The Red Planet

LEARNING RESOURCE GUIDE Grades 3-8 A companion to The Martian 4D Experience MARS FACT SHEET

Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called the ‘Red Planet’ because of its red soil. The soil on Mars is red because it contains iron oxide (rust). Mars is one of the brightest objects in the night sky. It has been known since ancient times. The planet is named for the Roman god of War. It has two moons, Phobos (fear) and Deimos (panic). The moons get their scary names from the horses that pulled the chariot of the Greek god Ares.

SUN

JUPITER SATURN EARTH URANUS NEPTUNE MERCURY VENUS MARS!

WHAT’S IT LIKE ON MARS? 1. Mars is a little like Earth, only smaller, drier and colder. There are places 3. Mars is a rocky planet. It is dusty and dry. The sky would be hazy and red on Earth that are a little like Mars—Death Valley, California; Antarctica instead of blue. Sometimes giant dust storms cover the whole planet. and volcanoes in Hawaii. Both planets have polar ice caps, volcanoes, 4. Exploring Mars would be hard. But there are lots of things to see and canyons and four seasons. The seasons on Mars are twice as long. learn. Olympus Mons may be the largest volcano in our solar system. It is 2. The thin air on Mars makes it a dangerous place for humans. It is three times taller than Mt. Everest (the tallest mountain on Earth) and as mostly poisonous carbon dioxide. You would need a spacesuit to visit big as the state of New Mexico. Valles Marineris is a grand canyon almost Mars. Recently, scientists found lots of frozen water (scientists say as long as the United States of America is wide. There are also lots of water ice) just under the surface of Mars. This means astronauts who interesting meteor craters and rocks. may visit Mars in the future will have plenty of water—enough to fill 5. On Mars, you would see two moons in the sky. They may be asteroids Lake Michigan twice. captured by Mars’ gravity. Phobos is slowly moving towards Mars. It will crash into Mars or break apart in about 50 million years.

1 IMAGINARY MARTIANS – TEACHER SHEET 1/2

*Recommended to be grouped with Looking for Life and Mars Critters BACKGROUND FOR TEACHERS Activities to encourage students to think about the characteristics of There are many science fiction stories related to Mars. Each one has its own life and about the possibilities of looking for life on Mars. explanation of how a Martian might look. The descriptions are based on the author’s imagination and the known information about Mars from the time ABOUT THIS ACTIVITY period. In this interdisciplinary activity, students will interpret an author’s Students will listen to one or more excerpts from science fiction that will description of a Martian (language arts and art) and evaluate the possibility describe fictional living organisms from Mars. They will then draw their of such a creature living on Mars (science). interpretations and compare them to what they already know about life on Mars today. MATERIALS • Drawing paper OBJECTIVES • Crayons, colored pencils or markers Students will: • Student Sheet: If You Went to Mars • Draw their interpretation of a Martian after listening • Excerpts from science fiction novels to a science fiction reading. Examples: Mars by Ben Bova (chapter 7), Out of the Silent Planet by C. S. Lewis (chapter 7), • Analyze the realism of this Martian based on today’s The Martian Chronicles by Ray Bradbury (February 1999-YUa), knowledge of Mars environment. The Day The Martians Came by Frederick Pohl (chapter 17). • Discuss the popularity of Mars in literature. PROCEDURE Advanced Preparation 1. Check various novels and choose excerpt(s) to use. 2. Practice reading the excerpt(s). 3. Distribute student supplies. 4. Distribute the “If You Went to Mars” student sheet.

2 IMAGINARY MARTIANS – TEACHER SHEET 2/2

CLASSROOM PROCEDURE ALTERNATIVES 1. Explain to the students that people in the past have had very different 1. Instead of a standard sheet of paper, have the students work in groups ideas of what life is like on Mars and that you would like to share some using a large sheet of butcher paper. Then you can also discuss how of these interpretations with them. differently we each interpret what we hear. Display art. 2. Ask the class to close their eyes and listen to the reading(s). 2. Divide the class into teams and read several different excerpts, each 3. Read the excerpt(s) with animation and sound effects. team drawing an interpretation of a separate excerpt, then compare 4. Tell the students to open their eyes, take the drawing materials of their the team drawings. Display art. choice, and draw what they think the author(s) described. 5. Ask the students why they think the author wrote the descriptions in this way. Discuss answers in terms of the literature and the time when the story was written. 6. Ask the students why they think there is so much literature about the planet Mars. 7. Ask each student to explain why the alien drawn could or could not really be found on Mars. 8. Discuss what it would be like to live on Mars. Use the "If You Went to Mars" student sheet.

3 IMAGINARY MARTIANS – IF YOU WENT TO MARS Name Date

Mars is more like Earth than any other planet in our solar system but is you brought the proper equipment, you could probably get some Martian still very different. You would have to wear a space suit to provide air and water from the air or the ground. to protect you from the Sun’s rays because the planet’s thin atmosphere The Martian surface is dusty and red, and huge dust storms occasionally does not block harmful solar radiation. sweep over the plains, darkening the entire planet for days. Instead of Your space suit would also protect you from the bitter cold; temperatures a blue sky, a dusty pink sky would hang over you. on Mars rarely climb above freezing, and they can plummet to -129° Celsius (-200° Fahrenheit). You would need to bring water with you; although if

4 LOOKING FOR LIFE – TEACHER SHEET 1/3

*Recommended to be grouped with Imaginary Martians and Mars Critters same way that Earth life does. The Viking tests did not detect the presence of Activities to encourage students to think about the characteristics of life life on Mars. The Viking tests would not have detected fossil evidence of past and about the possibilities of looking for life on Mars Mars life or a life form that is very different from Earth life.

ABOUT THIS ACTIVITY PART A: AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF LIFE In Activity A students will use research to develop their criteria for life. ABOUT THIS PART The class will combine their ideas in a teacher-guided discussion. In Students will conduct research to identify characteristics of living and non- Activity B they will then use their definition of life to determine whether living organisms. They will record their observations on a chart that will help there is anything alive in three different soil samples. They will make the class to come to a consensus about how to identify living things. observations and draw pictures as they collect data from the samples and experiment. MATERIALS OBJECTIVES • Student Sheet: Fundamental Criteria for Life Chart • Dictionaries and encyclopedias Students will: • Examples of living and non-living things (should include • Form an operational definition of life. plants, animals, and microorganisms—pictures can be • Conduct a simulated experiment with soil samples similar substituted for the real thing) to the experiments on the Mars Viking Lander. • State relationships between the soil samples using their PROCEDURE operational definition of life. • Make an inference about the possibility of life on Mars Advanced Preparation based on data obtained. 1. Gather materials. 2. Review Background and Procedure. BACKGROUND FOR TEACHERS Classroom Procedure We usually recognize something as being alive or not alive. But when scientists 1. Explain to students that their job is to come up with a definition of how study very small samples or very old fossilized materials, the signs of life or living things can be detected. previous life are not easy to determine. Scientists must establish criteria to 2. Ask students to state (or write) what characteristics make an individual work within their research. The tests for life used by the Viking Mars missions item alive or not alive. Encourage them to find pictures and definitions were based on the idea that life would cause changes in the air or soil in the

5 LOOKING FOR LIFE – TEACHER SHEET 2/3

of living and non-living things. Allow the students use of dictionaries and PART B: IT’S ALIVE! encyclopedias. Use the examples below to encourage the students but ABOUT THIS PART not to limit them. Students will take three different soil samples and look for signs of life Example 1: Consider a bear and a chair—they both have legs, but one can move on its own and the other would need a motor made by humans; therefore, independent movement might be one based on the criteria from Part A. characteristic that indicates life. Not every living organism needs legs or roots. But they do need a mode of locomotion or a way to get nutrients. Also, the bear breathes and the chair does not, another MATERIALS indication of life. • Sand or sandy soil sample Example 2: Consider a tree and a light pole. We know that a light pole cannot reproduce—it is made by humans—and we know that the tree makes seeds that may produce more trees. The tree also • Three glass vials, baby food jars, or beakers for soil per group takes in nutrients and gives off gasses and grows. The light uses electricity and gives off light, • Sugar, 5 ml (sugar will be added to all soil samples) but it is strictly an energy exchange and there is no growth and there are no metabolic processes. • Instant active dry yeast: 5 ml added to 50ml of soil • Alka-Seltzer tablets crushed: 1 tablet added to 50 ml of soil However, students might not list the fundamental criteria for life. They might • Hot water, enough to cover the top of the soil in all jars go for the more obvious signs like methods of locomotion. The more subtle (approx. 122° Fahrenheit) but fundamental signs of life are: • Cups for distributing the water • Metabolic processes that show chemical exchanges which • Magnifying lens: 1 per group or individual may be detected in some sort of respiration or exchange • Student Sheets: It's Alive! Data Chart 1 and Data Chart 2 of gases sor solid materials. • Some type of reproduction, replication or cell division. PROCEDURE • Growth. Advanced Preparation • Reaction to stimuli. 1. Fill all jars 1/4 full of soil. (You will need 3 jars per team.) 2. Add just sugar to only one jar per group. Label these jars “A”. 3. As a class, discuss the indications of life, asking for examples from a 3. Add instant active dry yeast and sugar to the second jar per group. diverse sampling of living things. The teacher will paraphrase and group Label these jars “B”. criteria on the blank chart, then guide the students to summarize the 4. Add the powdered Alka-Seltzer and sugar to the remaining jars. groupings to reflect the fundamental criteria for life. Label these jars “C”. 4. Students will use these criteria for the following activities. 5. Give each group a set of three jars, a magnifying lens, and the chart from previous activity.

6 LOOKING FOR LIFE – TEACHER SHEET 3/3

Classroom Procedure (Information for teacher only—do not share all the information with students!)

