Alkaline Handbook

English Industrial Batteries SAFETY, LONG-LIFE AND POWER!

PANASONIC BATTERIES

Panasonic Industrial Devices Sales Europe Panasonic Corporation, founded in Osaka 1918, is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of quality electronic and electrical equipment. Its subsidiary, Panasonic Industrial Devices Sales Europe GmbH (PIDSEU) markets a diverse portfolio of industrial products throughout Europe. Formed in 1998 to strengthen Panasonic’s pan-European industry operations, the company is now active in Automotive, Audio/Video & Communication, Appliance and Industry & Devices.

Panasonic quality – certified by authorised agencies.

Panasonic offers a wide range of power solutions for portable Panasonic Energy Company (PEC) began manufacturing Our production facilities use leading-edge manufacturing and stationary applications. Our product range includes high batteries in 1931. Today PEC is the most diversified global processes that meet the toughest quality standards. All our reliability batteries such as Lithium-Ion, Lithium, Nickel- battery manufacturer worldwide, with a network of 16 factories are certified to ISO standards – with ISO 9000 and Metal-Hydride, Valve-Regulated-Lead-Acid (VRLA), Alkaline manufacturing companies in 14 countries. The company has ISO 14000 being the minimum benchmarks. This means each and Zinc-Carbon. With this breadth and depth to the portfolio, more than 12,600 employees, all dedicated to research, factory has its own quality and environmental management, we can power your business in virtually all applications. development and production of batteries for a new world. and delivers products that measure up to toughest standards of reliability. PIDSEU Organisation Divisions Automotive Most of our factories are also certified to OHSAS 18001 Factory Solutions (Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series), an international standard to assess the management system which organisations have in place for occupational safety. PMG (Product Audio/Video & This confirms our factories have been proactive in putting Marketing Group) PIDSEU Communication the occupational health and safety of staff at the centre of the company’s dealings. In addition our VRLA batteries are for example approved to German VdS standard and the US Industry & Devices UL standard. Appliance

2 3 ‘eco ideas’ Strategy

Panasonic leads the way … with ‘eco ideas’ Pursuing coexistence with the global environment in its corporate vision, Panasonic is ‘eco ideas’ for ‘eco ideas’ for ‘eco ideas’ for Manufacturing Products Everybody, committed to reducing the environmental impact in all its business activities. This is a key Everywhere theme of its mid-term strategic plan. In its ‘eco ideas’ Strategy, which focuses in particular on rapid implementation of measures to prevent global warming, and worldwide promotion Our plans Our plans Our plans of sustainability management, Panasonic is advancing three key initiatives: ‘eco ideas’ for We will reduce CO emissions across all We will produce energy-efficient products. We will promote environmental activities Manufacturing, ‘eco ideas’ for Products, and ‘eco ideas’ for Everybody, Everywhere. 2 our manufacturing sites. throughout the world. Our goals Our goals Panasonic aims to have at least 20 prod- Our goals In each of our factories we aim to achieve ucts with the ‘Superior Green Products’ Intensive commitment on the part of the

a 10% reduction in CO2 emissions. classification available. company owners, international coopera- tions and involvement of employees. Our measures Our measures In our ‘Clean Factory’ program, our The developers at Panasonic carry out Our measures factories are evaluated with regard to an environmental impact assessment for Not only do we sponsor the work of the

CO2 emission, waste disposal, recycling all our products. Those which meet the WWF in the Arctic, Panasonic has also measures, chemical and water consump- highest environmental requirements in launched other environmental initiatives tion. They are set performance targets the industry with regard to energy effi- such as ECO RELAY, in which hundreds of based on these indicators. ciency are classified as a ‘Superior Green Panasonic employees all over the world Product’ and awarded the Panasonic ‘eco volunteer several days of their time to The Panasonic ‘eco ideas’ House Example ideas’ logo. eco-campaigns. We are approaching a global turning point. Illustrating how technology and the The Wakayama Plant of the Energy It would be no exaggeration to call this the environment can synergise, the ‘eco Company is strengthening its manage- Example Example

‘Environmental Industrial Revolution’. ideas’ House shows how near-zero CO2 ment structure to cut CO 2 emissions We have eliminated highly toxic Lithium Panasonic staged a dedicated “battery Recognising the significance, in 2009 emissions can be achieved in an entire from the main production bases for Thionyl Chloride from the production collection day” in Germany with the help Panasonic established an ‘eco ideas’ house three to five years into the future. Lithium-Ion batteries, which are a core of our Lithium batteries. This substance of GRS Batterien (German Battery House at the Panasonic Center in Tokyo Panasonic is demonstrating that we are component of Panasonic’s energy busi- is quite rightly classified as highly toxic Recycling Association). The idea was to to showcase ideas on how to help create not only aware of our environmental ness. As a result, it has succeeded in and should never under any circum- collect as many spent batteries as possi-

a carbon-free society and reduce the CO2 responsibility but that we also take roughly halving CO2 emissions per pro- stances be released into the environment. ble and raise awareness in communities footprint in the household sector. action. duction unit, as well as sharply curbing about battery recycling – enabling the

an increase in CO2 emissions even as recovery of valuable commodities such production has expanded. as Zinc, Manganese and Iron.

4 5 Index Electro-chemical description 2

Chapter Page The negative electrode or anode is composed of Zinc Powder A moulded nylon seal connected to the brass nail serves as a 1 Introduction 6 in the shape of a mixed gel. The quality of the Zinc Powder and seal with an integrated safety venting mechanism. This vent 2 Electro-chemical description 7 the size of the particles are carefully controlled to ensure there ensures safe, controlled release of any excessive gas which 3 Construction 8 is a good wide surface area during the chemical reaction. This could be generated by improper use of the battery (e.g. short 4 Performance lowers the internal resistance, which is important in case of circuiting, overheating, or if the battery is thrown on a fire or Voltage and capacity 9 high drain discharges. Because it is the Zinc which is giving up overcharged, or incorrectly inserted polarity-wise). Once the Discharge types 9 electrons, thus creating a flow of electrical current, the anode vent has opened, it will not close again; besides the escaping Shelf life 10 is also the “capacity determining element”. gas there is always the risk that a certain volume of the elec- 5 Applications 10 trolyte will leak as well. 6 Individual data sheets 11 – 24 The positive electrode or cathode is made of Manganese 7 IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) Dioxide and is produced in the shape of tablets. Graphite and A non-conductive label provides the opportunity for cosmetic IEC 25 electrolyte (and small quantities of other additives) are added design on the batteries. The label also functions as an isolator Battery denomination standards 25 for better conductivity. This material is generated through an between the large positive area of the steel can and the nega- Size and voltage standards 25 electrolytic process, ensuring the purity and richness of oxygen. tive area of the bottomplate to avoid external short circuit. Testing standards 25 – 26 Packaging standards 26 Storage standards 26 Structure of Alkaline industrial batteries Usage standards 26 Safety 26 + 8 What is the capacity of an Alkaline battery? 27 O2 9 Product safety data sheets (PSDS) 28 – 29 10 Environment 30 11 Panasonic standards 30 12 Alkaline Packaging 31 The electrolyte is a Potassium Hydroxide solution, which is Alkaline (base) and is present in the anode, cathode and separator (as all three are porous in nature) to assure high conductivity during discharge. 1 Introduction

The separator paper divides the positive and negative parts of In this booklet we describe Alkaline Manganese batteries. These are basically made from the same materials as normal the battery to prevent internal short circuiting and immediate Zinc-Carbon batteries, but offer higher capacity and high drain performance, longer shelf life, better leakage resistance and loss of energy. The separator paper is made of a special material superior low temperature behaviour. that prevents anode particles from migrating inside the battery and causing self discharge.

