DOCSLIB.ORG

Alkaline Handbook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Alkaline Handbook AlkAline HAndbook englisH industriAl bAtteries sAFetY, LONG-liFe And PoWer! PAnAsoniC bAtteries PAnAsoniC industriAl deviCes Sales euroPe Panasonic Corporation, founded in Osaka 1918, is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of quality electronic and electrical equipment. Its subsidiary, Panasonic Industrial Devices Sales Europe GmbH (PIDSEU) markets a diverse portfolio of industrial products throughout Europe. Formed in 1998 to strengthen Panasonic’s pan-European industry operations, the company is now active in Automotive, Audio/Video & Communication, Appliance and Industry & Devices. Panasonic quality – certified by authorised agencies. Panasonic offers a wide range of power solutions for portable Panasonic Energy Company (PEC) began manufacturing Our production facilities use leading-edge manufacturing and stationary applications. Our product range includes high batteries in 1931. Today PEC is the most diversified global processes that meet the toughest quality standards. All our reliability batteries such as Lithium-Ion, Lithium, Nickel- battery manufacturer worldwide, with a network of 16 factories are certified to ISO standards – with ISO 9000 and Metal-Hydride, Valve-Regulated-Lead-Acid (VRLA), Alkaline manufacturing companies in 14 countries. The company has ISO 14000 being the minimum benchmarks. This means each and Zinc-Carbon. With this breadth and depth to the portfolio, more than 12,600 employees, all dedicated to research, factory has its own quality and environmental management, we can power your business in virtually all applications. development and production of batteries for a new world. and delivers products that measure up to toughest standards of reliability. PIDSEU organisation divisions Automotive Most of our factories are also certified to OHSAS 18001 Factory Solutions (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series), an international standard to assess the management system which organisations have in place for occupational safety. PMG (Product Audio/Video & This confirms our factories have been proactive in putting Marketing Group) PIDSEU Communication the occupational health and safety of staff at the centre of the company’s dealings. In addition our VRLA batteries are for example approved to German VdS standard and the US Industry & Devices UL standard. Appliance 2 3 ‘eCo ideAs’ strAtegY PAnAsoniC leAds tHe way … WitH ‘eCo ideAs’ Pursuing coexistence with the global environment in its corporate vision, Panasonic is ‘eCo ideAs’ For ‘eCo ideAs’ For ‘eCo ideAs’ For MAnufacturing ProduCts everYbodY, committed to reducing the environmental impact in all its business activities. This is a key everYWHere theme of its mid-term strategic plan. In its ‘eco ideas’ Strategy, which focuses in particular on rapid implementation of measures to prevent global warming, and worldwide promotion our plans our plans our plans of sustainability management, Panasonic is advancing three key initiatives: ‘eco ideas’ for We will reduce CO emissions across all We will produce energy-efficient products. We will promote environmental activities Manufacturing, ‘eco ideas’ for Products, and ‘eco ideas’ for Everybody, Everywhere. 2 our manufacturing sites. throughout the world. our goals our goals Panasonic aims to have at least 20 prod- our goals In each of our factories we aim to achieve ucts with the ‘Superior Green Products’ Intensive commitment on the part of the a 10% reduction in CO2 emissions. classification available. company owners, international coopera- tions and involvement of employees. our measures our measures In our ‘Clean Factory’ program, our The developers at Panasonic carry out our measures factories are evaluated with regard to an environmental impact assessment for Not only do we sponsor the work of the CO2 emission, waste disposal, recycling all our products. Those which meet the WWF in the Arctic, Panasonic has also measures, chemical and water consump- highest environmental requirements in launched other environmental initiatives tion. They are set performance targets the industry with regard to energy effi- such as ECO RELAY, in which hundreds of based on these indicators. ciency are classified as a ‘Superior Green Panasonic employees all over the world Product’ and awarded the Panasonic ‘eco volunteer several days of their time to the Panasonic ‘eco ideas’ House example ideas’ logo. eco-campaigns. We are approaching a global turning point. Illustrating how technology and the The Wakayama Plant of the Energy It would be no exaggeration to call this the environment can synergise, the ‘eco Company is strengthening its manage- example example ‘Environmental Industrial Revolution’. ideas’ House shows how near-zero CO2 ment structure to cut CO 2 emissions We have eliminated highly toxic Lithium Panasonic staged a dedicated “battery Recognising the significance, in 2009 emissions can be achieved in an entire from the main production bases for Thionyl Chloride from the production collection day” in Germany with the help Panasonic established an ‘eco ideas’ house three to five years into the future. Lithium-Ion batteries, which are a core of our Lithium batteries. This substance of GRS Batterien (German Battery House at the Panasonic Center in Tokyo Panasonic is demonstrating that we are component of Panasonic’s energy busi- is quite rightly classified as highly toxic Recycling Association). The idea was to to showcase ideas on how to help create not only aware of our environmental ness. As a result, it has succeeded in and should never under any circum- collect as many spent batteries as possi- a