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Durham E-Theses The church colleges 1890-1944,with special reference to the church of England colleges and the role of the national society Boyd, Michael V. How to cite: Boyd, Michael V. (1981) The church colleges 1890-1944,with special reference to the church of England colleges and the role of the national society, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7517/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 THE CHURCH COLLEGES 1890-1946, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND COLLEGES AND THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Durham School of Education by MICHAEL V. BOYD 1981 ABSTRACT THE CHURCH COLLEGES 1890-1944, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND COLLEGES AND THE ROLE OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY Michael V. Boyd The history of the Church colleges between 1890 and 1944 can be seen in terms of challenge and response„ This study is concerned to examine the similar and different ways in which the denominational colleges responded to three challenges with which they were confronted in this period. The first challenge arose from the entry of the universities into the sphere of Elementary teacher-training in 1890 and the further erosion of the Voluntary monopoly by the Local Authorities after 1902,. The second challenge was an attack on denominational exclusiveness, and the tension inherent in the situation in which colleges of the Established Church were part of an increasingly secular national education system is examined. The third, and most serious, was the challenge to survive in financial and therefore physical terms, in the face of Local Authority competition, through two World Wars, and with rapid changes of Government policy largely brought on by economic difficulties in the inter-war period. Central to this study is an examination of the machinery for the central administration of the Church of England colleges, which emerged in response to those challenges, and the study of the continuing but changing role of the National Society in relation to the colleges and their organisation. The nature and extent of the authority of the central organisation, as compared with its Roman Catholic and Methodist counterparts, is explored, together with the tension between the local and the central, which marked and marred the relationship of the individual colleges with the policy-making body. PREFACE - 11 - At the time of the publication of the Report of the Cross Commission in 1888, the Voluntary monopoly of teacher-training was intact. There was college accommodation for about 1,600 students each year. The six colleges of the British and Foreign School Society, together with Edgehill and Homerton, accounted for just under 20% of available places. The remainder were in denominational colleges, with the Church of England having just over 66% of total places, in thirty colleges, the Roman Catholic Church in its three colleges having just over 7% and the Wesleyan Methodist Church just over 7% in its two colleges.1 The Voluntary monopoly was lost in 1890, but its total of Two-Year colleges and places provided was not overtaken by L.E.A. providing bodies until after 1944. It is with the fortunes and misfortunes of the denominational colleges in this period, and especially with those of the group of Church of England colleges which in 1890 were providing places for two-thirds of all candidates, that this study is concerned. The denominations did not always react in exactly the same way to the challenges and changing circumstances of the period, because the organisation and control of teacher-training within the different denominations did not follow an identical pattern. It is to a consideration of the organisation of the colleges in the last decade of the nineteenth century that we now turn. 1 S. Birchenough (1929) A History of Elementary Education in England and Wales, p. 448. TABLE OF CONTENTS •> iii - CONTENTS Page Abstract i Preface ii 1„ THE TRAINING COLLEGES AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 1 The Church of England Colleges 1 2 The Role of the National Society 7 3 Roman Catholic Colleges and Organisation 15 4 Methodist Colleges and Organisation 20 5 The Undenominational Colleges 25 2. CHALLENGE 1890-1914 I The_Challenge of_the_Day Training_Colleges 1 The Day Training Colleges 30 2 Academic Work and Recruitment of Staff 41 3 The Undenominational Challenge 47 4 College Life 52 5 The National Society and a College Initiative 63 II The_Local Authority_Challenge 1 The Local Authority Colleges 69 2 The Reaction of the Church of England Colleges 75 3 The Colleges' Response 81 4 Religious Knowledge 87 5 Changed Conditions 95 6 The National Society 101 III The Government Challenge 1 The 1907 Regulations 106 2 The Methodist and Roman Catholic Reaction 112 3 The Church of England Reaction 119 4 The Settlement 129 5 The Working of the Modus Vivendi 135 - iv - Page THE FIRST WORLD WAR AND AFTERMATH I The War_Years 1 Enlistment and Church of England 147 Attitudes 2 Concentrations The Church of England 155 Colleges for Men 3 Other Colleges in the War Years 174 4 The Wakefield Commission 182 II Post-War _Difficulti.es 1 The Board of Supervision and the Board 203 of Education 2 The Board of Supervision and the Colleges 217 3 The Roman Catholic Colleges in the Post- 228 War Years III The Beginning of Recovery 1 The National Society and other Central 236 Bodies of the Church of England 2 The Firstfruits of Co-operation 244 3 The Need for Scheme II 253 IV The_Colleges and_the_Report_of_the Departmental Com_ittee_1925 1 The University Connection 258 2 Circular 1372 and the Negotiations: 265 The Church of England Colleges 3 The Negotiations: The Roman Catholic 274 and Methodist Colleges THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL 1929-1939 I The_CaL__Before_the Storm 1 The Mayor Report 281 2 Hopeful Signs 286 - V - Page II The Storm 1 Hope Deferred 295 2 A Crisis of Confidence 304 3 The Committee of Enquiry 318 4 Concentration After All 332 III Administrative Changes 1 The Board of Supervision 345 2 The National Society as the Central 358 Council for Religious Education IV Hov the Other Dencminational_Colleges Fared 1 Common Problems 368 5. PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE 1939-1944 1 War Moves 382 2 The Church of England Colleges: 398 The Need for Administrative Change 3 A Role for the Future 412 Postscript 427 Appendix? The Church Colleges 429 Bibliography 433 —ooOoo— PART 1 THE TRAINING COLLEGES AT THE END OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY - 1 - CHAPTER 1 THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND COLLEGES The thirty Church of England Colleges in existence in 1890 witness to the dominating role which the Church played in the provision of teacher-training. They did not, however, owe their creation to any decision of a central policy-making body of the Church, and within the group of seventeen institutions for women and thirteen for men there were some colleges which stood out as markedly different in outlook from the majority. Most of the colleges had been founded in the boom period which began in 1843 under the stimulus of government grants in aid of building, and which ended in 1860 with the withdrawal of such grants. Only Chichester, Oxford and Tottenham, all for women, belonged to the period of expansion which followed the 1870 Education Act. Twelve of the women's colleges and nine of those for men were the result of diocesan enterprise, and were managed by their own Governing Bodies.1 Oxford, opened in 1872, was in private hands until 1897 when it was assigned to trustees for use as a Diocesan 1 For women: Bishop's Stortford, Brighton, Bristol, Chichester, Derby, Durham, Lincoln, Norwich, Ripon, Salisbury, Truro, Warrington. For men: Chester, Caernarvon, Culham, Durham, Exeter, Peterborough, Saltley, Winchester, York. The building at Caernarvon was badly damaged by fire in 1891. The college re-opened in Bangor in 1893 and shortly afterwards became a college for women. J. Fairchild (1938) History of the Church Training College at Caernarvon and Bangor, pp. 7-8. - 2 - Training College. By 1890 most had ceased to be diocesan in terms of intake and had become regional if not national instit• utions,, though still relying on local support.^ Chichester, founded in 1873, deliberately set its sights beyond the diocese in seeking to attract candidates of superior social position whose previous education had been somewhat wider than that of the pupil- teacher, and at the time of the Cross Commission there had been only one girl from Sussex in the college, most students coming from the North. Three of the colleges were the direct responsibility of the National Society, which had been founded in 1811 'for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established 1 National Society, Oxford Felstead House Correspondence: Report of visit of National Society Assistant Secretary, 22.12.1911.
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