NOTES OF THE Week . MUSIC. By H. Rootham . THE SITUATION IN INDIA,VI.-What Should Be THEINSANE-11. By Dr. J. A. Tippet. . Done. By Marmaduke Pickthall . . VIEWS AND REVIEWS: The Jesuits-II. By OUR GENERATION.By Edward Moore . A. E. R. . WE AS CONSUMERS. By Kenneth Richmond . REVIEWS : The New Horizon in Love and Life. Hunger. The Passion of Labour . DRAMA: Peer Gynt. By John Francis Hope . ART: Clive Bell and Modern Art. By R. A. LETTER TO THE EDITORfrom T. M. Colvin . Stephens . PASTICHE. By Ruth Pitter, Alexander Gray .

obvious? What else can it be? The truth is still as NOTES OF THE WEEK. far off as ever from the Labour mind that it is not Production that is wrong, but Distribution. Production, IF a strike is a wilful restriction of production, the in the only sense of the word that is worth considering Same must be said of a lock-out; with an added --Production as ability to produce-was never greater emphasis upon the wilfulness of the latter. Moreover, than it is to-day. Capitalism does not hinder the de- in the case of the Engineering Lock-out there is velopment of productivity; science alone would see to abundant evidence that both the time and the excuse that; but, on the contrary, it enormously aids productivity. for it have been deliberately chosen, and with much At this very moment, while half our textile more ingenuity than is usually displayed by Trade spindles are lying idle, textile machinery is being Union leaders when planning, if they ever do, a mere produced at four times the rate of recent years; and we strike. For months the Engineering industry has been should be much surprised to learn that there are no gasping for life in the vain hope of that revival of trade new blast-furnaces being erected even while three- that never comes and that will not come. Of our 300 quarters of those in existence are already idle. The blast-furnaces, sufficient in themselves to produce the staring fact of our present system, indeed, is precisely pig-iron of all Europe, scarcely one in four has keen in the relative over-efficiency of our productive mechanism, use for a whole year. Over of the side by side with the ridiculous under-efficiency of our members of the men’s Union were unemployed at the consumptive arrangements. We can produce for the moment chosen for the lock-out; and upwards of two world; yet we have to consume as if we were pauper millions has been paid out by the Union in out-of-work savages. The “Labour Monthly” is certainly barking benefit. In this moribund condition of the industry, up the wrong tree (as usual) in calling attention to it is little wonder that the Employers thought it a Productivity as the defect of Capitalism. The defect, matter of comparative indifference whether production it-e repeat, is not Production, but Distribution, and continued or ceased altogether. Some new or ancient hence the remedy is not to be found in organising privilege might be wrung from the men under the production or in demanding workers’ control over threat or fact of a lock-out ; and at least that advantage management or in any of the thousand and one was to be expected from the complete cessation of all nostrums that have hitherto done duty for thought. The pretence of production. That there is extant an remedy, on the contrary, is to be found in employing infinitely better way of dealing with the situation neither the national real credit to bring about what it exists to the Employers nor the Men have, it appears, the bring about, namely, delivery of the goods to those who remotestidea. Both alike prefer to continue in a struggle need them; and the mechanism for this purpose is the of alternate murder and suicide as the line of least simple, harmless mechanism of price-regulation. Price- resistance in the absence of any attempt to think about regulation scientifically applied would instantly remove Finance. And murder and suicide their policy practically all our present economic difficulties. From undoubtedly is, since the simplest arithmetic will plainly the moment that the Douglas ratio came into operation, demonstrate that lock-out or strike has a single effect the wheels of industry would begin to spin rapidly on the industry as a whole, namely, the depreciation of again ; and everybody would at once feel the benefit of its real credit or ability to deliver goods. What hope it. But, unfortunately, what is everybody’s advantage can be entertained by either party or by the community is nobody’s business; and thus the “Labour Monthly,” at large that any good can come of such stupid disputes Mr. G. D. H. Cole leading, can continue its excellent passes sane comprehension. Both sides and the services in the cause of successive disasters culminating, communityas well deserve to suffer for it almost as much as they will, in social catastrophe. as they will. *** *** Mr. Stanley Baldwin has once more been scanning The “Labour Monthly,” Mr. G. D. H. Cole sagely the horizon for signs of the often announced revival in leading-, has the usual ray of darkness to cast upon a trade. He thinks that, so far as prices go, we are now well-lit situation. After enumerating such facts as we at the bottom. That has been said so often that it have just mentioned, the “Labour Monthly” may not be any truer now than on former occasions. profoundlyconcludes that Capitalism which was once the But, even if it be, Mr. Baldwin admits that we are friend is now the enemy of Production. Is it not at present only “dragging along the bottom,” and that “how long that process will last it is impossible to say. ” sympatheticimagination? And how simple is the remedy? It “It may be some months yet,” he affirms, “before we needs but the underpinning of the industrial fabric by see anything that can be called a revival.” Why not the Just Price. This would, on the one hand, assure some years? He went on to indulge in the customary the employer good trade at a reasonable rate of profit. wisdom of our experts on the subject of wage-reductions, On the other, it would enable a standard rate of wages and dropped the ominous hint that “there are and length of hours (since the latter is a question of still some important industries where considerable labour cost) to be thrown into costs, and lodged securely cessions, somehow or another, will have to be made.” beyond the ravages of the economic cyclones and anti- He drew a strong distinction between distributing cyclones to which any standard is now helplessly businesses, wholesale and retail, and productive industry. exposed. Further, in the real value of his wages the ’The former, he said, were not doing so badly. He worker would reap the full benefit of his skill and declared himself amazed to see how much shopping is efficiency. One would have thought that the most going on in London. He attributed this to a despair obvious considerations of their true interest would have of saving on the part of the ordinary man and an impelled both sides at least to examine this solution. impatience to translate his money in to concrete terms *** before it was seized by an insatiable Chancellor of the The hollowness of the “trade balance“ test of Exchequer. If so, the pressure of taxation may have national prosperity is unanswerably exposed by the a good effect after all, though it is certainly not one latest figures. For the month of February there is a intended by the Treasury. Mr. Baldwin seemed, in this “favourable balance”--an excess, that is, of exports passage of his speech, to betray some dim gIimmering over imports (including movements of bullion and of the truth that it is by spending that the nation lives. specie)--of Prima facie, on the orthodox Rut it was in his treatment of the producing trades that presuppositions, this is a magnificent economic success, he revealed the radical distortion of his outlook. He and an evidence of the soundness of the country’s spoke of’ these as though their dominant, and almost credit. But then the curious fact emerges that this sole, function is to “export their goods and find food achievement of an excess of exports is actually and raw material for the country. ” Incidentally, of accompaniedby a fall, as compared with the previous month, course, they have to do this, though not necessarily of nearly in the value of goods exported. (particularly as regards food) in anything like the That is to say, the “favourable balance” does not mean wholesale measure that now ob contains. Rut if our any positive achievement at all, but only a very marked manufactureof such things as textiles, boots, hardware, falling off in imports. We have then to bear in mind cutlery, pottery, and furniture is not intended primarily that the raw materials of most of our industries and the to supply the needs of our own people, we must be mad. bulk of our food supplies come from abroad, that a Naturally Mr. Baldwin was much perturbed by the nation lives by acquiring (whether by direct production tariff walls that have been rising everywhere since the or exchange) the goods it needs, and that our war. If the home markets were planted firmly in the people are at present going scandalously short of goods foreground of the picture, there would be no difficulty of all kinds. The “favourable balance,” that is, in in delivering our indispensable exports at a price that this case is simply the sign and symbol of our failure to no tariffs and no conceivable reduction of cost of acquire urgently needed commodities. But this is production would enable foreign competitors to meet. By simply a specially gross instance of the ordinary such a policy too we should soon force other nations tendency of our whole economic system. Goods for the to put their houses similarly in order, so that we could foreigner and work for our own people are avowedly or all come to terms and arrange sensibly for ali necessary unavowedly the actually ruling principIes of our or desirable interchange of goods. There is no difficulty business activities. When will our rulers and our whatever in producing in the whole world all that industrial and financial magnates frankly renounce this the whole world needs; and, if so, it needs but a sane Ixion’s cloud of “providing employment” for our machinery of distribution to deliver humanity from its people, and turn on, at full power, our machinery of economic torments. Mr. Baldwin lamented that there production with the single-minded aim of delivering the seems to be “some accursed fate over the human race goods ? that we must always be quarrelling amongst ourselves *** . . . over trade which ought to be common to all of A Government Bill for promoting emigration within us, and a link and source of accord.” As long as our the Empire is shortly to be introduced into Parliament. rulers throw the responsibility upon some mysterious We regard it with very mixed feelings. We notice that “fate,” it will be so still. “the relief to the surplus population of this