1. Explain to the students that each team has been given a set of soil samples. 5. Discuss which samples showed indication of activity (B and C). Does No one knows if there is anything alive in them. The assignment is to make that activity mean there is life in both B and C and no life in Sample A? careful observations and check for indications of living material in them— Are there other explanations for the activity in either B or C? based on their criteria. a. Both B and C are chemical reactions 2. Ask students to observe all three samples. They can smell and touch the samples but not taste them. Encourage students to put a few grains on b. Sample C reaction stops a flat white surface and observe them with a hand lens. Students should c. Sample B sustains long term activity then record their data. 3. Give each group a cup of water. (Use hot tap water (approx. 122° F) for d. Sample A is a simple physical change where sugar dissolves the best results, do not kill the yeast.) Ask students to pour the water so Students should realize that there could be other tests that would detect life in Sample B. that each sample is covered with the water. There might be microbes in the soil that would grow on a culture medium. 4. Repeat step 2 and record data on a second sheet or in a separate area of the first sheet. Students should look for and record differences caused 6. Determine which sample(s) contain life by applying the fundamental by adding water. After recording the first observations have students go criteria for indicating life developed in Activity 2. back and observe again. (After about ten minutes Sample B will show 7. Tell students that Sample B contained yeast and Sample C contained even more activity.) Alka-Seltzer. Discuss how scientists could tell the difference between a non-living chemical change (Alka-Seltzer) and a life process (yeast) which is also a chemical change. 8. Discuss which of their criteria would identify yeast as living and Alka-Seltzer as non-living.

7 FUNDAMENTAL CRITERIA FOR LIFE CHART Name Date

Fill in Criteria after the class has made observations and the teacher has grouped the observations.

LIVING ORGANISM CRITERIA CRITERIA CRITERIA CRITERIA CRITERIA

8 Name IT’S ALIVE! DATA CHART 1 Date

INITIAL DESCRIPTIONS (NO WATER ADDED): Sample A Sample B Sample C

INITIAL DRAWINGS (NO WATER ADDED): Sample A Sample B Sample C

9 Name IT’S ALIVE! DATA CHART 2 Date

INITIAL DESCRIPTIONS (WATER ADDED): Sample A Sample B Sample C

INITIAL DRAWINGS (WATER ADDED): Sample A Sample B Sample C

10 MARS CRITTERS – TEACHER SHEET 1/2

* Recommended to be grouped with Imaginary Martians and Looking for tremendous dust storms. Another requirement for life is food—there are Life Activities to encourage students to think about the characteristics no plants or animals on the surface of Mars to serve as food! of life and about the possibilities of looking for life on Mars. Scientists are finding organisms on Earth that live in extreme conditions previously thought not able to support life. Some of these extreme ABOUT THIS ACTIVITY environments include: the harsh, dry, cold valleys of Antarctica, the ocean In groups or as individuals, students will use their knowledge of Mars and depths with high pressures and no sunlight, and deep rock formations living organisms to construct a model of a plant or animal that has the where organisms have no contact with organic material or sunlight from critical features for survival on Mars. This is a “what if” type of activity that the surface. encourages the students to apply knowledge. They will attempt to answer MATERIALS the question: What would an organism need to be like in order to live in the harsh Mars environment? • Paper (construction, tag board, bulletin board, etc.) • Colored pencils • Glue OBJECTIVES • Items to decorate critter (rice, macaroni, glitter, cereal, Students will: candy, yarn, string, beads, etc.) • Draw logical conclusions about conditions on Mars. • Pictures of living organisms from Earth • Predict the type of organism that might survive on Mars. • Student Sheet: Mars Critters • Construct a model of a possible Martian life form. • Student Sheet: If You Went to Mars • Write a description of the life form and its living conditions. • Mars Fact Sheet

BACKGROUND FOR TEACHERS PROCEDURE To construct a critter model, students must know about the environment of Advanced Preparation Mars. The creature must fit into the ecology of a barren dry wasteland with 1. Gather materials. extremes in temperature. The atmosphere is much thinner than the Earth’s; 2. Set up various art supplies at each table for either individual work or therefore, special adaptations would be necessary to handle the constant small group work. This activity may be used as a homework project. radiation on the surface of Mars. The dominant gas in the Mars atmosphere 3. Review the “If You Went to Mars” sheet, Mars Fact Sheet, and the is carbon dioxide with very little oxygen. The gravitational pull is just over 1/3 background provided above. Other research and reading may be (0.38) of Earth’s. In addition, Mars has very strong winds causing assigned as desired.

11 MARS CRITTERS – TEACHER SHEET 2/2

CLASSROOM PROCEDURE 1. Ask students to work in groups to construct a model of an animal or plant that has features that might allow it to live on or near the surface of Mars. Have them consider all the special adaptations they see in animals and plants here on Earth. They must use their knowledge of conditions on Mars, consulting the Mars Fact Sheet, If You Went To Mars student sheet, and other resources such as web pages if necessary. Some key words for a web search might be “life in space” or “extremophile” (organisms living in extreme environments). They must identify a specific set of conditions under which this organism might live. Encourage the students to use creativity and imagination in their descriptions and models. 2. If this is assigned as homework, provide each student with a set of rules and a grading sheet, or read the rules and grading criteria aloud and post a copy. 3. Review the information already learned about Mars in previous lessons. 4. Allow at least 2 class periods for this project: one for construction, one for presentation. 5. Remind the students that there are no wrong critters as long as the grading criteria are followed. 6. Include a scale with each living organism.

12 Name MARS CRITTERS 1/2 Date

In order to better understand what types of life scientists will look for when they go to Mars, you will construct a model or draw a picture of an organism that has features that might allow it to live on or near the surface of Mars. Conduct research about the environment on Mars. Consider the geology, gravity, atmosphere, radiation exposure, and weather. Choose a habitat somewhere in the Mars environment for the organism to live. Then construct a model of the plant or animal and include the special features it would need to live in that harsh environment. You may want to research the special adaptations animals and plants have to survive in difficult places here on Earth. Be creative and use your imagination. Make a scale model or picture of your critter. Answer all the questions on the next page and attach them to the picture or model of your critter.

GRADING 1. Your entry will be graded on scientific accuracy (40%) and creativity (40%). Remember that everything on Mars must obey the laws of nature and your creature must have good Martian survival traits. Provide a scale to indicate the true size of your critter. 2. Clear writing and correct grammar count for the remaining 20% of your total score.

13 Name MARS CRITTERS 2/2 Date

DESCRIPTION AND QUESTIONS 1. The critter’s name: 5. What other creatures does it prey on, if any? How does it defend itself against predators?

2. Describe the habitat and climate in which your critter lives.

6. How does your creature cope with Mars’ extreme cold, unfiltered solar radiation, and other environmental factors? 3. How does it move? Include both the form and method of locomotion. (For example: The miniature Mars Gopher leaps on powerful hind legs).

7. Is it solitary or does it live in large groups? Describe its social behaviors.

4. What does it eat or use as nutrients? Is it herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, or other? What is its main food and how does it acquire this food?

8. What else would you like others to know about your critter?

14 ALL ABOUT MARS – READING SHEET 1/2 Name Date

Mars means: Mars was the Roman god of war and agriculture. It may not Mars seem like these two things go together, but they do. Mars protected those who fought for their communities and stayed home to raise crops for food.

How much would you weigh on Mars? If you weighed 70 pounds on Earth, you would weigh about 27 pounds on Mars.

The Planet: Mars excites scientists because its mild temperament is more like the Earth’s than any of the other planets. Evidence suggests that Mars once had rivers, streams, lakes and even an ocean. As Mars’ atmosphere slowly depleted into outer space, the surface water began to permanently evaporate. Today the only water on Mars is either frozen in the polar caps or underground.

Moons: Mars has two moons. Their names are Deimos and Phobos.

Fast Fact: Mars has much higher mountains and far deeper canyons than Earth. Mars’ biggest canyon would stretch from New York City to 1 Orbit of Sun 686.98 days Los Angeles on Earth. That makes the Grand Canyon look tiny. It also has the Solar System’s biggest volcano called Olympus Mons. 1 Rotation 24 hours, 37 minutes Mass 10% of Earth Distance From Sun 229 million km (142 million miles) Maximum Temperature 36°C (98°F) Minimum Temperature -123°C (-190°F) Atmosphere Carbon Dioxide, Nitrogen & Argon

15 ALL ABOUT MARS – ACTIVITY SHEET 2/2 Name Date

DRAW A PICTURE OF MARS. 8. List three additional things you have learned about mars:

1.

2.

1. Length of one year (in Earth units): 2. Length of one day (in Earth units): 3. Mass (compared to Earth): 3. 4. Maximum and minimum temperature: 5. Distance from the Sun: 6. Atmosphere: 7. An average 10 year old weighs about 70 pounds. About how much would that same child weigh on Mars?

This is because Mars is than Earth, and has gravity.

16 MARS-O! VOCABULARY – TEACHER PREP SHEET 1/3

GOAL HOW TO PLAY Allow students to be introduced to, learn, and rehearse vocabulary • Provide students with MARS-O! Vocabulary Student Sheets. and concepts related to Mars and Mars missions. • Students review the words and choose which to include on their MARS-O! Game Card (24 spots in all). OBJECTIVE • Students write the words in the squares (in any order they wish) on To recognize the vocabulary definition being given and complete the MARS-O! Game Card (Note: Pen can work better than pencil to either a horizontal, vertical, or diagonal row on the game board. avoid erasures on the game board sheet). Time Frame: 45 minutes * This step can be done ahead of time by the teacher for younger students—see note below. MATERIALS • Cut apart and mix up the strips of vocabulary terms from the Teacher • Blank MARS-O! Game Card (1 per student) Vocabulary Clue Sheet. The teacher or other designated helper will • MARS-O! Vocabulary Student Sheet (1 per student) draw one strip at a time and read the definition aloud. • Teacher Vocabulary Clue Sheet to cut into strips • The clue reader needs to keep track of the words that have been (1 set for teacher/designated helper) chosen and read, so they may be reviewed to verify the winner. • Small items (such as beans or beads) to be used as markers • The class then responds with the correct answer, and the students that have that vocabulary word on their MARS-O! Game Card cover it (or simply cross out the word if game is only to be played once). • The first student that has a vertical, horizontal or diagonal row of vocabulary words covered indicates so by saying “MARS-O!” • The words are then reviewed to make sure they were correct.

* Teacher Tip: You can make a permanent classroom set of laminated MARS-O! Game Cards with vocabulary words randomly placed in each square.

17 MARS-O! VOCABULARY – TEACHER CLUE SHEET 2/3

INSTRUCTIONS Cut the vocabulary words into strips. Mix the strips up and draw a vocabulary word. Read the definition to the class and wait for students to give the correct answer to the clue given.

Olympus Mons: The largest volcano on Mars (and in the Solar System!). Mars Pathfinder: The name of the Mars mission that landed on Mars on This volcano is 16 miles high (approximately 3 times as high as July 4, 1997. There had not been a landing on Mars in 21 years, before this Mt. Everest - Earth’s tallest mountain) and would cover the same mission successfully landed. The main objective of this mission was to area as the state of Arizona! test new ideas in spacecraft engineering and to study the rocks.

