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Západočeská Univerzita V Plzni Fakulta Filozofická Disertační Práce Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Disertační práce 2020 Dott.ssa Klára Preusz Západočeská univerzita v Plzni Fakulta filozofická Disertační práce Application of modern methods in landscape archaeology – case study Ager Castronovano Dott.ssa Klára Preusz Plzeň 2020 University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Faculty of Philosophy Doctoral thesis Application of modern methods in landscape archaeology – case study Ager Castronovano Dott.ssa Klára Preusz Pilsen 2020 University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Faculty of Philosophy Department of Archaeology Study program - Archaeology Field of study - Archaeology Doctoral thesis Application of modern methods in landscape archaeology – a case study Ager Castronovano Dott.ssa Klára Preusz Supervisor: Doc. PhDr. Pavel Vařeka, Ph.D. Department of Archaeology Faculty of Philosophy, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen Pilsen 2020 I have written this thesis on my own, and I indicated all the sources, wherefrom I drew information, as is required for a scientific work. Pilsen, April 30, 2020 .......................................... At this place, I would like to thank to the following persons: ... my Ph.D. supervisor doc. PhDr. Pavel Vařeka, Ph.D. for the opportunity to write my doctorate on UWB and focus on this interesting topic. ... colleagues from the Institute of Applied Informatics, the University of South Bohemia, for their support and for creating excellent working conditions for my study. ... PhDr. Kateřina Horníčková, Ph.D., for encouraging me to do a PhD., precious advice and important feedback. … doc. PhDr. Michal Šroněk, CSc. and doc. PhDr. Peter Pavúk, Ph.D. for their encouragement. ... my dear friends Bc. Eva Procházková and Johan Petrus Wilhelmus Verspay, M.A. for their valuable advice. ... the head of Castrum Novum research, director of the Museo del mare e della navigazione antica and dear friend Dott. Flavio Enei for his support and invaluable collaboration. ... Mariano, Mauro and Bruno for long walks in the Ager Castronovano landscape and to GATC members for their support and collaboration. … Dott.ssa Magda Vuono, Mgr. Petr Netolický, Ph.D. and Mgr. Jozef Chajbulin Koštial for helping me with the data collection. ... my husband Mgr. et Mgr. Michal Preusz, Ph.D. for endless inspiring talks and help with the data collection. … all dear friends for their support, inspiration and understanding. … and last but not least, I would like to thank my mother, father and sister for all the Sunday lunches I did not come to. 1 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3 2 Objectives, theoretical framework and methods ................................................................. 5 2.1 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.2 Theoretical framework of the thesis ............................................................................. 5 2.3 Methodology ................................................................................................................. 7 2.3.1 Analyses of historical maps ................................................................................... 7 2.3.2 Literary and archival research ............................................................................. 14 2.3.3 Lidar data analyses .............................................................................................. 15 2.3.4 Analyses of historical and contemporary aerial photographs ............................ 17 2.3.5 Field survey and the use of documentation methods ........................................ 17 2.3.6 Crowdsourcing .................................................................................................... 19 2.4 Archaeological data processing ................................................................................... 20 2.4.1 Thiessen polygons ............................................................................................... 20 2.4.2 Path distance ....................................................................................................... 21 2.4.3 Visibility ............................................................................................................... 21 2.4.4 Point density ....................................................................................................... 21 2.4.5 Kernel Density ..................................................................................................... 22 2.4.6 Multicriterial analysis .......................................................................................... 22 3 State of research in the area of the Santa Marinella municipality ..................................... 25 4 Castrum Novum (AC071)..................................................................................................... 27 4.1 The history of the site ................................................................................................. 27 4.2 From digging to archaeological research .................................................................... 30 4.3 Commercial contacts of Castrum Novum ................................................................... 35 5 Ager Castronovano .............................................................................................................. 36 5.1 Geomorphology .......................................................................................................... 36 5.2 Sea level change .......................................................................................................... 39 5.3 Environmental context ................................................................................................ 42 6 Catalogue ............................................................................................................................ 45 7 Archaeological dataset interpretations ............................................................................ 166 7.1 Settlement components - character and development ............................................ 168 7.1.1 Housing components ........................................................................................ 168 7.1.2 Residential components .................................................................................... 168 7.1.3 Production components .................................................................................... 171 7.1.4 Water management components ..................................................................... 174 7.1.5 Sacral components ............................................................................................ 177 7.1.6 Burial components ............................................................................................ 178 7.1.7 Infrastructure .................................................................................................... 181 2 7.1.8 Mining components .......................................................................................... 183 7.1.9 Modern military object ..................................................................................... 183 7.1.10 Others ................................................................................................................ 183 7.2 Ecosystem of the Ager Castronovano ....................................................................... 186 7.2.1 Environmental factors ....................................................................................... 186 7.2.2 Cultural factors .................................................................................................. 195 7.3 Formation of the cultural landscape and changing settlement pattern ................... 196 7.3.1 Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods .................................................. 196 7.3.2 The Bronze Age ................................................................................................. 197 7.3.3 The Iron Age ...................................................................................................... 199 7.3.4 The Etruscan period .......................................................................................... 203 7.3.4.1 Landscapes of city-states .............................................................................. 205 7.3.4.2 Roman expansion into Etruscan territories .................................................. 208 7.3.4.3 Roman colonization ....................................................................................... 210 7.3.5 Roman Republican period ................................................................................. 210 7.3.6 Roman Imperial period ..................................................................................... 214 7.3.6.1 Production of principal crops in the Roman period ...................................... 217 7.3.6.2 The decline of Roman Imperial villas ............................................................ 219 7.3.7 Middle Ages ....................................................................................................... 219 7.3.8 Post-Medieval period ........................................................................................ 225 7.3.9 Modern period .................................................................................................. 228 8 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................
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