country” *** is put first among the benefits expected from it. So Even in the present slump, it is evident from the far as the policy is based on this motive, we can only reports of company meetings that sundry industrial and characterise it as thoroughly disgraceful from commercial concerns arc doing very well. Such beginningto end. In view of the notorious facts as to our headlinesas ‘‘ Profits maintained in a difficult year,” productive powers and as to the wholesale wastage "Increased profit in a difficult ? ear,” “Cheaper production of our natural resources, particularly in regard to and record gross receipts,” are quite common. These agriculture and fisheries, it is monstrous to pretend that results have been achieved by sweeping- reductions in our country cannot support a vastly larger population wages, and in some trades the workers are still than we have at present. But more-“a new England” threatened with further reductions. Whatever are they was freely promised to our “heroes” during the war, likely to think about it all? Can any reasonable being and they were continually assured that they were fighting expect that they will work at all heartily under such for their country-in every possible sense of that conditions? Obviously they would not be human if phrase. It reflects the utmost discredit on the Government they did. Only automata, with neither feelings nor that it should now seek to slip out of the power of reflection; would do so. If ca’ canny were far responsibilityof securing to a victorious people their more universal than it is, and twice as intense, it would birthrightin their own land, and jump at every shadowy be the most natural of spontaneous reactions to the chance of shipping them wholesale across the seas. It is facts of the situation. Yet at such a time the Federation an equally severe reflection on the thoughtlessness of our of British Industries tells the workers that they must public opinion that the “necessity” is so readily both speed up and increase their hours of labour, and accepted by such large numbers in all classes. The warns them that, even so, they may have to he content policy has no other real object than to save our statesmen with actually less wages in return. Are employers, as trouble and to boIster up our financiers in their such, constitutionally incapacitated for the exercise of enjoyment of irresponsible power. We mean the policy either a modicum of common sense or a spark of of emigration as a cure for our internal ills. When its advocacy is based on the desirability of developing the The Situation in India. Dominions and of strengthening the Empire in the ultimateinterests of the best life of the world, the case is By Marmaduke Pickthall. altered. With that side of the propaganda we have VI.-WHAT SHOULD BE DONE. much sympathy. Provided that everyone had been assured of an adequate standard of living at home, it THE initial mistake of Government lay in the tendency would be most desirable to facilitate emigration to the to regard the Non-Co-operation Movement as an Dominions for those whom enterprise or love of change "agitation,” that is to say, as worked up by the arts of or adventure might impel to this. But in the actually “agitators.” The angry emotion in the country existing conditions, the opening of any such safety- consequentupon the Rowlatt Acts and the Punjab atrocities valve only means the granting to plutocracy at home was intense; upon the news of the iniquitous of a fresh lease of life. conditionsimposed on Turkey and all Asia by the Treaty *** of Sevres it became dangerous: It was then that Gandhi, with a number of Hindu and Muslim leaders, Miss Margaret Bondfield has been lecturing in an took control and directed that emotion into ways of Anglican church on the subject of “The Church and protest which in all civilised countries are considered Property.” She has recently been reading Thomas unobjectionable. The demands of the Non-Co-operators Aquinas and she appeared to be intoxicated with the were reasonable from the point of view of discovery that some of his dicta could be exploited in anybodybut an Anglo-Indian Die-Hard. If they had been the interests of modern Socialism. In the excitement of granted-if justice had been done to Asia in the having apparently captured so valuable a point d’appui matter of the Turkish Treaty in the first few months; within the front line of the Church’s entrenchments, or even if the Government of India had evinced its she, however, entirely failed to enter into the real solidarity with the people of India in that grievance mind of that champion of Christendom or to appreciate (the Government having been insulted no less than the the deep and balanced philosophy of property which people)-the Non-Co-operation Movement would have he formulated. Because he insisted that no form of ceased politically, remaining as an admirable social property must be used solely for the private and per- movement. From the beginning it must have been sonal advantage of an owner, she rushed to the crude evident to every sensible observer that a bargain would conclusion that land and the major forms of industrial have sooner or later to he struck between the people capital are no fit subjects for individual ownership at and the Government ; and to defer making a bargain of all, but can only rightly be held collectively. But it is that sort with a people burning with a sense of wrong a question of the conditions under which they are is simply to repeat the history of the Sibylline Books. owned and of the measure in which their ownership is distributed. The Socialist distinction between property The second grave mistake, in my opinion, was in in the means of production and in articles of personal making too much fuss over the inauguration of the enjoyment is far from identical with the perfectly sound Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, at a time when India distinction between property for use and property for was concerned with serious grievances which those power. Naturally Miss Bondfield endorsed Mr. Reforms could never possibly redress ; especially in Tawney’s functional basis of property ; for the collectivist bringing out a Royal personage and parading him on mind instinctively jumps in flocks all the world an occasion which the majority of Indians had decided over. But, in fact, property, cannot be genuinely to ignore, thus wantonly impairing the prestige of the accepted in principle unless the right (which was of Imperial Crown in India. India as a nation was not course never questioned by Thomas Aquinas and the occupied with the “Reforms” at all, but with the mediaevals) of a man to live on the fruits of his questionof the Turkish Treaty and the Punjab atrocities. propertyis conceded, We do not purpose to argue again This was quite natural and must, one would suppose, the question of unearned income. It can only be shown have been known to the Government. When the to be ethically objectionable on the basis of a radically questionsin which India as a nation was interested were unsound economic analysis; and some of our Collectivists settled to the satisfaction of India: that would have themselves would seem to be beginning to waver been the time for the appearance of a Royal personage, on the point. Thus Mr. G. D. H. Cole in a recent not the occasion of a change in the composition of the lecture declared that he was quite in favour of bureaucracy which interested only the bureaucracy and everyone’sreceiving an income, quite apart from work done; its hangers-on. I should like it to be clearly and he expressly explained that, unlike Mr. Bernard understoodthat I, personally, do not question the benevolence Shaw, he did not wish to withdraw the apparently given of the intention underlying the “Reforms,” nor with one hand concession instantly with the other hand the importance of the principle conceded of eventual by coercing every one to work. Yet only a moment Dominion Status for the Indian Empire. But I can testify that the benevolence of that intention did not before Mr. Cole had attacked “dividends” on the “ ground that they meant living on other people’s labour ! carry over the footlights”-I mean that Indians could But if this were economically true, it would be equally not see it in the least. People who had just witnessed true of any unearned income, by whatever machinery an extraordinary exhibition of race hatred on the part distributed. Mr. Cole drew a sharp distinction between of certain Government officials most of whom still kept such an income as based on property and as distributed their posts, who had seen the Imperial Government at the will of the central organ of society; and quite coolly break its solemn promises to India without apparentlydid not see that the objection to making an any public protest from the Government of India, could income dependent on property is bound up with the hardly be expected to feel wild enthusiasm over some presentmonstrous monopoly of property, since if every tardy reforms in the internal administration of the one had, or could easily acquire, a fair share of country. Their crying need was for a change in the property, the objection disappears. There is, too, a very attitude and status rather than in the personnel of urgent reason for insisting on the word “dividend” Government, to the end that they might have a with its connotation of shareholding and ownership. A government in the sense that other peoples have a mere social pension paid to every one by the State (or Government-a Government which would protect their by some King Cols substitute for the present “State”) human rights at home and their national interests would certainly be contingently revocable by Dora or abroad. by some equally summary procedure. The only real Irritation at the refusal of the Non-Co-operators to security for the liberty of the ordinary citizen is to “fete” the Reforms, involving, as it did in the opinion entrench him behind a concrete and more or less of the bureaucrats, “disrespect to Royalty,” made a complexsystem of definite dividend rights in the proceeds number of the rulers lose sight altogether of the fact of the common inheritance and industry. that Gandhi and his Muslim henchmen, far from being enemies to law and order, were actually keeping peace filled the East with horror at the atheism of a race to in India all the time. The era of “repression” then which God has given the supreme trust of Imperial began. It is all very well to say that it is the duty of dominion. It must be plain to everyone who deigns officials to enforce the law. We all agree to that, to think that such a movement cannot be crushed out Gandhi as much as anybody. But the “repression” by force. It can be won by England doing right. which the Non-Co-operators had to suffer was not I lay great stress upon this point because we English under the ordinary law at all, but