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BOTANY PART I & II COURSE OUTLINE Course Structure B.Sc Botany Part-I Total Marks = 75 Paper Title Theory Practicals Marks Marks A Plant Biodiversity 30 15 B Cell Biology, Genetics and 30 Evaluation Total Marks 60 15 75 B.SC Botany Part I & II, University of Science & Technology Bannu. Page - 0 - Part-II Total Marks = 75 Paper Title Theory Practicals Marks Marks C Ecology and Physiology 30 15 D Plant Systematics, Anatomy and 30 Development Total Marks 60 15 75 Paper-A: Plant Biodiversity. Definition, Scope and classification of the Kingdoms. Basic concepts of evolution in Plant diversity. 1. Viruses a). General Structure, Types and Reproduction of Viruses. b). Viral Diseases and their Economic Importance. 2. Kingdom Monera / Prokaryota (Bacteria and Cynobacteria). General Structure, Reproduction, Classification and Economic Importance (Such as Nitrogen Cycle and Industrial Role). 3. Kingdom Protista/ Protoctista (Algae) a).General structure, Occurrence, Reproduction and Economic Importance. b). Classification of Algae with specific examples. i. Chlorophyta: Volvox. ii. Charophyta: Chara. iii. Vaucheriophyta: Vaucheria. Iv. Bacillariophyta: Pinnularia. Syllabuses for Bachelor of Arts & Science, ULM Lakki Marwat Prep. Farman Page - 1 - v. Phaeophyta: Laminaria. 4. Kingdom Fungi. a) General Structure, Life Cycle, Classification with specific examples: i. Plasmodiophormycota Plasmodiophora. ii. Oomycota Pythium. iii. Ascomycota Penicillum, Saccharomyces, Altimaria iv. Basidomycota Ustilago, Puccinia and Agaricus. b). Role of Fungi in Agriculture, Diseases of major economic crop Plants: Rusts, Smuts, Downy and Powdery mildews, Damping off, Root rots in food and industry. 5. Lichens General account, Structure and Life History of Physica. 6. Kingdom Plantae. a) Bryophyta (atrachhphyta) General account, Reproduction, Classification, Affinities and ecological importance with special reference to the Life Cycle of Anthoceros, Porella and Polytrichum. b). Pteridophyta (Tracheophyta). General account, Structure and Life cycle and biological importance with specific examples. i). Psilopsida: Psilotum. ii). Lycopsida: selaginella. iii).Sphenopsid: Equisetum. iv). Pteropsida: Polypodium, Adiantum and Marsilea c). Gymnospermae (Seed Plants). General account with reference to structure and life history of Cycas, Pinus and Ephedra and their affinities. d). Angiospermae. Introduction Practical Syllabuses for Bachelor of Arts & Science, ULM Lakki Marwat Prep. Farman Page - 2 - 1. General culturing, maintenance, preservation and staining of microorganism. 2. Study of the morphology and Reproductive structures of the types mentioned in Theory paper. 3. Identification of various types mentioned from prepared slides and fresh collection. 4. Collection of diseased specimens of plants and their identification. Books Recommended 1. Bold.H.C, Morphology of Plants, 2nd Ed. Harper & Row, N.Y. 2. Hafiz A. (1986). Plant diseases. Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan. 3. Lee, R.E .1999. Phycology. Cambridge University Press, UK. 4. Ross, F.C 1994. Introduction to Microbiology, John Willy, USA. 5. Pandey, S.N 1994 Text book of Botany Vol-II S.Chand & Company. Paper-B: Cell Biology, Genetics and Evolution Structure and Functions of Bio-Molecules, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids. 1. Cell: The physico-chemical nature of plasma membrane and cytoplasm. 2. The ultra structure of plant cell with a brief description and functions of the following Organelles. i. Endoplasmic Reticulum. ii. Plastids iii. Mitochondria. iv. Ribosomes. v. Dictyosomes vi. Vacuole. vii. Micro bodies (Glyoxysomes+Peroxysomes). 3. Nucleus: Nuclear membrane, Nucleus, Ultra structure and Morphology of Chromosomes, Karyotype analysis. 