DOCSLIB.ORG

Los Miserables Y El Protector. Evolución De La Protectoria De Indios En El Virreinato Peruano

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Los Miserables Y El Protector. Evolución De La Protectoria De Indios En El Virreinato Peruano UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES E.A.P DE HISTORIA Los Miserables y el Protector. Evolución de la protectoria de indios en el Virreinato peruano. Siglos XVI-XVIII TESIS Para optar el título profesional de Licenciado en Historia AUTOR Javier Iván Saravia Salazar ASESOR Dr. Francisco Felipe Quiroz Chueca Lima – Perú 2012 A mi padre, Antonio Saravia Castilla A mi madre, Rufina Salazar Yataco A Miguel Maticorena Estrada AGRADECIMIENTOS. Mis deudas intelectuales, son muchas. Especial mención merece el profesor Miguel Maticorena Estrada, profesor emérito de nuestra casa superior de estudios y artífice intelectual de este proyecto de tesis. En mis años de estudiante de pre grado me sugirió el tema y me brindó la oportunidad de presentar bosquejos del mismo en sus Coloquio de Historia de San Marcos y Coloquio de Historia de Lima. Pero tengo con él una deuda mayor, por su amistad, hospitalidad y consejos a lo largo de toda mi etapa universitaria; y más importante que ello por haberme reconciliado con la carrera. Para él el mayor de mis reconocimientos y mi eterna gratitud. Con el profesor Carlos Lazo García, quien lastimosamente nos dejó hace ya varios años, no puedo presumir de haber tenido una relación muy cercana, pero sí de haber tenido el privilegio de ser parte de una de las últimas promociones a las que dictó los cursos de “Perú II. Periodo Colonial” y el “Curso-Taller de Investigación de Historia Colonial”. Sus clases siempre tan ricas en datos y estructura teórica, así como la lectura de sus libros y artículos, me brindaron pistas y pautas metodológicas para adentrarme a la comprensión de este periodo de nuestra historia y en definitiva me decidieron a explorar con mayor detalle el virreinato peruano. Desde el campo de la Sociología, con el Dr. Max Meneses Rivas, quien puso en orden las bien intencionadas ideas para aproximarlas a lo que son las hipótesis, las variables y los indicadores. Sus clases del Taller de Investigación I – III en la Unidad de Post Grado de nuestra facultad brillaron por su sencillez y claridad, permitiéndome estructurar el tema de mi investigación de manera coherente y viable. Con el Dr. Renzo Honores, profesor de la High Point University, en cuyos artículos e investigaciones pude ver reflejadas mis propias inquietudes intelectuales, permitiéndome adentrarme con mejor pie en el no siempre pacífico terreno de la legislación indiana. Gracias por sus consejos, facilitarme fuentes y bibliografía, pero por encima de todo ello, por su amistad. Las bondades de la Internet y el correo electrónico me permitieron el diálogo y el intercambio de ideas, tan necesarios en nuestra disciplina, a través de ellos pude contactarme con el Dr. Arrigo Amodori, la Dra. Pilar Ponce y la Dra. Carmen Ruigómez profesores de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, con el Mtro. A. Rafael Flores Hernández profesor de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y con el Dr. Francisco Cuena Boy profesor de la Universidad de Cantabria, quienes generosamente atendieron mis inquietudes, brindándome ideas, datos y facilitándome bibliografía que han enriquecido esta investigación. Finalmente, agradezco al Dr. Francisco Quiroz Chueca, director de la escuela de Historia de la UNMSM y asesor de esta proyecto de tesis. Su confianza en esta investigación, su apoyo constante para llevarla a cabo y sus comentarios tan puntuales lograron poner en equilibrio mis intereses pragmáticos por concluir la redacción de la tesis con mi ansia de interpretación holística de la institución de la protectoría de indios. Sin sus exhortaciones para trascender los modestos márgenes planteados al inicio del proyecto no me hubiera sido posible darle la forma final a este escrito ni mucho menos concluirlo. En el plano personal, le agradezco a mi madre, Rufina Salazar Yataco, por todo su apoyo, paciencia y amor incondicional. A mis hermanos mayores: Sara, Silvia y Antonio, que con su confianza en mis capacidades fueron un gran aliciente para poder continuar adelante con este proyecto. Y finalmente, a mi difunto padre, Antonio Saravia Castilla, quien no pudo ver concluida esta investigación, pero que con su ejemplo de perseverancia es una luz que seguir y alcanzar en medio de la oscuridad de los momentos más adversos y el silencio de las dudas más grandes. A todos y cada uno de ellos gracias desde lo más hondo de mi corazón. Marzo 2012. CONTENIDO AGREDECIMIENTOS. INTRODUCCIÓN……………………………………………………………………………….. i OBJETIVOS……………...