under special have become so unaccustomed to expect our rulers to regulations arbitrarily employed against them. The recognise the universal law of right and wrong that enormity of the crimes for which they are arrested it is difficult for most of us to realise the effect which wholesale may be judged from the sporting offer of their persistent disobedience to that law has had upon the Governor of Bengal to stop “repression’’ if they on a very large proportion of the human race. It is that their side would “call off” the boycott of the Prince which has ruined our prestige in Eastern! lands. This of Wales’ visit. To give the subordinate police a free must be borne in mind in all attempts at reconciliation, hand against the great mass of the people is a perilous or such attempts are sure to fail. For instance, when proceeding anywhere. It is particularly so in India; the Turkish question is settled in the way that Indians and it is more than probable that the “repression” has wish, it would never do to say that we were settling been very much more cruel than British high officials it in that way to please the Indian subjects of the know or even suspect. Anyhow, the imprisonment- Empire. We must settle it in that way because it is with hard labour-of a number of leaders whom the our duty to keep England’s solemn promise given to people venerate as saints was by itself sufficient to Indians at a crisis of the war, and to fall short in any create a new situation vastly more dangerous than any point of England’s solemn promise is unthinkable. It which existed before “repression” began. Gandhi’s must not be supposed that England, in a sober moment chief helpers-particularly those through whom he -the Lloyd George-Venizelos scandal must be treated could restrain and organise the Muslim masses-have as an aberration-can even imagine any alternative to been put in prison under circumstances which have doing what she is in honour bound to do. So important horrified and stirred the people to the last degree. His is this aspect of the question that I personally am hands have thus been seriously weakened at the very convinced that there would have been no movement moment when, if Government wants peace in India, whatsoeveragainst English rule in India if the Government they ought to have been strengthened to the utmost. had behaved as Indians expected Englishmen to The reader will agree that the benevolence of the behave, i.e., with due regard for truth and justice and "Reformed”Government, the “change of heart’’ professed humanity. Our wartime propaganda, our campaigns by rulers towards the Indian people, cannot be said to of calumny against the luckless Turk, above all our have been brought home to the Non-Co-operators. It vagaries since the war, have had their natural and (at is not the fault of Gandhi, or of the Muslim leaders now least by me) foreseen effect in India. in prison, if something like Sinn Fein is on the point Assuming that we do not wish for war in India which of breaking out all over India. Gandhi has always could not be a field of honour for us in the the been a moderator, and a friend to England since he circumstances,I urge that the following steps should be taken only asked that England should do right. Believing at once. as I do, with Gandhi, that the adoption under (I) The release of all political prisoners, as an earnest provocationof violent methods by a large number of Indians of goodwill. Far from endangering the peace, this means the beginning of the end so far as England is measure would secure it. It would strengthen Gandhi’s concerned, and that it is desirable for India to remain hands immensely in his hitherto successful efforts to within the British “Commonwealth of Nations,” I arrest the growing tendency to violence. think the Government of India ought to come to terms with Gandhi instantly. (2) A conference with full powers to arrange the I have said that Anglo-India abounds in Die-Hards, terms of peace, care being taken to exclude certain some of whom would go so far as to provoke a general Anglo-Indian personalities whose presence would rising, believing in their power to crush the spirit of arouse distrust throughout the country. I should suggest the Viceroy and the Governor of Bombay as the the Indian peoples by brute force. That might be so if they were dealing with a second Mutiny, but they are Government of India’s plenipotentiaries. dealing with a nation animated and united by religious (3) The declaration by England of her firm intention horror at the conduct of the present British Government. quickly to evacuate Constantinople, and to restore the To endeavour to “repress” such a movement in whole of Asia Minor and Thrace to Turkish sovereignty a cause which is essentially wrong-for England has in accordance with Lloyd George’s famous pledge of indeed behaved abominably-will only strengthen its January, 1918; also to withdraw her troops from determination’, making martyrs. And once the thing Palestineand set up an effective national government in is started, in the present temper of all Asia-aye, and that country, and to persuade the French to do the Europe, too; for hatred of England is the dominant same for Syria. Also to complete her evacuation of note of European politics to-day-who can say where Mesopotamia and no longer to prevent the restoration it will end? of the religious-legal rights of the Khalifa of the The actual crisis is psychological rather than Muslims over all the Holy Places of Islam. All this in political,as I began by saying. The Indian Non-Co-operation accordance with her pledges to the Arab peoples and, Movement represents the soul of Asia pretty as regards the Holy Places, with innumerable solemn accurately, protesting in the name of God, the Ruler pledges to the Indian Muslims. of the universe, in Whom Indians have been led by (4) When that assurance has been given reconciliation Royal proclamations and other public utterances-and will be easy but not yet complete. The Indians- also by their commerce with the English of a bygone ask for such a change in the attitude and status of the day-to imagine that the English, like themselves, Government of India as will make it representative of believed, against the Godless conduct of the British India in the Empire instead of a mere agent of the Government.The horrors of the Punjab (when the Viceroy British Government. They want the power of veto on himself is said to have declared that he would have a the use of India’s troops outside her frontiers and thousand Indian lives for every English life) : the various other things-in fact Dominion Status, which broken pledges of the British Government regarding in my opinion ought to have been granted with the Turkey and the Muslim Holy Land; the lying first instalment of “Reforms” instead of being propaganda,and lastly the “repression” of a movement promisedconditionally in a dim and rather problematical which asked only that the Governments of England and future. The existing Government of India could sign of India should do right instead of wrong. All this has the treaty of alliance on behalf of India, there need be no upset, no dislocation of the services; the existing politics are in England habitually divorced; it is a Government would simply become the first Dominion national tradition with us, even if it is not a very old Government ; the “Reforms” would then acquire reality national tradition. But it is not “culture” only which for Indians, the whole nation would “co-operate” ; and suffers from the separation; it is the nation, for no the English would become more popular than ever community can exist, except at great discomort to before. itself, without the practical exercise of the intellect in affairs. The evil is great, however, when reason is If that can be done at once, I feel quite sure that actually flouted by political leaders, and when the England will regain her old prestige throughout the violation of reason is called practical politics. Have the East. If on the other hand a policy of “stern repression" is pursued, affairs are sure to go from bad to English become profoundly and irrevocably frivolous in worse. The *‘independence’ ’ party will increase in political matters? Some one said of them that they strength, and England will at last capitulate on much would neither be drilled, nor would they be democrats. less favourable terms to enemies of England, which As it is, they seem to be pledged to the twin causes Mahatma Gandhi and his hosts of Congressmen are not. of Tweedledum and Tweedledee. Germany has shown herself different, and superior, in temper to England in her attitude to education. In the Our Generation. midst of greater hardship than the English Press, ungenerousas ever, is willing to admit, she has not The bankruptcy of prcesent-day political thought, which allowed herself to contemplate “economics” in education. was shown up some time ago in a speech by Mr. George On the contrary, she is experimenting more boldly and more wisely in the practice of education than perhaps Harvey in which one or two ideas intruded, has been any other nation in Europe. And this is a thing for shown up again, perhaps not deliberately, in an article which not only her own people, but the nations of the by Captain Wedgwood Benn which appeared the other world must thank her. Our Government, on the other day in the “Daily News.” The aim of the writer was hand, will do a disservice not only to us but to the to show that Mr. Austen Chamberlain had repeatedly civilised globe if it accepts the scandalous recommendations been first wrong and then right, publicly and with some of the Geddes Committee. It will certainly be emphasis, in the last ten years; and he concluded, with a disgrace to us if in the matter of morale and intelligence we fall conspicuously below the standard of some justice, that the Liberal Party had little use for America and of the European peoples; but it will a man who was so faithless to fallacies. But the also be a general loss, for no nation can afford to be important thing was that in his demonstration he had to decivilised, after it has become civilised, without lessening quote from political speeches over a period of ten years, the embodied’ power of man over the world, and and what speeches ! It is not merely that there is not enhancing the number of dangers which he manufactures a single idea in them : they actually read like nonsense. for himself. We do not pretend that Sir Eric Mr. Bridgeman, “a very frank and courteous champion Geddes or the Government would appreciate of the cause” of Tariff Reform, said publicly in 1914 : "considerations” of this kind; but that they will eventually count there is more than mathematical certainty. “Let them as Unionists stick to their principles : Truth, Anythingthat lowers further the morale of the nations of Tariff Reform and the Ten Commandments. ” The