carbon-free society and reduce the CO2 responsibility but that we also take roughly halving CO2 emissions per pro- stances be released into the environment. ble and raise awareness in communities footprint in the household sector. action. duction unit, as well as sharply curbing about battery recycling – enabling the an increase in CO2 emissions even as recovery of valuable commodities such production has expanded. as Zinc, Manganese and Iron. 4 5 index eleCtro-CHeMical desCriPtion 2 Chapter Page The negative electrode or anode is composed of Zinc Powder A moulded nylon seal connected to the brass nail serves as a 1 introduction 6 in the shape of a mixed gel. The quality of the Zinc Powder and seal with an integrated safety venting mechanism. This vent 2 electro-chemical description 7 the size of the particles are carefully controlled to ensure there ensures safe, controlled release of any excessive gas which 3 Construction 8 is a good wide surface area during the chemical reaction. This could be generated by improper use of the battery (e.g. short 4 Performance lowers the internal resistance, which is important in case of circuiting, overheating, or if the battery is thrown on a fire or Voltage and capacity 9 high drain discharges. Because it is the Zinc which is giving up overcharged, or incorrectly inserted polarity-wise). Once the Discharge types 9 electrons, thus creating a flow of electrical current, the anode vent has opened, it will not close again; besides the escaping Shelf life 10 is also the “capacity determining element”. gas there is always the risk that a certain volume of the elec- 5 Applications 10 trolyte will leak as well. 6 individual data sheets 11 – 24 The positive electrode or cathode is made of Manganese 7 ieC (international electrotechnical Commission) Dioxide and is produced in the shape of tablets. Graphite and A non-conductive label provides the opportunity for cosmetic IEC 25 electrolyte (and small quantities of other additives) are added design on the batteries. The label also functions as an isolator Battery denomination standards 25 for better conductivity. This material is generated through an between the large positive area of the steel can and the nega- Size and voltage standards 25 electrolytic process, ensuring the purity and richness of oxygen. tive area of the bottomplate to avoid external short circuit. Testing standards 25 – 26 Packaging standards 26 Storage standards 26 structure of Alkaline industrial batteries Usage standards 26 Safety 26 + 8 What is the capacity of an Alkaline battery? 27 o2 9 Product safety data sheets (Psds) 28 – 29 10 environment 30 11 Panasonic standards 30 12 Alkaline Packaging 31 The electrolyte is a Potassium Hydroxide solution, which is Alkaline (base) and is present in the anode, cathode and separator (as all three are porous in nature) to assure high conductivity during discharge. 1 introduCtion The separator paper divides the positive and negative parts of In this booklet we describe Alkaline Manganese batteries. These are basically made from the same materials as normal the battery to prevent internal short circuiting and immediate Zinc-Carbon batteries, but offer higher capacity and high drain performance, longer shelf life, better leakage resistance and loss of energy. The separator paper is made of a special material superior low temperature behaviour. that prevents anode particles from migrating inside the battery and causing self discharge. the cylindrical Alkaline battery is composed of Manganese The actual electrical current is generated through an out- The battery can is made of nickel-plated steel and serves as Dioxide (+), Zinc Powder (-) and Caustic Alkali (Potassium side flow of electrons coming from the anode (Zinc), passing the holder for the battery, and also as the cathode collector. Hydroxide) as the electrolyte. These Alkaline batteries have through the attached load and flowing back into the battery at Panasonic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Batteries Information Received from EU, Canada, Japan, Indonesia, USA and Other Stakeholders (BAJ, IPEN, NRDC, ZMWG)
    Batteries Information received from EU, Canada, Japan, Indonesia, USA and other stakeholders (BAJ, IPEN, NRDC, ZMWG) 1. Category of mercury-added product Batteries 2. Further description of the product Mercury-containing button cells 3. Information on the use of the Currently, there are three types of button cell batteries that contain mercury: zinc air, silver oxide and alkaline. product These batteries contain mercury in small amounts (typically 0.1-2%) and the purpose of mercury in the cell is to prevent the build-up of hydrogen gas. The mercury acts as a barrier to the production of hydrogen and as such prevents the cell swelling and becoming damaged. Figure 1 – Cross Section of Zinc Anode Button Cell and Zinc Air Button Cell (European Commission, 2014) Range of mercury content/consumption per unit product - 0.1 – 2 weight-% (button cells with intentionally added mercury) - 0.0005 weight-% (button cells without intentionally added mercury) Button batteries are used for powering high drain devices such as watches, calculators, and hearing aids. 4. Information on the availability of EU mercury-free (or less-mercury) Main alternatives: Mercury-free zinc air batteries alternatives Mercury free versions are commercially available for all applications of the main types of button cells (lithium, silver, oxide, alkaline and zinc air). The most frequently used types make use of zinc air technology (European Commission, 2014). Since October 2015, mercury-containing button cell batteries have been prohibited in the EU following the expiry of the exemption granted under the Batteries Directive. 1 Canada Alternatives: mercury-free silver oxide batteries, mercury-free zinc air batteries, lithium batteries Mercury-free alternatives have been available from major battery manufacturers since the late 1990s and early 2000s (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Energizer Non-Rechargeable Batteries: Frequently Asked Questions