…………………………………………………………….. v HIPÓTESIS……...……………………………………………………………………... v MARCO TEÓRICO………………………………………………………………….... ix PLAN DE REDACCIÓN …………………………………………………………….. xii TRES NIVELES DE ANÁLISIS……………………………………………...…. xv SOBRE LAS FUENTES Y LA METODOLOGÍA………………………………….. xvi CAPÍTULO I. ENFOQUES Y PERSPECTIVAS SOBRE EL PROTECTOR DE INDIOS EN EL VIRREINATO DEL PERÚ. ……………………… 1 1.1. Tres Perspectivas...…………………………………………………………………….. 2 1.1.1. La perspectiva Hispanista……………………………………………….……….. 6 1.1.2. La perspectiva Social.…………………………………………………………... 24 1.1.3. La perspectiva Jurídica-Sociológica…………………………………….……. 29 1.2. El protector en América: estudios diversos…………………………………………… 40 1.2.1. Reino de Chile ………………………………………………………………... 40 1.2.2. Virreinato de Nueva Granada………………………………………………… 50 1.2.3. Nuevo México.…………………………………………………………….... 50 1.2.4 Audiencia de Quito………………………………………………………….... 52 1.2.5 Islas Filipinas…………………………………………………………………. 58 1.2.6. Nueva España………………………………………………………………… 59 1.2.7. Yucatán……………………………………………………………………….. 60 1.2.8. Nuevo Reino de León……………………………………………………….... 62 CAPTÍTULO II. ANTECEDENTES, DEFINICIÓN, FUNCIONES Y EVOLUCIÓN DE LA PROTECTORÍA DE INDIOS EN EL VIRREINATO PERUANO…………………………………………………………… 66 2.1. Antecedentes…………………………………………………………………………... 66 2.1.1. Tradición Romana Germánica………………………………………………….. 66 2.1.2. Los reinos visigodos……………………………………………………………. 67 2.1.3. Defensor de pobres y defensor eclesiástico en la tradición hispánica………….. 68 2.1.4. El protector de naturales en Canarias…………………………………………... 68 2.2. Definición……………………………………………………………………………... 71 2.3. Funciones de la protectoría ……………………………………………………………. 72 2.3.1. Las instrucciones para los Protectores de Indios……………………………....73 2.4. El cambio de la política en Indias……………………………………………………... 75 2.5. Evolución de la Protectoria de indios en el Virreinato peruano………………………. 77 2.5.1. Los protectores y la conquista…………………………………………………77 2.5.2. Atribución eclesiástica de la función…………………………………………. 80 2.5.3. La Audiencia y los fiscales…………………………………………………… 83 2.5.4. El protector General de indios toledano…………………………..………….. 83 2.5.5. El fiscal protector……………………………………………………………... 85 2.5.6. El protector de la Recopilación de 1680……………………………………… 91 2.6.7. El protector de indios del siglo XVIII………………………………………... 92 CAPÍTULO III LOS INDIOS MISERABLES Y EL PROTECTOR …..…………… 95 3.1. La ley castellana y el indígena………………………………………………………… 95 3.2. La conquista y sus formas jurídicas de dominio………………………………………. 95 3.3. De bárbaros a vasallos inferiores……………………………………………………… 96 3.4. La condición juríd ica de miserable ..………………………………………………… 98 3.4.1. Origen jurídico de miserable ……..…………………………………………. 98 3.4.2. El miserable: de Europa a América ………………………………………….. 98 3.4.3. El miserable en el Virreinato peruano ……………………………………… 100 3.4.4. Aspectos Legales de la condición jurídica de indio miserable ……………... 106 3.4.4.1. La Curaduría ……………………………………………………….. 106 3.4.4.2. Beneficios le gales y procesales …………………………………….. 108 3.4.4.2.1. Proceso Sumarísimo ………………………………. 108 3.4.4.2.2. Casos de Corte …………………………………….. 110 3.4.4.2.3. El derecho natural …………………………….…... 110 3.4.4.2.4. El uso de la costumbre ……………………………. 111 3.4.4.2.5. Probanza de testigos ………………………………. 111 3.4.4.2.6. Restitutio in integrum ............................................... 112 3.4.4.3. El Corpus Jurídico de los indios miserables (1575- 1780) ... 115 3.4.4.3.1. El Protector General ………………………………. 115 3.4.4.3.2. El fiscal Protector de los Indios de la Audiencia de Lima (1643-¿1648?) ……………………………… 116 3.4.4.3.3. El Protector de Partido ……………………………. 116 3.4.4.3.4. Abogados de indios ……………………………….. 117 3.4.4.3.5. Procurador de los naturales ……………………….. 117 3.4.4.3.6. Defensor de indios ………………………………... 117 3.4.4.3.7. Agentes o Solicitadores ……………… ………….. 118 3.4.4.4. Sobre la ley y los pleitos ………………………………...… 120 3.4.4.5. La litigiosidad indígena ……………………………………. 122 3.4.4.6. Los litigios de los indígenas …………………...…………... 131 3.4.4.6.1. Litigios de Tierra ……………………………………….... 132 3.4.4.6.1.1. Composición de tierras ………………………... 133 3.4.4.6.1.2. El proceso de composición de tierras …………. 135 3.4.4.6.1.3. Los Casos ………………………...…………… 136 3.4.4.6.1.3.1 Arequipa ………………………… 136 3.4.4.6.1.3.2. Cajamarca ………………………... 137 3.4.4.6.1.3.3. Cusco …………………………….. 137 3.4.4.6.1.3.4. Huancavelica …………………….. 143 3.4.4.6.1.3.5. Huamanga …………………….….. 145 3.4.4.6.1.3.6. Piura ……………………………… 146 3.4.4.6.1.3.7. Trujillo …………………………… 147 3.4.4.6.1.3.8. Valle de Ica ………………………. 149 3.4.4.6.1.3.9. Valle de Lima ……...…………….. 