Teacher’s Guide and Lesson Plans For A History of Chinese American Achievement In the

For grade 7 – College

Series produced by Centre Communications, Inc. for Ambrose Video Publishing, Inc.

Executive Producer William V. Ambrose

Teacher's Guide by Mark Reeder

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1 Table of Contents Page

Table of Contents and Rights……………………………………………………. 2 Materials in the Series…………………………………………………...….....… 3 Instructional Notes………………………………………………………………. 3 Introduction and Summary of Series………………………………………....…. 4 Links to Curriculum Standards………………………………………………….. 6 Suggested Lesson Plans…………………………………………………………. 6 Chinese American Entrepreneurs...... 6 Chinese American Heroes...... 7 Culture...... 7 Chinese Americans and Civil Rights...... 8 Chinese American Storytellers...... 8 Chinese American Scientists...... 8 Summary of Programs (accessed through DVD Menu Screen under chapter selects) Program 1: The Chinese Find a New Homeland...... 8 Answers to Blackline Master Quiz...... 11 Program 2: Exclusion and Acceptance...... 11 Answers to Blackline Master Quiz...... 14 Program 3: Chinese Americans Spread Their Wings...... 14 Answers to Blackline Master Quiz...... 17 Program 4: A New Chinese American Identity Emerges...... 17 Answers to Blackline Master Quiz...... 20 Program 5: Chinese Americans Enter Mainstream Culture...... 20 Answers to Blackline Master Quiz...... 23 Program 6: The Chinese American Super Achievers...... 23 Answers to Blackline Master Quiz...... 26 Program 7: America Embraces Chinese Culture...... 26 Answers to Blackline Master Quiz...... 28 Program 8: The Modern Chinese American...... 28 Answers to Blackline Master Quiz...... 31

This DVD is closed–captioned.

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MATERIALS IN THE SERIES

Teacher's Guide –This Teacher's Guide has been prepared to aid the teacher in utilizing materials contained within this series. In addition to this introductory material, the guide contains the following: • Suggested Instructional Notes • Student Learning Goals • Lesson Plans • Test Questions on Blackline Masters Quizzes for duplication and handout to students • Timeline of Events

INSTRUCTIONAL NOTES

It is suggested that you preview the series and read the Student Goals and Teacher Points. By doing so, you will become familiar with the materials and be better prepared to adapt the series to the needs of your class. Please note that each program is set up to be played continuously and you will probably find it best to follow the series and the programs in the order in which they are presented, but this is not necessary. Each program can be divided into chapters accessed through the DVD’s Menu Screen under Chapter Selects. In this way each chapter can be played and studied separately. A proposed Lesson Plan based on chapter headings accessed through the DVD menu screen can be found on page six of this Teacher’s Guide. It is also suggested that the series presentation take place before the entire class and under your direction. As you review the instructional programs outlined in the Teacher's Guide, you may find it necessary to make some changes, deletions, or additions to fit the specific needs of your students. After viewing each program you may wish to copy the Test Questions on Blackline Masters 1A, 2A, 3A ... and distribute it to your class to measure their comprehension of the events.

3 INTRODUCTION AND SUMMARY OF SERIES

A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States is a new approach to presenting in an exciting way Chinese American history from its first intrepid explorers 1500 years ago to the 21st century’s Chinese American entrepreneurs. The series is designed to present A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States in a way that promotes successful student learning. The series begins with an overview of ’s unique history and culture as well as its importance to the development of western European culture. After showing the journey of Hwui Shan, an explorer who visited North America on behalf of the Chinese Emperor in 476 A.D., the story skips forward to the Chinese immigrants who in the mid 1800s escaped war torn China and came to Hawaii and California, looking for a better and safer way of life. The story continues as Chinese Americans progress from temporary visitors seeking work as gold miners and railroad builders to more permanent settlers as shopkeepers and farmers. Then from 1882 to 1943, the story examines Chinese American perseverance in the face of racism, violence and segregation that held Chinese Americans back from participating fully in the American dream. It discusses the heroes and heroines who throughout that period worked to overcome prejudice against Chinese Americans … Who worked to overcome the insularity of the Chinese culture … And who worked to become a part of the American dream while at the same time preserving the uniqueness of the Chinese culture. The story ends with the fulfillment of the promises of Chinese Americans who at the beginning of the new millennium become scientists, builders and entrepreneurs leading America into the 21st century.

The eight programs are laid out so they can be viewed in their entirety, or by selecting individual chapters, be viewed separately. Each chapter presents a story of a historical figure or figures, as well as themes of the unique Chinese American identity, the fight for equal rights, groundbreakers who opened doors for others to follow, heroes and heroines, the expression of the Chinese American soul, and the Chinese American entrepreneurial spirit that has had a distinctive impact on the American cultural fabric. Most importantly historical themes and figures are clearly presented using state of the art visuals.

Below is a list of the series’ programs and their chapters. Using these programs, teachers can create a lesson plan to cover the specific issues, themes and historical figures mentioned.

Program 1: The Chinese Find a New Homeland • 600 – Li Yan Chu Writes the First Account of a North American Exploration • 1823 – Chinese Entrepreneur Hung Tai Introduces Sugar Mills to Hawaii • 1850 - Yee Fung Cheung Pioneers California’s Gold Rush • 1851 - Chinese Invention Revolutionizes Gold Mining

Program 2: Exclusion and Acceptance • 1854 - Yung Wing Becomes the First Chinese American to Graduate from a U.S. College • 1854 - Chinese Six Companies Represent All Chinese in the United States

4 • 1862 - Chinese Americans Distinguish Themselves in the American Civil War • 1865 – Chinese American Laborers Build the Transcontinental Railroad • 1882 - Congress Passes the Chinese Exclusion Act • 1884 - Joseph and Mary Tape Successfully Challenge San Francisco Public Schools

Program 3: Chinese Americans Spread Their Wings • 1886 – San Francisco’s Chinese American Laundry Men Sue for Equal Rights • 1887 – Doc Hay and Lung On Arrive on the Eastern Oregon Frontier • 1888 – Lue Gim Gong, Father of the Florida Citrus Industry • 1894 – Polly Bemis, an Angel in Idaho’s Wilderness • 1906 - San Francisco Earthquake’s Impacts on the Chinese American Community

Program 4: A New Chinese American Identity Emerges • 1911 – U.S. Citizen Sun Yat-Sen Becomes China’s First President • 1921 – Anna May Wong, First Chinese American Female Hollywood Star • 1926 - You Chung Hong Leads the Fight for Chinese American Civil Rights • 1935 - Eddy See Initiates Chinese American Artistic Movement

Program 5: Chinese Americans Enter Mainstream Culture • 1935 - Katherine Cheung, the Chinese American "Amelia Earhart" • 1938 - Charlie Low's Forbidden City Nightclub Showcases Chinese American Performers • 1939 - Wah Ming Chang Joins the Disney Studios • 1939 – Chinese Americans Answer the Call to Defend Democracy • 1943 - Magnuson Act Repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Program 6: The Chinese American Super Achievers • 1946 – Chinese Americans Breakthrough into U.S. Politics • 1957 - Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee Win the Nobel Prize in Physics • 1961 - I.M. Pei Designs Avant Garde NCAR Building in Boulder, Colorado • 1962 – F. Chow Chan Founds First Chinese American Bank • 1971 - Bruce Lee Brings Martial Arts into American Culture