Valles Marineris: The longest canyon system on Mars (and in the Solar 25.5°: The amount of tilt of the axis of Mars. System!) This canyon is approximately 2,500 miles long and reaches depths of nearly 3 to 6 miles deep in some places. Sojourner Truth: The name of the first rover on Mars, named after a Civil War slave who helped other slaves become free. This rover was also 687: The number of Earth days that make a Martian year. Remember the first rover sent to another planet and rolled around on Mars for nearly that a year is the amount of time it takes a planet to travel all the way three months. The rover weighed 23 pounds, and was 26 inches long, around the Sun. The Earth has a year that is 365 1/4 days long. If you 19 inches wide and 12 inches tall. lived on Mars, you would be a little older than 1/2 the age you are now. Mars Global Surveyor: The name of the spacecraft that began orbiting Viking Missions: The name of the Mars missions that were sent Mars in 1997. This mission collected data that helped us understand how to look for life on Mars in 1975-1976. high and low the mountains and valleys are, told us about the minerals and rocks on the surface of the planet, took better pictures of the planet than we have ever had before, and revealed the magnetic history of the Carbon Dioxide: The main component (over 95%) of the planet. This mission ended in January 2007. Martian atmosphere (air).

1/2 Diameter: The size comparison of diameters (ratio) of Mars to Earth.

18 MARS-O! VOCABULARY – TEACHER CLUE SHEET 3/3

Red Planet: The nickname of Mars. This nickname was given because of Astronomical Unit: The measuring unit for distances in the Solar System. the red dust that covers the planet and helps to give it its color. One of these is equal to the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth (approximately 93,000,000 miles).

37: The number of minutes that the Martian day is longer than an Earth day. Air Bags: The Mars Pathfinder used these to bounce into the Martian surface on July 4, 1997. This was called a passive style landing. Phobos: The larger moon of Mars. The translation of the name means “fear”. Polar Caps: These are located at the North and South Poles of Mars and are composed of water ice and Carbon Dioxide ice. Deimos: The smaller moon of Mars. The translation of the name means “terror”. Sol: One day on Mars.

Teleoperation: The remote operation of a robotic device, such as a rover or science instrument aboard a spacecraft Ares Vallis: The Mars Pathfinder landing site. Scientists think this is an area on Mars that experienced a very large flood in its ancient history. Mars Pathfinder landed here on July 4, 1997. Payload: Anything that a flight vehicle (like a spacecraft) carries, beyond what is required for its operation during flight. This includes the scientific instruments and planetary rovers on the Mars missions. NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Escape Velocity: The speed that any object must travel in order to Mars: The fourth planet from the Sun that is named after the god of War. escape the gravitational pull of a planet.

Aerobraking: The way a spacecraft can slow down by using the atmospheric drag of a planet. The Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Orbiter used this method.

19 Name MARS-O! VOCABULARY 1/2 Date

1. Olympus Mons: The largest volcano on Mars (and in the Solar System!). 8. Sojourner Truth: The name of the first rover on Mars, named after a Civil This volcano is 16 miles high (approximately 3 times as high as Mt. Everest - War slave who helped other slaves become free. This rover was also the Earth’s tallest mountain) and would cover the same area as the state first rover sent to another planet and rolled around on Mars for nearly three of Arizona! months. The rover weighed 23 pounds, and was 26 inches long, 19 inches wide and 12 inches tall. 2. Valles Marineris: The longest canyon system on Mars (and in the Solar System!) This canyon is approximately 2,500 miles long and reaches depths 9. Mars Global Surveyor: The name of the spacecraft that began orbiting of nearly 3 to 6 miles deep in some places. Mars in 1997. This mission collected data that helped us understand how high and low the mountains and valleys are, told us about the minerals and 3. 687: The number of Earth days that make a Martian year. Remember that rocks on the surface of the planet, took better pictures of the planet than a year is the amount of time it takes a planet to travel all the way around the we have ever had before, and revealed the magnetic history of the planet. Sun. The Earth has a year that is 365 1/4 days long. If you lived on Mars, you This mission ended in January 2007. would be a little older than 1/2 the age you are now. 10. 1/2 Diameter: The size comparison of diameters (ratio) of Mars to Earth. 4. Viking Missions: The name of the Mars missions that were sent to look for life on Mars in 1975-1976. 11. Red Planet: The nickname of Mars. This nickname was given because of the red dust that covers the planet and helps to give it its color. 5. Carbon Dioxide: The main component (over 95%) of the Martian atmosphere (air). 12. 37: The number of minutes that the Martian day is longer than an Earth day. 6. Mars Pathfinder: The name of the Mars mission that landed on Mars on July 4, 1997. There had not been a landing on Mars in 21 years, before this 13. Phobos: The larger moon of Mars. The translation of the name mission successfully landed. The main objective of this mission was to test means “fear”. new ideas in spacecraft engineering and to study the rocks. 14. Deimos: The smaller moon of Mars. The translation of the name 7. 25.5°: The amount of tilt of the axis of Mars. means “terror”.

20 Name MARS-O! VOCABULARY 1/2 Date

15. Teleoperation: The remote operation of a robotic device, such as a rover 23. Ares Vallis: The Mars Pathfinder landing site. Scientists think this is an or science instrument aboard a spacecraft area on Mars that experienced a very large flood in its ancient history. Mars Pathfinder landed here on July 4, 1997. 16. Payload: Anything that a flight vehicle (like a spacecraft) carries beyond what is required for its operation during flight. This includes the scientific 24. NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. instruments and planetary rovers on the Mars missions. 25. Mars: The fourth planet from the Sun that is named after the god of War. 17. Escape Velocity: The speed that any object must travel in order to escape the gravitational pull of a planet.

18. Aerobraking: The way a spacecraft can slow down by using the atmospheric drag of a planet. The Mars Global Surveyor and Mars Polar Orbiter used this method.

19. Astronomical Unit: The measuring unit for distances in the Solar System. One of these is equal to the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth (approximately 93,000,000 miles).

20. Air Bags: The Mars Pathfinder used these to bounce into the Martian surface on July 4, 1997. This was called a passive style landing.

21. Polar Caps: These are located at the North and South Poles of Mars and are composed of water ice and Carbon Dioxide ice.

22. Sol: One day on Mars.

21 MARS-O! VOCABULARY – GAME CARD Name Date

Pick 24 vocabulary words and write them in your squares. You can put them in any order you wish. If you get a vocabulary word right, cover the word with one of your markers. When you get a complete row filled (horizontally, vertically or diagonally) call out a “MARS-O!”.

MARS-O ! FREE SPACE

22 STRANGE NEW PLANET: INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY – TEACHER SHEET 1/2

INTRODUCTION • Towel (to drape over planets) • Push-pins Strange New Planet brings insight into the processes involved • Viewer material (sheet of paper, paper towel roll, or toilet paper roll) in learning about planetary exploration. This activity demonstrates • 5" x 5" blue cellophane squares (one for each viewer) and other how planetary features are discovered by the use of remote selected colors to provide different filters for additional information sensing techniques. • Rubber bands (one for each viewer) Suggested Grade Level: 5-8 • Masking tape to mark the observation distances (Can be used K-12 with adaptations - simple observations vs. more data • Student data sheet collection related to current remote sensing data and techniques) PROCEDURE OBJECTIVES 1. Selecting a Planet – Choose an object such as a plastic ball or fruit that allows for multi-sensory observations. Decorate the object with stickers, Students will be engaged in making multi-sensory observations, gathering scents, etc. to make the object interesting to observe. Some of these data, and simulating spacecraft missions. materials should be placed discreetly so that they are not obvious upon brief or distant inspection. Some suggestions for features are: MATERIALS • Create clouds by using cotton and glue (Planets can be made from a combination of materials) • Carve channels • Plastic balls, modeling clay, play dough, Styrofoam balls, or rounded • Attach smaller object(s) using a toothpick (to make moons fruit (cantaloupe, pumpkin, oranges, etc.) or orbiting satellites) • Vinegar, perfume, or other scents • Affix small stickers or embed other objects into the planet • Small stickers, sequins, candy, marbles… anything small and interesting! • Apply scent sparingly to a small area • Cotton balls For older students, teams can create their own planets for other teams to view. This allows the • Toothpicks students to create their own set of planetary features and write up a key to these features for • Objects that can be pierced with a toothpick to make a moon the team that explores that planet to compare to their own findings. • Glue (if needed)

23 STRANGE NEW PLANET: INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY – TEACHER SHEET 2/2

2. Set-up – Place the object (planet) on a desk in the back of the room. Cover 5. Mission 2: The Orbiter – (Mariner 9, 1971-72; Viking 1 and 2 Orbiters, the object with a towel before students arrive. Brief students on their task: 1976-80; Mars Global Surveyor, 1996-present) Each team takes two To explore a strange new planet. Form mission teams of 4-5 students. minutes to orbit (circle) the planet at a distance of two feet. They observe Students can construct viewers out of loose-leaf paper by rolling the distinguishing features and record their data back at Mission Control. shorter side into a tube (can also use toilet paper roll or paper towel roll.) Teams develop a plan for their landing expedition onto the planet’s surface. These viewers should be used whenever observing the planet. Make sure Plans should include the landing spot and features to be examined. students have a place to record their data (Student Data Sheet). Encourage use of all senses (except taste unless specifically called for). 6. Mission 3: The Lander – (Viking 1 and 2, 1976-1982; Mars Pathfinder, 1997) Each team approaches their landing site and marks it with a push- 3. Pre-Launch Reconnaissance – This step simulates earth-bound pin (or masking tape if planet will pop using a pin.) Team members take observations. Arrange students against the sides of the room by teams. turns observing the landing site with the viewers. Field of view is kept These areas will be referred to as Mission Control. To simulate Earth’s constant by team members aligning their viewers with the push pin atmosphere, a blue cellophane sheet could be placed on the end of the located inside and at the top of their viewers. Within the field of view, viewers, taped or held in place by a rubber band. This helps to simulate students enact the mission plan. After five minutes, the team returns the variation that occurs when viewing objects through the Earth’s to “Mission Control” to discuss and record their findings. atmosphere. Remove the towel. Teams observe the planet(s) using their viewers for 1 minute. Replace the towel. Teams can discuss and record their ASSESSMENT observations of the planet. At this point, most of the observations will be Each individual student should complete a Student Data Sheet. visual and will include color, shape, texture, and position. Teams should Each team shares their data with the class in a team presentation. write questions to be explored in the future missions to the planet. As a class, compile a list of all information gathered by the teams to answer the question “What is the planet like?” (or each planet 4. Mission 1: The Fly-By – (Mariner 4,6,7, 1965, 1969, 1969) Each team will if multiple planets are used). Have the class vote on a name of the have a turn at walking quickly past one side of the planet (the other side newly discovered planet or the geologic features discovered using remains draped under towel). A distance of five feet from the planet the rules for naming a planet (planetary nomenclature) which is needs to be maintained. Teams then reconvene at the sides of the room located at the USGS website. Teams critique their depth (Mission Control) with their backs to the planet while the other teams of observations and ability to work together. conduct their fly-by. Replace towel over planet once all the fly-bys have taken place. Teams record their observations and discuss what they Variations: Create a solar system of planets, hang them from the ceiling and have will be looking for on their orbit mission. students make observations of all the planets.