the world, now that the War and the Peace have Mad Hatter is more credible than this mythological Mr. sufficientlylowered it, will set back progress indefinitely, Bridgeman, but even Mr. Bridgeman was surpassed by perhaps, finally, for every increase of ignorance and of the gentleman who has since become Lord Chancellor. helplessness will bring the disasters which politicians He referred (at Liverpool, 1910) to “the twin causes of call complications with it, new wars will plunge us into deeper hells, and the talent for recuperation will become Protestantism and Tariff Reform. ” Now what are weaker and weaker. There has been no effort in thinking animals to make of statements like these? England, as there has been in Germany, to set a new What has Truth to do with Tariff Reform, and what current of life free, to build afresh on new energy, new has Protestantism to do with either? Between Free flesh and blood. The rational, and perhaps therefore, Trade and Protestantism one might, for the sake of the instinctive, need to do this has not been recognised ; fun, establish a connection ; for Luther was spiritually and the cause for this is no doubt that England has an individualist, and Free Trade is economically the been egotistically concentrated on itself, on itself as it is extreme expression of individualism. Luther held that and has been, on pre-post-war England, the same it was wrong to impose a tariff on heavenly goods, and yesterday, to-day, but, me fervently hope, not forever. Captain Wedgwood Benn and his friends hold that it Germanyhas been compelled to leave a piece of her life is inexpedient to impose a tariff on earthly goods. But behind her; and she is building anew because she must. what on earth is it that gives Protestantism and Tariff In all this aimlessness of our life, perhaps the wisest Reform a common parentage and a common birth? The appeal would be to our national pride. A powerful matter is of course not worth taking seriously; what Empire, we must not allow ourselves to be excelled in is worth noting is that this sort of nonsense, as practical ability, in morale and intelligence, by the senselessand as solemn as the hocus-pocus of savages, is other peoples. But it is doubtful whether even this tolerated, is even regarded as the correct thing, by the would be successful. Mr. Lloyd George and his Donnybrook voters of Great Britain, and not only by them, but by Fair no longer think in terms of national the Press and a part of the intelligentsia as well. greatness,past orpresent. England’s eyes are turned upon CaptainWedgwood Benn’s line of quotations proves that herself, upon her difficulties and her economies; she this insipid and resourceless idiocy has been masquerading does not even keep up appearances. We are a poor as politics for a decade (we have no doubt it has people, sir. Can’t attend to the world just now. Well, been doing so for a longer time than that). A careful there is no doubt that that tune, and the politicians perusal of the chief political speeches in England have set it, will have to be changed, if, leaving the duringthe last ten years would remove any surprise which world out of the question for the moment, we are to be we may have that England is to-day as badly off as saved ourselves. We do not suppose that even the she is. Anything may happen in a nation where a most prejudiced Englishman, after regarding our politiciancan utter in public a phrase like “the twin causes presentcondition, could maintain that the education of the of Protestantism and Tariff Reform,” and afterwards in present generation is adequate. The moral is to the course of time become Lord ChanceIlor. We are educate the next generation better; not to whittle down intellectually disgraced by the possibility of an whatever intelligence there is. occurencelike that. Of course we know that intellect and EDWARDMOORE. We as Consumers. Drama. By John Francis Hope. Some weeks ago I attempted to analyse our resistances against the constructive control of credit and prices, I was fortunate enough to see “ Peer Gynt.” again ; in terms of our unconscious Mammon-worship-the its success has been so marked, and so many people immense respect that we pay to the financier who is who wanted to see the production were unable to, that really our invisible King, our unconscious symbol for The Old Vic announces that it will be revived for a short period at the end of the season, beginning May worldly fatherhood and power. 15th. A second visit confirms me in my opinion that I was writing, then, about the control of credit and the whole play ought to be given; the shipwreck scene prices in the abstract. It is a somewhat abstract was cut after the first night to bring the performance propositionthat “we” should control credit and prices, in within the limits of four hours. But the interval our general interest, instead of allowing financiers to between scene 9, Act IV, and scene 4, Act V, is far 100 control them in their interest. The proposition is great to be intelligible; forty-eight pages of text, the clearly attractive, but it needed further definition, along most important scenes, cut, and the significance of the the lines of the question ’‘ Who are we?’’ play is lost. But it is impossible to expect people of This question THE NEW AGE has been patiently working this generation to sit in a theatre for six hours and a out. We, who ought to have control of credit and half ; and the only practical suggestion is that it should prices, the main levers of the prosperity-machine, are be played in two parts. It divides easily at the end citizens of two kinds, both at once. We are producers of Act III. after the death of Ase, when Peer begins -the great majority of us who are not livers on his world wanderings; Part I might be played in the dividends,unemployed, paupers nor lunatics ; anti we are afternoon, Part II in the evening, with the assurance consumers -all of us. that most of the audience would make the effort to see the two performances. Mr. Thorndike has such a The problem arises, why the producers, those who prodigiousmemory that he would make light, I think, of are civically efficient in one way and another, should learning the other scenes ; and the interval between the not have the monopoly of control. The answer appears two performances would sax-e him from exhaustion- to be that “we,” as producers, are capable of worshipping which the present four hours performance does not only the god whom the banker represents. As do. When an actor like Mr. Thorndike says towards consumers, we are on a common and universal human the end of a performance : “ To thy troll be thyself ” : basis. instead of : “ To thyself be enough ” : ha is obviously But why-to pursue my diagnosis-have we a tired, and incapable of the emotional expression that resistanceagainst regarding ourselves as consumers? We the last scenes demand. It is flexibility of emotional all know, as a matter of breakfast, dinner and tea, or expression that the satisfactory rendering of Peer Gynt as a matter of breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner, that requires, and a tired actor cannot be flexible. It is a we are consumers; why cannot we all behave and fair presumption that the thousands who have seen the function as consumers, and take steps to ensure that play were already acquainted with the text, and the we shall obtain what we need to consume, without cuts must have hurt them as wanton mutilations; and going bankrupt in the process? Why do we, as on all grounds the full text performed in two park consumers, contentedly or discontentedly starve with may be recommended. It would give Mr. Robert abundanceat our elbow? Atkins the opportunity to show what he can do in the There is something more, here, than our Mammon- production of the madhouse scene; he produced the worship. For some reason, we don’t like to see troll scene, and the Saeter girls scene, so extraordinarily ourselves as “ consumers.” Everybody is a consumer, well that I hunger to see what he would make and we don’t want to identify ourselves with everybody. of the grim horrors of that madhouse. We want to be special people-special, unique I am particularly pleased with this production because personalities, as we are and ought to be, every one of it confirms me in my opinion that Ibsen can be played; us. But when we work out this individualistic ideal I believe that Mr. Atkins could even make a show in practice, we find ourselves, not expressing our with “ Emperor and Galilean.” ’The dreary stupidity splendidindividualities, but worshipping, in our penury, the that passed for “ symbolism ” in the production of splendid bankers who have, in some curious way, Ibsen has no hold on Mr. Atkins : “ Peer Gynt ” is as collected nearly all our produce. solemn in its subject, as symbolic In its treatment, as As consumers, we have to humble ourselves, and so anything that Ibsen ever wrote-but instead of that dignify ourselves. It is not, psychologically, an easy parody of Maeterlinckian mysticism, that air of “Hush ! task. We have to recognise that we all hang together Is that a symbol I hear coming down the corridor?” --paupers and lunatics and all. we get the thing- played for its dramatic and pictorial effects, and its various meanings become manifest in The plan that provides for everybody, without different degrees to different people. Every work that discrimination, is the sound plan-because If anyone is is imaginatively real contains something for everybody ; left out there is left a spot in the body politic ripe for like the old mysteries, it has an exoteric and an esoteric cancer. The plan that provides for the producer alone appeal. “ Peer Gynt ” runs over the whole gamut of tends to produce a most pernicious cancer-the cancer dramatic art, from poetic drama to prose, from farce which grows freely in organisms that cannot unify to fantasy ; and the more certainly each scene is played themselves. The idea of “ the producer ” spiits us for its purely dramatic value the more clearly emerges up into a splendid disorganisation, in which we look up, the meaning of the structural whole. One remembers religiously, towards the super-producer the ultra- certain scenes with especial pleasure, certainly, but it producer, and then, finally, towards the great banker- is the spiritual significance of “Peer Gynt” that finally Deity who produces nothing, and becomes the god of emerges ; but if Mr. Atkins, like most Ibsen producers, producers. had aimed at revealing the spiritual significance, we As humble consumers, we might consider why we let should not have had this extraordinarily interesting ourselves be ground under our own heel. We have the production, and should have lost the spiritual significance attractive dream that we are Producers : well and good, in the prevailing solemnity. so we are. But if our power of production is usurped To one so familiar