Program 7: America Embraces Chinese Culture • 1974 – Miriam Lee Fights to Legalize Traditional Chinese Medicine in America • 1975 – Kingston, Hwang, and Chang, the New Wave of Chinese American Writers • 1982 - Maya Ying Lin Designs the Vietnam War Memorial • 1983 - Andrew and Peggy Cherng Found Panda Express

Program 8: The Modern Chinese American • 1985 - Yo-Yo Ma Wins First Grammy • 1989 - Amy Tan Writes The Joy Luck Club • 1989 – Chinese Americans Excel at Sports

5 • 1991 - John Sie Founds Cable Powerhouse Starz Encore • 1994 - Jerry Yang Co-founds Yahoo! • 1996 - Time Magazine's Man of the Year is AIDS Researcher David Ho • 2004 – Astronaut Dr. Leroy Chiao Votes from Space in the Presidential Election

LINKS TO CURRICULUM STANDARDS

The design for this series was guided by the National Center for History in the Schools, United States History curriculum Era 3: Revolution and the New Nation–Standards 1 and 3 for grades 5–12, Era 9 Postwar United States –Standard 4 for grades 5–12, and the California Public School Standards for Historical Content, Grade 8 – Standards 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3 (#4 – #7), Standard 8.8 (#1) and Grade 11, Standards 11.1 (#2, #3), 11.3 (#5), 11.5 – (#3, #4) and 11.10 (#2, #3) and Grade 12, Standards 12.1, 12.4 and 12.5.

SUGGESTED LESSON PLANS FOR A HISTORY OF CHINESE AMERICAN ACHIEVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES Below is a list of the lesson plans for A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States. Using the chapters listed for each lesson plan, teachers can cover the specific issue, themes and historical figures involved.

Chinese American Entrepreneurs Chinese American Heroes Chinese American Culture Chinese Americans and Civil Rights Chinese American Storytellers Chinese American Scientists

Chinese American Entrepreneurs This lesson plan looks at those Chinese Americans who have braved new frontiers in business. • 1823 – Chinese Entrepreneur Hung Tai Introduces Sugar Mills to Hawaii • 1850 - Yee Fung Cheung Pioneers California’s Gold Rush • 1851 - Chinese Invention Revolutionizes Gold Mining • 1887 – Doc Hay and Lung On Arrive on the Eastern Oregon Frontier • 1888 – Lue Gim Gong, Father of the Florida Citrus Industry • 1935 - Eddy See Initiates Chinese American Artistic Movement • 1938 - Charlie Low's Forbidden City Nightclub Showcases Chinese American Performers • 1939 - Wah Ming Chang Joins the Disney Studios • 1961 - I.M. Pei Designs Avant Garde NCAR Building in Boulder, Colorado • 1962 – F. Chow Chan Founds First Chinese American Bank • 1983 - Andrew and Peggy Cherng Found Panda Express • 1991 - John Sie Founds Cable Powerhouse Starz Encore • 1994 - Jerry Yang Co-founds Yahoo! • 2004 – Astronaut Dr. Leroy Chiao Votes from Space in the Presidential Election

6 Chinese American Heroes This lesson plan studies the individuals whose heroic actions played an important part in the formation of the Chinese American identity. • 1850 - Yee Fung Cheung Pioneers California’s Gold Rush • 1854 - Yung Wing Becomes the First Chinese American to Graduate from a U.S. College • 1862 - Chinese Americans Distinguish Themselves in the American Civil War • 1865 – Chinese American Laborers Build the Transcontinental Railroad • 1884 - Joseph and Mary Tape Successfully Challenge San Francisco Public Schools • 1886 – San Francisco’s Chinese American Laundry Men Sue for Equal Rights • 1887 – Doc Hay and Lung On Arrive on the Eastern Oregon Frontier • 1894 – Polly Bemis, an Angel in Idaho’s Wilderness • 1911 – U.S. Citizen Sun Yat-Sen Becomes China’s First President • 1921 – Anna May Wong, First Chinese American Female Hollywood Star • 1926 - You Chung Hong Leads the Fight for Chinese American Civil Rights • 1935 - Katherine Cheung, Chinese American "Amelia Earhart" • 1939 – Chinese Americans Answer the Call to Defend Democracy • 1946 – Chinese Americans Breakthrough into U.S. Politics • 1957 - Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee Win the Nobel Prize in Physics • 1961 - I.M. Pei Designs Avant Garde NCAR Building in Boulder, Colorado • 1962 – F. Chow Chan Founds First Chinese American Bank • 1971 - Bruce Lee Brings Martial Arts into American Culture • 1974 – Miriam Lee Fights to Legalize Traditional Chinese Medicine in America • 1989 – Chinese Americans Excel at Sports • 1996 - Time Magazine's Man of the Year is AIDS Researcher David Ho • 2004 – Astronaut Dr. Leroy Chiao Votes from Space in the Presidential Election

Chinese American Culture This lesson plan shows the distinctive and rich cultural legacy of Chinese Americans that has become part of 21st century America. • 600 – Li Yan Chu Writes the First Account of a North American Exploration • 1854 - Chinese Six Companies Represent All Chinese in the United States • 1921 – Anna May Wong, First Chinese American Female Hollywood Star • 1935 - Eddy See Initiates Chinese American Artistic Movement • 1938 - Charlie Low's Forbidden City Nightclub Showcases Chinese American Performers • 1939 - Wah Ming Chang Joins the Disney Studios • 1961 - I.M. Pei Designs Avant Garde NCAR Building in Boulder, Colorado • 1971 - Bruce Lee Brings Martial Arts into American Culture • 1974 – Miriam Lee Fights to Legalize Traditional Chinese Medicine in America • 1975 – Kingston, Hwang, and Chang, the New Wave of Chinese American Writers • 1982 - Maya Ying Lin Designs the Vietnam War Memorial • 1983 - Andrew and Peggy Cherng Found Panda Express • 1985 - Yo-Yo Ma Wins First Grammy

7 • 1989 - Amy Tan Writes The Joy Luck Club

Chinese Americans and Civil Rights This lesson plan examines the Chinese American fight for civil rights in the dominant white culture • 1882 - Congress Passes the Chinese Exclusion Act • 1884 - Joseph and Mary Tape Successfully Challenge San Francisco Public Schools • 1886 – San Francisco’s Chinese American Laundry Men Sue for Equal Rights • 1906 - San Francisco Earthquake’s Impacts on the Chinese American Community • 1926 - You Chung Hong Leads the Fight for Chinese American Civil Rights • 1943 - Magnuson Act Repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 • 1946 – Chinese Americans Breakthrough into U.S. Politics • 1962 – F. Chow Chan Founds First Chinese American Bank • 1974 – Miriam Lee Fights to Legalize Traditional Chinese Medicine in America

Chinese American Storytellers This lesson plan follows the distinctive storytelling traditions of Chinese Americans. • 600 – Li Yan Chu Writes the First Account of a North American Exploration • 1975 – Kingston, Hwang, and Chang, the New Wave of Chinese American Writers • 1989 - Amy Tan Writes The Joy Luck Club

Chinese American Scientists This lesson plan tells of the great Chinese American scientists who have helped to advance the cause of science not only in the United States but throughout the world. • 1888 – Lue Gim Gong, Father of the Florida Citrus Industry • 1957 - Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee Win the Nobel Prize in Physics • 1996 - Time Magazine's Man of the Year is AIDS Researcher David Ho • 2004 – Astronaut Dr. Leroy Chiao Votes from Space in the Presidential Election

SUMMARY OF PROGRAMS FOR A HISTORY OF CHINESE AMERICAN ACHIEVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES

Program 1: The Chinese Find A New Homeland Program one follows the arrival of the Chinese in North America from the first explorer in 476 A.D. to the gold miners in 1850.