24 STRANGE NEW PLANET: 1/3 Name Date INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY

A. Pre-Launch Reconnaissance: Earth-bound Observations B. Mission 1: The Fly-by (Mariner 4, 6, 7, 1965, 1969, 1969) Using your viewers (with the cellophane removed), each team will have a 1. Estimate your distance from the planet (feet or meters): turn at walking quickly past one side of the planet. A distance of five feet needs be maintained from the planet. Teams will then meet back at Mission Control with their backs to the planet until all teams have completed their 2. Using your viewer (with blue cellophane attached to simulate Earth’s fly-by of the planet. atmosphere), observe the planet. What types of things do you observe? 1. Record your observations of the planet. What did you see that was the Record any observations (shape of planet, color, size, etc.). same as your Earth observations? What did you see that was different? Can you hypothesize (make a scientific guess) as to why there were any differences?

3. Discuss all of the observations with your team members while at Mission Control. Record any team observations that differ from yours.

2. Record any similarities or differences that your team observed.

4. As a team, write questions to be explored in the future missions to the planet. What else do you wish to know and how will you find that 3. List the team ideas as to what you want to observe on your next information out (special features of the planet, life of any kind, etc.)? orbiting mission. a. ______a. ______b. ______b. ______c. ______c. ______d. ______d. ______

25 STRANGE NEW PLANET: 2/3 Name Date INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY

C. Mission 2: The Orbiter (Mariner 9, 1971-72; Viking I and 2 Orbiters, 3. As a team, develop a plan for your landing expedition onto the 1976-80; Mars Global Surveyor, 1996-present) planet’s surface. Using a viewer, each team takes a total of two minutes to orbit (circle) the a. Where will you go and why? How did your team decide where to land? planet at a distance of two feet. Divide the two minutes by the number of ______team members to get the time each person gets to orbit the planet. After ______your observation, return to Mission Control. ______

1. Record your observations of the planet. What did you see that was the b. What are the risks or benefits of landing there? same as your Earth or fly-by observations? What did you see that was ______different? Can you hypothesize (make a scientific guess) as to why there ______were any differences? ______

c. What specifically do you want to explore at this site? ______

d. What type of special equipment or instruments would you need to accomplish your exploration goals? (Remember, anything you bring 2. Record any similarities or differences that your team observed. has be small and light enough to bring on a spacecraft!) ______

26 STRANGE NEW PLANET: 3/3 Name Date INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY

D. Mission 3: The Lander (Viking 1 and 2, 1976-1982; 3. Was your mission successful? Why or why not? Mars Pathfinder 1 1997) Each team will approach their landing site and mark it with a push-pin or masking tape. Each team member will take a turn observing the landing site through their viewer. Field of view (the area that you can see through your viewer) is kept constant by aligning the viewer with the push-pin located inside and at the top of their viewers. Each team has a total of five minutes to view the landing site. After each member views the landing site, return 4. What were the greatest challenges of this mission (Personally and to Mission Control. as a team)? What would you change for the next mission? 1. Now that you have landed, what do you think you can accomplish at this landing site?

2. How long (in days) will it take you to get the job accomplished?

27 THE GREAT GRAVITY ESCAPE – TEACHER SHEET 1/5

SUMMARY MATERIALS Students use water balloons and a length of string to understand how the Each group needs: force of gravity between two objects and the velocity of a spacecraft can • 1 water balloon balance to form an orbit. They see that when the velocity becomes too great • 5 feet (1.5m) length of twine or string for gravity to hold the spacecraft in orbit, the object escapes the orbit and • 1 clothes pin (the type with metal springs) travels further away from the planet. • 1 stop watch • Orbiting Water Balloons Student sheet ENGINEERING CONNECTION BACKGROUND FOR TEACHERS Engineers and scientists make amazingly precise calculations so that a Gravity is an attractive force between two objects. All things that have mass spacecraft’s journey is timed exactly to reach the location where a planet are attracted to other things that have mass. Do you think gravity is acting will be at that time. Since Earth and Mars are always orbiting in their own on an astronaut orbiting around the Earth? (Answer: Yes, Gravity is present; paths, space travel from Earth to Mars might be compared to shooting a but, you cannot see or feel it.) basketball into a moving hoop while standing on a moving platform. This requires that engineers think logically and use their math skills to forecast You might not think gravity is acting on astronauts because when we see exactly where a planet will be located many months in the future. videos from space, everything is floating around. However, this does not mean gravity is not acting on the people in a spaceship. There is still gravity, but in an orbit, the tendency of an object to move toward the center is LEARNING OBJECTIVES perfectly balanced by the spacecraft’s tendency to continue in a straight line After this activity, students should be able to: away from the planet. • Understand that an orbit is the balancing of object’s velocity with What do you think would happen if a spacecraft orbiting the Earth kept the gravitational force. speeding up? Would the spacecraft get closer or further from Earth? • Realize that as the velocity of an orbiting object increases, gravity (Answer: Further) has a harder time keeping the object close. • Understand that engineers must design and build huge rockets to As the velocity of the spacecraft speeds up, it wants to keep going past and escape the Earth’s gravity. away from the Earth, which means gravity has a harder time keeping the • Understand that gravity is still acting on an object that is in orbit even spacecraft close and therefore the spacecraft enters an orbit that is further though it is a weightless environment. from the Earth. If the spacecraft continues to speed up, it will eventually be able to leave the Earth’s orbit. This is exactly what happens when we send

28 THE GREAT GRAVITY ESCAPE – TEACHER SHEET 2/5

a spacecraft to another planet, such as Mars. It takes a lot of energy to get In today’s activity, we will use water balloons to demonstrate how an orbit is enough velocity to “escape the Earth’s gravity;” however, once a spacecraft the balance between gravity and the velocity of the spacecraft. We will see has done this, it can coast to Mars and only have to fire its rockets one more that once an object is traveling fast enough, the orbiting object can “escape” time to slow down as it approaches Mars. In reality, the spacecraft has not from the gravitational pull of the planet. actually escaped the Earth’s gravity, but it has gotten far enough away that it is not the largest gravitational force acting on our spacecraft any more. PROCEDURE Do you know which gravitational force becomes the largest force once a spacecraft has gotten far enough away from the Earth? (Answer: The Sun’s Before the Activity gravity takes over once the spacecraft has left the Earth’s orbit.) • Cut one 5-foot length of twine for each group. • Thread one end of the twine through the metal spring on the clothes Figure 1 illustrates the path of a spacecraft traveling in an elliptical transfer orbit from Earth to Mars; it shows that the path from the Earth to Mars is not a straight line since the spacecraft pin and tie a double knot in it so that the clothes pin hangs from the is actually orbiting around the Sun. end of the twine. • Fill water balloons with approx. 100 grams of water, making the balloons about 2 inches in diameter. Fill two balloons, or more, per group (one for the activity and one for a spare). Temporarily store SPACECRAFT balloons in a plastic bucket. • Make enough copies of the Orbiting Water Balloons Student Sheet, one per group. • Find a place outside where teams have at least 20 feet (6 meters) clear in all directions around them. The more space provided, the safer the activity. (Note: A football/practice field or large lawn area works well.) MARS SUN EARTH

Figure 1: An ellipitical transfer orbit from Earth to Mars

29 THE GREAT GRAVITY ESCAPE – TEACHER SHEET 3/5

With the Students 5. Pass out to each group an Orbiting Water Balloons Student Sheet, stop watch and 1. Tell the students that today they will use water balloons to learn about orbits. string with clothes pin attached.

2. Explain to them that they will each represent a planet, and that a water balloon— 6. Move students outside to a pre-selected space with adequate room for them to connected to a string that they will use to swing the balloon around them— spread out and do the activity. represents an orbit. 7. Give each group one water-filled balloon and tell them to securely attach the ends of the balloons to their clothes pins. HUMAN CLOTHES PIN 8. Have one group member stand in the middle of a designated open area with the balloon contraption while the remainder of the group stands back at least 20 feet.

9. Have the students with the strings and balloons start swinging the balloons slowly 5' OF TWINE around their bodies so they are moving just fast enough to keep the balloons a few GRAVITY (Tension in String) feet above the ground.

10. Have another student use the stop watch to time 10 seconds. While this person WATER BALLOON is timing, have the remaining students count how many times the balloon goes around in those 10 seconds. Record this number on the worksheets. Figure 2: Activity set-up 11. Have the students who are swinging the balloons speed up their balloons slightly. Remind them that they learned that an object that is moving wants to travel in a straight line. For an object to turn, a force must act on it. The Earth’s gravitational force is the acting force that turns the 12. Have the other students repeat counting the number of rotations in 10 second intervals. object, creating the elliptical (curved) path of an orbiting object. To change the path of their water balloons, they must apply force to the balloons. In this case, the tension in the string represents the 13. Repeat steps 10 and 11 until the balloons come off the clothes pin. gravity that keeps an object in orbit. See Figure 2 for a drawing of the experiment set-up. 14. Now have the students rotate roles, so that every student has a chance to be 3. Hold up one length of twine that already has the clothes pin attached. Demonstrate a planet with a balloon in orbit. how to carefully clip the balloon onto the clothespin. 15. Once all teams have finished, have them come back inside and calculate the escape 4. Ask the students: What will happen if you begin spinning the balloon around velocities, using the worksheets. yourself—faster and faster? (Answer: The clothes pin will eventually let go of the balloon.) Why does this happen? (Answer: As the balloon spins faster the 16. Conclude with a class discussion to compare calculations and results. Conduct the clothes pin cannot apply the force necessary to keep the balloon in orbit and post-activity assessment activity described in the Assessment section. it lets go. Once this happens, the balloon travels in a straight line, according to Newton’s first law of motion.)

