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November 7, 2007 (Download PDF) Volume 52, Number 8 Wednesday, November 7, 2007 TechTalk S ERVING THE MIT CO mm UNI T Y A light touch Researchers move cells on a chip with laser light David Chandler News Office Using nothing but focused beams of laser light, two MIT researchers have found a way to pick up, hold, and move tiny objects—including living cells—on the surface of a microchip. The new technology could become an important tool for biological and materials research, said Matthew J. Lang and David C. Appleyard, whose work is being published in an upcoming issue of the journal Lab on a Chip. The idea of using light beams as tweezers to manipu- late cells and tiny objects has been around for at least 30 years. But the MIT researchers have found a way to com- bine this powerful tool for moving, controlling and mea- suring objects with the highly versatile world of microchip design and manufacturing. Optical tweezers, as the technology is known, repre- sent “one of the world’s smallest microtools,” said Lang, an assistant professor in the Department of Biological Engineering and the Department of Mechanical Engi- neering. “Now, we’re applying it to building [things] on PHOTO / DONNA COVENEY a chip.” Appleyard, a graduate student in biological engineer- Rorschach in the sky ing, said the technology could have multiple uses in biol- Swirling clouds face their reflection in the Brain and Cognitive Sciences Complex, resembling a Rorschach inkblot ogy and electronics. test. “We’ve shown that you could merge everything people are doing with optical trapping with all the exciting things you can do on a silicon wafer,” he said. For example, he said, many people are studying how neurons communicate by depositing them on microchips where electrical circuits etched into the chips monitor Hundreds attend iGem Jamboree their electrical behavior. “They randomly put cells down See LIGHT Grand prize awarded to Peking University team Page 2 Stephanie Schorow The idea for iGem was sparked from a 2003 IAP class News Office Correspondent in answer to a key question: “Can simple biological sys- tems be built from standard, interchangeable parts and operated in living cells?” After making a thought-provoking presentation on bio- To show the answer is “yes,” iGem participants are engineering a “bacterial assembly line,” a jubilant team given a toolkit and “BioBricks,” or bits of DNA from the from Peking University won the grand prize “BioBrick” MIT-based Registry of Standard Biological Parts. Each award in the fourth annual year, more BioBricks International Genetical- become available as the ly Engineered Machine iGem teams add their cre- (iGem) competition held ations to the stockpile. Nov. 3-4 at MIT. “Everyone stands on The Chinese team was the shoulders of everyone among 54 from around the else,” said Randy Rettberg, world who came to the 2007 principal research engi- iGem Jamboree to present neer in the Department of innovative research in syn- Biological Engineering and thetic biology with projects iGem director. “Every team that ranged from “Bacto- holds up the team that fol- blood” (a bioengineered lows them.” alternative to human blood) Interest in the iGem to a “vitrotrap” that defend- competition has grown so ed cells against HIV infec- keen that some schools, tion to an “Artificial Bio- such as Virginia Tech, have Logic Circuit.” PHOTO / STEPHANIE SCHOROW launched credit classes for The event focused more Members of the Peking University team are jubilant after undergraduates interested on cooperation than compe- winning the “BioBrick” grand prize in the iGem Jamboree in participating, Rettberg tition. The 550 participants at MIT. said. Teams also included from countries such as a sprinkling of high school France, Mexico, Slovenia, and graduate students. Canada and Italy spent the weekend sharing experiences, “This is the biggest design competition for biology,” exchanging e-mails and honing their presentations. Rettberg said, adding that innovations in the emerging PHOTO / DONNA COVENEY IGem “is one of the best scientific meetings I’ve ever field of synthetic biology innovation have been driven by Mechanical and biological engineering professor Matthew been to and one of the best scientific communities,” said “undergraduates who don’t know what is impossible.” Lang, left, and graduate student David Appleyard in lab Drew Endy, assistant professor in the Department of Bio- with equipment that shows how optical tweezers can be See iGEM logical Engineering, and one of the iGem founders and used to actively assemble tiny objects and cells over silicon organizer. Page 2 wafers. NEWS RESEARCH ARTS IS THE TROOP SURGE WORKING? SMART ‘CHIPS’ INSTALLATION DEMONSTRATION Economist Michael Greenstone weighs in. Optical microchips advance telecommunications. Ana Maria Tavares named Ida Ely Rubin Artist-in- Page 