Chapter one discusses the importance of China and its culture. It also looks at the first Chinese history text about North America and the intrepid explorer Hwui Shan who visited the west coast of present day California in a journey lasting nearly 50 years.

Chapter two discusses the first Chinese American entrepreneurs who taught American sugar cane owners in Hawaii how to mill sugar.

8 Whole scale immigration of Chinese to America in 1850 following the California gold rush is discussed in chapter three.

An ingenious Chinese invention for finding gold is described in chapter four.

600 – Li Yan Chu Writes the First Account of a North American Exploration Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Chinese culture has been one of the most important cultures of the world o Though isolated from the west, China’s achievements equal any in the ancient world o China’s many achievements include the compass, ceramics, silk, paper, gunpowder, and movable type o China’s inventions have helped to create the modern industrialized world • Today China is a nation of 1.4 billion people o It has two major river systems, the Yellow and the o Most Chinese live in the fertile eastern half of the country o It has two major languages – Mandarin and o Historically, China had a strong agriculture by 2100 BC o The country was united for the first time in 221 BC under the Qin Dynasty • Li Yan Chu, the father of Chinese history, told the story of China’s first contact with North America by the Buddhist monk Hwui Shan in 476 AD • Hwui Shan and four fellow Buddhists sailed on the west coast to California, a region Hwui Shan called Fu-Sang, meaning ‘fabulous • 1250 years later, millions of Chinese would follow in Hwui Shan’s footsteps, settling in the United States of America and contributing to its rich history, cultural development and an amazing legacy of achievement

1823 – Chinese Entrepreneur Hung Tai Introduces Sugar Mills to Hawaii Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • The Chinese invented the sugar mill around 700 AD • The sugar mill would become responsible for the founding of the United States of America • Sugar plantations and the sugar mill would have a huge impact not only the Hawaiian Islands but on the Chinese who would come there in the 19th century • The Hawaiian sugar story began with a Chinese entrepreneur, Hung Tai who brought the knowledge of growing and milling sugar cane to Hawaii in 1823 • In the 1850s Chinese laborers would be invited to Hawaii to work on the sugar plantations • In the late 19th century the Hawaiian islands’ Chinese Americans, were able to forge their own way in business, education and society • Thanks in part to the Chinese, their technology and their industriousness, Hawaii became the 50th state of the union in 1959

1850 - Yee Fung Cheung Pioneers California’s Gold Rush

9 Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • In 1848 gold was discovered in California and the gold rush was on o Chinese would emigrate from southern China to California because of famine and wars in China and the desire for a better life o By 1854 more than 24,000 Chinese had settled in California o By 1880 that number was 300,000 o Chinese called America Gum Sam - ‘The Land of the Golden Mountains’ • Yee Fung Cheung came to California seeking gold but ended up staying as a doctor of traditional Chinese medicine • The fate of most Chinese gold miners was like that of Yee Fung Cheung o Chased out of the goldfields, they filled necessary niches in the western boomtowns o They opened laundries, ran restaurants and hotels, and worked as laborers for large mining companies and on the railroads • Cheung achieved fame by curing California Governor Leland Stanford’s wife, Jane Stanford, of a debilitating lung disease • Cheung’s descendants today carry on his legacy of medicine • Cheung, like thousands of his fellow countrymen, had succeeded in an epic and heroic journey and helped to settle the west

1851 - Chinese Invention Revolutionizes Gold Mining Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • By 1850 when the Chinese miners arrived in the gold fields, most of the strikes were played out • Chinese invented a technology that allowed them to rework old claims • The technology changed the face of mining for the rest of the century o In the traditional method of gold mining, a miner fills a pan with pay dirt, then adds water and swirls the pan sending the lighter mud, sand and gravel over the side of the pan, and keeping the heavier gold flakes o Miners also used a sluice box with baffles along the bottom to trap the heavier gold • The Chinese reworked old claims using a simple device called a rocker box to test an area to see if it was worth the effort to pan for gold o The rocker looked like a cradle o Chinese miners scooped up pay dirt into a top tray with holes in it o Buckets of water were added and the cradle was rocked back and forth with the gold collected in a canvas cloth beneath the top tray o Miners called it ‘rocking the golden baby’ • The Chinese rocker boxes helped to make California one of the richest states in the nation

Answers to Blackline Master Quiz 1A 1-a; 2-a, c, f, g; 3-b; 4-d; 5-a; 6-c; 7-b; 8-c; 9-a; 10-c

10 Program 2: Exclusion and Acceptance Program two examines how Chinese Americans flourished in their first 25 years and then faced difficult challenges, including racism and discrimination as they were blamed for a sharp dip in the American economy.

Yung Wing, the first Chinese American to graduate from an American college, is profiled in chapter one.

Chapter two lays out how Chinese Americans banded together in groups, known as the Chinese Six Companies, in order to succeed in the highly entrepreneurial American economy.

Chapter three shows that if not for Chinese Americans, the Transcontinental Railroad would not have been built.

The Chinese American Exclusion Act, one of the darkest pieces of legislation in American history is discussed in chapter four.

Chapter five profiles Chinese Americans Mary and Joseph Tape’s struggle to have their daughter be a part of the American educational system.

1854 - Yung Wing Becomes the First Chinese American to Graduate from a U.S. College Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Chinese Americans value education and use with great success • Chinese American immigrants began sending their sons and daughters to school in America as soon as they arrived in the mid 19th century • Yung Wing was the first Chinese American to graduate from Yale • Chinese Americans have been inspired by his achievement ever since • Born in China, Wing came to the U.S. and became an American citizen • Wing founded the Chinese Educational Mission in Hartford, Connecticut • From 1872 to 1881, the Mission brought 120 Chinese students to America, 21 of whom attended Yale • Wing also pursued political reform in China • Threatened with arrest, Wing fled China in 1898 and eventually returned to the U.S. • He died in 1912 having lived long enough to see other Chinese Americans pursue higher education and contribute to his adopted nation

1854 - Chinese Six Companies Represent All Chinese in the United States Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • San Francisco is the home of the Chinese Six Companies • When Chinese immigrants arrived in California, they found a land of golden opportunity

11 • Immigrants also found an America full of suspicion, racism, and violence toward these foreigners with strange foods, odd clothes and exotic customs • The Chinese newcomers might not have succeeded at all except for the Chinese Six Companies o These were benevolent associations founded by Chinese to help new immigrants to succeed in America o They would become the backbone of the entire Chinese American community o They created strong neighborhoods by helping new arrivals set up businesses, settle disputes o They also helped fight racism, discrimination, prejudice, and the Anti- Chinese laws passed by cities and states • Over the years, the original Chinese Six Companies have grown to many times that number, representing Chinese Americans throughout the United States