The cylindrical Alkaline battery is composed of Manganese The actual electrical current is generated through an out- The battery can is made of nickel-plated steel and serves as Dioxide (+), Zinc Powder (-) and Caustic Alkali (Potassium side flow of electrons coming from the anode (Zinc), passing the holder for the battery, and also as the cathode collector. Hydroxide) as the electrolyte. These Alkaline batteries have through the attached load and flowing back into the battery at Panasonic performs strict checks on the quality of its own a higher energy output than Zinc-Carbon batteries, a longer the cathode (from the can into the Manganese Dioxide). in-house manufactured steel cans to provide thin but strong shelf life and better leakage resistance due to the use of purest containers which can hold maximum volumes of active material materials to minimize self discharge. Their low-temperature both safely and reliably. performance is also much better than that of Zinc-Carbon batteries. A brass nail connected to the bottomplate serves as the anode 2 electrons on outer layer are collector. It is important for this nail to be of an exact length and [ given up by the Zinc atoms thickness to ensure the battery works properly.

6 7 3 Construction Performance 4

Assembling LR6 Voltage and capacity Temperature also plays a role in battery capacity and per-

Battery assembling 1. 2. 3. 4. formance. Alkaline batteries are best suited for operating

1. Separator and bottom insulator insert The voltage of Alkaline batteries usually ranges between 1.55V temperatures between -10°C and +45°C. In some cases the 2. Electrolyte pouring and 1.65V OCV (Open Circuit Voltage). 1.5V is considered to be batteries can reliably deliver small currents at lower or higher 3. Gelled-anode (negative pole) pouring the nominal voltage. The speed of voltage decrease during temperatures as well, but this should be subject to careful 4. Collector insert and can curling use is determined by the type of appliance and the load (drain) testing under the specific conditions. At higher temperatures which is put on the battery. the internal resistance of the battery will increase at a lesser speed, which will provide better high drain performance. Measuring the OCV of a battery gives only a very rough idea of battery capacity and/or freshness. CCV (Closed Circuit Voltage), Discharge types Parts measured when the battery is on discharge, gives a much better

Assembling battery components 1. 2. view of the discharge status. (If the voltage is still close to 1.5V, We differentiate between the following types: 1. Collector unit the battery is still in relatively fresh condition; if the voltage is ➜ B ottomplate closer to 1.0V, the battery is nearing the end of its useful life.) Constant resistance (B) ➜ Washer ➜ PY seal The appliance keeps its resistance constant in Ohm. ➜ Nail Every kind of appliance needs a minimum voltage to operate, 2. Contact strips 6LR61 and the level at which the appliance will stop is usually Constant current (A) ➜ Lead A ➜ L ead B referred to as the “cut-off voltage”. Even if several batteries The appliance keeps running on constant drain in A or mA. ➜ Snap 6LR61 are needed to operate an appliance, for battery test purposes the cut-off voltage is stated in terms of the cut-off voltage per Constant power (W) Cathode Unit LR6 cell. (Example: if we have a portable CD player which uses two As the power should remain constant, the drain in Ampere will Mixtablets (+) pressing 1. 2. 3. cells and needs a least 2V to operate, the cut-off voltage is 1.0V increase gradually during discharge as the voltage decreases. 1. Manganese Dioxide carbon tablet pressing (positive pole) per cell.) 2. Tablet inserting and pressing Power (Watt) = Current (A) x Voltage (V) 3. Can grooving The capacity of a battery is usually expressed in mAh (milli Ampere hour). The actual drain in combination with the cut-off In this case, the increasing internal resistance towards the voltage will determine the capacity in mAh for each individual end of the useful battery life will also determine the actual use or appliance. It is impossible to put a single figure on how useful capacity of the batteries. The total capacity is of course Can Production Procedure a battery will behave with regard to its capacity, since this also strongly influenced by the cut-off voltage. Steel can production 1. 2. 3. 4. depends on a range of parameters. To specify battery capacity 1. Cup making precisely, one should give the exact parameters under which The discharge (continuous or intermittent) and load (light or 2. Can drawing the batteries are to be tested, or have a wider range of different heavy) largely determine what performance can actually be 3. Can trimming discharge conditions to view the battery performance. obtained from a battery. 4. Washing and carbon coating

The maximum battery capacity is determined by the weight and volume of the two main raw materials, Zinc and Manganese Finishing LR6 Dioxide. An LR20 battery will last much longer than an LR6 Battery finishing 1. 2. battery, simply because there is much more active material 1. Labeling inside. Some batteries, like the 9V Alkaline battery, are designed 2. Final check on volt, amperage, leakage and appearance with six cylindrical batteries in series and are spot-welded together to ensure reliable performance during discharge.

8 9 4 Performance INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS 6

Shelf life Capacity loss estimation at low-medium drain l r 0 3 A D PO W e r l ine

% The shelf life is the ability of a battery to maintain more or less 120 IEC Dimensions (mm) the same performance over time. Alkaline batteries nowadays 100 carry a freshness date of about five years from the date of 80 production. This means that the service life on a specific discharge 60 compared to a fresh battery of the same generation is expected 40 to be over 70% compared to initial capacity testing. (If batteries 20

have been stored appropriately in a controlled environment 0 Fresh 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years

with constant temperature and humidity.) Low-medium drain

The shelf life is influenced by temperature, humidity and internal 20°C 30°C construction.

High temperature and high humidity will speed up the deg- Capacity loss estimation at high drain radation of chemicals, which leads to greater capacity loss % in a shorter time. Poor quality internal construction might 120 also influence the degradation of chemicals, but mainly as a 100 potential risk for internal short circuit and leakage over time. Dimensions max. (mm) min. (mm) 80 Yet another factor – and even more unpredictable – is that the A 44.5 60 electrolyte could cause non-metallic battery parts to deteriorate B 43.3 40 C over time, resulting in leakage. Though there is little chance 4.3 20 E 0.5 of this happening, it is still advisable to use Alkaline batteries Fresh 1 year 2 years 3 years 4 years 5 years 6 years 7 years 0 F 3.8 within the first half of their expected shelf life. High drain G 0.8

Ø 10.5 9.5 20°C 30°C

Specifications 5 Applications Name LR03 / S / AAA / AM4 / MICRO / MN2400 / 24A / 24AC Made in Belgium

Type Alkaline foil

Panasonic offers a comprehensive family of Alkaline batteries. Applications which can be powered include: Nominal voltage 1.5V This extensive range of products ensures power solutions for Electrolyte Potassium Hydroxide ➜ Smoke detectors ➜ Medical equipment nearly all battery requirements. Whenever your portable device Average weight 11.2g ➜ Portable audio devices ➜ Buoyage needs power, you can rely on our high quality battery technology Storage temperature range +10°C ~ +25°C ➜ Toys ➜ Blood pressure meters Operating temperature range –20°C ~ +45°C solutions. ➜ High energy flashlights ➜ Scales Average impedance approx. 135mΩ @ 1kHz AC

