademarks are used under license and are trademarks or registered trademarks of SPARC International, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based upon an architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. The OPEN LOOK and Sun™ Graphical User Interface was developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. for its users and licensees. Sun acknowledges the pioneering efforts of Xerox in researching and developing the concept of visual or graphical user interfaces for the computer industry. Sun holds a non-exclusive license from Xerox to the Xerox Graphical User Interface, which license also covers Sun’s licensees who implement OPEN LOOK GUIs and otherwise comply with Sun’s written license agreements. -
Marjn Norling November 2012
Mar$n Norling November 2012 UNIX Lecture Goals • Goal 1: Know basic UNIX commands and their use from memory. • Goal 2: Know how to find informaon on more advanced UNIX commands and their use. • Goal 3: Understand the basics of regular expression paerns. • Goal 4: Know the basic loops and condi$onals for shell scrip$ng and understand how to use them. UNIX Schedule Thursday Friday 09.00-09.45 UNIX introduc$on 09.00-09.45 Bash Scrip$ng 10.00-10.45 UNIX basics 10.00-10.45 Tutorial: Bash scrip$ng 11.00-12.00 Redirects to regexp 11.00-12.00 Tips & Quesons 12.00-13.00 Lunch 12.00-13.00 Lunch 13.00-16.00 Tutorial: Basics 13.00-16.00 Tutorial: finishing up UNIX HISTORY UNIX History • 1969 – First Version of UNIX developed at Bell Labs by AT&T • 1975 – UNIX 6, the first to be widely available outside Bell Labs. The first “Berkeley So]ware Distribu$on” (BSD) is released. • 1989 – UNIX System V, the last tradi$onal UNIX version. • 1991 – Linus Torvalds begin developing Linux. “UNIX-like” • Today – UNIX itself, what’s now called “tradi$onal UNIX” is not used, except by enthusiasts. • There are many “UNIX-like” systems (also known as *nix or UN*X) that are similar to UNIX while not conforming to the Single UNIX Specificaon. • In fact, most operang systems today except windows are “UNIX like”. Single UNIX Specificaon (SUS) • Developed and maintained by the Aus$n Group, based on earlier work by the IEee and The Open Group. -
A Survey of Distributed File Systems
A Survey of Distributed File Systems M. Satyanarayanan Department of Computer Science Carnegie Mellon University February 1989 Abstract Abstract This paper is a survey of the current state of the art in the design and implementation of distributed file systems. It consists of four major parts: an overview of background material, case studies of a number of contemporary file systems, identification of key design techniques, and an examination of current research issues. The systems surveyed are Sun NFS, Apollo Domain, Andrew, IBM AIX DS, AT&T RFS, and Sprite. The coverage of background material includes a taxonomy of file system issues, a brief history of distributed file systems, and a summary of empirical research on file properties. A comprehensive bibliography forms an important of the paper. Copyright (C) 1988,1989 M. Satyanarayanan The author was supported in the writing of this paper by the National Science Foundation (Contract No. CCR-8657907), Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (Order No. 4976, Contract F33615-84-K-1520) and the IBM Corporation (Faculty Development Award). The views and conclusions in this document are those of the author and do not represent the official policies of the funding agencies or Carnegie Mellon University. 1 1. Introduction The sharing of data in distributed systems is already common and will become pervasive as these systems grow in scale and importance. Each user in a distributed system is potentially a creator as well as a consumer of data. A user may wish to make his actions contingent upon information from a remote site, or may wish to update remote information. -
Chapter 1 – 15 Essay Question Review
Chapter 1 – 15 Essay Question Review Chapter 1 1. Explain why an operating system can be viewed as a resource allocator. Ans: A computer system has many resources that may be required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space, file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on. The operating system acts as the manager of these resources. Facing numerous and possibly conflicting requests for resources, the operating system must decide how to allocate them to specific programs and users so that it can operate the computer system efficiently and fairly. Feedback: 1.1.2 2. Explain the purpose of an interrupt vector. Ans: The interrupt vector is merely a table of pointers to specific interrupt-handling routines. Because there are a fixed number of interrupts, this table allows for more efficient handling of the interrupts than with a general-purpose, interrupt-processing routine. Feedback: 1.2.1 3. What is a bootstrap program, and where is it stored? Ans: A bootstrap program is the initial program that the computer runs when it is powered up or rebooted. It initializes all aspects of the system, from CPU registers to device controllers to memory contents. Typically, it is stored in read-only memory (ROM) or electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), known by the general term firmware, within the computer hardware. Feedback: 1.2.1 4. What role do device controllers and device drivers play in a computer system? Ans: A general-purpose computer system consists of CPUs and multiple device controllers that are connected through a common bus. -
Solaris 10 System Administration - Part II