1862 - Chinese Americans Distinguish Themselves in the American Civil War Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • In 1861, the American Civil War began and Chinese Americans did not shy away from the fighting • The story of Joseph Pierce is typical of Chinese Americans in the Civil War o Born in in 1842, Pierce came to the U.S. and became a farmer o In 1862, he joined the Connecticut Volunteer Infantry o Pierce fought with distinction in two of the most historic battles of the Civil War – Antietam and Gettysburg • Since the Civil War, Chinese Americans have served with distinction in all of America’s wars o 500 joined General John ‘Black Jack’ Pershing’s chase after Pancho Villa in 1916 o In WWII more than 20,000 Chinese served in all branches of the service o In the 21st century, Chinese Americans serve with distinction against the war on terror in Iraq and Afghanistan

1865 – Chinese American Laborers Build the Transcontinental Railroad Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • During the Civil War, many Chinese American miners helped the northern cause by extracting gold and silver from California and Oregon • After the Civil War, the U.S. built a transcontinental railroad to get the west’s gold and silver back east to build up the country’s industrial base • Chinese Americans answered the call to build the nation’s network of railroads, linking west and east

12 • Without these Chinese Americans, America would not have had the jumpstart to become the world’s richest and most powerful nation • Two railroad companies were formed to construct the first Transcontinental Railroad o The Union Pacific began building from Omaha, Nebraska, heading west o The Central Pacific began in Sacramento, California, heading east • The Central Pacific had to blast and scrape their way through the tall and rugged Sierra Nevada Mountains o Nearly 6000 Chinese workers laid track through the stronghold of the Sierra Nevada and into the hot barren desert of Utah o They did it with hard work as well as techniques they learned in China o For their work, they received less pay o In the end Chinese Americans were given the honor of laying the last rail at Promontory Point, Utah, where the two lines met up in 1869 • The dream of a transcontinental railroad had been fulfilled due in large part to the heroic efforts of 6000 Chinese Americans

1882 - Congress Passes the Chinese Exclusion Act Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • In the 19th century Chinese Americans found work in the gold fields and on the railroads • They helped to make the country strong • An economic downturn in 1873, turned public sentiment against the Chinese Americans and a huge backlash rose against them • Immigration became a national issue as it is today • As a result, the U.S. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act ostensibly to protect U.S. labor • But at the same time, Congress allowed the immigration of new uneducated laborers to take the place of the Chinese • The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed in 1943 so that now there is a thriving Chinese culture in many parts of the United States

1884 - Joseph and Mary Tape Successfully Challenge San Francisco Public Schools Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • With the downturn of the economy in the western U.S., whites began erecting legal barriers, excluding Chinese Americans from the professions and simple labor, and denying them an education • But a Chinese American couple, Joseph and Mary Tape from San Francisco, challenged the law banning Chinese from an education o Both the Tapes came from China

13 o They worked hard and became successful in California o They knew hard work and education would make their children successful • In 1884 the Tapes sued to get their daughter Mamie into school and won • California Superior Court Justice McGuire agreed with the Tapes and the California Supreme Court upheld Justice McGuire’s decision • The California Supreme Court also ruled that the doctrine of “separate but equal” could be applied to Chinese American students • As a result, the San Francisco School Board created a separate Asian school for all Chinese American children • The separate but equal education continued until the 1950s when the U.S. Supreme Court banned it • Daughter Mamie and her brother Frank were the first pupils to appear at the Chinese Primary School, which opened in April 1885

Answers to Blackline Master Quiz 2A 1–c; 2–a; 3–d; 4–a; 5–d; 6–c; 7–b; 8–a; 9–b; 10–b

Program 3: Chinese Americans Spread Their Wings Program three follows Chinese American as they spread out across the country and created a cultural legacy of achievement in business, medicine, science and civil rights.

Chapter one investigates how San Francisco’s Chinese laundry men fought for equal rights to run their own laundry businesses, establishing a pattern of Chinese Americans standing up for themselves.

Chapter two follows two Chinese Americans – a doctor and entrepreneur – as they pioneer the plains of eastern Oregon.

The founder of the Florida citrus industry, Lue Gim Gong, is profiled in chapter three.

Chapter four looks at Chinese American Polly Bemis, who came to the United States as a slave and stayed to become a pioneer and an angel of mercy in the Idaho wilderness.

How the Chinese Americans came through the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 a stronger and more determined people is shown in chapter five.

1886 – San Francisco’s Chinese American Laundry Men Sue for Equal Rights Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • The case of Yick Wo v. Hopkins was one of the most important cases for minority civil rights in U.S. history • The case involved San Francisco’s laundry businesses • Since Chinese Americans had been excluded from many professions, they went into the laundry business • The facts of the case were

14 o In 1880, San Francisco passed an ordinance that persons could no longer operate a laundry in wooden buildings without a permit o 95% of laundries were in wooden structures o Two-thirds of the laundries were owned by Chinese, but no permits were granted to Chinese Americans o This was the first case testing the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment o The U.S. Supreme Court decided that laws had to be applied equally to all people in America, even non-citizens • In 1954 the Supreme Court used the principle established in Yick Wo to strike down the deep south’s segregation laws • Yick Wo would be the deciding factor in over 150 Supreme Court cases upholding the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

1887 – Doc Hay and Lung On Arrive on the Eastern Oregon Frontier Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Gold discovered near John Day, Oregon during the Civil War would help pay for the North’s war effort • 700 Chinese-Americans joined the gold rush to Oregon and established a thriving Chinatown with its center around the Kam Wah Chung building • 25 years later, this once boomtown was seen as a business opportunity for two of the most exceptional Chinese-Americans in the 19th century, Ing Hay and Lung On o Ing Hay was a doctor who opened an herbalist shop o Lung On was an entrepreneur and businessman, who among other things opened the first car dealership in eastern Oregon • Today, Kam Wah Chung is a shrine and inspiration for Chinese-Americans across the country and the world

1888 – Lue Gim Gong, Father of the Florida Citrus Industry Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • The Florida citrus industry thrives today because of the efforts of Lue Gim Gong • Gong, a Chinese immigrant from Guangzhou, is known today as the citrus wizard • Coming to the United States as a young man, Gong eventually ended up on the east coast where he met his benefactor, Fannie Burlingame • After contracting tuberculosis, the Burlingame family sent Gong to Florida where they had a citrus grove • As a result, Gong would save Florida’s fledgling citrus industry by developing the frost resistance Lue Gim Gong orange • Lue today is known as the father of the citrus industry • Lue’s scientific and entrepreneurial genius is chronicled in his life story, Gift of the Unicorn

15 1894 – Polly Bemis, an Angel in Idaho’s Wilderness Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Polly Bemis was a pioneer in Idaho • Though small in physical stature, Polly was big of heart, so much so, that the Catholic Church has become the keeper of her legacy • Polly Bemis was born Lalu Nathoy in China in 1853 • At the age of 18 she was sold into slavery and shipped to America • She arrived in Idaho a year later where she met Charlie Bemis • He hired her and for the next 20 years Polly ran his boarding house • When Charlie was shot in the head and left for dead, Polly removed the bullet and nursed him back to health • Their relationship turned to love and they homesteaded in the Idaho wilderness • Today Polly Bemis’s ranch is a shrine to her love and caring