30 THE GREAT GRAVITY ESCAPE – TEACHER SHEET 4/5

SAFETY ISSUES ASSESSMENT • Make sure students stand a sufficient distance away from the swinging Pre-Activity Assessment water balloons and that they pay attention to the other students as Discussion Question: Solicit, integrate and summarize student responses. they perform the experiment. • To keep from getting dizzy, have students use lasso motions over their 1. Sketch a planet (a circle) with a “spacecraft launcher” on top of heads to swing their balloons, instead of turning their entire bodies. it (a stick figure with a tube). Ask students to sketch the path the spacecraft travels if it is: TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS a) thrown from the tower like a glider • Make sure the balloons are well secured by the clothes pins. This ensures b) launched into the sky like a plane, but runs out of fuel near where planes that the balloons do not come off the strings too early. If students cannot fly approx. 7 miles up handle water balloons, find another object that is soft, but also weighs around 100 grams, such as a wiffle- or sponge-type ball. c) launched with enough velocity to enter orbit around the Earth and fly near the International Space Station • Keep one important detail in mind when comparing the string to the force of gravity on a spacecraft: In space, the distance from the planet d) launched with enough velocity that it escapes an orbit around Earth and lands on Mars (diameter of orbit) would get larger as a spacecraft speeds up. (Ask the Answers: a) The spacecraft falls to the ground; b) The spacecraft makes an arc, but class: Does the string get longer as you spin faster? Answer: No!) In this crashes (or lands) back on Earth; c) The spacecraft enters orbit around the Earth, activity, the string does not get longer as a water balloon is spun faster. and d) The spacecraft escapes an orbit around Earth, but still orbits around the Sun The orbital escape velocity of the spacecraft, the velocity at which (remember that all things that have mass have gravity between them). the gravity between the objects can no longer hold them together, is achieved when the clothespin releases and the balloon flies off. 2. Is there gravity in space? [Answer: Since space is a weightless enviro- nment, it seems like there is no gravity, but there actually is gravity in space! When a spaceship is in orbit, gravity and the velocity of the spaceship are exactly balanced.]

31 THE GREAT GRAVITY ESCAPE – TEACHER SHEET 5/5

POST-ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT ACTIVITY EXTENSIONS Numbered Heads: Divide the class into teams of three to five students each. Have students weigh different balloons and see if they can find a relationship Have students on each team number off so each has a different number. between the mass of the balloon and the escape velocity. The students should Ask the students a question and give them a short time frame for solving see that a heavier balloon releases at a lower velocity. it (approx. 1 minute). Have team members work together on the answer Note: To see this result, the mass of the larger balloon must be significantly heavier—at least 50%. and make sure everyone on the team knows it. Call a number at random. Students with that number should raise their hands to answer the question. If not all students with that number raise their hands, give the teams time to work a little longer.

EXAMPLE QUESTIONS: 1. What is the force that pulls objects towards the center of the Earth? [Answer: Gravity] 2. Which of Newton’s laws tells us that an object in motion tends to stay in motion and that the only way for an object to slow down, speed up, or turn is if a force acts on the object? [Answer: Newton’s first law of motion] 3. True or False: There is no gravity in space. [Answer: False] 4. What happens as the spacecraft speeds up? [Answer: The spacecraft eventually overpowers the gravitational pull of the Earth and leaves the Earth’s orbit.] 5. An orbit is the balance between the velocity of the object and what force? [Answer: The planet’s gravitational force] 6. As velocity decreases, the object gets closer/further from Earth? [Answer: Closer]

32 THE GREAT GRAVITY ESCAPE: Name Date ORBITING WATER BALLOONS

Today, you are a planet! You must determine the velocity required for a water balloon to escape the orbit around you.

INSTRUCTIONS FIRST SPEED SECOND SPEED THIRD SPEED FOURTH SPEED

You will be given a 5 feet length of twine with a clothes pin Student # of Rotations # of Rotations # of Rotations # of Rotations attached to the end and a small water-filled balloon. Each member of your group will take turns attaching a water balloon to the string and swinging it around. The first student should start off very slow (swinging the balloon just fast enough to keep it off the ground). While swinging the balloon, another student should use a stop watch to count 10 seconds, and the other students should count how many times the balloon goes around in the 10 second intervals. Record the number of rotations in the “First Speed” column in the table below.

Then speed up the rotation slightly, and count the number of rotations again, this time putting the results in the “Second Speed” column. Keep increasing the speed and recording the results until the balloon releases from the clothes pin. Take the last recorded number of rotations and use the table at the bottom to calculate the escape velocity.

If time permits, repeat activity for each group member, and calculate the escape velocity for each person’s swinging results.

# OF ROTATIONS CIRCUMFERENCE TIME ESCAPE VELOCITY FINAL SPEED Diameter π (Pi)

Escape Velocity 1 ÷ 10 seconds × 10 ft × 3.14 =

Escape Velocity 2 ÷ 10 seconds × 10 ft × 3.14 =

Escape Velocity 3 ÷ 10 seconds × 10 ft × 3.14 =

Escape Velocity 4 ÷ 10 seconds × 10 ft × 3.14 =

Escape Velocity 5 ÷ 10 seconds × 10 ft × 3.14 =

33 HANDS-ON ACTIVITY: EGG-CELLENT LANDING! – TEACHER SHEET 1/4

SUMMARY MATERIALS The purpose of this activity is to recreate the classic egg-drop experiment Each group should have: with an analogy to the Mars rover landing. The concept of terminal velocity • One egg will be introduced, and students will perform several velocity calculations. • One Zip-Lock™ (or other “zipper” brand) sandwich bag Students will design and build their lander within a pre-determined budget For each class: to help reinforce a real-world design scenario. • Styrofoam or plastic cups • Low-density foam (available at most fabric stores) ENGINEERING CONNECTION • Pack of balloons • Tape (masking or transparent) Through careful design and many experimental trials, engineers have developed ways to safely stop objects moving at high speeds. They BACKGROUND FOR TEACHERS incorporate into the design of moving objects—cars, airplanes, trains, amusement park rides, bicycles—components and devices that mitigate Through careful design and many experimental trials, NASA engineers have the effect of abrupt slow down; for example, bumpers, crumple zones, developed a way to safely land Mars rovers when approaching the great Red seat belts, air bags, shock absorbers or helmets. Planet at speeds exceeding 12,000 mph. To slow down the spacecraft that is transporting the rover, engineers have designed a craft that includes an aeroshell, which in turn is comprised of a heat shield, a parachute, airbags, LEARNING OBJECTIVES rockets and lander, among other important components. Once the heat After this activity, students should be able to: shield has done its part in effectively bringing the lander to a vertical stop • Identify several components of a Mars lander designed by engineers. 40 to 50 feet above the ground, the bridle that tethers the lander to the • Design and build an egg-lander within a confined budget. aeroshell’s backshell is cut, and the lander—surrounded with airbags and • Define and understand terminal velocity. containing the rover inside—free falls to the Martian surface and bounces • Recognize similarities and differences between their model lander its way to a stop. design and the Mars Landing Spacecraft design. The Egg-cellent Landing activity will simulate the free-falling lander and its subsequent bouncing that occurs before it finally stops. However, since the experiment will be done on Earth and not on Mars, we can take advantage of Earth’s thicker atmosphere.

34 HANDS-ON ACTIVITY: EGG-CELLENT LANDING! – TEACHER SHEET 2/4

Students should understand that objects accelerate as they fall. However, With the Students falling objects experience drag, which is friction caused by the atmosphere. 1. Challenge each student group to design a safe landing craft for their As an object falls faster, drag increases. Eventually, the drag balances out raw egg. the weight of the object and prevents any further acceleration. The object 2. Explain to the students that each group only has $1 to purchase materials. will then continue to fall at a constant speed known as its terminal velocity. A good visual example of terminal velocity is to drop an inflated balloon, 3. Pass out one Egg-cellent Lander order form to each group. which will fall at a very slow rate. 4. The groups should sketch their design on their order form before they Terminal velocity is affected by the aerodynamics and weight of an object. pick up their materials. If an object is not aerodynamic, it will experience more drag than an 5. Pass out one egg to each group. Have the groups immediately place aerodynamic object. Also, a heavier object will have a faster terminal velocity their egg in a zipper bag to prevent any accidental messes. than a lighter object with the same aerodynamics. Finally, the atmosphere and gravity have a secondary effect on terminal velocity since the weight 6. Allow the groups time to build their egg-landers. of an object will depend on the gravity, and the drag acting on the object 7. Test the egg-landers in the designated area. depends on the atmosphere. 8. A group will have successfully completed the mission if their egg remains unbroken after the fall. PROCEDURE Before the Activity TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS • Gather all necessary materials. Place the raw eggs into zipper bags at the start of this activity to minimize • Make enough copies of the Egg-cellent Lander Order Form for each any nasty clean-up when the students drop their landers. When the activity group to have one copy. is done, dispose of the eggs into an outside receptacle or a waste bin that • Designate a testing area with a hard landing surface (i.e., tile or will be emptied shortly, since raw eggs will begin to stink. concrete) to drop the student’s egg-landers (a balcony, window, or even a ladder work perfectly).

35 HANDS-ON ACTIVITY: EGG-CELLENT LANDING! – TEACHER SHEET 3/4

ASSESSMENT Post-Activity Assessment Show and Tell: Have the students “show and tell” to the rest of the class Pre-Activity Assessment their egg-cellent landers that they created, explaining their work to the Brainstorming: In small groups, have the students engage in open other students. discussion. Remind students that no idea or suggestion is “silly.” All ideas should be respectfully heard. Ask the students: • Have students explain the best part of their design and what could go wrong with it (and what could be fixed in future models). Remind • To come up with some ideas on how to safely land a delicate falling students that engineers go through the deign/build/redesign process object like an egg. [Possible answers may include: padding or foam, many times before they arrive at a finished product. airbags or balloons, springs, parachutes, etc.] Question/Answer: Ask the students and discuss as a class: Velocity Evaluation: To reinforce the concept of aerodynamics and weight affecting terminal velocity, have the students predict the outcome of the • Which two types of engineers would most likely work on building a following two cases. lander for a delicate and expensive falling object like a Mars rover? [Answer: aerospace and mechanical engineers] • If the balloon used in the Embedded Assessment was only inflated one-half the amount and still dropped from a height of 5 feet, would Activity Embedded Assessment it hit the ground in more or less time? Would its terminal velocity be Velocity Calculation: Calculate an equation and summarize student slower or faster? [Answer: The balloon would take less time to hit the responses. Write the correct answer on the board. ground, and its terminal velocity would be faster. Because the balloon has a smaller area when it is deflated, it will experience less drag.] • When falling, a balloon will immediately reach its terminal velocity. • If a coin were taped to the fully inflated balloon to add more weight Drop a fully inflated balloon from 5 feet and record the time it takes to and dropped from a height of 5 feet, would it hit the ground in more hit the ground. Have the students calculate its terminal velocity by or less time than the inflated balloon without the coin? Would its the simple equation: terminal velocity be slower or faster? [Answer: The balloon would Velocity = Distance ÷ Time take less time to hit the ground and its terminal velocity would be faster. A heavier item has a faster terminal velocity than a light item If it took 3.1 seconds to fall 5 feet, your answer would look like: of the same aerodynamics.]