151 3.4.4.6.1.4. El proceso de un litigio de tierras ……….... 153 3.4.4.6.1.5. Estructura de un pleito de tierras de indios.. 153 3.4.4.6.1.5.1. Petición del indígena para su defensa (Petitorio)……………….. 153 3.4.4.6.1.5.2. Representación del protector ….…. 154 3.4.4.6.1.5.3. Elevación del expediente a la Real Audiencia ……………………….... 154 3.4.4.6.1.5.4. Presentación de las pruebas y testimonios ……………………….. 154 3.4.4.6.1.5.5. Vista del Señor Fiscal ……………. 155 3.4.4.6.2. Tributos ………………………………………...…. 155 3.4.4.6.2.1. Las visitas ……………………………….... 159 3.4.4.6.2.2. Estructura de las visitas ………...………… 160 3.4.4.6.2.3. La Revisita ……………………………….. 162 3.4.4.6.2.4. Los casos ………………………………..... 165 3.4.4.6.2.4.1. Chachapoyas …………………….. 165 3.4.4.6.2.4.2. Huamanga ……………………….. 165 3.4.4.6.2.4.3. Huancavelica …………………….. 166 3.4.4.6.2.4.4. Jauja ……………………………… 171 3.4.4.6.2.4.5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Longing for the Lost Caliphate
    © Copyright, Princeton University Press. No part of this book may be distributed, posted, or reproduced in any form by digital or mechanical means without prior written permission of the publisher. Introduction The cosmopolitan, scholarly language of Islamic religious discourse cuts across multiple frontiers, constructing a universe of reciprocal benefit to those who master it. This religious discourse is at once flexible and transferable across time and space. Not only did it span the known world of the fourteenth century, but it also persisted across the vicissitudes of political and economic change that separated the premodern from the modern world system. —Muslim Networks from Hajj to Hip Hop, ed. Miriam Cooke and Bruce Lawrence1 Overall, the best historians of memory are like the ogre who looks for human voices and emotions. They capture the haunted images of the past that hover in a given society, the obsession with certain events, periods, or beliefs, and they attempt to understand how and why they made sense to people in the past. — “History and Memory,” Alon Confino2 Working at the Foreign Office in London, a British diplomat reviewed the stunning news emanating from Turkey on March 3, 1924. D. G. Osbourne had just learned of the legislative acts passed by the nascent Turkish Republic’s Grand National Assembly and updated the confidential file before him: The Caliphate of the house of Osman is abolished and all members of the house are to follow the Caliph—an d the late Sultan—int o exile. Their property is to revert to the state. Justice and education are to be entirely purged of their reli- gious associations.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation Anthropoid: the Cost of Communication
    Operation Anthropoid: The Cost of Communication Luke Marsalek Junior Division Historical Paper Paper Length: 2,471 words Process Paper: 500 words 1 Process Paper Before even starting my History Day project, I had known about Operation Anthropoid. I heard stories of the heroic parachutists and had even visited the crypt at which the Czech assassins and five other parachutists were killed. I became very intrigued by this story, especially due to my family’s Czech heritage, and so when the time came for choosing a topic for History Day, Operation Anthropoid was an easy selection. I chose it for three main reasons: my genuine interest in Anthropoid, family’s Czech heritage, and its relation to the theme of communication. Communication is pivotal in Anthropoid as there are many great instances of communication, including the assassination (communication that Heydrich’s car was approaching), Karel Čurda’s betrayal (communication of information to the assassins), and the reason Operation Anthropoid was carried out. This information about communication in Anthropoid was provided by my resources. About a third of my resources were books, which proved very valuable as they bestowed quality information. These books limited my use of easier and less informative sources as I already had an abundant amount of information. I also used a fair number of newspaper articles that helped me understand the reaction to the assassination. These resources helped me understand the full scope of Operation Anthropoid and create my project. Creating my project paper, especially drafting, proved to be quite difficult because I like to write a lot. When I turned in my first draft, I was a thousand words over the word limit and I hadn’t even finished the entire paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840-1940: Opening New Archives, Revisiting a Global City Vincent Lemire, Angelos Dalachanis
    Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840-1940: Opening New Archives, Revisiting a Global City Vincent Lemire, Angelos Dalachanis To cite this version: Vincent Lemire, Angelos Dalachanis. Ordinary Jerusalem, 1840-1940: Opening New Archives, Revis- iting a Global City. BRILL, 2018, 10.1163/9789004375741. hal-02888585 HAL Id: hal-02888585 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02888585 Submitted on 19 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial| 4.0 International License Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940 Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 9789004375741 Downloaded from Brill.com08/27/2018 12:58:10PM via free access Open Jerusalem Edited by Vincent Lemire (Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée University) and Angelos Dalachanis (French School at Athens) VOLUME 1 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/opje Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 9789004375741 Downloaded from Brill.com08/27/2018 12:58:10PM via free access Ordinary Jerusalem 1840–1940 Opening New Archives, Revisiting a Global City Edited by Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire LEIDEN | BOSTON Angelos Dalachanis and Vincent Lemire - 9789004375741 Downloaded from Brill.com08/27/2018 12:58:10PM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the prevailing CC-BY-NC-ND License at the time of publication, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    INTRODUCTION R On the day when the ‘Jewish star’ (Judenstern) decree came into force in the Greater German Reich, Petr Ginz, a thirteen-year-old resident of Prague, wrote in his diary: ‘It’s foggy. The Jews have to wear a badge … I counted sixty-nine sheriffs on the way to school, and then mummy saw more than a hundred’.1 So far, historical studies on anti-Jewish policies in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia have viewed the introduction of the ‘Jewish badge’ as the application of a German law and nothing more. In fact, it had a far more interesting and complex background. The impetus for this Reich-wide decree actually came from the capital of the Protectorate in July 1941 rather than Berlin, where Goebbels merely adopted the proposal. As we will see, however, the German Reich protector (Reichsprotektor) did not come up with this idea on his own. It was in fact proposed in earlier submissions from Czech fascists and had been discussed by the ruling Czech party. The present study thus seeks to answer a number of new questions. What was the relative importance of German and Czech persecution within the Protectorate? What scope and significance did local and regional initiatives have? How autonomous and radical were developments in the Protectorate in comparison with Germany, Austria and occupied Poland? How did discriminatory policies affect the Jewish population? And – especially important – how did the Czech Jews respond to worsening persecution? "THE HOLOCAUST IN BOHEMIA AND MORAVIA: Czech Initiatives, German Policies, Jewish Responses" by Wolf Gruner, Translated from the German by Alex Skinner.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Content
    Verdict of the International Military Tribunal (1 October 1946) Caption: On 1 October 1946, the International Military Tribunal, meeting in Nuremberg, delivers its verdict. Of the 22 leaders of Nazi Germany accused of conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity, 12 are sentenced to death, 7 receive prison sentences and 3 are acquitted. Source: International Military Tribunal. Proceedings, 27 August 1946-1 October 1946. Volume XXII. [s.l.]: Secretariat of the International Military Tribunal, 1946. p. 524-589. Copyright: All rights of reproduction, public communication, adaptation, distribution or dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. The documents available on this Web site are the exclusive property of their authors or right holders. Requests for authorisation are to be addressed to the authors or right holders concerned. Further information may be obtained by referring to the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/verdict_of_the_international_military_tribunal_1_october_1946-en-21b7397c-9afd-411d- 9158-f2ffba73fe0c.html Last updated: 03/07/2015 1 / 43 03/07/2015 Verdict of the International Military Tribunal (1st October 1946) [...] Article 26 of the Charter provides that the Judgment of the Tribunal as to the guilt or innocence of any defendant shall give the reasons on which it is based. The Tribunal will now state those reasons in declaring its Judgment on such guilt or innocence. GÖRING Göring is indicted on all four Counts. The evidence shows that after Hitler he was the most prominent man in the Nazi regime.