1906 - San Francisco Earthquake’s Impacts on the Chinese American Community Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • San Francisco’s Chinatown is an integral part of the city o Like other Chinatowns throughout America, it is exotic and colorful o Here Chinese Americans own businesses o Run flourishing outdoor markets and restaurants o Go to ornately designed temples o And live a life that captures a bit of the old country • San Francisco’s Chinatown almost vanished in the devastating 1906 earthquake • Because of the city’s Chinese Americans, San Francisco got back on its feet and its beautiful Chinatown was saved • The 1906 quake killed more than 3000, destroyed over 28,000 buildings and left 300,000 homeless o San Francisco’s Chinatown was leveled • Ironically for San Francisco’s Chinese community, the terrible 1906 quake opened up an amazing opportunities o The destruction of San Francisco’s City Hall and the Hall of Records enabled thousands of Chinese to get around the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act by the U.S. o With the records destroyed, thousands of Chinese could claim U.S. citizenship and bring over ‘relatives’ from China o These new arrivals were known as ‘paper sons’ and ‘paper daughters’ o A second opportunity was that Chinese Americans were able to demonstrate the importance of the Chinatown for San Francisco’s trade with Asia o Also Chinese Americans found many jobs rebuilding not only their Chinatown but all of San Francisco in time to host the Panama-Pacific International Exposition in 1915 • Chinatown was rebuilt in its original location in its modern style and today remains the vibrant city within the city on the Bay

16

Answers to Blackline Master Quiz 3A 1–b; 2–b; 3–c; 4–a; 5–d; 6–a; 7–c; 8–a; 9–d

Program 4: A New Chinese American Identity Emerges Program four looks at how Chinese Americans overcome discrimination to step onto the national stage for the first time and become better known and more accepted by the mainstream culture.

Chapter one follows the remarkable story of China’s first president, Sun Yat-Sen, an American citizen.

Anna May Wong was the first Chinese American movie star. Her life and her fight against stereotypical roles in movies are brought to light in Chapter two.

Chapter three discusses the life and accomplishments of the Chinese American champion for civil rights, You Chung Hong.

Today Chinese American art can be seen everywhere from art galleries to posters. It’s beginnings at a Depression era restaurant, the Dragon’s Den, are examined in chapter four.

1911 – U.S. Citizen Sun Yat-Sen Becomes China’s First President Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • China’s first president, Sun Yat-Sen drew inspiration for a democratic China from America’s founding fathers and the country’s greatest Presidents • Born near Macau, Sun Yat-Sen’s life and ideas were shaped by the brutality of the Taiping Rebellion • Sun Yat-Sen went to Hawaii where he became an American citizen o While studying there Sun Yat-Sen absorbed the principles of Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address “government of the people, by the people, for the people” o These three principles would become the inspiration for his own Three Principles of the People . The People's Connection, The People's Power, and the People's Welfare . Principles that would become the backbone of China’s post imperial government . Principles that were adopted by Chinese Communists under Mao Tse Tung • Returning to China, Sun Yat-Sen plotted the overthrow of the Emperor led government for one more balanced between the rulers and the people • After the plot failed, Sun Yat-Sen was forced to live abroad for the next 16 years • His message of peace and balance inspired both Chinese Americans in the United States and reformists living in China

17 • In 1911, the last dynasty was overthrown and Sun Yat-Sen was elected China’s first president • Sun Yat-Sen remains unique among twentieth-century Chinese leaders for being revered in Mainland China, Taiwan and the United States • Portland, Oregon has dedicated the first Chinese Garden in the United States to Sun Yat-Sen o The garden is based upon the harmony of the four main elements, rock, water, plants, and architecture o Together, these four elements combine within the garden to represent the highest values of Chinese philosophy and principles o Chinese philosophy and principles are undergoing a revival in America today as young and old embrace ancient Chinese concepts such as Taoism and Feng Shui

1921 – Anna May Wong, First Chinese American Female Hollywood Star Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Anna May Wong was the first Chinese American actor superstar • Her greatest story is her perseverance to get Chinese Americans out of stereotypical roles and starring as competent, sympathetic characters • Born in 1905, Anna May Wong got the acting bug early o At 16, she dropped out of high school to become an actress o After bit parts as an extra, she landed leading roles in the 1922 movie Toll of the Sea and the classic 1924 Douglas Fairbanks Sr. swashbuckler, The Thief of Bagdad • Talented and beautiful, Anna May Wong easily made the transition to ‘talkies’ that other silent actresses couldn’t negotiate o She was featured in movies such as the steamy 1932 Shanghai Express opposite Marlene Dietrich • But from the start Wong came up against two of Hollywood’s greatest evils, typecasting and ‘yellow-face’ • In 1935 Metro Goldwyn-Mayer refused to let Anna May Wong act opposite white actor Paul Muni in the movie The Good Earth • The studio caved in to the Motion Picture Production Code of 1930, which did not allow for a Chinese American to kiss a white person in the movies • Wong reacted to the decision by only acting in movies where she played successful and professional, Chinese-American characters • Anna May Wong’s determination to fight for non-stereotypical roles opened the door for Chinese-American actresses such as Meg Tilly and Rosalind Chao to play fully rounded human beings

1926 - You Chung Hong Leads the Fight for Chinese American Civil Rights Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Every minority in America has needed one person to spearhead the fight for equal rights

18 • For Chinese Americans the person who spearheaded the fight for equal rights was the great lawyer, You Chung Hong • 19th century Chinese Americans helped build America into an industrial powerhouse o Even so, they were not considered Americans by many whites o They were denied civil rights, hounded out of the country, and laws were passed to exclude any more Chinese from entering the country and becoming citizens • The drive by Chinese Americans to gain civil rights and equality began right after passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 o The first advance came in 1886 was Yick Wo. v. Hopkins when the U.S. Supreme Court decided U. S. laws applied equally to Chinese Americans • But Chinese Americans still needed a champion who would fight against racism and discrimination • That champion was You Chung Hong • As a lawyer Hong worked hard for Chinese American equality and the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 • Hong’s efforts led to broad reforms o The repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943 o Immigration reform that opened the door for Chinese to immigrate to America o Equal rights and liberties for Chinese Americans

1935 - Eddy See Initiates Chinese American Artistic Movement Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • The Depression severely damaged the U.S. economy in the 1930s • L.A.’s Chinatown was hard hit by the Depression • In the 1930s the hostile mood of white Americans toward Chinese Americans was beginning to soften o 1931, Pearl Buck’s novel The Good Earth presented a sympathetic portrayal of Chinese American’s ancient culture o The movie of Buck’s classic showed that the Chinese embraced American ideals of love, peace and perseverance o Americans supported the Chinese against the Japanese invasion of China • In 1935 Chinese American entrepreneur, Eddie See started a trendy restaurant o His restaurant offered ‘authentic fare’ that non-Chinese diners found unusual o Eddie’s See had murals painted by young Chinese American artists o An L.A. artsy crowd, including the Marx brothers, admired the work o Eddie See opened an art gallery to sell the artwork of his friends o The gallery attracted Walt Disney who hired Tyrus Wong • Eddie See’s Dragon’s Den launched a Chinese American artist movement • L.A.’s Chinatown is a vibrant cultural and economic center of Southern California o One of its signature attractions is the Dragon Mural painted by Tyrus Wong

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Answers to Blackline Master Quiz 4A 1-d; 2-b; 3-b; 4-c; 5-a; 6-c; 7-d; 8-b; 9-b; 10-a

Program 5: Chinese Americans Enter Mainstream Culture Program five discusses the different ways Chinese Americans became a part of the national scene, from the new craze of flying, to the arts, to participating in America’s War effort in WWII.