36 HANDS-ON ACTIVITY: EGG-CELLENT LANDING! – TEACHER SHEET 4/4

Problem Solving: Have the students engage in open discussion to suggest ACTIVITY EXTENSIONS solutions to questions/problems. Calculate the terminal velocities for the two balloon scenarios in the Velocity • We performed the egg-lander experiment on Earth rather than on Evaluation in the Post-Activity Assessment. Then, compare the results with Mars where the atmosphere is much thinner. What problem could the Velocity Calculation in the Activity Embedded Assessment. this present if we tested our designs on Mars? [Answer: Because the atmosphere is so thin, the lander would not come close to reaching ACTIVITY MODIFICATIONS its terminal velocity, which is very fast. Instead, it would keep gaining speed while falling until it finally hits the ground.] • Additional materials not listed in the Materials List may be purchased and added to the Egg-cellent Lander Order Form if a more difficult and diverse selection is desired. For example, both large and small balloons could be purchased. • Prices may be adjusted in the Egg-cellent Lander Order Form to make the design more challenging. For example, balloons could cost twice as much as foam. • In order to make the terminal velocity harder to reach, do not allow the groups to fully inflate their balloons.

37 Name EGG-CELLENT LANDER ORDER FORM Date

INSTRUCTIONS Please list the quantity needed for each item to build your Please draw and label your Egg-cellent Lander design below: Egg-cellent Lander. Remember: you must track your costs and stay within a $1 budget.

ITEM PRICE QUANTITY COST

Egg Free 1 $0.00

Zip-Loc Bag Free 1 $0.00

Cups $0.10

Balloons $0.10

Foam $0.10

$0.05 Tape per/length

TOTAL

38 INVESTIGATING CORE SAMPLES – TEACHER SHEET 1/3

OBJECTIVES PROCEDURE Students will have the opportunity to: 1. Distribute one candy bar to each student (use candy at room temperature, • Examine a simulated Martian surface core sample. or a bit warmer.) • Learn how an unknown core sample can be identified by matching 2. Instruct students not to show their brand to anyone else. Ask each it with a known sample. student to unwrap their bar and record observations about its surface: • Discover how surface core samples can tell us about the history color, texture, composition, etc. and make-up of Mars. 3. Have students take a “core sample” by carefully and steadily drilling a • Consume the core sample at the end of the exercise! straw into their candy bar. Then ask them to record the number and thickness of layers, as well as color and texture of layers. What are the MARS MISSION ANALOGIES layers made of? Any repeated layers? 4. Have the students use knives to cut candy in two, so the layers can be 1. A Mars robotic arm onboard a lander can drill down approximately viewed more easily in a cross-section. Discuss which layers were made 1/2 meter into Martian surface. first. How were the layers made? 2. A Mars long-range rover can drill core samples in selected rocks for 5. Have the students make a second core sample using the other straw. a sample return of Martian surface materials to Earth. Two students then exchange core samples. Can they identify a new sample by comparing it with one that is known? MATERIALS (PER EACH STUDENT) 6. Finally, allow the students to consume the samples. • One “Fun or bite size” candy bar (Ex. Snickers, Milky Way, Mounds, Reese’s Peanut Butter Cup) • Two 3" long sections of clear plastic soda straws • Paper plate • Plastic knife • Graph paper or small ruler • Wet wipes (optional for hand clean-up prior to activity, since edible material is involved.)

39 INVESTIGATING CORE SAMPLES – TEACHER GUIDANCE SHEET 2/3

INSTRUCTIONS: You have just received a Martian surface sample. It is your job to observe and 6. Draw a picture showing the layers of your Martian core sample. determine all the scientific information you can from this sample. You will Have them label some of their features (optional). be taking a core sample from this Martian surface sample and answering 7. Which layers were made first, and why? The chocolate covering would the following questions. You will then receive a second core sample to be the surface the youngest area of deposit. The stratigraphy (the order compare to the first. List anything that is similar or different between the of the layers) would grow older as they go down the straw, towards the two samples. bottom. This would generally be true, barring any unusual events, like earthquake faulting or magma (liquid rock) intrusion. 1. Describe the color of your Mars sample. Have the Students observe the 8. Draw a picture of the second core sample showing any layers exact color of the surface. Is it milk chocolate color, dark chocolate, etc. and surface features. Have them define in word variations to more distinctly describe what they 9. Compare the two core samples and list any similarities or differences are seeing. from your first Martian core sample. Unless the student got an identical 2. Describe the surface features of your Mars sample. Is it smooth, wavy, core sample in the exchange, there should be some change. Compare the lined, bumpy, speckled, etc.? Can they see different colors integrated into thickness of the top layers, colors, textures, smells, number of layers, sizes the surface? of layers, softness, hardness, etc. 3. Draw a picture of any surface features you see on your Mars sample. 10. Would a core sample from Mars be important to the study of Mars? Have them label some of their features (optional). Why? A core sample would be very important to the study of Mars. Most 4. What is your hypothesis (scientific guess) about the cause of any of our science observations have been of surface features. To have a texture that you see on your Mars sample? If this was a Martian better understanding of the processes that formed the Martian features, sample, what physical processes could have caused the textures or probing the subsurface would be very important. There are also many features you are seeing (i.e. Water erosion (fluvial), winderosion (aeolian), unanswered questions the scientists are trying to find answers for: Is impacts, etc.) there water in the subsurface (perhaps that a human mission to Mars 5. How many layers does your Martian core sample contain? This will could access?) How many layers are there and how thick are the layers in vary, depending on the candy bar. the subsurface? Are there different rocks underground than there are on the surface of Mars? What can we tell about the climatic history of Mars from these layers (Mars ‘98 Mission)?

40 INVESTIGATING CORE SAMPLES – TEACHER GUIDANCE SHEET 3/3

11. Where would be the best place to study a Martian core sample... on Earth or on Mars? Why? Actually, a case could be made for both sites... Earth would probably have better, more sensitive science equipment available, since spacecraft equipment is somewhat limited to space/cost/sensitivity factors studying the sample on Mars would allow the scientist to observe the actual site and surroundings of the core sample. Was this sample typical of the rest of the terrain, or an unusual occurrence? A field study could be better conducted on Mars. 12. What would account for the samples being different, if both come from Mars? The core samples may have been taken from different sites or different places on the planet. Remember that one sample does not necessarily translate to the whole planet being like the sample. (A good story is the “The Blind Men and the Elephant” where the blind men all feel a different part of the elephant and think they know what the whole elephant is like.)

41 INVESTIGATING CORE SAMPLES 1/2 Name Date

INSTRUCTIONS: You have just received a Martian surface sample. It is your job to 4. What is your hypothesis (scientific guess) about the cause of any observe and determine all the scientific information you can from texture that you see on your Mars sample? this sample. You will be taking a core sample from this Martian surface sample and answering the following questions. You will then receive a second core sample to compare to the first. List anything that is similar or different between the two samples.

1. Describe the color of your Mars sample. 5. How many layers does your Martian core sample contain?

2. Describe the surface features of your Mars sample. 6. Draw a picture showing the layers of your Martian core sample.

3. Draw a picture of any surface features you see on your Mars sample.

7. Which layers were made first, and why?

42 INVESTIGATING CORE SAMPLES 2/2 Name Date

8. Draw a picture of the second core sample showing any layers and 11. Where would be the best place to study a Martian core sample... surface features. on Earth or on Mars? Why?

12. What would account for the samples being different, if both come from Mars?

9. Compare the two core samples and list any similarities or differences from your first Martian core sample.

10. Would a core sample from Mars be important to the study of Mars? Why?

43 MAKING AND MAPPING A VOLCANO – LAVA LAYERING 1/2 PT. 1 – TEACHER SHEET

ABOUT THIS LESSON probably basalt. Scientists believe that basalt is a very common rock type on all the large bodies of the inner solar system, including Earth. The focus of this activity is on the sequence of lava flows produced by multiple eruptions. Baking soda, vinegar, and play dough, are In addition to shield volcanoes, there are dark, flat layers of basaltic lava used to model fluid lava flows. Various colors of play dough identify flows that cover most of the large basins of Mars and the Earth’s moon. different eruption events. The eruption sources for most of the basin lava flows are difficult to identify because source areas have been buried by younger flows. OBJECTIVES Generally, the overall slope of the surface, local topographic relief (small Students will: cliffs and depressions), and eruption direction influence the path of lava • Construct a model volcano. flows. Detailed maps of the geology of Mars and the Moon from photographs • Follow a procedure to produce a sequence of lava flows. reveal areas of complicated lava layering. The study of rock layering is • Observe, draw, record, and interpret the history of the volcano. called stratigraphy. Older flows become covered by younger flows and/or become more pocked with impact craters. Field geologists use differences BACKGROUND FOR TEACHERS in roughness, color, and chemistry to differentiate between lava flows. Good orbital images allow them to follow the flow margins, channels, and levees Volcanoes and/or lava flows are prominent features on all large rocky to try to trace lava flows back to the source area. planetary bodies. Even some asteroid fragments show evidence of lava flows. Volcanism is one of the major geologic processes in the solar system. Mars has a long history of volcanic activity from the ancient volcanic areas of MATERIALS (PER VOLCANO TEAM) the southern highlands to the more recent major volcanoes of the Tharsis • 1 paper cup, 100 ml (4 oz.) size, cut down to a height of 2.5 cm (1") bulge. Olympus Mons is a volcanic mound over 20 kilometers above the • 2 paper cups, 150-200 ml (6-8 oz.) size surrounding plains. This one volcano would cover the entire state of Arizona! • Cardboard, approximately 45 cm (173/4")square (other materials may Where volcanic heat and water interact here on Earth, scientists are finding be used: cookie sheet or box lid) life. In the hot springs of Yellowstone Park they have found abundant • Play dough or soft clay—at least 4 fist-size balls, each a different color lifeforms including some very small bacteria. There is a possibility that life • Tape may have found a place in the ancient volcanic terrain of Mars. Some of the • Spoon volcanoes on Mars are basaltic shield volcanoes like Earth’s Hawaiian Islands. • Baking soda (4-10 spoonfuls depending on number of flows) Interpretations of photographs and soil analyses from the Viking and • Vinegar, 100-150 ml (4-6 oz.) depending on number and size of flows Pathfinder missions indicate that many of the lava flows on Mars are