    [Show full text]
  • ASSASSINATION Operation ANTHROPOID 1941–1942
    ASSASSINATION Operation ANTHROPOID 1941–1942 Michal BURIAN, Aleš KNÍŽEK Jiří RAJLICH, Eduard STEHLÍK PRAGUE 2002 © Ministry of Defence of the Czech Republic – AVIS, 2002 ISBN 80-7278-158-8 To the reader: You are opening a book that tells a story of cruelty, heroism and betrayal in an original manner and without clichés. It is a story that has all the attributes of an ancient tragedy. It involves a blood-thirsty dictator, courageous avengers as well as a vile traitor. Yet an insuperable abyss separates it from ancient tragedy. The story of the assassination of the Deputy Reich Protector Reinhard Heydrich is not the work of a Greek dramatist. It is a story written by life itself. And the thousands of dead Czech patriots are real indeed. The assassination of Heydrich was undeniably the most important deed of the Czech resistance movement against the Nazi occupation, on a European-wide scale. None of the resistance movements in those other countries occupied by the Nazis managed to hit such a highly placed target. That the assassination on 27 May 1942 was an entirely exceptional event is proved by the fact that whenever I talk to my foreign colleagues about the participation of Czech soldiers in the second world war, two moments are immediately brought to mind: our pilots in Britain and the assassination. Personally I would like to stress one often-overlooked aspect relating to the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich: the co-operation of the parachutists with representatives of the local resistance movement, who were ordinary Czech people as well as members of the Nation’s Defence and the Sokol Organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Documents
    List of Documents Part 1: German Reich 1 The writer Walter Tausk records his experiences in Breslau on 1 September 1939, the day the war broke out 2 On 1 September 1939 Emilie Braach from Frankfurt writes to her émigré daughter in Britain, describing how everyday life is changing with the start of war 3 On 2 and 3 September 1939 the historian Arnold Berney, an émigré in Jerusalem, records his gloomy prognoses on the outbreak of war 4 On 5 September 1939 the State Commissioner for Private Industry to the Reichsstatt- halter of Vienna proposes that the Viennese Jews be confined to forced labour camps 5 On 6 September 1939 the Gestapo Central Office instructs its regional branches to prevent acts of violence against Jews, and announces pending anti-Jewish measures 6 On 7 September 1939 Reinhard Heydrich orders the arrest of all male Polish Jews over the age of 16 in the Reich 7 On 8 September 1939 Walter Grundmann reports to Reich Minister of Church Af- fairs Hanns Kerrl on the work of the Institute for the Study and Elimination of Jew- ish Influence on German Church Life 8 On 10 September 1939 Willy Cohn writes in his diary about the increasingly anti- semitic atmosphere in Breslau 9 On 11 September 1939 the NSDAP Kreisleitung for Kitzingen-Gerolzhofen reports on attacks on Jews and calls for the incarceration of all Jews in a concentration camp 10 On the basis of a denunciation, on 13 September 1939 the Munich Gestapo accuses Felizi Weill of inciting hatred against the German state leadership 11 Aufbau, 15 September 1939: article on the
    [Show full text]
  • Los Miserables Y El Protector. Evolución De La Protectoria De Indios En El Virreinato Peruano. Siglos XVI-XVIII
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Cybertesis UNMSM UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN MARCOS FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES E.A.P DE HISTORIA Los Miserables y el Protector. Evolución de la protectoria de indios en el Virreinato peruano. Siglos XVI-XVIII TESIS Para optar el título profesional de Licenciado en Historia AUTOR Javier Iván Saravia Salazar ASESOR Dr. Francisco Felipe Quiroz Chueca Lima – Perú 2012 A mi padre, Antonio Saravia Castilla A mi madre, Rufina Salazar Yataco A Miguel Maticorena Estrada AGRADECIMIENTOS. Mis deudas intelectuales, son muchas. Especial mención merece el profesor Miguel Maticorena Estrada, profesor emérito de nuestra casa superior de estudios y artífice intelectual de este proyecto de tesis. En mis años de estudiante de pre grado me sugirió el tema y me brindó la oportunidad de presentar bosquejos del mismo en sus Coloquio de Historia de San Marcos y Coloquio de Historia de Lima. Pero tengo con él una deuda mayor, por su amistad, hospitalidad y consejos a lo largo de toda mi etapa universitaria; y más importante que ello por haberme reconciliado con la carrera. Para él el mayor de mis reconocimientos y mi eterna gratitud. Con el profesor Carlos Lazo García, quien lastimosamente nos dejó hace ya varios años, no puedo presumir de haber tenido una relación muy cercana, pero sí de haber tenido el privilegio de ser parte de una de las últimas promociones a las que dictó los cursos de “Perú II. Periodo Colonial” y el “Curso-Taller de Investigación de Historia Colonial”.