Chapter one examines how Katherine Sui Fun Cheung literally rose above the expected role of Chinese American women as servants and opened the door to expressing themselves in other ways.

Chapter two chronicles San Francisco’s premiere Chinese American nightclub, The Forbidden City, where Chinese American entertainers could strut their stuff.

Chapter three shows how artist Wah Ming Chang, and cinematographer James Wong Howe opened the door for Chinese Americans in the movie business.

Chinese Americans distinguished themselves in WWII in all branches of the service. Their stories are told in chapter four.

The repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which fueled 60 years of discrimination and racism of Chinese Americans is shown in chapter five.

1935 - Katherine Cheung, the Chinese American "Amelia Earhart" Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • In 1932 Katherine Sui Fun Cheung became the first Chinese American woman to become a licensed pilot o She opened the door for Chinese American women to overcome their traditional role as servants within their families o She was an American original, expanding the horizon for all women • Born in Guangzhou, Cheung came to the U.S. in 1921 • She learned to fly and promoted flying as one of America’s premiere women pilots • In 2001 Katherine Sui Fun Cheung was inducted into the International Pioneer Hall of Fame • She is one of only 30 people to have a bronze plaque in the Flight Path Walk of Fame in Los Angeles • Other Chinese-American women followed in Katherine Cheung’s footsteps, including o Hazel was the first Chinese American woman to fly for the United States Army Air Corps as a member of the WASPS o Tragically, Hazel died in November 1944 from burns suffered in a collision while landing a P-63 King Cobra

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1938 - Charlie Low's Forbidden City Nightclub Showcases Chinese American Performers Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Charlie Low opened the Forbidden City Nightclub in San Francisco • Here Chinese American entertainers performed • During WWII and the Korean War, the Forbidden City was a ‘must see’ stop over for GI’s going to and returning from the Pacific • By1962, the famous nightclub had fallen on hard times and closed • It lives on in author C. Y. Lee 1957 best-selling novel, The Flower Drum Song, set at Charlie Low’s Forbidden City • The book became a Rogers and Hammerstein musical and an Academy Award- winning movie, starring Nancy Kwan

1939 - Wah Ming Chang Joins the Disney Studios Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Artist Wah Ming Chang’s special effects can be seen in the classic movies The Seven Faces of Dr. Lao and Mutiny on the Bounty, as well as the original Star Trek TV show • At age seven Chang became an apprentice of California artist Blanding Sloan • Their association would lead Chang to become an accomplished sculptor and a master of special effects • At the age of 21 Chang was hired by Walt Disney as the youngest member of Disney Studio's Effects and Model Department • That same year, Chang faced his biggest challenge polio • After a year Wah could walk with braces and returned to work as an artist • Going into business with two friends, Chang won the Oscar for special effects in The Time Machine in 1960 • Wah also made the massive headdress worn by Elizabeth Taylor in Cleopatra • Other Chinese Americans worked behind the camera • Cinematographer, James Wong Howe filmed over 130 movies and won two Academy Awards – in 1955 for The Rose Tattoo and in 1963 for Hud • In 2006 Chinese-American director Ang Lee won the Academy Award for best director for Brokeback Mountain

1939 – Chinese Americans Answer the Call to Defend Democracy Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • In spite of the discrimination of the previous 50 years, by the 1930s Chinese Americans had gradually worked their way into the American mainstream o They were doctors, lawyers, homeowners and businessmen and women o Many young Chinese Americans had begun to leave the insular Chinatowns to live in the communities around them

21 o And when WWII came around, Chinese Americans joined the call against Fascism • Three of their stories are Gordon Chung-Hoon, Francis Brown Wai and • Arthur Chin joined the war effort flying under American General Claire Chennault in China o By destroying 8 Japanese aircraft, Chin became America’s first flying ace o After being shot down, Chin flew transports over the • Gordon Chung-Hoon was the commanding officer of the destroyer USS Sigsbee in the final days of WWII o Chung-Hoon won the Navy Cross and Silver Star for leadership in defending a U.S. Navy carrier group against Japanese suicide bombers o Chung-Hoon rose to the rank of Rear Admiral before retiring in 1959 • Francis Brown Wai became the first Chinese American to earn America’s highest decoration in the U.S. military – the Medal of Honor o Wai’s leadership and heroism saved the lives of hundreds of American soldiers pinned down by fire from Japanese soldiers • These men were just three of the thousands of Chinese American servicemen and women who served their country with honor and distinction • In the 21st century, Chinese Americans continue to serve in America’s armed forces, leading the fight against terrorism and securing our freedom

1943 - Magnuson Act Repeals the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Angel Island Immigration Center is located in San Francisco Bay’s China Cove o Opened in 1910, its sole purpose was to stop Chinese immigration into the U.S o In 1943 after the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act, the island’s station was no longer necessary • In 1952, Congress passed the Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed Chinese to become U.S. citizens through naturalization rather than just by birth • In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Hart-Celler Act, ending the limited Chinese immigration quotas • Over the last 40 years, nearly a million Chinese have entered the United States • They have blended their unique culture into America’s melting pot

Answers to Blackline Master Quiz 5A 1-c; 2-b; 3-a; 4-b; 5-d; 6-d; 7-c; 8-a; 9-a; 10-c

Program 6: The Chinese American Super Achievers Program six follows the accomplishments of leading Chinese Americans as they distinguish themselves in every facet of American life.

Two men and one woman opened the door to political power for Chinese Americans. Their stories are examined in Chapter one.

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Chapter two profiles the lives of Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, the first two Chinese Americans to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

The story of avant-garde architect I.M. Pei is told in chapter three.

Chapter four examines how Chinese American banker, F. Chow Chan opened the door for Chinese Americans to get financing for their homes and businesses.

Legendary martial artist Bruce Lee’s life and impact on American culture is discussed in chapter five.

1946 – Chinese Americans Breakthrough into U.S. Politics Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Following WWII, three Chinese American trailblazers opened the door to American politics, not only for Chinese Americans, but for all Asian Americans o They were Wing F. Ong, March Fong Eu and Hiram Leong Fong • Wing F. Ong was elected to the Arizona House or Representatives in 1946 o Ong served four years o In 1960 he was elected as a state Senator o He opened the door for Chinese Americans to participate in the nation's political scene • March Fong Eu achieved two unique firsts in her political career o In 1966 she became the first Chinese American woman elected to California’s State Assembly o In 1974 she was the first woman elected California’s Secretary of State • In 1959 Hiram Fong of Hawaii was elected the first Chinese American Senator o In his career he was elected to the Hawaii Territorial House of Representatives o He rose to become Speaker from 1948 to 1954 o And he was a leader in the fight for Hawaiian statehood • Thanks to Wing F. Ong, Hiram Fong and March Fong Eu, the door to American politics has been flung wide open for Chinese Americans o In 1997, Gary Locke, elected governor of Washington State, became the first Chinese American to head a state o In 2001, Elaine Chao was the first Chinese American appointed to a Cabinet post

1957 - Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee Win the Nobel Prize in Physics Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee confirmed one of the eureka moments in physics • They changed how we look at the nature of matter in the universe • In doing so, they became the first Chinese Americans to win the Nobel Prize