➜ Marine devices ➜ Analogue cameras Heavy metals No added mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) or Lead (Pb)

➜ Highway telephones ➜ Cleaning and hygiene services IEC 60086 Compliant with Non-dangerous goods regulation ➜ Door lock systems ➜ Seismic sensors Nordic Ecolabel (White Swan) version 3.7 EC directive 91/157EC, 98/101EC, 2006/66/EC

Recommended cut-off voltage 0.8V per cell

The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use 10 of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. 11 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 20°C 20°C 0°C

0.9V 100.0 100.0 0.8V 100.0 0.8V

0.9V

1.0V 1.0V ge (h) 10.0 ge (h) 10.0 ge (h) 10.0

1.0V Dischar Dischar Dischar 1.1V 0.8V 1.1V 0.9V 1.1V 1.2V 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2V

1.2V

0.1 0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Constant current (mA)

1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 20°C 20°C 0°C

0.9V 100.0 6 INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS 100.0 0.8V INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS 6 100.0 0.8V

0.9V l r 0 3 A D PO W e r l ine l r 0 3 A D PO W e r l ine

1.0V Typical disCharge Values 1.0V disCharge temperature characteristics ge (h) 10.0 ge (h) 10.0 ge (h) 10.0 LIF*1 4m/h 8h/d 3.3Ω end 0.9V Tape 1h/d 100mA end 0.9V 1.0V 1,000.0 1.6 Dischar 1.7 1,000.0 Dischar 100.0 Dischar 1,000.0 10,000.0 20°C 1.6 1.1V 20°C -10°C0°C 1.5 0.8V 45°C 1.5 1.4 1.1V 1.4 0.9V 1.3 1.1V 1.3 1.2 1.2V Voltage (V) Voltage 1.0 (V) Voltage 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2V 1.1 0.9V 100.0 1.0 100.0 0.8V 1.0 100.0 1,000.0 0.8V 0.9 0.9 0.8V1.2V 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 10.0 Discharge time (min) Discharge time (min) 0.9V 0.9V 1.0V 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0V Remote Control 15s/m 8h/d 24Ω end 1.0V 110 100 1.0V 1,000 110 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 ge (h) ge (h) ge (h) ge (h) 10.0ge (h) 10.0 Resistance (Ω) 10.0 Resistance (Ω) 100.0 Constant current (mA) 1.1V 1.6 1.0V 1.0V Dischar Dischar Dischar 1.5 Dischar Dischar

1.4 1.1V 0.8V 0.8V 1.2V

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.3 1.0 0.9V 1.1V 1.1V 0.9V 1.2 1.1V 1.2V 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 10.0 1.2V 1.0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 1.2V Discharge time (h) 1.2V

Radio 4h/d 43Ω end 0.9V 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.7 110 100 1,000 1 10 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 1.6 Resistance (Ω) Resistanc Resistance (Ω) e (Ω) Constant Resistanc currente (Ω (mA)) 1.5 1.4 1.3 disCharge temperature characteristics

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.2 1.1 1,000.0 1.0 100.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 10,000.0 1,000.0 20°C 0.9 -10°C 1,000.0 20°C 20°C0°C 20°C 45°C 0°C 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 Discharge time (h)

Fotoflash 10s/m 1h/d 1,000mA end 0.9V 0.9V 1.6 0.9V 0.8V 100.0 0.8V 1,000.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.8V 1.5 0.8V 0.8V

1.4 10.0 0.9V 1.3 0.9V 0.9V

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.2 1.0V

1.1 1.0V 1.0V 1.0V 1.0V ge (h) ge (h) 1.0 ge (h) ge (h) ge (h) ge (h) 100.0 10.0 ge (h) 1.1V ge (h) 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 1.0V 10.0 0.9 1.0V Dischar Dischar Dischar Dischar 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 1.0V Dischar

100.0 Dischar Dischar Dischar 10,000.0 Pulses 0.8V -10°C 1.1V 1.1V 45°C 0.8V 1.2V0.8V 1.0 0.9V 1.1V 1.1V 1.1V 0.9V 0.9V 1.1V Toy 1h/d 5.1Ω end 0.8V 1.1V 1.2V 10.0 1.2V 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.2V 1.2V 1.5 1.2V 1.4 1,000.0 0.8V 1.2V 1.2V 1.3 1.2 10.0

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.1 0.9V 1.0 0.1 1.0V 0.1 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 1 10 100 1,000 0.8 110 100 1,000 11110 0 100100 11,000,000 11110 0 100100 11,000,000 110 100 1,000 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 ge (h) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) ge (h) 100.0 Resistance (Ω) Resistanc Resistance (Ωe1.1V )(Ω) Constant Resistanc current (mA)e (Ω) Constant current (mA) 1.0V Discharge time (h) Dischar Dischar *1 Light intention flashlight 0.8V 1.2V The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding1.0 the accuracy0.9V of the results to be1.1V obtained from the use The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use 12 of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. 13 10.0

1.2V

0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 1 10 100 1,000 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω)

100.0 100.0 10,000.0 10,000.0 -10°C 45°C -10°C 45°C

1,000.0 0.8V 1,000.0 0.8V 10.0 10.0 0.9V 0.9V 1.0V 1.0V

ge (h) ge (h) 100.0 1.1V 1.0V ge (h) ge (h) 100.0 1.1V 1.0V Dischar Dischar

0.8V Dischar Dischar 0.8V 1.2V 1.0 0.9V 1.1V 1.2V 1.0 0.9V 1.1V

10.0 10.0 1.2V 1.2V

0.1 0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 1 10 100 1,000 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) 6 INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS 6

1,000.0 20°C 1,000.0 20°C LR6AD POWERLINE LR6AD POWERLINE 0.8V Typical disCharge Values 1.5 0.9V 1.7 Radio 4h/d 43Ω end 0.9V Fotoflash 10s/m 1h/d 1,000mA end 0.9V IEC Dimensions (mm) 1.6 1.4 1.0V 100.0 1.5 1.3 100.0 0.9V 1.4 1.1V 1.3 1.2 0.8V 1.2 1.1 Voltage (V) Voltage 1.1 (V) Voltage 1.0 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.2V 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 Discharge time (h) 10.0 Pulses 10.0 ge (h) ge (h) 1.55 2 1.7 Motor 1h/d 3.9Ω end 0.8V DSC* 10 x (2s 1.5W/28s 0.65W) 5m, 55m off, 24h/d end 1.05V 1.50 1.6 Dischar 1.45 Dischar 1.5 1.40 1.0V 1.4 1.35 1.3 1.30 1.2 1.25 1.1V 1.1

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.20 Voltage (V) Voltage 1.0 1.0 1.15 0.9 1.10 1.0 1.2V 0.8 1.05 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Discharge time (h) Pulses