with this company as I have by people who can’t manage it, except in their own become during the last few months, it was obvious that interest, let us take another and a more practical line. they were playing much above their normal level. Miss KENNETH RICHMOND. Esther Whitehouse, for example, was one of the witches in “ Macbeth,” but neither that nor the other parts in which she has succeeded prepared me for the wild Art Notes. fantasticbeauty of her Saeter girl. Miss Frances Petersen, CLIVE BELL AND MODERN ART. whom I quietly cursed as Olivia in “ Twelfth Night,” played the Troll King’s daughter with an astonishing AFTER having had the pleasure a little while ago of power of evil suggestion of bestiality, as surprising a seeing the feats of the famous wirewalker, Robadilli, piece of work, as though she had become an actress Mr. Clive Bell’s latest efforts* seem rather poor and overnight. Those two performances stand out vividly uncertain; he is unable to keep his balance. It seems in their revelation of the fact that some of the company to me that he dances sometimes the polka and have unfathomed powers and possibilities ; but the sometimesthe tango under the delusion that one of them company as a whole played with a finished efficiency at least must be the latest fashion. He dances to the that I have not before observed. Scenes like that same music as any ordinary young-lady-art-critic-“a dinner-party in Morocco, for example, were realised peculiar sensibility. ” This peculiar sensibility is an with a perfect sense of character ; and versatility could old and uncontrollable trick. It is so empty and not be more satisfactorily displayed than it was by Mr. meaningless that one can fill it with anything he likes. Wilfred Walter, Mr. John Garside, Mr. Austin Trevor, If this be the real basis for art criticism I do not see and Mr. Reyner Barton in this scene. The Troll King where the intrinsic value of a work of art comes in, and of Mr. Andrew Leigh was a wonderfully weird piece art criticism with a basis which is no basis at all is of work-but, indeed, the production as a whole is absurd and useless although it may be amusing. This memorable, with some singularly beautiful passages, of collection of essays, which appeared in different which the most appealing remains the beautifully reviews, itself shows clearly enough the impossibility of writing art criticism on these principles and the whole pathetic-ironic rendering of Ase’s death scene given by book appears as a glorification of Clive Bell’s own taste Miss Florence Buckton and Mr. Russell Thorndike. in dress, cigars, music, and painting. Art critics are *** fallible and tottering sign posts in his opinion. What use are they then if they do not show the way The revival of “Arms and the Man” at the Everyman anywhere or only by accident? The essay “Standards” Theatre, Hampstead, is equally worth seeing. It was is just chatter which is already too stale to be interesting. the first play of Shaw to be produced, and it remains It makes the reader feel that he is having tea one of the most fresh, most exuberant comedies he has with a gossiping lady whose principal and eternal theme ever written. The passage of nearly thirty years since of conversation is “those dreadful people next door. ” its first production has not made it stale, although like The suggestion that there is art in everything in life most of Shaw’s work it has suffered, or rather enjoyed, would give one a great deal to think about if one did a change of appeal. Its propaganda of anti-militarism not go on to read his arguments, after which the and anti-romanticism is still valid, of course, but the suggestion appears an accidentally thrown-out sentence validity has become latent ; it is its wit, its command left there because it sounds nice and is good literature. of the resources of the theatre, that makes it so delightful And he wonders that there are no standards in taste. to watch. I forget how many times I have seen and What does Mr. Bell think a standard is? Is it only written about this play, but the atmosphere of the what appeals to his own “peculiar sensibility” ? Why postwaraudiences is very different from that of the are we to believe that his sensibility is the standard prewar.The old soldiers laugh consumedly at points that one? Is he the most perfect human instrument for the pre-war civilians thought boded the end of civilisation, measuring taste and works of art? After all, for me and the pre-war soldiers thought insulting to the criticism is measuring, and therefore nearer to science dignity of the profession of arms. Shaw has been justified than to anything else. I will put forward a case. In by experience, but with the disconcerting result an evening newspaper appeared this : “At Newcastle- that the English only laugh at their own blunders, they on-Tyne to-day James Hay Raine, aged 25, a vendor do not correct them. Mr. Milton Rosmer is the new of polish, was sent to prison for six weeks, for having, Bluntschli, a shade softer, less inhumanly efficient against her will, kissed in a train a Newburn girl with than Mr. Robert Loraine was, but a more credible whom he was travelling alone. The assault took place while the train was in a tunnel.” If I accept the husband for Raina in consequence. This Bluntschli had proposition that there could be a standard of art in life a sense of humour, enjoyed the joke of reading that it would be merely “Manners maketh man.” It may inventory, for instance, and softened the brutality of be that there is a special thrill for James Hay Raine, that triumph of possessions over rank into something aged 25, a vendor of polish, in kissing a Newburn girl like humanity. The Saranoff of Mr. Gordon Bailey against her will while passing through a tunnel. If was a gorgeous poseur, and the Louka of Miss Dorothy he achieves all this and gets the desired sensation Holmes-Gore was really clever. Mr. Michael without going to prison has he been an artist in this Sherbrookewas back in his old part of Major Petkoff, and case? Would that act communicate anything to anybody? Mr. Aubrey Mather played Nicola with rather more And still his sensibility may be, in this vigour than is usual. It was his “ cold-blooded. particular case, as great as anybody else’s can possibly wisdom”that Louka resented ; and Mr. Mather was be. Should he be allowed to become on that account a certainly not cold-blooded. The Raina of Miss Isabel preacher on standards in love? There is an old occult Jeans suggested nothing of the Bulgarian maiden doctrine in India which treats every act in life as art, imperfectly disguised by acquaintance with Viennese but it teaches more or less fixed standards by which culture-but Shaw triumphed over his interpreter in this everything can be placed. This doctrine may be wrong part. The setting and lighting was a triumph of or right, but it serves its purposes and is not chaotic. simplicityand beautiful effect; and if, as Mr. Macdermott Mr. Clive Bell’s “Standards” serve no purpose, are assured us, it is also very economical, and is a “further chaotic and in fact do not exist, and for that very step towards a semi-permanent set,” it may well be reason they are neither wrong nor right. He says recommended to the attention of other managers. “The much without saying anything. That is also a great main constructional part of the scene remains the whole art and I believe most sincerely that Mr. Clive Bell is way through, but by the alteration of subsidiary pieces more of an artist than a critic. three different pictures are obtained. ” The system Is not only economical, but it makes for speed in scene- In “Since Cezanne” Mr. Clive Bell tries carefully to changing, while producing a much more satisfactory divide painters into “doctrinaire” and “temperamental. ” effect than the back-cloth or curtains that other It is not for the first time that it has been attempted producersuse. It should have possibilities in the production * “Since Cezanne” By Clive Bell. (Chatto and of Shakespeare. Windus. 7s.) to establish this difference, but so far it has failed and it is not being used for political purposes; it is Mr. Bell’s argumentation is not convincing enough to obvious that Mr. Bell does not know who is in charge make me believe that he is going to succeed. If there of the Ministry of Arts (which we do not possess yet). are any “doctrinaires” they are minor artists, who pick This department is almost entirely in hands of adepts up a doctrine and adjust their work to it. Anyhow, in modern art. He should know that Mr. Lunatcharsky there is no need to insist on this point as Mr. Clive and Mr. Boguslavsky are experts on art and Bell himself is not very sure of his two labels. The probably have more certain standards than Mr. Bell. His whole essay would admirably fit “Badaeker” and then statement that the connection between art and civilisation is unessential is rather far-fetched. It is true tourists in Paris would be able to see everything Mr. Bell thinks worth seeing in a very short time-a la that the ultimate value of art is the same, but he americaine-and even put something on a new painter should admit also that art is manifested in different forms only because of different social conditions. “If if they believe their “ Badaecker. ” The guide does not guarantee that the tourists will art had anything to do with politics, evidently art should have flourished most gloriously in those ages experience the same pleasure as he did-there may not be one among them who possesses so much or such of political freedom which do us all so much credit.” peculiar sensibility as Mr. Bell. On the whole it reads But it is not political freedom which matters to art, very much like this : but political stability. Here, where M. Bell should walk warily, he shows great assurance, and just where ULLESKELF WINS AT LINGFIELD. he professes to be an expert he is often apologetic. A Goon PERFORMANCEUNDER TOP WEIGHT. Taking that into account and his definition of criticism NEW LADY’S VICTORY. I would not be surprised if one day a notice about him Reinforced by some who were at Dunstall, the attendance appeared similar to this one : “The American chauffeur at Lingfield showed a distinct Improvement on that who married a prima donna has gone back to his taxicab. of yesterday, except on the part of the general public, He says he ‘Can’t stand any more music.’ ” and there was more life about the racing, R. A. STEPHENS. Sixteen of the old familiar figures went out for the Thornhill Hurdle, and Gamli, although he had finished behind Watergate at Gatwick in the race won by Music. Appellant and met him on worse terms, was made favourite in an open market. EGON PETRI. Most concert givers, if one may judge A desperate finish saw him again behind, Mr. them by their programmes, are not impelled by a burning Tennent’shorse winning by a head., desire to perform such and such music, but simply A WELCOMETURN. wish to give a concert, and that is probably the reason It was a welcome turn for Turner’s little stable at why so few really good programmes are offered to the Stoughton. Watergate had not previously won since public. Mr. Petri obviously attaches great importance May, 1920, when he scored at the Isle of Wight meeting. to what he is going to play, and as a result his The safest jumpers fell in their turn, and Poor Jack, programme was a triumph of selective art, and deserves whose third race it was on successive days, came down to be reprinted in full. (a) Variations on a basso in the Stayers’ Chase. Irish Dragoon also fell, and Miss continuo from the Cantata “Weinen, Klagen” by Bach- Micawber increased Bennett’s and J. Hogan, jun.’s good Liszt ; (b) Sonata in B flat major, Ap.-Beethoven ; winning account. The winner was sold to Mr. Taaffe, the owner of the (c) Prelude, Aria et Final-Franck; (d) Variations on second, for 170 guineas. a theme by Paganini-Brahms. There is not a weak Greenmount, yesterday’s winner, was tackling class a spot in that programme, nor a dull one;. yet-to the little too good in the Penshurst Hurdle. Ulleskelf, on shame of the concert-going public be it said-the the other hand, was stooping a little, and although he Wigmore Hall was scarcely a third full for Mr. Petri’s had top weight he won in very smooth style. recital. Mr. Petri is a great pianist. There are few It was an open betting race, a feature being further players who could have sustained themselves on the support for that handsome incorrigible, Galroy.--’Star,” level which he set himself in the “Hammerclavier” March 15. Sonata, but the Brahms variations were played with a And it is done after the race, too, future runners being dynamic sweep and brilliancy which were amazing, merely registered, and then only those whose names are coming as they did at the end of a programme taken up by a relatively very small circle of containing such an exhausting work as the Sonata. Paris painters. Mr. Clive Bell is so busy with CHALIAPINE. Mr. Chaliapine great artist and fine the Paris painters that he hardly pays any singer, gives a concert, and to all appearance thinks attention to British artists. Whatever happens about his programme at the last moment. The public here-and a great deal is happening-escapes buys a book of more or less indifferent verses, which him. Except for Mr. Duncan Grant he has are indexed and numbered, and Mr. Chaliapine hardly anything to say about London, and one might announces the number of each hymn before he sings it. easily imagine that there are no painters in England This gives an air of charming spontaneity to the and that Sickert is no more important than Miss Ethel proceedings, and appeals enormously to the vast Sands. I admit that sensibility is much less reliable audiencewhich Mr. Chaliapine always attracts, but it is when one has to deal with artists who are not yet not good. “catalogue” and who are not talked about, but about There are two sorts of concert audiences; the those who are “catalogue” already we know audience which goes to listen to a performer, qua practicallyeverything and they already belong to the past. performer, no matter what music he or she may offer; Mr. Clive Bell is not keeping pace with the times; he and the audience which goes to listen to music, and is left behind in the period before 1910 when everybody has opinions on what is worth listening to. The former was busy with Cezanne and Picasso. His essay on “Art audience forms the majority of the concert-going and Politics” is amazingly superficial ; obviously Mr. public, and is the only audience which can fill a hall Clive Bell wrote it under the spell of that “peculiar capable of seating some thousands of people. They sensibility’’ instead of on the basis of first-hand and go without knowing and, for the most part, without correct information and knowledge of economic caring, what they are going to hear. All they care development. Once it was fashionable to abuse the about is who they are going to hear. This is, of course, Bolsheviks.It is commonplace now and Mr. Clive Bell a very natural thing when the performer is such a unfortunately makes a blunder in trying to throw a great artist as Mr. Chaliapine but on the other hand little more mud on Russia. He accuses the Russian the dangers to the artist are obvious. It is easy to “de facto Government” of insincere interest in modern succumb to the temptations of popularity, and the art and of trying to turn it to its own use. Firstly, Albert Ha11 is not a place calculated to inspire noble feelings on any subject whatsoever. The public is unfortunately because it was impossible while he was demoralised from a musical point of view long before uncertified to assume just that minimum of control that it reaches its seats, and there is apparently no music was necessary for his avoidance of certification. At so bad that it will not listen to it-in the Albert Hall. present it is actionable so much as to turn a key in a All it asks for, once within those walls, is an easy lock for five minutes upon a patient or to assume any gratification, and for the most part it gets what it restraining control until he is certified. Once that wants. But the effect on the public taste in general is formality is completed he may be locked up for weeks on obvious and lamentable. end. At this point I would wish to make it clear that I MR. WALTERRUMMEL. It is difficult to believe in do not in any way advocate that brutal and wholesale the sincerity of an artist who indulges in “ seclusion ” or restraint, whether mechanical or otherwise, the methods of lighting which Mr. Rummel affects, against which Dr. Lomax so rightly trains his for it would seem that he attaches almost as much guns, but rather the attitude of a regent to a patient importance to the eye of the audience as to its ear. There who is not yet quite fit to be the absolute monarch of his was a time when Mr. Rummel could have placed mental kingdom. Personally, in the interests of the himself,as well as his audience, in darkness and still have border-line case, I see no other way out of this difficulty held his listeners, and if he would abandon new and except a purely human one as opposed to a mechanical foolish affectations he would probably recapture or legal one. It is to give to a sufficient number of former realities. men, who have shown by all possible human proof their fitness, the power by a yearly licence to use nothing else PEER GYNT. The wonderful performances of “Peer but their own psychological discretion in restraining Gynt” at the Old Vic have had the unexpected result of making Grieg’s music sound effective, and-in certified or uncertified cases in definite places, etc. This is only assuming a decent intelligence and love of truth places-adequate and satisfying. The scene of the and justice in these men that we already assume in any death of Ase, for instance, played with poignant beauty by Miss Florence Buckton and Mr. Russell Thorndyke, twelve who make a jury Nor should it be so impossible was certainly rendered more tragically moving by the as it sounds. The “ voluntary boarder” who music. Almost throughout the play, the very thing willingly places himself under the direction of a doctor which limits Grieg’s music as a rule-its local colour- he can trust, who even implores him not to listen to becomes a virtue. H. ROOTHAM. any demands €or freedom he may make when the full ride of his attack is upon him, is already well known in such hospitals as Bethlem. The patient knows only ton The Insane. well in most cases that he dare not trust or rely upon himself, but neither dare he trust an unknown man who II. has only to sign his name to brand him a lunatic. IT speaks volumes for the truths contained in Dr. Barrack asylums should go for ever and be replaced Lomax’s recent book on the asylums that the Ministry by villa hospitals. These should be equipped like any of Health has been moved to form a committee to other hospital and not in the manner of a hundred years enquire into the “ allegations ” he has made. But it Is ago. In some asylums to-day it would seem that the a little sad to notice that whereas Dr. Lomax complains opinion is held that mental sickness confers immunity of nothing but our Lunacy system and Laws, most from any other malady, so little preparation is discernible definitely outlining their deficiencies, this committee, if for the treatment of any bodily disease. The nursing the newspapers are to be believed, are to “ recommend staff should be mainly female and of the highest any improvements which may be necessary and standard,men only being employed where their superior practicable without amendment of the existing Lunacy bodily strength is absolutely essential. Tact and long- Laws. ” In these circumstances what they can hope suffering human-kindness should be their main to achieve passes comprehension. qualifications,to which if so me special psychological Once again, in many cases certification means knowledgeis added so much the better. Of the medica1 nothing less than the damning of all chances of recovery. staff I shall speak in a minute, but the pernicious habit Let us consider the commonest of all types of insanity, of accepting newly qualified men straight from their dementia praecox, which constitutes a majority of generalhospitals and expecting them to undertake the asylum inmates. Here the patient begins comparatively most specialised and arduous work imaginable cannot early in life to find the work-a-day world unsatisfactory be too strongly condemned. and not at all to Lis liking. Finding also that his Every large hospital should have its psychological complaints and efforts entirely fail to alter things-for out-patient clinic, and to this all cases of psychic instability the trouble is, of course, in himself and not in the from the childish “bed-wetting ” and mild world-he begins to retire into a world of make-believe “nervousness ” to acute mania should first come for where he can order things entirely to his satisfaction. diagnosis,and where suitable for treatment. incidentally To certify such a case, while it is still possible for the most of our large pensioner neurasthenic population patient to understand in the least what is going on, is could be so dealt with. Cases which require that mild to convince him once and for all that the world is discipline and oversight which I have hinted at should against him and full of inimical tyrants. When in the be sent on to Mental Hospital A. Here they should first asylum, if he ever attains a lucid interval and realises be accommodated in an ample reception-ward having a his surroundings, it is inevitable that he returns to his separate bed-room for each patient, and in the course dreams in haste as a defence against, or flight from of a fortnight or so should be drafted into the particular his intolerable situation. In this connection it is worthy ward which careful observation and diagnosis would of note that alienists all agree that dementia praecox discover as most suitable. No ward should contain is the most unremitting and untreatable of all insanities more than eight or ten cases and psychological This is hardly surprising, and is rather like stating infectionof one type of case by another should be as rigidly consumption to be “ hopeless” while confining cases for guarded against as micro-organic infection in a general treatment in coal mines. The “ D.P.” case, and hospital. This hospital should be in close touch with others for that matter, may be regarded as a psychic Menta1 Hospital B, where recoverable cases which truant who needs to be coaxed back again into the require the coarser restraints demanding certification world-schoolroom of which he is so desperately should be sent on; or, if we can amend the law, those frightened. cases which we at present regard as needing I have previously cited a case which terminated certificationand isolation from the less seriously sick. Here * “The Experiences of an Asylum Doctor.” By Montagu again segregation of types should most carefully be Lomax, M.R.C.S. (Allen and Unwin. 