23 • Born in China, both men came to the United States where they studied with physics pioneer Enrico Fermi • In 1956, they collaborated to explain results that contradicted the then current theory quantum mechanics that the direction a particle spun was not a fundamental property • Yang and Lee predicted that the direction of the spin is fundamental • Months later, fellow Chinese American physicist, C. S. Wu, confirmed their prediction • In 1957 Yang and Lee were awarded the Nobel Prize for physics • Other Chinese American Nobel Prize winners in physics are: Samuel C.C. Ting, 1976, Steven Chu, 1997 and Daniel C. Tsui, Physics, 1998

1961 - I.M. Pei Designs Avant Garde NCAR Building in Boulder, Colorado Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • I.M. Pei is America’s most celebrated architect since Frank Lloyd Wright • He is the genius behind the idea of embedding advanced construction technology within native building styles • He has created a distinctive modern architecture that has become the hallmark of 21st century design • Born in China, Pei immigrated to the United States as a young man to study architecture o He received a Bachelor of Architecture degree from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1940 o Pei studied at Harvard with Walter Gropius • Early on he developed a love for how buildings and nature combined with light and shadow to form an organic structure • In 1961 Pei unveiled his philosophy in the innovative design for the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado • Over the last 50 years, Pei has designed over 75 of the most unique structures in the world o The Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center in Dallas, Texas o The Rock 'n Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio o The Modern Art Museum in Luxembourg • In 1979 Pei received the United States’ highest architectural honor – the AIA Gold Medal • In 2003, he won the prestigious Henry C. Turner Prize for Innovation in Construction Technology

1962 – F. Chow Chan Founds First Chinese American Bank Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Chinese American businessman F. Chow Chan realized that Chinese-Americans would have to create their own financial institutions o Since the 19th century, Chinese Americans had sent remittances to their families back in China

24 o At first, they used the Chinese American benevolent associations to handle these transfers o By the 20th century Chinese Americans needed something more advanced to handle their growing complex financial transactions • F. Chow Chan came to the United States in 1933 and worked as a businessman • In 1960 when he tried to find a loan for his own business, he was stymied • In 1962, Chan organized investors and chartered Cathay Bank in LA’s Chinatown • It’s mission was providing financial services to the Chinese-American community in the greater Los Angeles area • Today, it has branches spanning the country and over $10 billion in assets • Following Cathay’s success, more Chinese banks have opened up across the United States

1971 - Bruce Lee Brings Martial Arts into American Culture Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Today in the United States, Martial Arts is taught across the United States o It is a means of self-defense and mental and physical fitness • Chinese American Martial Arts master and actor, Bruce Lee is responsible for this phenomenal rise of Martial Arts in the United States o Lee grew up in , where he started his martial arts practice o Eventually, Lee created a form of fighting he called Jeet Kune Do – Way of the Intercepting Fist • It was martial arts that would lead Bruce Lee to achieve two remarkable feats o He launched the Martial Arts action film . He opened the door for other Martial Artists to become part of Hollywood . And his movies opened the door for poetic epics such as Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon o Lee’s movies were a culture-transforming event that would integrate Martial Arts into nearly every facet of American life • In the 21st century, American armed forces have adopted Martial Arts as a part of their training • Bruce Lee died in 1973, but his legend lives on in the 21st century

Answers to Blackline Master Quiz 6A 1-a=f, b=d, c=e; 2-b; 3-d; 4-b, d; 5-b; 6-a; 7-c; 8-b; 9-c; 10-d

Program 7: America Embraces Chinese Culture Program seven profiles those Chinese Americans who not only introduced Chinese American culture into mainstream America, but began the work of examining their own experiences as a minority culture in the United States.

Chapter one shows how the courage of acupuncturist Miriam Lee overcame the suspicion of traditional Chinese medicine in the United States, to make it a part of American health care.

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The perspective of the 150-year Chinese American experience through the writings of three Chinese American authors is discussed in chapter two.

As a 22 year old architecture student, Chinese American Maya Lin designed the Vietnam Memorial. Her life and the importance of the memorial are outlined in chapter three.

Chapter four looks at the phenomenal popularity of Chinese food in America and in particular in the fast food restaurant industry.

1974 – Miriam Lee Fights to Legalize Traditional Chinese Medicine in America Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Today millions of people enjoy the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine • But only 40 years ago, anyone caught performing this alternative form of therapy was arrested for practicing medicine without a license • The law was changed in 1974 thanks to Chinese American acupuncture pioneer Miriam Lee • In acupuncture doctors insert fine needles into specific points of the body and manipulate them in order to relieve pain or cure medical problems • Acupuncture is more than 3000 years old • Before 1972 very few American knew about acupuncture o Acupuncture became known when New York Times reporter, James Reston reported on it after a trip with Richard Nixon to China • Acupuncture remained illegal until the trial of Miriam Lee in 1974 o Lee’s patients testified at her trial about her miraculous healing o Lee won her case and Governor Ronald Reagan made acupuncture a legal experimental procedure o In 1976 Governor Jerry Brown signed a bill legalizing acupuncture • In 1997 the U.S. National Institutes of Health formally recognized acupuncture as a part of American mainstream medicine • Miriam Lee has gone on to write texts about acupuncture, including her best- known work, Insights of A Senior Acupuncturist

1975 – Kingston, Hwang, and Chang, the New Wave of Chinese American Writers Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • America has produced great literature in part because every immigrant and minority group in America writes their own story • Three authors have shared the Chinese American story – Maxine Hong Kingston, David Hwang, and Iris Chang • Prior to the 1960s America derived its understanding of Chinese culture primarily from American author Pearl Buck’s book The Good Earth • Kingston, Hwang and Chang moved beyond this romantic portrayal of China

26 • Kingston’s The Woman Warrior explored the gulf between earlier generations of Chinese women and Chinese American women of the 60’s • David Hwang, became the first Chinese American playwright to win the prestigious Tony Award for the best play with M. Butterfly • Hwang’s “Trilogy of Chinese America,” portrays three decisive moments in Chinese American history that shaped the Chinese American point of view o The Dance and the Railroad recounts the story of 19th century Chinese Americans in building railroads o FOB tells of the clash between the older Chinese American generations and new Chinese American immigrants o Family Devotions examines the impact of Christianity on ancient Chinese beliefs • Iris Chang produced a trilogy of Chinese American history – Thread of the , The Rape of Nanking and The Chinese in America o This trilogy documented the Chinese American experience as ‘perpetual outsiders’ through most of their 150-year history in the United States o The Rape of Nanking tells the story of Japanese atrocities in mainland China’s city Nanking at the start of WWII o It was a story that all Americans need to know in order to understand the second great wave of Chinese immigration that occurred after WWII • Kingston, Hwang and Chang are the first generation of Chinese American authors, telling the story of Chinese Americans as they see it

1982 - Maya Ying Lin Designs the Vietnam War Memorial Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • In the 1960s the Vietnam War burst onto the American scene • It was the most divisive conflict in America since the Civil War, and the scars it left on America and its people seemed incapable of healing • In 1981 architectural student Maya Ying Lin designed a memorial to the Vietnam War that brought the country together • A brief biography of Maya Lin • The story of Maya Lin winning the competition for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial to be built in Washington, D. C. • Maya’s design, was quite unlike the majestic monuments of Washington, D.C. • It was two simple walls joined together in a ‘V’, with the names of the 58,219 fallen soldiers inscribed on its dark granite panels • Judges drawn to its simple yet elegant design chose hers on May 7th 1981 • Though there was controversy Maya successfully defended her design before the United States Congress • The memorial was dedicated on Veterans’ Day 1982 • Over the last quarter century, the memorial has brought the country together once more