1.7 Tape 1h/d 100mA end 0.9V 1.6 1.5 0.1 1.4 110 100 1,000 0.1 Dimensions max. (mm) min. (mm) 1.3 Resistance (Ω) 110 100 1,000 1.2 Constant current (mA) A 50.5 (V) Voltage 1.1 B 49.2 1.0 0.9 C 7.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Discharge time (h) E 0.5 disCharge temperature characteristics F 5.5 1,000.0 1.6 Remote Control 15s/m 8h/d 24Ω end 1.0V 1,000.0 1,000.0 45°C -10°C 0°C G 1.0 1.5 Ø 14.5 13.5 1.4 0.8V 1.3 0.8V

1.2 Voltage (V) Voltage

1.1 0.8V 100.0 1.0 100.0 100.0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 Discharge time (h) 0.9V Specifications 1.6 CD/MD 1h/d 250mA end 0.9V Name LR6 / M / AA / AM3 / MIGNON / MN1500 / 15A / 15AC 1.0V 1.5 Made in Belgium 1.4

Type Alkaline foil 1.3 10.0 1.0V 10.0 10.0 1.1V

ge (h) ge (h) 1.0V ge (h) 1.2 Nominal voltage 1.5V Voltage (V) Voltage 1.1 1.1V 0.9V

Dischar Dischar 1.1V Dischar Electrolyte Potassium Hydroxide 1.0 1.2V 0.9V Average weight 23.3g 0.9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.2V Discharge time (h) 1.2V Storage temperature range +10°C ~ +25°C

Operating temperature range –20°C ~ +45°C 1.0 1.0 1.6 LIF*1 4m/h 8h/d 3.3Ω end 0.9V 1.0 Average impedance approx. 105mΩ @ 1kHz AC 1.5

Heavy metals No added mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) or Lead (Pb) 1.4 1.3 IEC 60086 1.2

Compliant with non dangerous goods regulation (V) Voltage 1.1 Nordic Ecolabel (White Swan) version 3.7 1.0 0.1 EC directive 91/157EC, 98/101EC, 2006/66/EC 0.1 0.9 110 100 1,000 0.1 0 60 120 180 240 300 360 110 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 Recommended cut-off voltage 0.8V per cell Discharge time (h) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω)

*1 Digital still camera *2 Light intention flashlight

The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use 14 of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. 15 1,000.0 20°C 1,000.0 20°C

0.8V

0.9V

1.0V 100.0 100.0 0.9V 1.1V

0.8V

1.2V

10.0 10.0 ge (h) ge (h) Dischar Dischar 1.0V

1.1V 1.0 1.0 1.2V

0.1 110 100 1,000 6 INDIVIDUAL0.1 DATA SHEETS INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS 6 Resistance (Ω) 110 100 1,000 Constant current (mA)

1,000.0 LR6AD POWERLINE LR14AD POWERLINE 20°C 1,000.0 20°C disCharge temperature characteristics 0.8V 1,000.01,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 20°C 45°C 1,000.0 IEC Dimensions (mm) -10°C 0°C 0.9V 20°C

1.0V 100.0 0.8V 0.8V 100.0 0.9V 0.8V 1.1V 0.9V 0.8V 0.8V 1.0V 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.9V 1.1V 1.2V 0.9V 0.8V 10.0 10.0 ge (h) ge (h) 1.0V 1.2V Dischar Dischar 1.0V 10.0 10.0 1.0V 10.0 10.0 1.1V ge (h) ge (h) 1.0V ge (h) 10.0 ge (h) ge (h)

1.1V 1.1V 0.9V

Dischar Dischar 1.1V Dischar 1.2V 1.0 Dischar Dischar 1.0 0.9V 1.0V 1.2V 1.2V 1.2V 1.1V 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.2V

0.1 110 100 1,000 0.1 Dimensions max. (mm) min. (mm) Resistance (Ω) 110 100 1,000 A 50.0 Constant current (mA) 0.1 B 48.6 0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 0.1 110 100 1,000 11110 0 100 100 1,000 1,000 0.1 C 13.0 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistanc eResistanc (Ω) e (Ω) 110 100 1,000 Constant current (mA) E 0.9 1,000.0 F 7.5 1,000.0 20°C 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 45°C 20°C -10°C 0°C G 1.5

0.8V Ø 26.2 24.9 0.8V 0.8V 1,000.0 0.9V 1,000.0 1,000.0 45°C -10°C 0°C 1.0V 100.0 0.8V 100.0 100.0 0.9V 100.0 100.0 1.1V 0.8V 0.8V 0.9V 0.8V Specifications 0.8V 100.0 100.0 100.0 Name LR14 / L / C / AM2 / BABY / MN1400 / 14A / 14AC 1.0V 1.2V Made in Belgium 0.9V 10.0 10.0 1.0V 10.0 10.0 Type Alkaline foil 10.0 ge (h) 1.1V ge (h) ge (h) ge (h) 1.0V ge (h) Nominal voltage 1.5V 1.0V 1.1V

0.9V Dischar Dischar

Dischar Dischar 1.1V Dischar 1.2V 1.0V Electrolyte Potassium Hydroxide 0.9V 10.0 1.0V 10.0 Average weight 69.5g 10.0 1.1V ge (h) ge (h) 1.0V ge (h) 1.2V 1.2V 1.1V 1.1V Storage temperature range +10°C ~ +25°C 1.0 0.9V Dischar Dischar 1.1V Dischar 1.2V 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Operating temperature range –20°C ~ +45°C 0.9V 1.2V 1.2V Average impedance approx. 100mΩ @ 1kHz AC 1.2V Heavy metals No added mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) or Lead (Pb) 1.0 1.0 1.0 IEC 60086 Compliant with non dangerous goods regulation 0.1 0.1 Nordic Ecolabel (White Swan) version 3.7 0.1 110 100 1,000 0.1 110 100 1,000 0.1 EC directive 91/157EC, 98/101EC, 2006/66/EC 110 100 1,000 110 Resistance 100(Ω) 1,000 110 100 1,000 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Constant current (mA) Recommended cut-off voltage 0.8V per cell

0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 0.1 110 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy Resistanc of thee ( Ωresults) to be obtained from the use The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) 16 of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. 17

1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 45°C -10°C 0°C

0.8V 0.8V

0.8V 100.0 100.0 100.0

0.9V

1.0V

10.0 1.0V 10.0 10.0 1.1V

ge (h) ge (h) 1.0V ge (h)

1.1V 0.9V

Dischar Dischar 1.1V Dischar 1.2V 0.9V 1.2V 1.2V

1.0 1.0 1.0

0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 0.1 110 100 1,000 110 100 1,000 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) 100.0 1,000.0 20°C 1,000.0 -10°C 0°C

100.0 100.0

10.0

0.9V

ge (h) 10.0 0.8V 10.0 ge (h) 0.8V ge (h) 0.8V Dischar 0.9V

Dischar 0.9V Dischar 1.0V 1.0 1.0V 1.0V

1.1V 1.0 1.1V 1.0 1.1V

1.2V

1.2V 1.2V

0.1 0.1 0.1 6 INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS 110 100 1,000 10,000 INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS 110 100 6 110 100 Constant current (mA) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω)

LR14AD POWERLINE LR100.014AD POWERLINE 1,000.0 20°C 1,000.0 -10°C 0°C Typical disCharge Values disCharge temperature characteristics disCharge temperature characteristics