    Energizer® Non-Rechargeable Batteries: Frequently Asked Questions Click on the question to view the answer: 1. Is it a good idea to store batteries in a refrigerator or freezer? 2. Why is mixing batteries of different chemistries, brands or age a potential problem? 3. What type of batteries can be recharged? 4. How long can I store batteries? 5. How can I test batteries to see if they’re still good? 6. What is the difference between carbon zinc and alkaline batteries? 7. Why doesn’t my flashlight work well in cold weather? 8. Are there potential dangers or safety issues carrying loose batteries in a purse or pocket? 9. How long will my batteries last in a device? 10.How is the rated capacity of a battery determined? 11.Does the capacity of a battery change with the drain rate? 12.Is there a guarantee on Energizer batteries? 13.What increases the possibility for alkaline battery leakage? 14.Are cylindrical alkaline batteries considered hazardous waste? 15.Where can I obtain information on the effects of swallowing a battery? 16.Are Energizer batteries RoHS and WEEE compliant? 17.Are Energizer batteries compliant to the EU Battery Directive (226/66/EC)? 18.Can I fly commercially with non-rechargeable Energizer primary lithium batteries? 19.Do Energizer batteries require an MSDS? 20.Can magnets affect battery performance Answers are designed to be generally informative ©2012 Energizer and do not constitute a warranty implied or otherwise. Version 6.2 Energizer® Non-Rechargeable Batteries: Frequently Asked Questions Click on blue arrow to return to questions: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sealed Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries for Small Satellite Applications
    Sealed Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries for Small Satellite Applications J. Brill. D. Coates, P. Bamia S. Vankalaaan, M.A. Fetcenko, S. R. Ovahinsky Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. Ovonic Battary Co" Inc. Joplin, Missouri Trov, Michigan Abstract Y·Ti-Zr-Ni-Cr family of materials and are relatively inexpen­ Sealed, nickel-metal hydride cells are being developed for sive and easily produced. The materials have been fully de­ aerospace applications by Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. Sizes scribed and evaluated in previous publications by aBC (1, 2, 3). ranging from 3.5 ampere-hours to 20 ampere-hours are targeted The alloys are presently being produced in 60 Kg ingots and then for the small satellite program. The nickel-metal hydride system processed into a fine powder. Electrode material is then pro­ offers nearly twice the energy density of aerospace nickel-cad­ duced in a continuous roll using a standard sintering process on mium cells with no memory effect. The cells contain no a nickel wire substrate with no additives or binders required. cadmium, mercury orothertoxic materials. The system operates OBC has also successfully developed the commerical nickel­ at low pressure and offers significant cost advantages over the metal hydride cell system including the positive electrode, sepa­ nickel-hydrogen system. The cells exhibit excellent overcharge rator, electrolyte and seals to fully take advantage ofthe superior and overdischarge capability with cycle life similar to that of perfonnance of the hydride electrode. nickel-cadmium. Cells are also being assembled and tested in a number of sizes and designs for use in terrestrial applications. Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Printed Textile-Based Ag2o–Zn Battery for Body Conformal Wearable Sensors
    sensors Communication Printed Textile-Based Ag2O–Zn Battery for Body Conformal Wearable Sensors Akash Kota * , Ashish Gogia, Amy T. Neidhard-Doll and Vamsy P. Chodavarapu Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; [email protected] (A.G.); [email protected] (A.T.N.-D.); [email protected] (V.P.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Wearable electronics are playing an important role in the health care industry. Wearable sensors are either directly attached to the body surface or embedded into worn garments. Textile- based batteries can help towards development of body conformal wearable sensors. In this letter, we demonstrate a 2D planar textile-based primary Ag2O–Zn battery fabricated using the stencil printing method. A synthetic polyester woven fabric is used as the textile substrate and polyethylene oxide material is used as the separator. The demonstrated battery achieves an areal capacity of 0.6 mAh/cm2 with an active electrode area of 0.5 cm × 1 cm. Keywords: sensor power; textile battery; stencil printing; zinc-silver oxide; battery characteristics 1. Introduction The rapid development of wearable devices is fueled by the interest from the general population for real-time health and wellness monitoring [1,2]. Various human health and Citation: Kota, A.; Gogia, A.; wellness indicators including body temperature, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation Neidhard-Doll, A.T.; Chodavarapu, (SpO2) level, electrocardiogram, calories burned, exercise outcomes, and walking steps V.P. Printed Textile-Based Ag2O–Zn can be monitored non-invasively in real time by wearable devices. Wearable devices also Battery for Body Conformal Wearable play an important role in the development of smart bandages for wound healing applica- Sensors.