44 MAKING AND MAPPING A VOLCANO – LAVA LAYERING 2/2 PT. 1 – TEACHER SHEET

MATERIALS (CONTINUED) RECIPES • Paper towels Play Dough (stove-top recipe) • Marker or grease pencil Best texture and lasts for months when refrigerated in an air tight container • Paper and pencil 2 cups flour • Optional food coloring to color the vinegar if desired, 1/3 cup oil, scant 4 colors; for example, red, yellow, blue, green 1 cup salt • Student Sheet, Lava Layering - Part 1 2 cups cold water PROCEDURE 4 teaspoons cream of tartar Food colorings (approx 20 drops) Advanced Preparation Make this large batch one color or divide ingredients in half to make 2 colors. You will need 4 colors 1. Review background information and procedure. total. Combine ingredients and cook mixture in a large sauce pan, stirring constantly, until the dough 2. Gather materials. forms a ball. Turn dough out onto a floured surface to cool. Then kneed until smooth and elastic. Cool 3. Prepare play dough using recipes provided or purchase play dough. completely; refrigerate in air tight containers. 4. Cover flat work area with newspaper to protect from spills.

Play Dough (no-cooking recipe) CLASSROOM PROCEDURE 2 cups flour 1. This activity may be done individually or in cooperative teams. Groups 2 tablespoons oil of 2-4 usually work well. 1 cup salt 2. Follow procedure on Student Sheet, Lava Layering-Part 1. 1 cup cold water 3. Discuss the progression of flows, noting that the youngest is on top and the oldest is on the bottom. 6 teaspoons alum or cream of tartar 4. If Lava Layering Part 2 will be completed at a later time, be sure Food colorings (approx 20 drops) to cover the volcanoes securely with plastic. Make this large batch one color or divide ingredients in half to make 2 colors. You will need at least 4 colors. Mix ingredients and knead until smooth and elastic. Store in air tight containers.

45 MAKING & MAPPING A VOLCANO 1/2 Name Date LAVA LAYERING PT. 1 PROCEDURE 1. Take one paper cup that has been cut to a height of 2.5 cm (1") and secure it onto the cardboard. (You may use a small loop of tape on the outside bottom of the cup.) This short cup is your eruption source and the cardboard is the original land surface.

2. Mark North, South, East, and West on the edges of the cardboard.

3. Fill a large paper cup about half full with baking soda.

4. Place one heaping spoonful of baking soda in the short cup.

5. Pour vinegar into a large paper cup leaving it half full. 10. As best you can, use a thin layer of playdough to cover the entire area Optional: Fill 4 cups with 25 ml (1/8 cup) of vinegar. To each paper cup of vinegar add 3 drops of food coloring; make each cup a different color to match playdough. Set them aside. where lava flowed. Exact placement is not necessary. Match flow color and play dough if available. 6. Set aside 4 balls of play dough, each in a different color. 11. On a separate sheet of paper, record information about the flow. Indicate 7. You are now ready to create an eruption. Slowly pour a small amount of color, shape, direction of flow, and thickness. Indicate where this flow is vinegar into your source cup and watch the eruption of simulated lava. in the sequence; first, second, etc.

8. When the lava stops, quickly draw around the flow edge with a pencil 12. Repeat steps 7 - 11 for each color of play dough available. Four to six or marker. flows show a good example of a shield volcano.

NOTES: You may add fresh baking soda to the source cup or spoon out excess vinegar from the 9. Wipe up the fluid with paper towels. source cup as needed. Be sure you mark where the lava flows go over previous flows as well as on the cardboard. Cover the entire area of each succeeding flow. This will resemble a strange layer cake with new flows overlapping old ones.

46 MAKING & MAPPING A VOLCANO – RESULTS 2/2 Name Date

1. Look down at your volcano and describe what you see. Add your written 6. If you had not watched the eruptions, how would you know that there description to the paper where you recorded the information about the are many different layers of lava? Give at least 2 reasons. flows. Include observations of flows covering or overlapping other flows. Make a quick sketch.

7. Which of the reasons listed in answer 6 could be used to identify real lava layers on Earth?

8. What are other ways to distinguish between older and younger layered lava flows on Earth? 2. Where is the oldest flow?

3. Where is the youngest flow? 9. Which of the reasons listed in answer 8 could be used to identify lava layers on Mars or the Moon?

4. Did the flows always follow the same path? Be specific. 10. What are other ways to distinguish between older and younger layered lava flows on Mars or the Moon? Look at orbital photographs if possible.

5. What do you think influences the path direction of lava flows?

47 MAKING & MAPPING A VOLCANO – LAVA LAYERING 1/2 PT. 2 – TEACHER SHEET

ABOUT THIS ACTIVITY Photo geologists use pictures taken by planes and spacecraft to interpret the history of a planet’s surface. If they can get to the surface, they do field work Students will simulate a mapping and field exercise. It is very similar to by making maps and collecting samples. Geologists used pictures taken from the first steps that geologists employ when they map and interpret the Mars orbit to interpret the history of the planet’s surface. Soon there will be geologic history of an area. Student teams will map and study the volcanoes some new data to add to the knowledge of Mars. The Mars Global Surveyor produced by another team in Lava Layering, Part 1. Lava Layering, Part 2 is arrived at Mars in the fall of 1997 and will return photos and other data about designed to promote the use of higher order thinking skills and encourages the surface of Mars. Pathfinder landed on July 4, 1997, and returned valuable the questioning, predicting, testing, and interpreting sequence that is data on weather, rocks and soil. important to scientific inquiry.

MATERIALS OBJECTIVES • Volcano made of play dough from Lava Layering - Part 1, Students will: one volcano per team • Produce a map of an unknown volcano and show the sequence • Colored pencils or crayons of lava flows. • Metric rulers (two per group) • Interpret the map data and infer the subsurface extent of the flows. • Straight edge for cutting (dental floss and wire to cut play dough • Predict where excavations will give the most information. if knives are not permissible) • Simulate both natural and human excavations. • Large width straws (one per group, or one 5 cm-long piece • Write a short geologic history of the volcano. per student) • Student Sheet, Lava Layering Part 2 BACKGROUND FOR TEACHERS • Toothpicks, 5-10 per volcano In the solar system, volcanism is a major process active now and in the • Blank piece of paper past. All the large, solid inner solar system planetary bodies have surface features that have been interpreted as lava flows and volcanoes. Mars has spectacular volcanoes. Where volcanic heat and water are close together, hot springs likely formed. These thermal springs could have harbored microbial life.

48 MAKING & MAPPING A VOLCANO – LAVA LAYERING 2/3 PT. 2 – TEACHER SHEET PROCEDURE Advanced Preparation 3. Answer the questions on Student Sheet. NOTE: Some volcanoes may 1. Gather materials. be more complex than others—each will be different! There may be 2. Read procedure and background. flows that are completely covered, some flows that have two separate 3. Small groups of students assemble volcanoes according to directions lobes, and some flows for which the sequential relationship cannot be in Lava Layering Part 1. determined at the surface. 4. Mapping may be done immediately after volcano assembly or several 4. Lead the students to question what they cannot see below the surface. days later. The play dough volcano must be covered with plastic if left Where do the flows extend under the exposed surface? Lead them to more than a few hours. name ways they can see what is below the surface without lifting the 5. Review map skills such as keys, scales, and measuring techniques. play dough. They may suggest drill holes or cores, river erosion and bank exposure, earthquakes, or road cuts and other excavations. Classroom Procedure (This activity can easily be simplified as needed.) 5. Have groups make a plan that shows on their map where they want to put the subsurface exposures. They should indicate how the proposed cores 1. Have teams trade volcanoes so that they will map a volcano with an and cuts will maximize the information. Limit the number of exposures each “unknown” history. They may give the volcano a name if desired. group may use; i.e. five drill cores and one road cut and one river erosion. 2. Ask groups to draw a map (birds-eye view) of the volcano. This may be made 6. Make the cuts or cores. in actual size or they may make a scale drawing. The map should include a North direction arrow. An example drawn on the board or overhead may be a) Remove drill core by pushing a straw vertically into the playdough, twisting if necessary, and withdrawing the straw. Blow through the open end of the straw to helpful if students are not familiar with transferring measurements to a grid. remove the core. Put the core on a toothpick and place it by the hole for reference. Students will need to make careful observations and measurements to map b) River valleys may be made by cutting and removing a “v” shape in the side of the the volcanoes accurately. Color and label the map. volcano (open part of “v” facing down slope).To make road cuts, use knife or dental floss to cut and remove a strip about 1 cm wide and as deep as you want from any part of the volcano. c) To make earthquake exposures, make a single cut and lift or drop one side of the fault line. Some support will be necessary.

49 MAKING & MAPPING A VOLCANO – LAVA LAYERING 3/3 PT. 2 – TEACHER SHEET PROCEDURE (CONTINUED) 7. Record cuts and cores on the map and in notes. Be sure to use location 9. column, a map key to the history that shows oldest geologic activity at information; i.e. core # 2 is located on the blue flow in the Northeast the bottom and youngest at the top). Math classes may try to figure the quadrant of the volcano. volume of the various flows. 8. Observe hidden layers. Interpret data and draw dotted lines on the map 10. Compare the history developed by mapping in Part 2 with the original indicating the approximate or inferred boundaries of the subsurface flows. history from the group that made the volcano in Part 1. Write how they are similar or different. 9. On a separate paper, write a short history of the volcano that relates sequence of flows and relative volumes of flows (or make a geologic 11. Conduct debriefings at several stages of this activity.

EXAMPLE OF BIRD’S EYE VIEW MAP OF LAVA FLOWS: N

Play Dough Flows

CENTRAL CRATER (CUP)

Cardboard or flat surface.