3 Page 4 Residence. Page 7 DARPA GRAND CHALLENGE GENOMIC LANDSCAPE OF LUNG CANCER MIT reaches finals of robot car race. Discovery will lead to new treatments. “THE LAST GODDESS STANDING” Page 8 Page 5 Author Ana Castillo talks about her life and work. Page 7 PAGE 2 November 7, 2007 NEWS MIT Tech Talk Opinion: Don’t require colleges to LIGHT Continued from Page 1 spend more of their endowments on a surface, and hope one lands on [or near] a [sensor] so its activity can be measured. With [our technology], The following opinion piece was published Oct. 26 in students. Institutions appreciate their generosity, and they you can put the cell right down next to the sensors.” Not the Chronicle of Higher Education. It was written by Dana are legally and ethically bound to honor a donor’s intent. only can motions be precisely controlled with the device, G. Mead, chair of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Moreover, donors also usually specify that they want but it can also provide very precise measurements of a Institute of Technology, and by Jeremy M. Jacobs, chair of their generosity to produce benefits for many years to cell’s position. the Council of the University at Buffalo, State University of come. They want their contribution managed so that some Optical tweezers use the tiny force of a beam of light New York, and chair and chief executive officer of Delaware of the earnings are spent, while the rest are reinvested to from a laser to push around and control tiny objects, from North Companies. ensure that the endowment rises enough to let the annual cells to plastic beads. They usually work on a glass sur- The demand for higher edu- payout keep pace with rising costs in good economic times face mounted inside a microscope so that the effects can cation and academic research and in bad. be observed. and the costs of providing For example, a donor contributes $1 million to create But silicon chips are opaque to light, so applying this them have risen in recent a permanent fund for cancer-related research. She wants technique to them was not an obvious move, the research- years, and the search is on for the fund to produce research support that keeps up with ers say, since the optical tweezers use light beams that easy answers to limit the finan- inflation, regardless of the markets’ performance. To do have to travel through the material to reach the working cial burdens on families and that, the fund must grow larger, even as it is paying out a surface. The key to making it work in a chip is that silicon the government. The most steady stream of research dollars. Recall Joseph’s advice is transparent to infrared wavelengths of light—which can recent suggestion has been to to the Egyptian Pharaoh to store grain during the coming be easily produced by lasers, and used instead of the vis- require colleges and universi- seven years of abundance to feed his people during the ible light beams. ties, especially large and pres- drought that would follow. Endowment managers reinvest Initially, Lang and Appleyard weren’t sure what thick- tigious ones, to spend more of revenue earned during years of abundance to ensure that ness and surface texture of wafers, the thin silicon slices their endowments. Congress, spending can keep up with inflation during the lean years, used to manufacture microchips, to use in their system. for example, is considering a when markets are not so friendly. Moreover, wafers are expensive and usually available only proposal to require institutions The issue is not only one of donor intent, however. Dana Mead in high quantities. “Being at MIT, where there is such a with big endowments to spend Between us, we have served on dozens of corporate, uni- strength in microfabrication, I was able to get wafers that at least five percent of that money each year, the same per- versity, foundation and other boards. In each of those had been thrown out,” Appleyard said. “I posted signs say- centage that nonprofit foundations are required to spend. positions, we have shared with our colleagues manage- ing, ‘I’m looking for your broken wafers.’” So why don’t universities spend as much as they can of ment and fiduciary responsibilities for multimillion-dollar After testing different samples, they were able to order their endowments to stop tuitions from rising, or to allow or even multibillion-dollar corporations and other institu- a set that was just right for the work. They then tested the more low-income students to attend college, or to reduce tions. An essential part of our stewardship of those insti- system with a variety of cells and tiny beads, including the need for federal investment in scientific research? tutions has been to ensure that they are at least as strong some that were large by the standards of optical tweezer The short answer is: they already do.
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