12s. 6d.) carried out. If, after a prolonged stay and assiduous treatment, it IS finally adjudged that the patient will to suppose that a Pope, a Vicar of Christ, could not recover he should be passed to Mental Hospital C, be incorrupt as that a missionary of the Society of the true asylum or refuge, where for the remainder of Jesus could be. ’The Jesuits, as defenders of the his life he would be comfortably housed and attended. Papacy, would, I should have thought, have welcomed As to the medical staff I would suggest that those from any source the assertion of a Pope’s sanctity, who on qualification choose the career of psychologist more particularly as they renounce all ambition for should be entered at hospital C for not less than a year themselves, and can even speak (p. 112 and elsewhere) and preferably two years. Here they should study the of a Jesuit being “twice in danger of being raked to End-types of insanity and attend lectures and demonstrations. the Papacy. ” Their scorn of the Jansenist assertion Qualifying by examination for further service of the incorruptibility of the corpse of Clement XIV they should then be passed to the out-patient Clinics, reminds me of Iago : “Sir, you are one of those who now seeing and treating the earliest possible signs of will not serve God if the Devil bid you” ; they will not exalt a Pope to sanctity if the Jansenists bid them. the maladies with whose end results they are familiar. I find myself as puzzled by the reasoning of this Hospital B should be the next step, where the work of retrieving the psychic truant before he leaves our book* as I was by Mrs. Nesta Webster’s book on “ World-Revolution. ” Mrs. Webster alleged, it may world altogether would give the profoundest satisfaction be remembered, that Weishaupt, an ex-Jesuit, founded to one type of human scientist. Appointment to an order of Illuminati which by alliance with Hospital A should be the crowning glory of the psychological Freemasonry made the French Revolution and every career. subsequentone. It is asserted in this hook that the In order to make treatment and study efficacious the suppression of the Jesuits was ?he result of a conspiracy of proportion of doctors to patients would need to be about the philosophers, as a prelude to the destruction of the I to 20 at the Clinics,; I to 15 at hospitals A and B ; I to Papacy, the monarchy, and good government 50 at Hospital C. At both hospitals A and B free everywhere. Yet it was the “philosophic” Frederick the permission to live outside the hospital and carry on private Great and Catherine of Russia (both Prussians, by practice should be the rule, and, except that so many the way) who sheltered and supported the Jesuits when hours’ work a day should be demanded, it should be every Catholic country had expelled them. It is left entirely tu the individual at what times he carries impossible for the general reader to make any sense of out his duties. these accusations of conspiracy ; Mrs. Webster was It would be absurd to suggest that this is more than presumably a Catholic, and she alleged that the the roughest outline of what might or should be done. Illuminati plot against civilisation had at least the No doubt many people will question the advisability of connivanceof the House of Prussia, and was designed to spending so much time and money on the psychological benefit it; the Jesuits allege the same conspiracy weaklings of the race when the healthy are in such against civilisation, regard themselves as the most distress, but there will always be a type of man whose effective opponents of this conspiracy-and yet are function it is to wrestle for hi5 brother’s soul, and if shelteredby the very monarchy which, ex hypothesi, ought such a type exists, which it certainly does, we must not to have been most urgent for their extermination. deny him the opportunity to fulfil himself. Of course When the Catholics wanted the suppression of the such a scheme nees money, but to that objection there Jesuits they went about the business in an intelligible is an answer. J, A. TIPPET. manner, resorted to what the author calls on p. 579 “their usual tactics of forgery and interpolation,” trumped up charges against them, and intimidated the Views and Reviews. Pope. But the “philosophers” who aimed at the overthrow of everything, who, in the words of Voltaire, THE JESUITS.-II. quoted on p. 480 said : “Once we have destroyed the THE perverse temper of the Jesuits is only equalled Jesuits we shall have easy work with the Pope” ; and by the perversity of their history. I have already in the opinion of Rorbacher, quoted on the same page, referred to the assertion that Xavier’s body, although were “attacking the Society only to strike with greater buried in quicklime in 1552, remains incorrupt in Goa certainty at the Church and the State”; these to this day; but even if we were willing to believe the "philosophers,”in the persons of the monarchs of Prussia and impossible, to accept the claim of the Catholics to a Russia, supported them and sheltered them. Certainly ‘ ‘higher knowledge, ” we are prevented from doing d’Alembert wrote to Frederick to warn him that he so by the critical attitude of the same people towards would regret it, reminding him that in the Silesian war similar events in other circumstances. Pope Clement the Jesuits had been opposed to him; but Frederick XIV suppressed the Society of Jesus, and we are told seems to have been saner than any Catholic sovereign, that he became insane in consequence, hut died, and his letter is worth quoting : thirteenmonths later, “from scorbutic and haemorrhoidal You need not be alarmed for my safety. I have nothing conditions from which he had been suffering for many to fear from the Jesuits; they can teach the youth of the years” (p. 607). There were rumours concerning his country, and they are better able to do that than anyone death which are not accepted with the same simpie else. It is true that they were on the other side during credulity as is the story of Xavier’s incorruptibility ; the war, but, as a philosopher, you ought not to reproach me for being kind and humane to everyone of for example, on p. 606, we are told : the human species, no matter what religion or society Of course when he died, the report went abroad that he belongs to. Try to be more of a philosopher and less the Jesuits bad poisoned him, by administering a close of a metaphysician. Good acts are more profitable to of aqua toffana, but although no one has ever found out the public than the most subtle systems and the most what aqua toffana is or was, and as there were no extravagant discoveries, in which, generally speaking, Jesuits in Rome at the time, the story was nevertheless the mind wanders wildly without ever finding the truth. believed by many, and was adduced as a proof of the In any case, I am not the only one who has protected wisdom of the Pope in suppressing the iniquitous the Jesuits. The English and the Empress of Russia organisation.The Jansenists even made a saint of the dead have done as much. Pontiff, and circulated marvellous romances about the The reference to England is interesting, as on pp. 442 incorruption of his body and the miracles that were et seq. we are told that “the first conspirator who set wrought at his tomb. to work to carry out the plot to destroy the Society, The Jesuits regard themselves as a sort of bodyguard which had long been planned by the powers, was, as of the Papacy, but the party spirit expressed in that last sentence makes them appear, to the outsider like * “The Jesuits : 1534-1921. A History of the Society myself, as very dangerous defenders. If we accept the of Jesus from its Foundation to the Present Time.” By possibility of incorruptible corpses, it is equally reasonable Thomas J. Camphell, S.J. (The Encyclopaedia Press.) might be expected, the ruthless Pombal, ” of Portugal. This may he very well for the women, but it does not (‘Father Weld adds his own judgment to that of the look to us like a man’s job ; why get married if, like Cardinal [Pacca], and tells us that the ‘bias in Pombal’s Chesterton’s “Manalive,” we are always to be running nature may be traced to his English associations away from our wives, and they from us? It is curious when he was ambassador in London.’ ” It is further that the very people, like Mrs. Ellis, who are so alleged that “Pombal had formed the design of marrying concerned about our sex relations, who denounce “the the Princess Maria to the Duke of Cumberland, the vulgar lusts of the flesh and the fierce desire of butcher of Culloden-but that this was thwarted by the absorbing possession”’ should construct a matrimonial Jesuit confessor of the King. ” The Marechal de Belle Utopia in which the only common interest of a couple Isle is quoted : (‘It is known that the Duke of Cumberland would be the sex interest. It is a common complaint looked forward to becoming King of Portugal, of some of our “advanced” women that the industrial and I doubt not would have succeeded, if the Jesuit revolution has robbed women of their interesting confessors of the royal family had not been opposed domestic work ; Mrs. Ellis not only suggests putting to it. This crime was never forgiven the Portuguese the rest of the work out (she even suggests that “the Jesuits. “ Yet England, when the “conspiracy” had new system of [co-operative] housekeeping might succeeded, and the Jesuits were suppressed, sheltered eventually become a State concern”), but she suggests them ! There is no composition in the argument; it putting the woman out also. “The ostracism of the there were such a conspiracy, it has to be sought among doll’s house, the bird-cage, and the prison will mean Catholics, not among heretics. emergence for both men and women. The true. It is this “conspiracy mania” that makes the English emancipation is to deliver woman from economic general reader, at least, so sceptical of Cathoiic pressureand find new channels for her manifold maternal history.If it is not the Jews, it is the Protestants; if it powers.” In short, married people should not live at is not the Protestants, it is the Freemasons, when what home, and women should mother everybody but their is perfectly obvious to the outsider is that the Catholic. own children. We ought not to be surprised when she mentality is a warped one. “Suspicion, ” as Emerson tells LIS, in another essay : “In domestic and political said, “will make fools of nations as well as of citizens" ; life the maternal woman is the sweet emancipator and and we had our own delirium of “Popish plots” ; but the tactful arbitrator. ” Wonderful creature, the the Jesuits give the same contradictory information maternal woman; we suspect that she is rather like even of Titus Oates. Oates had become a Catholic, Low’s double-headed donkey. and had even been sent twice to Jesuit educational Mrs, Ellis, of course, had views on the militant establishments ; but the Jesuit Father Warner states suffrage movement; she believed in the vote, but not that he “was possessed of a mind in which stupidity in fighting for it. However, our “maternalised” was supremely conspicuous,)’ etc., representing him politicianshave given the vote in return for the women’s as a semi-imbecile. But it is interesting to notice that experience of “economic independence” in the even this semi-imbecile, after acquaintance with the munitionfactories ; and the purifying influence of women, Jesuits, should have invented the “Popish plot” ; that in politics is seen in a House of Commons of “hard- most of the “philosophers, “ aiming at the overthrow faced men.” Here is more work for the maternal’ of all religion and morality, were pupils of the Jesuits, women, to convert the “hard-faced men” into “rubber- Voltaire being the most remarkable. In the face of necks” looking ever Upward and On. O! the sweet the fact that the Jesuits have been accused of being the influences of the Pleiades ! On the question of war, arch-plotters of civilisation, and that they retort the Mrs. Ellis contrasts the maternal woman in the nursery accusation on ex-Jesuits or their own pupils, the with the stupid politicians. “Does a mother in her outsider can only suppose that the Society of jesus does nursery or schoolroom want to kill or crush her not eradicate, but enhances, the suspicious tendencies obstinate, cruel, and overmastering child?” The of the human mind, and therefore conflicts with the answer is frequently “Yes”; and a Society already fundamental teaching of Christianity. A. E. R. exists which issues pamphlets instructing mothers in the good, old-fashioned methods of chastisement as a permissible means of expression of this desire. “Is Reviews. any one of us as clean-hearted or as clean-handed as The New Horizon in Love and Life. By Mrs. a dignified and far-seeing mother would be in her large Havelock Ellis. (A. and C. Black. 10s. net.) family ?” The economic independence of women is This volume of essays is a literary memorial of the incompatible with large families, and large families late Mrs. Havelock Ellis. Mr. Edward Carpenter and are not usually controlled by dignified mothers ; but Miss Marguerite Tracy contribute their memories and we suggest that the person who wrote the pamphlet estimates of her and her work, Miss Tracy indeed for the Society mentioned above was at least as becoming rhapsodical in her attempt to do justice to her “claen-handed” in the use of the slipper as any mother subject. It is possible that Mrs. Ellis was a greater could be after profiting by the instruction. We agree personality than she was a writer; certainly, we can with Miss Tracy’s estimate in one detail; Mrs. Ellis discover nothing in this volume to justify Miss Tracy’s was a seven months’ child, and “she was more in a superlatives. Mrs. Ellis seems to have learned all she hurry than the rest of us.” She never stopped to knew in “The Fellowship of the New Life” from think. which the Fabian Society sprang, and to have made those ideas last her for the rest of her life. The general Hunger. By Knut Hamsun. (Duckworth. 8s. 6d. net.) trend of her thought seems to have been towards the This translation of Knut Hamsun’s first novel is a opposite; she was wise enough to insist on “A terrifying book The desire for food is the most Noviciatefor Marriage”; but when people had proved their primitiveof all instincts, and we never ‘quite realise the vocation for marriage, she advocated “ Semi-Detached strength of our instincts until some artist exploits Marriage,” and much easier divorce. This, coupled them to the full. Hamsun spares us nothing; the with her insistence on the economic independence of physical nausea, the mental exaltation, the falling women, gives us a view of married life in which the hair, the final collapse, every detail is used with skill. married people do not live together, but having proved The whole study tears at our vitals because the man their vocation for marriage, cultivate domesticity in himself is a civilised man, unable Even in extremity to Separate houses with the assistance of communal revert to primitive methods of satisfaction of the service.Stripped of her rhodomontade, monogamy means instinct. He bites himself on one occasion until the having sexual experience, and no other, of one person blood flows, but the sight of it shocks him back into only; the pair remain simply lovers according to the temporary sanity. He can neither beg, nor steal, nor old rule: “Absence makes the heart grow fonder.” accept alms; he wants to write for a Iiving, but can do nothing but invent philosophies. Hunger in Nature Pastiche. is less terrible than this; the mercy of death can either be inflicted or sustained, but a civilisation which will FAIRY TALE. neither feed, employ, nor kill a man who cannot return Lie down low to Nature, who has been bred and trained Where the gracious grass doth grow, above Nature, who fails in the first essential of civilised And the constant flower doth keep, life, which is : “Give us this day our daily bread.” Angelo, Vigil over them that sleep. Hamsun has broken new ground in this novel; he has shown that art is not Iimited to the exploitation of the Not more slow reproductive instinct. Self-preservation and the search The singing from the Beggar’s bow for food are even more fundamental than the desire for Than the wind along the meads, reproduction, although together they are the trinitarian Angelo, basis of a full life. It is not a propaganda novel; it Rippleth in the river reeds; is nothing but a veridical study of the effect of prolongedstarvation on a civilised man; but it illuminates And doth go vividly the unstable basis of a civilisation that has not As the broken waters flow; Leaps in silver triumph, and fades, secured the first and fundamental condition of life, a Angelo, plentiful supply of food. For many people reversion To his silence in the shades. is still possible, and therefore savagery is still possible ; and as the translator, Geroge Egerton, says, “the Thou dost know psycho-physiological effects of Hunger upon a man can The enchanted valley lies below, be of terrible significance to-clay when whole countries Yet thou upon the enchanted Hill, are in the throes of starvation.” Angelo, Slumberest with smiling still ; The Passion of Labour. By Robert Lynd. (Bell. 6s. net.) Eve doth sow In cluster and in shining row, Mr. Robert Lynd begins his first essay with the assertion: Stars of summer on her gloom, “Labour in politics has but one passion. It is Angelo, to make the world a better place for the people who Candles in her dusky room; inhabit it. More narrowly, it is to make one’s own country a better place €or the people who inhabit it.” Bright they show, On this text, he hangs a string of homilies that are And the waking Breeze doth blow, sometimes relevant, seldom demonstrative, but always Bringing from their bosky grounds, interesting as expressions of personal opinion. We Angelo, Belling of the mournful Hounds, should have thought that the text demanded a demonstrationof historical continuity; but Mr. Lynd has an None doth mow essay on “The Importance of Forgetting History,” In the great meads to and fro, and seems to accept the Syndicalist philosophy in toto. Though the heavy grass be ripe, But as we cannot forget what we have never learned, Angelo : Labour’s next step should be a study of history, And the Winter ne’er doth pipe; particularly its own very interesting history. But if we are to forget history, why should Mr. Lynd also write Nor the Snow, ‘‘A Defence of Parliament’’? Syndicalism and Like a pale and northern foe, After battle ranging wide, Constitutionalism are not allies, but alternatives. But, Angelo, indeed, there is no definite line of thought running through Buries blooms that lately died. these essays; as befits their origin (with one exception, they all appeared in “The New Statesman”), they are Spells do strow pot-shots at every passing- subject of discussion. “The Blossoms for the roving roe, Wrongs of Birds” follows “’The World As One Place,” That he stray not; and for thee, and is followed by “The Patriotism of Infants.” But Angelo, he is sporadic, not synthetic, in his method; says many They spread nets of sorcery : a true thing about the working classes, particularly in And thou hast sleep, In silence, “The Men Are Always Right,” but too often tries to And the breathing Summer. make sympathy do the work of intelligence. It is RUTH PITTER. something that Mr. Robert Lynd should sympathise with Labour ; everybody does, even the “Times, ” except RESPONSIBILITY. on those points where their own interests are concerned Thus I fell, betrayed my trust, -its enemies sympathise most of all. But Labour no Welcomed Sin’s ambassadors,- more wants sympathy than it wants charity; it wants In my blood the rage and lust brain-power, light and leading, in the Nietzschean Of forgotten ancestors. phrase, “A Yea, a Nay, a straight line, a goal !” We should have liked something “more relative than this” And my fellows in the street volume from Mr. Lynd; but it is at least as readable Made the shame of sinning light, as “The New Statesman.” Jostled me and tripped my feet When I strove to walk aright.

Now I sit and brood in Hell, LETTER TO THE EDITOR. Asking whose the guilt may be : Was it I who sinned and fell PROPAGANDA. Or the human race in me ? Sir,-Will any of your readers in Norwich and district ALEXANDER GRAY. who are interested in the Douglas-New AGE proposals kindly communicate with me, with a view to forming a group. T. M. COLVIN. 59, Beaconsfield Road, Norwich.