100.0 1.6 LIF*1 4m/h 24h/d 3.9Ω end 0.9V 1,000.0 1,000.0 100.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 -10°C 1,000.0 20°C 45°C 20°C 1,000.0 -10°C 1.5 0°C 20°C 0°C 1.4 100.0 1.3 100.0 0.8V 1.2 0.8V 10.0 Voltage (V) Voltage 1.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.9 10.0 0.9V 0.9V 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 10.0 ge (h) 10.0 0.8V Discharge time (min) 10.0 ge (h) 0.8V ge (h) 0.8V Dischar 0.9V

1.6 Dischar 0.9V 0.9V Motor 1h/d 3.9Ω end 0.8V 1.0V Dischar 0.9V ge (h)

1.5 10.0 ge (h) 1.0V 0.8V 10.0 0.9V 10.0 10.0 ge (h) 10.0 0.8V ge (h) ge (h) 0.8V ge (h) ge (h) 1.0 1.0V 10.0 0.8V 1.4 ge (h) 0.8V 1.0V

Dischar 0.8V 1.1V 1.0V Dischar 0.9V 1.3 0.9V Dischar

Dischar 0.9V Dischar Dischar

Dischar 0.9V

1.1V Dischar 1.2 1.1V 1.0 1.0V 1.1V 1.0 1.1V 1.0V

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.1 1.0 1.0V 1.0V 1.0 1.0V 1.0 1.2V 1.2V 1.0V 0.9 1.1V 1.0 1.1V 1.0 1.0 1.2V 1.1V 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1V 1.2V 1.1V 1.0 1.1V 1.2V 0 5 10 15 20 25 1.2V Discharge time (h) 1.2V 0.1 0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 10,000 1.2V 110 100 1.2V 1.2V 110 100 1.2V 1.6 Stereo 2h/d 400mA end 0.9V Constant current (mA) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) 1.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 10,000 1.4 0.1 11110 1000 100 110 100 110 100 1,000 10,000 110 100 110 100 110 100 Constant current (mA) 1.3 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Constant current (mA) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) 1.2

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.1 100.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 1,000.0 20°C -10°C 1,000.0 0°C 1.0 45°C 20°C 0.9 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1,000.0 Discharge1,000.0 time (h) 0.8V 1,000.0 45°C 1,000.0 20°C 0.8V 45°C 20°C

1.6 Radio 4h/d 20Ω end 0.9V 100.0 100.0 100.0 1.5 100.0 0.8V 0.8V 0.8V 1.4 10.0 0.9V 0.8V 1.3 100.0 1.2 100.0 100.0 100.0

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.1 0.9V 0.9V 0.9V ge (h) 10.0 1.0V 1.0 0.8V 10.0 ge (h) 0.8V10.0 0.9V

ge (h) 10.0 ge (h) ge (h) 0.9 0.8V Dischar 0.9V 1.1V 1.0V 0 25 50 75 100 125 Dischar 0.9V Dischar Dischar Dischar 1.0V Discharge time (h) 1.0V 1.0V 10.0 0.9V 1.1V 1.0 10.0 1.0V 10.0 0.9V ge (h) ge (h) 10.0 1 1.0V ge (h) ge (h) * Light intention flashlight 1.2V 1.1V 1.0V 1.1V 1.0V

Dischar Dischar 1.1V 1.1V 1.0 Dischar Dischar 1.0 1.1V 1.0 1.0 1.1V 1.2V 1.1V

1.2V 1.2V 1.2V

1.0 1.2V 1.0 1.2V 1.0 1.0 1.2V 1.2V

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 110 100 1,000 10,000 110 100 110 100 110 100 110 100 Constant current (mA) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω)

0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 110 100 110 100 110 100 110 100 Resistance (Ω) The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty Resistanc is made,e (Ω) either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy Resistancof the resultse (Ω) to be obtained from the use Resistance (Ω) 18 of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. 19

1,000.0 1,000.0 45°C 20°C

0.8V 0.8V

100.0 100.0

0.9V

1.0V 10.0 10.0 0.9V ge (h) ge (h)

1.1V 1.0V Dischar Dischar

1.1V

1.2V

1.0 1.0 1.2V

0.1 0.1 110 100 110 100 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) 6 INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS 6

LR20AD POWERLINE LR20AD POWERLINE

Typical disCharge Values disCharge temperature characteristics 1,000.0 0°C 1.6 IEC Dimensions (mm) Motor 1h/d 2.2Ω end 0.8V 1,000.0 1.5 1,000.0 -10°C 20°C 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 0.8V 100.0 (V) Voltage 1.0 100.0 0.9 100.0 0.9V 0.8V 0.8 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0.9V Discharge time (h) 1.0V 1.0V 1.6 10.0 Radio 4h/d 10Ω end 0.90.8VV

ge (h) 1.5 ge (h) 10.0

ge (h) 10.0 1.1V 1.1V 1.4 Dischar Dischar 1.3 Dischar 1.0V 1.2 1.2V (V) Voltage 1.1 1.2V 0.9V 1.0 1.0 1.1V 1.0 0.9 1.0 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 Discharge time (h)

Dimensions max. (mm) min. (mm) 1.2V 1.6 A 61.5 HIF*1 4m/15m 8h/d 1.5Ω end 0.9V 1.5 B 0.1 59.5 110 100 1.4 0.1 0.1 110 100 C 18.0 Resistance (Ω) 1.3 110 100 1,000 10,000 Resistance (Ω) E 1.0 1.2 Constant current (mA)

F 9.5 (V) Voltage 1.1 1,000.0 0°C 1,000.0 G 1.5 1.0 1,000.0 -10°C 20°C Ø 34.2 32.3 0.9 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Discharge time (min.)

10,000.0 45°C 1,000.0 0.8V 1.6 Stereo 2h/d 600mA end 0.9V 20°C 100.0 0.8V 100.0 1.5 100.0 0.9V 1.4 0.8V Specifications 0.9V 1.3 Name LR20 / XL / D / AM1 / MONO / MN1300 / 13A / 13AC 1,000.0 0.9V 1.2

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.0V Made in Belgium 1.0V 1.1 100.0 1.0V 0.8V Type Alkaline foil 0.8V 10.0 1.0 ge (h) ge (h) 10.0

ge (h) 10.0 1.1V Nominal voltage 1.5V 0.9 1.1V 0 5 10 15 20 Electrolyte Potassium Hydroxide 100.0 0.9V 1.0V Discharge time (h) Dischar Dischar 1.1V Dischar 1.0V Average weight 142.7g 1.2V 1.6 2 1.2V Storage temperature range +10°C ~ +25°C LIF* 4m/h 24h/d 2.2Ω end 0.9V 0.9V ge (h) 1.1V ge (h) 10.0 1.5 Operating temperature range –20°C ~ +45°C 1.2V 1.0 1.1V 1.4 1.0 Average impedance approx. 90mΩ @ 1kHz AC Dischar 10.0 Dischar 1.0 1.2V 1.3 Heavy metals No added mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) or Lead (Pb) 1.2