    [Show full text]
  • Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide Battery Zn/Mno
    MN1300 2 Size: D (LR20) Alkaline-Manganese Dioxide Battery Zn/MnO Nominal Voltage: 1.5 V Operating Voltage 1.6 - 0.75V Impedance: 136 m-ohm @ 1kHz Typical Weight: 139 gm (4.9 oz.) Typical Volume: 56.4 cm3 (3.4 in.3 ) Terminals: Flat Storage Temperature o o Range: -20 C to 35 C φ 34.2 mm o o 32.3 1.5 mm Operating Temperature -20 C to 54 C 9.5 mm MIN. o o MAX Range: (-4 F to 130 F) ( + ) ANSI: 13A IEC: LR20 61.5 mm 59.5 ( – ) Dimensions shown are IEC/ANSI standards ° ° TYPICAL DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS AT 21 C (70 F) 1.6 1.5 2.2 OHMS 1.4 3.9 OHMS 5.1 OHMS 1.3 10 OHMS 1.2 Voltage 1.1 1 0.9 0.8 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Service Hours * Delivered capacity is dependent on the applied load, operating temperature and cut-off voltage. Please refer to the charts and discharge data shown for examples of the energy / service life that the battery will provide for various load conditions. MN1300_US_CT.PDF This data is subject to change. Performance information is typical. Contact Duracell for the latest information Page 1 of 2 SELECTED SPECIFICATION SUMMARY: PRODUCTS DURACELL® alkaline-manganese dioxide batteries are a popular choice for most consumer, industrial, and military ALKALINE applications where an economical, general purpose battery is required. Advantages include high energy output, reliability, long shelf life, and good low temperature performance.(1) The DURACELL® alkaline battery system is generally available in PRIMARY CELLS & BATTERIES cylindrical and multicell configurations.
    [Show full text]
  • Effective Battery Energy Capacity As a Function of Temperature and Discharge Current
    Effective Battery Energy Capacity as a Function of Temperature and Discharge Current Michael Ruscito, Mingshi Yang, Tomas Pavydis, Jinghan Huang University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign PHYS 398DLP, Professor George Gollin 1 May 2020 Abstract The goal of this project is to analyze the effects of variable environmental temperatures and discharge currents on the effective energy capacity of common batteries. AAA batteries with different chemical compositions were considered including: alkaline, nickel-metal hydride, primary lithium, and lithium ion. Additionally, lithium coin cell batteries were tested to compare the results of different form factors. In theory, the chemical reactions and electrical processes within the batteries are optimized to perform at specific temperatures and current draws. These specifications are commonly provided by the manufacturer and give information on the “ideal” conditions for use. Operating outside of these optimal specifications could demonstrate a noticeable effect on battery life expectancy, and more specifically, lower the effective energy capacity. This project’s approach to measure these effects consisted of collecting information on battery voltages under specific temperatures and discharge currents. The results demonstrated that battery behavior is altered by these conditions. I Introduction Nearly all common electronics rely on battery power in order to run and the lifespan of these devices often seems strongly correlated with the temperature around them. For example, a phone battery may appear to drain much quicker during the winter or in colder environments and electric cars seem to lose a noticeable amount of range after being left out in the cold overnight. To combat this, Tesla car batteries will even drain some of their energy in order to heat themselves preventing damage to the energy cells.