50 MAKING & MAPPING A VOLCANO 1/2 Name Date LAVA LAYERING PT. 2 DIRECTIONS Make a map of a volcano model. Do this from a birds eye view. Label flows and features.

51 MAKING & MAPPING A VOLCANO 2/2 Name Date LAVA LAYERING PT. 2 RESULTS 1. How many flows can you see on your map? 6. Think about what techniques will help you learn more about the interior of your volcano. Your teacher will lead a class discussion about these techniques before you experiment. Stop here and wait for the teacher 2. Below your map make a list of the lava flows, starting with the youngest to continue. flow at the top and finishing with the oldest flow at the bottom. (Example: Top flow is a long, skinny, green flow.) 7. Document why each proposed experiment will be helpful in revealing information about your volcano. Conduct the experiments and record 3. Can you easily determine the sequence of flows (which came first, which locations and the information gained. came last) or are there some flows where you can’t say which are younger or older? Put a question mark by the uncertain flows in the list on the map.

8. Finish your map. On a piece of paper, write a description of the sequence that tells the history of the volcano. Compare your sequence to the 4. Are there parts of any flows that might be covered? Which ones? history written by the group that originally made the volcano. Was your interpretation accurate? Explain.

5. What would you need to tell the sequence and shape of each flow? How could you get that information without lifting the play dough? 9. Why would it be harder to map lava flows on Mars using spacecraft photos?

52 ROVER RACES – TEACHER SHEET 1/3

GOAL BACKGROUND FOR TEACHERS The students will learn the challenges of operating a planetary rover Many students think that robotic vehicles (like the Mars Pathfinder and problem solve solutions by using a hands-on simulation. Sojourner Truth rover) can be driven much like they drive their toy radio- controlled cars. They imagine a rover driver watching a computer screen OBJECTIVE showing the rover on Mars and moving a joystick to make it go. The reality is not so! The time it takes for a command to reach the surface of another Have the rover driver design and execute a series of commands that will planet (such as Mars) varies with the distance between the planets involved. guide a human rover through a simulated Martian surface, allowing the This prevents any “joystick” driving in real time. The commands travel via rover team to experience some of the challenges of teleoperating a robotic radio waves at the speed of light (186,000 miles/second) and can take many vehicle on another planet. minutes to reach their destination. Much can happen to an interplanetary Time Frame: 45 minutes robotic vehicle during this time interval. For instance, a command given from the Earth-base goes forward on Mars and the Earth-base gets a reply MATERIALS (say 12 minutes later) saying that the rover was indeed traveling forward. It would then take another 12 minutes to send a command from the Earth- • Large playing area (classroom, gym, or outside area) base to stop the rover. If the rover runs into trouble, crashes, or flips over, • Three blindfolds per team there is no one there to fix the situation. The rover mission is over! • A clipboard and pencil for each driver and official • Obstacles—laminated construction paper works well (NOTE: do not use any materials that the blindfolded students could trip or fall over). • Stopwatch for the timer of each team • Driver’s sheet • Job cards with team numbers

53 ROVER RACES – TEACHER SHEET 2/3

PREPARATION PROCEDURE 1. Prepare a set of job cards for each rover team. Use 3" x 5" index cards, 1. Preface the activity with a lesson on planetary rovers (i.e. Sojourner, FIDO, making a driver card, 3 rover cards, a timer card, and a judge card for each or Athena). team. 2. Choose or draw names of students to form teams of six. One student 2. Use construction paper obstacles to create the course that the rovers will be designated as “the rover driver”, one will be the “team timer”, and will traverse. Laminated obstacles work the best and last for many uses. another will be the “team judge”. Do not use desks or chairs, as students may trip over them. Make any 3. The remaining three students will become the rover by hooking together type of course by arranging the obstacles symmetrically. An example of in a line (both hands to the shoulders in front of them (O=O=O). The this might be: rover will be guided by the driver through an obstacle course (simulated Martian surface). 0 0 0 0 4. The drivers will proceed through the course first, writing down the 0 0 0 0 instructions that will guide the rover through the course; i.e. 3 steps forward, stop, 1 step left, stop, etc. 0 0 0 0 5. Once the drivers have recorded their upload sequences on their driver STARTING LINE sheets, the rover races can begin. The rover teams line up at the starling line. The three rover members are blindfolded, as to not aid the driver in X X X X X executing their commands. The rover members link up (to form the 3 sets X X X X X X X X X X of wheels like the real rover designs) with their hands on the shoulders of X X X X X X the person in front of them (it is fun to choose different-sized students to X X X X X X form a rover, as the different sizes of steps taken by each is more evident). The judges will keep a tally of the number of foot faults that their rover X X X X X X X X X X X X team makes by counting each time the front rover person’s foot steps X X X X X X on an obstacle (Mars rock). The timer of each team will record the time X X X X X X X X X X X it takes for their rover team to make it through the course. X X X X X X X X NOTE: remind the teams that accuracy, not speed is more important when driving a robotic vehicle on another planetary surface. FINISH LINE

NOTE: This activity can be modified for different age groups by increasing or decreasing the number of rover teams and/or obstacles on the course.

54 ROVER RACES – TEACHER SHEET 3/3

6. The teams will all start at the same time, with the timers starting the RACE VARIATIONS team stopwatches when the teacher indicates. The driver may stand 1. Safety cones can be added to the course as return sample rocks to be near their team to give the command sequences, but may not physically collected. When the rover is in the proper position for the last person on in touch their rover to help guide it (this is, after all, teleoperations!). They the rover team to bend down (blindfolded) and pick up the cone, the driver must guide their rover by voice only. The rover driver may not deviate can command “retrieve rock sample”. Once the cone has been retrieved, from the commands that have been written in their previous trip the cone can be passed to the middle rover person to be carried. through the course, even if the rover is going off course. Many times in 2. A video camera and monitor could be set up, so that the driver is in robotic missions, a sequence of commands are sent all at once. Changes another room, allowing for a closer simulation to teleoperation. The have to be added later. driver would have to interpret the images and driving pathway with 7. Allow time for all teams to complete the course. Gather the class to only the camera images (camera being held by the lead rover person) debrief how the driving went—the challenges and what they might to guide them. Commands could be sent via a “runner” student, change to do a better job the next time. simulating the wait time that occurs in real space communication. Real 8. The students might observe that their steps and those of the rover communication with Mars varies with the distance between Earth and people might need some type of calibration; i.e. “take baby steps” or Mars (4 minutes to 20+ minutes each way). “take giant steps”. Turns might be more accurate by saying “turn 45 or 3. The tiles can be arranged in any design to make the course easier or 90°”. Running a rover with 3 axles is also different than walking more difficult (according to grade level or student’s ability). If course a course singularly. is set up outside you might want to tape the underside of the tiles, to 9. Repeat the activity as time permits, allowing the changes the students prevent the course being disturbed by any wind. brainstormed to be tested. 4. Talk about the time differences the teams took to complete the course. Are there advantages to taking it slower (more careful moves, less crashes) or perhaps the power supply is getting low and more territory needs to be covered (faster).

55 ROVER RACES – INFORMATION SHEET Name Date & COURSE DIRECTIONS FOR DRIVER

COMMANDS RECORDED COMMANDS Right ...... (R) Example: 1. Forward 3 steps. Stop. Left ...... (L) 2. Turn left 1 step. Stop. Backward ...... (B) Forward ...... (F) 1. 11. Stop ...... (S) 2. 12. Rock Sample Retrieval ...... (RSR) 3. 13. INSTRUCTIONS 4. 14. 1) Write down the course directions for the rover to follow, counting your steps as you walk 5. 15. through the Mars course. 6. 16. 2) When the rover is in the correct position for the last person of the rover to collect a rock sample, 7. 17. use the Rock Sample Retrieval command. 8. 18. 3) The rover will only be able to follow your set of written commands. The commands to the 9. 19. rover cannot be any different than the ones you have written down. 10. 20.

56 ROVER RACES – JUDGE SHEET ROVER RACES – JUDGE SHEET

Make a mark; i.e. X, every time the first person on the rover Make a mark; i.e. X, every time the first person on the rover team steps on an obstacle (rock crashes!). Keep track through team steps on an obstacle (rock crashes!). Keep track through the whole course and make a total at the end. the whole course and make a total at the end.

NAME OF JUDGE: NAME OF JUDGE:

DATE OF RACE: DATE OF RACE:

NAME OF TIMER: NAME OF TIMER:

TOTAL ROCK CRASHES: TOTAL ROCK CRASHES:

TOTAL TIME TO COMPLETE THE COURSE: TOTAL TIME TO COMPLETE THE COURSE:

TOTAL ROCK SAMPLES COLLECTED: TOTAL ROCK SAMPLES COLLECTED:

57 ANSWER SHEET SOURCES

ALL ABOUT MARS (PG 16) MARS-O! Adapted from ASU Mars K-12 Education Program, P.O. Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287; (480) 727-6495 Picture will vary. STRANGE NEW PLANET – INVESTIGATION ACTIVITY 1. 686.98 days Adapted from ASU Mars K-12 Education Program 6/99: Adapted from NASA Education Brief “EB-112: 2. 24 hours, 37 minutes How to Explore a Planet” 5/93 3. 10% of Earth THE GREAT GRAVITY ESCAPE Adapted from: Integrated Teaching and Learning Program, College of Engineering, 4. Maximum: 36° C; 98° F University of Colorado Boulder Minimum: -123° C; -190° F HANDS-ON ACTIVITY: AN EGG-CELLENT LANDING! 5. 229 million kilometers (142 million miles) Adapted from Integrated Teaching and Learning Program, College of Engineering, 6. Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon University of Colorado Boulder

7. 27 pounds; smaller; less INVESTIGATING CORE SAMPLES Adapted from Mission to Mars materials from the Pacific Science Center in Seattle, WA and Adler 8. Answers will vary. Planetarium. Submitted to Live from Mars by April Whitt and Amy Singel, Adler Planetarium. Teacher’s Edition created by ASU Mars K-12 Education Outreach Program.

MAKING AND MAPPING A VOLCANO Adapted from Exploring the Moon, a Teacher’s Guide with Activities for Earth and Space Sciences, NASA Education Product EP-306 1994.)

ROVER RACES Adapted from Sheri L. Klug, ASU Mars K-12 Education Outreach Program, P.O. Box 871404, Tempe, AZ 85287-1404, (480) 727-6495, [email protected]

IF YOU WENT TO MARS Adapted from from “Guide to the Solar System,” by The University of Texas, McDonald Observatory

58