IEC 60086 (V) Voltage 1.1 1.2V non dangerous goods regulation Compliant with 1.0 1.0 Nordic Ecolabel (White Swan) version 3.7 1.0 0.9 0.1 EC directive 91/157EC, 98/101EC, 2006/66/EC 110 100 0.1 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 0.1 110 100 Discharge time (h) Resistance (Ω) Recommended cut-off voltage 0.8V per cell 110 100 1,000 10,000 Resistance (Ω) Constant current (mA) *1 High intention flashlight *2 Light intention flashlight

The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained0.1 from the use The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use 0.1 20 of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject11 to change. 0 of100 such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. 21 110 100 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω)

10,000.0 45°C 1,000.0 20°C 0.8V

0.9V

1,000.0

100.0 0.8V 1.0V

100.0 0.9V 1.0V 1.1V

ge (h) 1.1V ge (h) 10.0 1.2V

Dischar 10.0 Dischar 1.2V

1.0 1.0

0.1 0.1 110 100 110 100 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) 1,000.0 0°C 1,000.0 1,000.0 -10°C 20°C

0.8V 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.9V 0.8V

0.9V 1.0V 1.0V

10.0 0.8V ge (h) ge (h) 10.0

ge (h) 10.0 1.1V 1.1V Dischar Dischar

Dischar 1.0V

1.2V 1.2V 0.9V 1.0 1.1V 1.0 1.0

1.2V

0.1 110 100 0.1 0.1 110 100 Resistance (Ω) 110 100 1,000 10,000 Resistance (Ω) 6 INDIVIDUAL ConstantDATA current SHEETS (mA) INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS 6 1,000.0 0°C 1,000.0 1,000.0 -10°C LR20AD POWERLINE 20°C 6LR61AD POWERLINE

disCharge temp1,000.0erature characteristics 0°C 1,000.0 10,000.0 1,000.0 45°C 1,000.0 0.8V -10°C 100.0 20°C 20°C IEC Dimensions (mm) 0.8V 100.0 100.0 0.9V 0.8V 0.9V 0.8V 1,000.0 0.9V 100.0 1.0V 1.0V 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.9V 0.8V 10.0 0.8V 1.0V 0.8V

ge (h) ge (h) 10.0

ge (h) 10.0 1.1V 0.91.1VV

100.0 0.9V 1.0V Dischar Dischar 1.0V 1.1V 1.0V Dischar 1.0V

10.0 0.8V

ge (h) 1.2V ge (h) 10.0 1.2V ge (h) 10.0 0.9V 1.1V ge (h) 1.1V ge (h) 10.0 1.1V 1.0 1.2V Dischar 1.1V 1.0 Dischar Dischar Dischar 10.0 Dischar 1.0 1.0V 1.2V 1.2V 1.2V 0.9V 1.0 1.2V 1.1V 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.1 110 100 0.1 0.1 110 100 Resistance (Ω) 110 100 1,000 1.210,000V Resistance (Ω) Constant current (mA)

0.1 110 100 0.1 0.1 Dimensions max. (mm) min. (mm) 0.1 0.1 110 100 110 100 Resistance (Ω) 110 100 110 100 1,000 10,000 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) A 48.5 46.5 Resistance (Ω) Constant current (mA) B 46.4

C 26.5 24.5 10,000.0 45°C 1,000.0 20°C D 17.5 15.5 0.8V E 12.95 12.45

0.9V 10,000.0 45°C 1,000.0 1,000.0 20°C 0.8V 100.0 0.8V 1.0V 0.9V

1,000.0 Specifications 100.0 0.9V 1.0V Name 9V / 6LR61 / 6AM6 / MN1604 / 1604A / 1604AC 1.1V 100.0 0.8V 1.0V Made in Belgium Type Alkaline foil

ge (h) 1.1V ge (h) 10.0 1.2V Nominal voltage 9V 100.0 0.9V 1.0V

Dischar Dischar 1.1V 10.0 Electrolyte Potassium Hydroxide 1.2V Average weight 44.3g

ge (h) 1.1V ge (h) 10.0 Storage temperature range +10°C ~ +25°C 1.2V

Dischar Dischar Operating temperature range –20°C ~ +45°C 10.0 1.0 1.0 1.2V Average impedance approx. 2.3Ω @ 1kHz AC

Heavy metals No added mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) or Lead (Pb)

IEC 60086 1.0 Compliant with non dangerous goods regulation 1.0 Nordic Ecolabel (White Swan) version 3.7 0.1 0.1 EC directive 91/157EC, 98/101EC, 2006/66/EC 110 100 110 100 Resistance (Ω) Resistance (Ω) Recommended cut-off voltage 4.8V per battery

0.1 0.1 The information herein is believed 11to be correct. However no0 warranty is made, either100 expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use 110 100 22 of such information. Test results are strictly according Resistanc to IEC conditions.e (Ω) Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. 23 Resistance (Ω) 6 INDIVIDUAL DATA SHEETS IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) 7

6LR61AD POWERLINE IEC Size and voltage standards

Typical disCharge Values disCharge temperature characteristics The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a world- The voltage of a single Alkaline battery is regulated by IEC to be 9.9 Radio 2h/d 620Ω end 5.4V 100.0 9.4 wide standards organisation that prepares and publishes inter- between 1.58V and 1.65V (OCV). IEC defines standard settings 8.9 8.4 national standards for electrical and electronic technology, and deviations for all batteries. This ensures all manufacturers 7.9 including batteries. These standards are technical guidelines following these guidelines have products which comply with 7.4 6.9 Voltage (V) Voltage that allow appliances and systems which store, use or produce specific standards. A maximum voltage per battery category is 6.4 5.9 electricity to work together safely, wherever in the world they also specified. 5.4 10.0 are manufactured. With IEC standards being so widespread, 0 15 30 45 60 Discharge time (h) battery space and contacts in appliances should be designed to enable the use of any IEC-compliant battery. F 10.0 Smoke*1 620Ω + kΩ 1s/h + 24h/d end 7.5V 4.8V ge (h) G 9.5 As a non-profit, non-governmental organisation, the IEC is made Dischar + 9.0

up of members (or national committees) from a wide range of Powerline 5.4V 6.6V Alkaline Industrial Voltage (V) Voltage 8.5 1.0 countries, and IEC standards are adopted as national standards 6.0V 8.0 by its members.

7.5 B A 0 5 10 15 20 25 Discharge time (days) 7.2V The IEC cooperates closely with other standards organisations such as ISO and IEEE. It provides standards for battery 9.9 Toy 1h/d 270Ω end 5.4V denominations, size and voltage, testing methods, packaging, 9.4 8.9 0.1 storage and appliance connections. 8.4 110 100 1,000 7.9 Constant current (mA) E 7.4 The sections below look at some of these areas. 6.9 Voltage (V) Voltage C 6.4 5.9 5.4 BATTERY DENOMINATION STANDARDS 0 6 12 18 24 R6 - 1.725V max. Discharge time (h) The denomination of the battery and the corresponding maxi- LR6 - 1.65V max. 1.6 Radio 4h/d 20Ω end 0.9V mum sizes used to be decided by a number of different organi- 1.5 sations such as ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Testing standards 1.4

1.3 or the JIS (Japan Industrial Standard). This work has now 1.2 been concentrated in the IEC (International Electrotechnical There are standard IEC tests and procedures for all types of

Voltage (V) Voltage 1.1 Commission). batteries, considered to be average examples of market usage. 1.0

0.9 Parameters such as average use and cut-off voltage are also 0 25 50 75 100 125 IEC LR20 LR14 LR6 LR03 6LR61 decided by this commission. It usually takes months, even Discharge time (h) ANSI D C AA AAA 9V years, for IEC to adopt new tests, or change existing tests if *1 Smoke detector. JIS AM-1 AM-2 AM-3 AM-4 6AM-6 this is shown to be necessary to reflect reality. Tests and test methods are periodically discussed with the manufacturers Manufacturers should ensure battery dimensions stay within represented on the IEC committee in order to review the criteria the limits of the specified IEC standards for size. In some based on new appliances or new technologies. Tests should be cases, however, these limits are rather wide, which can lead conducted on batteries which are not older than 60 days after to non-conformity between certain devices and certain battery production. Temperature should be controlled during storage brands. as well as during discharge to +/- 2°C.