    [Show full text]
  • CHARGING AHEAD: How to Find Powerful Rechargeable Batteries That Go on and On…And On
    CHARGING AHEAD: How to Find Powerful Rechargeable Batteries That Go On and On…and On A Report by the Responsible Purchasing Network to San Francisco Department of the Environment Recommending Specifications for AA, AAA and D-Sized Rechargeable Batteries for San Francisco’s SF Approved Program Authors: Susan Kinsella Alicia Culver July 2016 The primary purpose of this report, Charging Ahead, is to recommend specifications for three sizes of rechargeable consumer batteries (AA, AAA and D) based on a review of available literature and an assessment of the technical and marketing information about available products. It includes: • Overview and History of Rechargeable Batteries • Recommended Specifications for Rechargeable Batteries that identify the battery chemistry (NiMH), the minimum power rating of the battery (measured in milli-amp- hours) and the maximum self-discharge rate of qualifying products. The specifications, which are based on RPN’s in-depth comparison of NiMH consumer batteries currently on the market, can be met by at least three brands of batteries in each size category. • Best Practices for Procuring and Using Rechargeable Batteries • Glossary of Terms • Comparison of Battery Chemistry Types describes the relative availability as well as the performance advantages and disadvantages of each type of rechargeable battery in the U.S. marketplace and compares them to standard, single-use alkaline batteries. • Applicable Standards • Cost Comparisons of AA NiMH rechargeable batteries with single-use alkaline batteries. • Report References • Appendix A: Benchmarking Assessment, which describes several federal agencies, local governments, state agencies and universities that have evaluated or pilot tested rechargeable batteries for their operations. • Appendix B: Contacts includes people interviewed or communicated with via email during the development of this report.
    [Show full text]
  • Recycling of Alkaline Batteries Via a Carbothermal Reduction Process
    batteries Article Recycling of Alkaline Batteries via a Carbothermal Reduction Process Selçuk Ye¸siltepe 1,* , Mehmet Bu˘gdaycı 2 , Onuralp Yücel 1 and Mustafa Kelami ¸Se¸sen 1 1 Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul 34469, Turkey; [email protected] (O.Y.); [email protected] (M.K.¸S.) 2 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yalova University, Yalova 77100, Turkey; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 12 December 2018; Accepted: 8 March 2019; Published: 19 March 2019 Abstract: Primary battery recycling has important environmental and economic benefits. According to battery sales worldwide, the most used battery type is alkaline batteries with 75% of market share due to having a higher performance than other primary batteries such as Zn–MnO2. In this study, carbothermal reduction for zinc oxide from battery waste was completed for both vacuum and Ar atmospheres. Thermodynamic data are evaluated for vacuum and Ar atmosphere reduction reactions and results for Zn reduction/evaporation are compared via the FactSage program. Zn vapor and manganese oxide were obtained as products. Zn vapor was re-oxidized in end products; manganese monoxide and steel container of batteries are evaluated as ferromanganese raw material. Effects of carbon source, vacuum, temperature and time were studied. The results show a recovery of 95.1% Zn by implementing a product at 1150 ◦C for 1 h without using the vacuum. The residues were characterized by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods. Keywords: alkaline battery; battery recycling; Carbothermal process 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequently Asked Questions Alkaline Batteries
    Frequently Asked Questions Alkaline Batteries 1. What is the difference between Super Heavy-Duty and Alkaline batteries? The term Super Heavy Duty (SHD) refers to the zinc chloride carbon zinc (CZn) chemical system which has largely replaced the LeClanche CZn “General Purpose” chemical system. Alkaline batteries are a premium product associated with global brand names such as Energizer and Duracell. SHD batteries are generally less expensive to purchase compared to alkaline batteries, and typically have inferior performance across all drain rates or applications. SHD batteries are best suited for low drain applications such as clocks and simple smoke alarms or short intermittency devices such as remote controls. 2. Why doesn’t my flashlight work well in cold weather? Alkaline and carbon zinc batteries contain a water based electrolyte. As the battery temperature approaches the freezing point of water (32°F or 0°C) chemical reactions within the battery slow down due to reduced ion mobility. Ion mobility defines the ability of electrons to freely move, critical to the generation of electricity through a chemical reaction. The net result is a reduction in overall performance or run time which can be recovered as temperatures approach typical room conditions (68°F to 78°F or 20°C to 25°C). 3. Is it a good idea to store batteries in a refrigerator or freezer? No, storage in refrigerators or freezers is not required or recommended for batteries produced today. Cold temperature storage can in fact harm batteries if condensation results in corroded contacts or label or seal damage due to extreme temperature storage.