Solaris 10 System Administration - Part II Duration: 5 Days Course Code: SSA2 Overview: This Solaris System Administration training course will provide delegates with practical experience of configuring various aspects of a Oracle Solaris system up to and including Solaris version 10. This course extends the skills a delegate will have gained from attending the Solaris System Administration - Part 1 course. Delegates will cover more specialised tasks such as managing the system log and configuring remote file sharing with NFS whilst gaining the key skills required to prepare for the Oracle Solaris 10 System Administrator Certified Professional Part II exam (1Z0-878) . Target Audience: This Solaris 10 System Administration - Part II course is aimed at IT staff responsible for administering a networked server in a local area network,running the Oracle Solaris operating environment. It will extend their skills beyond basic administration tasks. Objectives: Administering Solaris systems involves many specialised tasks including; monitoring system events with syslog,performing network installations,dealing with various aspects of the network environment and assigning system roles to users. Delegates taking this class will gain the necessary knowledge and skills to perform these tasks. Prerequisites: Attendance on the Solaris Introduction and Solaris 10 System Administration - Part I courses or similar knowledge is required. Shell Programming knowledge is beneficial but not essential. This skill can be gained by attending the Solaris Shell Programming -
Fast Linux I/O in the Unix Tradition
— preprint only: final version will appear in OSR, July 2008 — PipesFS: Fast Linux I/O in the Unix Tradition Willem de Bruijn Herbert Bos Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and NICTA [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT ory wall” [26]). To improve throughput, it is now essential This paper presents PipesFS, an I/O architecture for Linux to avoid all unnecessary memory operations. Inefficient I/O 2.6 that increases I/O throughput and adds support for het- primitives exacerbate the effects of the memory wall by in- erogeneous parallel processors by (1) collapsing many I/O curring unnecessary copying and context switching, and as interfaces onto one: the Unix pipeline, (2) increasing pipe a result of these cache misses. efficiency and (3) exploiting pipeline modularity to spread computation across all available processors. Contribution. We revisit the Unix pipeline as a generic model for streaming I/O, but modify it to reduce overhead, PipesFS extends the pipeline model to kernel I/O and com- extend it to integrate kernel processing and complement it municates with applications through a Linux virtual filesys- with support for anycore execution. We link kernel and tem (VFS), where directory nodes represent operations and userspace processing through a virtual filesystem, PipesFS, pipe nodes export live kernel data. Users can thus interact that presents kernel operations as directories and live data as with kernel I/O through existing calls like mkdir, tools like pipes. This solution avoids new interfaces and so unlocks all grep, most languages and even shell scripts. -
Linux Fast-STREAMS Installation and Reference Manual Version 0.9.2 Edition 4 Updated 2008-10-31 Package Streams-0.9.2.4
Linux Fast-STREAMS Installation and Reference Manual Version 0.9.2 Edition 4 Updated 2008-10-31 Package streams-0.9.2.4 Brian Bidulock <[email protected]> for The OpenSS7 Project <http://www.openss7.org/> Copyright c 2001-2008 OpenSS7 Corporation <http://www.openss7.com/> Copyright c 1997-2000 Brian F. G. Bidulock <[email protected]> All Rights Reserved. Published by OpenSS7 Corporation 1469 Jefferys Crescent Edmonton, Alberta T6L 6T1 Canada This is texinfo edition 4 of the Linux Fast-STREAMS manual, and is consistent with streams 0.9.2. This manual was developed under the OpenSS7 Project and was funded in part by OpenSS7 Corporation. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the con- ditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another lan- guage, under the same conditions as for modified versions. i Short Contents Preface ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1 Quick Start Guide :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 1 Introduction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 2 Objective ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17 3 Reference ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21 4 Development :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: -
Introduction to the Linux for HPC
Introduction to the Linux for HPC Basic Linux for Beginner HPC Users Purpose of This Lecture • Fundamentals of using Linux and Linux-like systems on HPC systems • History of Linux • Shell and basic commands • File, data and process management and utilities History of Linux Linux in the Real World 95% Top500 are Linux-like Operating System # of Systems Percentage Linux 456 91.20% Unix 22 4.40% Windows 6 1.20% BSD Based 1 0.20% Mixed 15 3.00% Unix A Little History • Q: How old is Unix (5, 10, 20 years, or greater)? A: > 40 Years • Unix dates back to 1969 with a group at Bell Laboratories • The original Unix operating system was written in assembler • First 1972 Unix installations had 3 users and a 500KB disk DEC PDP-11, 1972 Linux Bringing Unix to the Desktop • Unix was very expensive • MINIX, tried but was not a full port • An open source solution was needed! 1990’s Movers and Shakers Richard Stallman, father of the GNU Project Linus Torvalds What is Linux? • Linux is a clone of the Unix operating system written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from developers around the globe (technically speaking, Linux is not Unix) • Torvalds uploaded the first version - 0.01 in September 1991 • Only about 2% of the current Linux kernel is written by Torvalds himself but he remains the ultimate authority on what new code is incorporated into the Linux kernel. • Developed under the GNU General Public License , the source code for Linux is freely available • A large number of Linux-based distributions exist (for free or purchase) Why use LINUX? • Performance: as we’ve seen, supercomputers generally run Linux; rich-multi user environment • Functionality: a number of community driven scientific applications and libraries are developed under Linux (molecular dynamics, linear algebra, fast-fourier transforms, etc).