    [Show full text]
  • I. Introduction of the Reich Protector Regarding Jewish Property of June
    I. Introduction . Gold, silver, platinum, precious stones, pearls, and other valuables enumerated in the Order of the Reich Protector regarding Jewish Property of June 21, 1939 represented assets liable to unrestricted expropriation from Jewish individuals and legal entities. Such expropriation based on racial criteria was carried out. on the territory of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in the years 1939-1945. The persecution process of restricting ownership rights of Jewish individuals and entities, as well as the subsequent expropriation of valuables owned by Jews was executed on the basis of complex and often overlapping laws and regulations which, in addition, allowed ambiguous interpretation. The various institutions involved in the expropriation process - its administration, supervision, and practical execution - often employed the same individuals. These institutions were complex and subject to constant change (both on the. level of the German Reich and the Protectorate). Each of them was equipped with special powers:However, the extent and content of such powers varied in individual time periods of the existence of the Protectorate Bohemia and . Moravia, and the respective institutions sometimes engaged in competence disputes. It is importarit to' state that confiscations,. forced sales and subsequent transfers of gold, silver, platinum,· and other valuables were carried out separately from the confiscations of the gold belonging to the pre-war Czechoslovak state and/or to the Czechoslovak National Bank (i.e. the central bank of issue of the Czechoslovak Republic). Given the total volume of the so called Aryanized property, the value of precious metals, precious stones, and valuables made of such materials certainly represented only a small fraction.
    [Show full text]
  • Memory, History and Identity in Bolivia's Foreign Policy Toward
    SYMPOSIUM CONFLICT, MEMORY, AND RECONCILIATION: BRIDGING PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE KIGALI, RWANDA January 10-13, 2012 “MEMORY, HISTORY AND IDENTITY IN BOLIVIA´S FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD CHILE UNDER MORALES” By Fernando García Argañarás* ABSTRACT The main source of instability and potential conflict in South America consists of those factors to which most international relations theorists (Holsti, Hoffmann, Keohane & Nye) have paid the least attention, namely, issues of memory, identity, and nationalism. The potential for inter-state conflict (not necessarily violent) between Bolivia and Chile largely involve disputes over history and territory, linked as they are to the unresolved legacy of the War of the Pacific: a landlocked Bolivia. The clash between an increasingly divergent Chilean posture and Bolivia´s new multilateral approach to the issue represents a new challenge for Bolivian policy on Chile. Using mostly secondary sources, this paper identifies the main issues and reflects on what could be done in order to promote a reasonable solution and thereby stability and peace. INTRODUCTION The main source of bilateral instability and potential conflict in South America consists of those factors to which most international relations theorists (Holsti, Hoffmann, Keohane & Nye) have paid the least attention, namely, issues of memory, identity, and nationalism. The potential for inter-state conflict (not necessarily violent) between Bolivia and Chile largely involve disputes over history and territory, linked as they are to the unresolved legacy of the War of the Pacific: a landlocked Bolivia. The “history disputes” that surround Bolivia´s lack of sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, continue to be a source of instability for the southern cone.
    [Show full text]