1983 - Andrew and Peggy Cherng Found Panda Express

27 Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Ever since Chinese Americans settled in America in the 19th century, they have filled the niches of work that others did not want • In the 20th century two Chinese American entrepreneurs Andrew and Peggy Cherng saw a business opportunity for gourmet, Chinese fast food • Chinese American food is different from other American food o It has many flavors that make it interesting o It’s served family style in the center of the table so everybody can share • In 1973, Andrew and his father, opened Panda Inn, a small sit down restaurant in Pasadena, California • Ten years later Andrew opened the first Panda Express, serving fast, healthy and delicious Americanized Chinese food • Andrew and Peggy carved out a niche for Panda Express in shopping malls, airports theme parks and college campuses • Panda Express has over 1000 stores with annual sales of $1 billion • Panda Express’s success lies in Andrew and Peggy’s philosophy of work o It is based on ancient Confucian ideals of cooperation and helping others • Andrew and Peggy Cherng make a point of helping their employees improve and work their way up the corporate ladder • It is a model of success that has worked for Chinese Americans for over 150 years and will continue to work throughout the next millennium

Answers to Blackline Master Quiz 7A 1-d; 2-a; 3-a; 4-c; 5-b; 6-b; 7-c; 8-c; 9-a

Program 8: The Modern Chinese American Program eight examines how Chinese Americans are leading the United States into the 21st century in every avenue of American life from sports to the Internet.

Chapters one and two profile the lives of two Chinese American artists. The first is Yo- Yo Ma in music; and the second is Amy Tan in literature.

The influence of Chinese Americans in the world of sport is shown in chapter three.

No two Chinese Americans have had a greater impact on American life in the Information Age than Cable TV’s John Sie and Yahoo’s founder Jerry Yang. Their stories are told in chapters four and five.

Chapter six discusses life and important work of AIDS researcher Dr. David Ho.

The life and dreams of astronaut Dr. Leroy Chiao are profiled in chapter seven.

1985 - Yo-Yo Ma Wins First Grammy Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn:

28 • Born in 1955, from the beginning, Yo-Yo Ma was a musical prodigy o He began playing the cello at four o At age thirty, Yo-Yo Ma won his the first of his fifteen Grammy Awards o He also received a star on the Tower Records Walk of Fame • Yo-Yo Ma’s most important impact has been to open the door for other Chinese Americans to introduce Chinese American musical themes into America’s culture o This has resulted is a new brand of music that depicts the struggles of Chinese American life growing up in a multi cultural world • Yo-Yo Ma currently plays with his Silk Road Ensemble, which brings together musicians from all of the countries linked by history’s Silk Road from China to Europe

1989 - Amy Tan Writes The Joy Luck Club Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Throughout most of U.S. history, America's largest cities, have harbored smaller ethnic enclaves • For many Americans the most exotic of these 'mini cities' were Asian. • In 1989 Amy Tan published The Joy Luck Club, opening up Asian culture to all Americans • Following in the footsteps of Maxine Hong Kingston’s acclaimed The Woman Warrior, Tan's lyrically written novel of Chinese American mothers and daughters courageously explores relationships between Asian-American children and their immigrant parents • Details the difficulties of melding Asian traditions with American opportunities • As of 2002, 18% of Asian and Asian-American women pursue work in business, finance and other professions

1989 – Chinese Americans Excel at Sports Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • In 1989 Chinese American tennis star became the youngest winner of a grand slam tennis event when he won the French Open o Chang’s victory showcased Chinese American sports figures o His victory also marked the emergence of Chinese American sports figures on the national and international stage • Three other sports superstars have shown what Chinese American athletes can do • Starting in 1996, Michelle Kwan dominated American figure skating for the next decade, winning nine U.S. and five world titles • Legendary football coach Norm Chow coached college quarterbacks who later starred in the NFL • The king of Chinese American sports stars is golf phenom, Tiger Woods

1991 - John Sie Founds Cable Powerhouse Starz Encore

29 Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • John Sie created the highly successful STARZ ENCORE complex of movie channels • John Sie was born in Nanking in 1936 • His family fled to Shanghai when the Japanese attacked Nanking in 1937 • Sie came to the U.S. in 1950 • In 1960 John Sie started the very successful Microstate Electronics • In 1972 John Sie switched careers and joined the Cable Television industry o Sie developed the strategy for Cable Television to offer its own unique programming such as the Discovery Channel, A&E, CNN, and ESPN o In 1991 Sie launched ENCORE and in 1994 he founded STARZ

1994 - Jerry Yang Co-founds Yahoo! Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • In the early 1990s the Internet created a system of connecting people and information electronically o The internet had lots of interesting websites that were difficult to find o The question arose: “Could anyone build a business model that would make the Internet profitable?” • Stanford electrical engineering graduate student Chinese American Jerry Yang had a brilliant idea – create a computerized database that anyone could use to locate sites on the web by subject • As a result, Jerry Yang and fellow Stanford graduate student David Filo co- founded Yahoo! o Yahoo! was a web portal that presented information from diverse sources in a unified way o Yahoo! also offered other services such as e-mail, news, stock prices and infotainment • Jerry Yang also figured out how to use the millions of Yahoo! visitors to monetize the Internet and get millions of dollars in ad revenue • Yang’s business model for Yahoo! proved to be the business model that formed the nexus of the Internet, or Dotcom boom • In 2005 Steve Chen co-founded You Tube, the popular video sharing web site

1996 - Time Magazine's Man of the Year is AIDS Researcher David Ho Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • Chinese American researcher, Dr. David Ho stands among the giants of research – Louis Pasteur, Alexander Fleming and Jonas Salk • Thanks to his breakthrough, the great plague of the last half of the 20th century – HIV/AIDS – could at last be treated • In 1996, Dr. Ho made a breakthrough by creating a ‘cocktail’ of drugs o Known as HAART, they slow down the reproduction of HIV in the body

30 • Thanks to Dr. Ho, death by AIDS in the United States and other western nations has dropped six-fold since 1996 • Finally there was hope for people with HIV that they could live normal and long lives, like Magic Johnson • The next goal for Dr. Ho is a vaccine that will eliminate HIV and the threat of AIDS

2004 – Astronaut Dr. Leroy Chiao Votes from Space in the Presidential Election Student Goals – In this A History of Chinese American Achievement in the United States chapter the students will learn: • When Leroy Chiao was eight years old, he watched Neil Armstrong walk on the moon and found his boyhood dream of becoming an astronaut o In 1990 after a brilliant engineering career, Chiao joined NASA o He flew his first Space Shuttle mission in 1994 o On his fourth and final mission, Chiao was the Commander and NASA Science Officer aboard the International Space Station from October 2004 to April 2005 • While on board the International Space Station, Dr. Chiao voted in the Presidential election o It symbolized not only the importance of having dreams, but it showed that any Chinese American can follow their dreams

Answers to Blackline Master Quiz 8A 1-b; 2-a; 3-b; 4-d; 5-c; 6-d; 7-c; 8-a; 9-b

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