The information herein is believed to be correct. However no warranty is made, either expressed or implied, regarding the accuracy of the results to be obtained from the use 24 of such information. Test results are strictly according to IEC conditions. Capacities of batteries depend on drain, temperature and cut-off voltage. Data are subject to change. 25 7 IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) What is the capacity of an Alkaline battery? 8

Testing standards by battery Usage standards capacity of Alkaline batteries LR6 Powerline capacity high vs. low drain

LR20: Radio – Stereo – Motor – HIF IEC mode Drain Capacity (mAh) LR14: Radio – Stereo – Motor – LIF When an appliance device needs new batteries, all the batteries Battery capacity is typically expressed in terms of milli Ampere Radio low 2,640 LR6: Radio – Remote Control – Motor – Fotoflash – CD/MD – in the appliance should be replaced at the same time, with hours (mAh). This is an indication of how long a battery will CD/MD middle 2,115 (-20%) DSC – LIF – Tape fresh batteries of the same size. Care should be taken not to provide service at a specific drain rate to a specific cut-off DSC high 450 (-83%) LR03: Radio – Remote Control – Fotoflash – LIF – Tape – Toy 6LR61: Radio – Toy – Smoke combine batteries of different brands, grades and technology. voltage. To specify battery capacity precisely, one should give the exact parameters under which the batteries are to be tested: Appliances should always be switched off after use (users discharge mode, cut-off voltage, temperature, aging time, etc. Why is it so difficult to give an Alkaline battery capacity? Packaging standards should check that the power switch is in the “off” position). Example LR6AD Batteries should be removed if the appliance is going to be out In general, batteries will discharge more efficiently at lower Packaging prevents mechanical damage to the products during of use for longer periods (e.g. 14 days for the Nikon flashlight). drain rates (i.e. radio test) and thus will exhibit a higher capacity 3,000

transport, handling and stacking. Materials and pack designs with respect to high drain rates (i.e. DSC test). The type of 2,640

are chosen to prevent electrical conduction, corrosion and Safety application, more specific a continuous or a pulse discharge 2,115 ingress of moisture. During transport, shock and vibration mode, will also impact battery capacity. A very light duty cycle

should be kept to a minimum (gel overspill should be avoided). IEC 60086-part 5 is dedicated to safety, notably with regard to will typically allow the battery time to recover and extend 1,000 Capacity (mAh)

explosion risk. A range of tests are performed to verify safety: service versus a continuous drain. The major contributing 450 Radio CD/MD DSC Bulk (pizza-box) Small box • Storage after partial use factor to this recovery is the migration of active materials 0 Low drain High drain • Transportation shock within the battery into the reaction area thereby replacing • Transportation vibration depleted materials and reaction byproducts. The amount of • Climatic temperature cycling additional service will depend on the drain rate, and the duty • Incorrect installation cycle (ON time and OFF time of the pulse). Actual testing is • External short circuit needed to determine the amount of additional service expec- • Overdischarge ted in pulse applications since there is no simple equation to • Free fall test accurately calculate the impact of duty cycle on service. Storage standards The outcome of all the tests should be: NO EXPLOSION. In The application cut-off voltage will also impact the battery The ambient conditions – particularly the temperature – have other words, if there is a technical problem, the “safety unit” capacity. The higher the device cut-off voltage, the more of the a major impact on storage quality. Batteries should normally should work correctly, preventing the excessive gassing or battery‘s capacity will be left in the battery unused. However, be stored at temperatures between +10°C and +25°C, and the swelling which would lead to explosion. Inevitably this can a minimum voltage cut-off of 0.8V per cell is recommended temperature should never exceed +30°C. Storage will improve result in some degree of leakage. because of the increased chance of excessive internal gassing if the temperature can be held at a consistently lower level when Alkaline batteries are deeply discharged. Overdischarge

(-10°C to +10°C), but at freezing conditions the batteries should will also incite the Mn02 to get over-saturated, start expanding have protective packaging to protect them from condensation and increase the risk of high pressure inside the cells. when they are brought back to normal temperature. Batteries which have been cold-stored should be put into use as soon as possible after being brought back to ambient temperature (preferably during 24-hour conditioning).

Extreme humidity (over 95% and less than 40%) should be avoided, since this is detrimental to both the batteries and the packaging. Care should also be taken with point-of-sale conditions in shops. Batteries should not be exposed to direct sun- light or spotlight, and should be kept away from heat sources.

26 27 9 Product Safety Data Sheets (PSDS) Product Safety Data Sheets (PSDS) 9

1. Identification 8. Exposure controls and personal protection Product name Type Manufacturer’s name Address Respiratory protection (specific type) Self-contained breathing apparatus as any fire situation

Powerline - Alkaline primary battery LR20AD, LR14AD, LR6AD, LR03AD, 6LR61AD Panasonic Energy Belgium N.V. Havenlaan 6, B-3980 Tessenderlo, Belgium Ventilation ➜ Local exhaust Not applicable

Ventilation ➜ Mechanical (general) Not applicable

2. Ingredients Ventilation ➜ Specific Not applicable Ingredient name Cas# % Ventilation ➜ Others Not applicable

1. Manganese Dioxide 1313-13-9 25-45 Protective gloves Not applicable

2. Zinc 7440-66-6 10-20 Eye protection Not applicable

3. Potassium Hydroxide 1310-58-3 3-9 Other protective clothing or equipment Not applicable

4. Zinc oxide 1314-13-2 0-1

5. Graphite 7782-42-5 1-4 9. Physical and chemical characteristics

6. Steel 7439-89-6 10-30 Boiling point Not applicable Vapour pressure (mm Hg) Not applicable

Vapour density Not applicable 3. Hazard identification Specific gravity Not applicable Critical hazards for human beings If battery starts leaking, exposure to caustic ingredients is possible Melting point Not applicable Critical hazards to environment Not applicable Evaporation rate (Butyl acetate =1) Not applicable Useful info Keep away from children Solubility in water Not applicable

Appearance Encased cylindrical or rectangular shape 4. First aid measures

10. Stability and reactivity Avoid skin and eye contact to avoid irritation and/or caustic burns/injury. Stability Stable If leakage from battery contacts skin or eyes, flush immediately with copious quantity of water. Incompatibility (materials to avoid) Not applicable If problems arise, contact a physician for medical attention (especially in case of eyes!). Hazardous decomposition of BY-products Oxides or fumes of Mn, Zn

Ingestion is unlikely due to size of batteries, but in case this happens, a physician should be contacted at once to avoid damage Hazardous polymerization Will not occur to intestines caused by the unnatural object. 11. Toxological information

5. Fire fighting methods Not applicable to batteries as such: for detailled information on ingredients see no. 2. Flash point (Method used) Not applicable

Flammable limits Lower Explosive Limit (LEL): not applicable - Upper Explosive Limit (UEL): not applicable 12. Ecological INFORMATION Extinguishing media Dry powder, carbon dioxide, foam, dry sand Not available. Special fire fighting procedures Fire fighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus.