    [Show full text]
  • NEW TECHNOLOGY BATTERIES GUIDE NIJ Guide 200-98 ABOUT the LAW ENFORCEMENT and CORRECTIONS STANDARDS and TESTING PROGRAM
    ENT OF M JU U.S. Department of Justice T S R T A I P C E E D Office of Justice Programs B O J C S F A V M F O I N A C I J S R E BJ G National Institute of Justice O OJJ DP O F PR JUSTICE National Institute of Justice Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program NEW TECHNOLOGY BATTERIES GUIDE NIJ Guide 200-98 ABOUT THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CORRECTIONS STANDARDS AND TESTING PROGRAM The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is sponsored by the Office of Science and Technology of the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), U.S. Department of Justice. The program responds to the mandate of the Justice System Improvement Act of 1979, which created NIJ and directed it to encourage research and development to improve the criminal justice system and to disseminate the results to Federal, State, and local agencies. The Law Enforcement and Corrections Standards and Testing Program is an applied research effort that determines the technological needs of justice system agencies, sets minimum performance standards for specific devices, tests commercially available equipment against those standards, and disseminates the standards and the test results to criminal justice agencies nationally and internationally. The program operates through: The Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council (LECTAC) consisting of nationally recognized criminal justice practitioners from Federal, State, and local agencies, which assesses technological needs and sets priorities for research programs and items to be evaluated and tested. The Office of Law Enforcement Standards (OLES) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which develops voluntary national performance standards for compliance testing to ensure that individual items of equipment are suitable for use by criminal justice agencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Using the TPS61070 in Single Cell Battery Applications
    Application Report SLVA194–AUGUST 2004 Single-cell Battery Discharge Characteristics Using the TPS61070 Boost Converter SK Loo and Keith Keller...................................................................... Power Management Products ABSTRACT This application report presents practical single-cell battery discharge characteristics in real-world application, and primarily focuses on the varying internal impedance of a battery and how that affects the battery terminal voltage. Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................ 2 2 Battery Chemistry and Circuit Model ......................................................... 2 3 Battery Terminal Voltage vs Internal Cell Voltage.......................................... 3 4 Internal Resistance of a Battery vs Battery Energy State ................................ 5 5 Alkaline Battery Testing ......................................................................... 5 6 NiMH Battery Testing............................................................................. 7 7 Device Start-up vs Temperature ............................................................... 9 8 Summary .......................................................................................... 10 List of Figures 1 Battery Structure, Basic Circuit Model, and Discharge Characteristics............... 3 2 Discharge Curve of Single-Cell Battery Under Different Load Conditions............ 3 3 A Typical AA-Size Alkaline Battery Voltage at No Load Versus at 330-mW
    [Show full text]
  • Florida Homeowner's Guide to Battery Recycling
    FLORIDA HOMEOWNER’S GUIDE TO BATTERY RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL Confused about all the types and sizes of batteries? The following guidelines explain how to properly dispose of various batteries commonly used around the home. Look on the battery’s label or packaging to identify what it is made of, then use this guide to find the best way to ecycler or dispose of it. WHERE CAN YOU RECYCLE BATTERIES? • Many stores that sell batteries, phones or electronics will take used batteries back for recycling. Visit www.call2recycle.org to find a retailer near you that will accept them. • In Florida, homeowners can take batteries to their county Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) program for proper management. Learn about your county’s program and other items they will accept such as fluorescent lamps, paint, pesticides, cleansers and other hazardous household items by visiting www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/hazardous/pages/household.htm. • Visit www.Earth911.org or call 1-800-CLEANUP to learn about local battery recycling opportunities. All you need is your zip code. BATTERY TYPES AND DISPOSAL Non Recyclable Batteries Alkaline batteries Recycling is not commonly cost effective for alkaline batteries at Often called ‘flashlight this time. Although some parts batteries,’ alkaline batteries are of the country have recycling usually single use batteries in 9 opportunities available, in volt, C, D, AA and AAA. Some Florida alkaline batteries have to alkaline batteries are Large lantern batteries are also be transported a long distance rechargeable. alkaline batteries. prior to recycling. Because of transportation costs, the The added hazardous component of alkaline Department does not know of batteries, mercury was eliminated in the 1990s.
    [Show full text]