4. Reproduction in somatic and embryonic cell, Mitosis and Meiosis, Cell cycle. Syllabuses for Bachelor of Arts & Science, ULM Lakki Marwat Prep. Farman Page - 3 - 5. Chromosomal aberrations. i. Changes in the No. of Chromosomes. Aneuplioidy and Euploidy. ii. Changes in the Structure of Chromosomes, Deficiency, Duplication, Inversion and Translocation. Practicals: 1. Study of Cell Structure using compound microscope and elucidation of ultra – structure from Electron Microphotograph. 2. Measurement of Cell size. 3. Study of Mitosis and Meiosis by Smear/ Squash method and from Prepared Slides. 4. Study of Chromosomes, morphology and variation in chromosome numbers. 5. Extraction and estimation of Carbohydrates, Protein, RNA, DNA from Plant sources. GENETICS 1. Introduction, Scope and brief History of Genetics. Mendalian inheritance. Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment, Back cross and Test Cross, Dominance and Incomplete Dominance. 2. Sex linked inheritance, Sex Linkage in Drosophilae and Man (Color Blindness) XO, XY, WZ mechanism, Sex limited and Sex linked characters, Sex Determination. 3. Linkage and crossing over: Definition Linkage group, Construction of linkage maps, and detection of linkage. 4. Molecular genetics: DNA replication .Nature of gene, Genetic code, Transcription, Translation, Protein synthesis, regulation of Gene expression (e.g. / ac operon). 5. Transmission of genetic material in Bacteria: Conjugation and gene recombination in E. Coli, Transduction and Transformation. 6. Principles of Genetic Engineering/ Biotechnology; Basic Genetics Engineering Techniques. 7. Application of genetics in Plant improvements: Induction of Genetic variability (Gene mutation, Recombination) Physical and chemical mutagens, Selection hybridization and Plant breeding techniques, Establishment of varieties, and release of new verities. 8. Introduction of genetics conservation. 9. Evolution. Syllabuses for Bachelor of Arts & Science, ULM Lakki Marwat Prep. Farman Page - 4 - Practical 1. Genetically problems related to transmission and distribution of genetic materials. 2. Identification of DNA in plant material: Carmine orcein staining 3. Study of Salivary Gland Chromosomes of Drosophila. Books Recommended 1. Hoelzel A.R. 2001. Conservation Genetics. Khuwar Academics Publishers. 2. Lodish, H.2001. Molecular Cell Biology.W.H.Freeman and Co. 3. Strickberger, M.V., (1988).Genetics, Mc Millan Press Ltd. London. 4. Sinha, U. and Sinah, S. (1988). Cytogenesis Plant Breeding and Evolution, Vini educational Books, New Delhi. 5. Lewin, R.1997. Principles of Human Evolution. Blackwell Science. Part-II Paper: C ECOLOGY and PHYSIOLOGY 1. ECOLOGY 1. Concepts of ecology. 2. Brief History of Ecology (General, Pakistan). 3. Ecophysiology. a). Light and Temperature response: i). Quality of Light. ii). Variation in Light (Temperature). iii).Ecophysiology responses. b). Edaphology: i). Brief introduction of Soil forming process. ii). Texture, structure and Water. iii).Chemical Properties & iv).Biological components: Soil Organism, Organic matters. c). Water. Syllabuses for Bachelor of Arts & Science, ULM Lakki Marwat Prep. Farman Page - 5 - i). Precipitation: Kinds & affectivity ii). Distribution of vegetation in relation to moisture. d). Wind: Ecological importance of Wind. 4. Population Ecology. A brief introduction, history and background. Seed dispersal, Seed bank, Demography, Reproductive strategy. 5. Community Ecology. i. Concepts of Plant community-attributes. ii. Sampling Methods. iii. Succession-history, Concepts, development and modern theories of succession. iv. Brief concepts of productivity. v. Local vegetation. 6. Ecosystem. i. Definition and background. ii. Ecological energetic. iii. Biogeochemical cycle (hydrologic and Nitrogen cycle). 7. Applied Ecology. Aridity, Biodiversity, Conservation, Water logging and Salinity, Pollution, Erosion, Desertification, Management. Practical 1. Measurement of light and Temperature. 2. Effect of Light and Temperature on seed germination. 