Unusual fire and explosion hazards Cells exposed to excessive heat, may cause electrolyte leakage or explosion 13. Disposal considerations Batteries should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. If you are uncertain how to proceed, contact your local

6. Accidental release measures Panasonic office to ask for information. Avoid heating/burning in order to avoid explosion at exposure to excessive temperatures.

Personal: Safety officers should be notified in case of large spills. Caustic Potassium Hydroxide may exit from leaking batteries. 14. Transport INFORMATION Avoid contact to skin and/or eyes. Increase ventilation. Personnel cleaning up should wear appropriate protective clothing and These are ”dry batteries“ and are not considered to be a „hazardous material“ as per U.S. DOT (Department Of Transportation gloves. Regulations) or a ”dangerous goods“ as per IATA (International Air Transport Association Regulations).

7. Handling and storage 15. Regulatory INFORMATION EC labeling None

Do not disassemble, try to charge or throw in fire. Risk phrase None

Do not short circuit or install with reverse polarity. Safety phrase None Do not mix different battery systems, brands, or old and new batteries. Do not remove battery label and do not carry batteries loose in pocket. 16. Other Info Store in dry places and at room temperature. The content of this PSDS is in accordance with 93/112/EEC directive and directive 91/155/EC. Prepared by: Panasonic Energy Belgium NV, Havenlaan 6, 3980 Tessenderlo (+32-13-610511)

28 29 10 Environment Alkaline Packaging 12

Panasonic offers you a wide range of standard packaging solutions for Alkaline batteries. We can also provide special packaging Fully aware that humankind has a special responsibility to Environmental Policy of Panasonic Energy Europe customised to your requirements. If you need tailor-made packaging, please get in touch with us. respect and preserve the delicate balance of nature, we at The policy of our company is to contribute to society by serving Panasonic acknowledge our obligation to maintain and nurture our customers worldwide with our products and with our high- the ecology of this planet. Accordingly, we pledge ourselves to quality and highly reliable technology. the prudent, sustainable use of the Earth’s resources and the protection of the natural environment while we strive to fulfil • Establish environmental management systems and pursue our corporate mission of contributing to enhanced prosperity environmental preservation activities. for all. At Panasonic Energy Company (PEC) by regarding • Correctly understand the impact that company activities “working in harmony with the global environment” as a key have on the environment and pursue unremitting environ- Bulk (pizza-box) management issue, each employee will be encouraged to mental preservation activities which our technology and Model number Size Packaging Packaging description Units/box Units/bundle Units/pallet voluntarily promote environmental preservation activities in all finances allow. LR20 D LR20AD/B bulk (pizza-box) 85 85 6,120 business areas. • Pursue external auditing of our operation based on an ISO LR14 C LR14AD/B bulk (pizza-box) 80 80 11,520

14000 environmental management system. LR6 AA LR6AD/B bulk (pizza-box) 500 500 36,000

• Where applicable take action for resource and energy con- LR03 AAA LR03AD/B bulk (pizza-box) 500 500 72,000 servation, recycling and waste reduction. 6LR61 9V 6LR61AD/B bulk (pizza-box) 198 198 14,256 • By offering environmental education and training to all employees, raise their awareness about environmental preservation.

Small Box Model number Size Packaging Packaging description Units/box Units/bundle Units/pallet

LR20 D LR20AD/4P 4-shrink 24 120 5,760 11 Panasonic Standards LR14 C LR14AD/4P 4-shrink 24 120 10,560 LR6 AA LR6AD/4P 4-shrink 48 240 34,560

LR03 AAA LR03AD/4P 4-shrink 48 240 49,920

6LR61 9V 6LR61AD/1P 1-shrink 12 60 11,520 ISO standards PECBE produces LR20, LR14, LR6, LR03 and 6LR61 in Belgium and has following ISO certificates: ISO 9001-2000 series ISO 14001 series

IEC standards Our batteries comply with following international standards: IEC 60086-1 Big Box IEC 60086-2 Model number Size Packaging Packaging description Units/box Units/bundle Units/pallet LR6 AA LR6AD/2P 2-shrink (unsorted packed in 200 200 20,000 IEC 60086-5 carton box) (unsorted packed in LR6 AA LR6AD/3P 3-shrink carton box) 600 600 28,800 ANSI C18.1M (unsorted packed in LR03 AAA LR03AD/2P 2-shrink carton box) 500 500 50,000 (unsorted packed in LR03 AAA LR03AD/3P 3-shrink carton box) 450 450 45,000

Customised packaging: if you need special types of packaging, please bear in mind that reasonable supply quantities are required, and it will also take a certain time to evaluate the production procedure.

30 31 Contact

United Kingdom/Ireland France Panasonic Industrial Devices Panasonic Industrial Devices Sales Europe GmbH (PIDSEU) Sales Europe GmbH (PIDSEU) Willoughby Road 10, rue des petits ruisseaux Bracknell Berkshire 91370 Verrières-le-Buisson RG12 8FP France England Phone: +33 1 - 60 13 57 62 Phone: +44 1344 - 85 32 60 Fax: +33 1 - 60 13 57 72 Fax: +44 1344 - 85 33 13 Germany Italy (all other European countries) Panasonic Italia S.p.A. Panasonic Industrial Devices Viale dell’Innovazione 3 Sales Europe GmbH (PIDSEU) 20125 Milano Winsbergring 15 Italy 22525 Hamburg Phone: +39 02 - 6788 - 506 Germany Fax: +39 02 - 6788 - 207 Phone: +49 40 - 85 386 - 157 Fax: +49 40 - 85 386 - 238 Spain/Portugal Panasonic Industrial Devices E-mail and Website for all countries Sales Europe GmbH (PIDSEU) [email protected] Sucursal en España http://industrial.panasonic.com/eu Parque Empresarial @ Sant Cugat, Via Augusta 15-25 Edificio B2 Planta 4 Oficina 17 08174 Sant Cugat del Vales Barcelona Spain Phone: +34 93 - 504 30 10 Fax: +34 93 - 675 58 92

Notice to Readers It is the responsibility of each user to ensure that every battery application is adequately designed safe and compatible with all conditions encountered during use, and in conformance with existing standards and requirements. This literature contains information concerning cells and batteries manufactured by Panasonic Corporation. This information is generally descriptive only and is not intended to make or imply any representation, guarantee or warranty with respect to any cells and batteries. Cell and battery designs are subject to modification without notice.

This catalog has been produced using unchlo ri nated paper. PANA/HB-ALKALINE/B

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