3. Determination of Soil, Texture by hydrometer method. 4. Determination of maximum water holding capacity. 5. Determination of Carbonates, Electrical conductivity and pH in Soil & Water. 6. Measurement of Wind Velocity. 7. Population demographic techniques. 8. Measurement of Vegetation by Quadrate and plot less methods. 9. Determination of productivity by harvest method. 10. Several trips to ecologically diverse vegetations. Books Recommended Syllabuses for Bachelor of Arts & Science, ULM Lakki Marwat Prep. Farman Page - 6 - 1. Ricklefs, R.E,2000. Ecology. W.H. Freeman& Co.UK. 2. Ricklefs, R.E,2000. the Economy of nature W.H, Freeman& Co.UK. 3. Barbour, M.G.J., H Burke and W.D.,Pittus 1999, Terrestrial plant Ecology. 4. Smith O.D 1998,Ecology. Theories and Applications Prentic Hall, New Jersy. 5. Smith R.L 1996,Ecology and Field Biology: Addision Welsay Longman,Inc, New York. 6. Townsend, C.R, Harper, J.L and Begon M.E 2000. Essential of Ecology.Black well scientific publications,UK. Physiology. 1. Types and properties of solution. Electrolytes and non-electrolytes.SI units for expressing concentration of solutions, Acids, Bases, and Salts.pH definition of buffers and their role in biological systems. Colloidal systems, their nature, properties, and biological significance. 2. Water relations (water potential, osmotic potential, pressure potential, Matric potential).Absorption and translocation of water. Transpiration, factors affecting transpiration. Stomatal structure and functions. 3. Mineral nutrition: Soil as a source of minerals. Passive and active transport of nutrients. Essential mineral elements, their role and deficiency symptoms with emphasis on N, K, P & Ca. 4. Enzymes: Definitions, nature of classification and properties. 5. Photosynthesis:
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  • Archaeological Sites and Historical Monuments Along the Khyber Pass Javed Iqbal

    Archaeological Sites and Historical Monuments Along the Khyber Pass Javed Iqbal

    Ancient Pakistan, Vol. XXV (2014) 41 Where History Meets Archaeology: Archaeological Sites and Historical Monuments along the Khyber Pass Javed Iqbal Abstract: History and Archaeology are inseparable twins. Archaeological data needs to be explained with the help of historical facts and figures while historical narrations always need to be strengthened with tangible evidence in the shape of solid archaeological proofs excavated by archaeologists and described in their style and structure. The historical and archaeological monuments in different parts of Pakistan are a national heritage and potentially a source of earning if foreign tourism is revived and promoted in this country that so badly need a soft image to regain its place among the civilized nations of the world. Some of these treasures are situated in Khyber Pass and with a little effort and projection these can help convert the tourism department into tourism industry in Pakistan, bringing in foreign tourists and economic opportunities for the people. These monuments are our national heritage and it is our duty as historians and archaeologists to save them from further destruction at the hands of both men and nature and to give them the projection and appreciation that they so rightly deserve. Most of these monuments are a perfect example of a closer link and bond between the discipline of History and Archaeology, historians doing their part of research and archaeologists supplementing their work with technical aspects of their style and structure. This is where History meets Archaeology. The paper is an effort to bring to light the important but neglected historical sites and archaeological monuments in Khyber pass with a brief history so that it becomes an inspiration for the young and budding researchers in both fields, history as well as archaeology, to explore the hidden aspects of these treasures and to make them more known to the people all over the world.