What Is Dark Matter?

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What is Dark Matter?

David Morrissey TRIUMF

SNOLAB User Meeting

August 12-13, 2021 Our Goal

[Flammarion Engraving 1888] Building Blocks

3 u ct γ quarks s d b g force +− W mediators νe νµ ντ leptons 0 e µ τ Z

Higgs

Elementary Particles Gravity = = Standard Model (SM) General Relativity (GR) Extrapolating the SM+GR

4 Does this …

u ct γ quarks s d b g force +− W mediators νe νµ ντ leptons 0 e µ τ Z

Higgs

… explain that? Extrapolating the SM+GR

5 Does this …

u ct γ quarks s d b g force +− W mediators νe νµ ντ leptons 0 e µ τ Z

Higgs

NO!… explain that? Evidence for Dark Matter

6 Evidence for Dark Matter

7 • Data: motions of visible matter suggest lots of matter that we can’t see.

• Theory #1: there is more matter out there than we can see: Dark Matter

• Theory #2: GR breaks down at large distances: Modified Gravity

• The dark matter explanation seems to work much better! But no known particle or matter has the right properties to be dark matter.

• What is dark matter? What is Dark Matter?

8 • We don’t know!

• Evidence for DM comes from its gravitational influence on regular matter. Gravity is universal, so our current data doesn’t tell us what DM is.

� ✓ What is Dark Matter?

9 • We don’t know!

• But dark matter must: • not interact too strongly with ordinary matter (“dark”) • be non-relativistic today and in the early Universe (“matter”) • obtain the observed cosmological density (determined from CMB+) • not interact too strongly with itself (for gravitational clumping)

• Detecting DM through non-gravitational interactions is (probably) needed!

Where and how do we start looking for it? What is Dark Matter?

10 • We don’t know!

• Some DM theories:

[E.K. Park, HEPAP DMSAG, 2007] What is Dark Matter?

11 • We don’t know!

• Some more DM theories:

theories!

[E.K. Park, HEPAP DMSAG, 2007] What is Dark Matter?

12 • We don’t know!

• Some more DM theories:

theories!

[E.K. Park, HEPAP DMSAG, 2007] What is Dark Matter?

13 • In most theories, DM corresponds to a new particle or field.

• Since there are so many theories, let’s organize by production mechanisms in the early universe.*

• A useful classification:

• Thermal DM: produced by thermal SM reactions in the hot early Universe

• Non-Thermal DM: produced in other ways not related to the SM plasma

* Note: I can’t cover everything! 14

Thermal Dark Matter Thermal Dark Matter

AAACAHicbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdeHCzWAR6qYkUtRlwY0LhQp9QRPKZDpph85MwsxEKCEbf8WNC0Xc+hnu/BsnbRbaeuDC4Zx7ufeeIGZUacf5tlZW19Y3Nktb5e2d3b19++Cwo6JEYtLGEYtkL0CKMCpIW1PNSC+WBPGAkW4wucn97iORikaipacx8TkaCRpSjLSRBvZxteWNtPE59DjSY8nTe9LJzgd2xak5M8Bl4hakAgo0B/aXN4xwwonQmCGl+q4Taz9FUlPMSFb2EkVihCdoRPqGCsSJ8tPZAxk8M8oQhpE0JTScqb8nUsSVmvLAdOZHqkUvF//z+okOr/2UijjRROD5ojBhUEcwTwMOqSRYs6khCEtqboV4jCTC2mRWNiG4iy8vk85Fzb2s1R/qlcZdEUcJnIBTUAUuuAINcAuaoA0wyMAzeAVv1pP1Yr1bH/PWFauYOQJ/YH3+AEdXlkA= Early Universe = hot soup of relativistic particles • (T & MeV)

As it expanded, it cooled off and some things happened:

SM dominates DM dominates

AAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ34WetX1aOXxSJ4Kokoeix48dhKv6ANZbOdtGs3m7C7EUroL/DiQRGv/iRv/hu3bQ7a+mDg8d4MM/OCRHBtXPfbWVvf2NzaLuwUd/f2Dw5LR8ctHaeKYZPFIladgGoUXGLTcCOwkyikUSCwHYzvZn77CZXmsWyYSYJ+RIeSh5xRY6V6o18quxV3DrJKvJyUIUetX/rqDWKWRigNE1Trrucmxs+oMpwJnBZ7qcaEsjEdYtdSSSPUfjY/dErOrTIgYaxsSUPm6u+JjEZaT6LAdkbUjPSyNxP/87qpCW/9jMskNSjZYlGYCmJiMvuaDLhCZsTEEsoUt7cSNqKKMmOzKdoQvOWXV0nrsuJdV9z6Vbn6kMdRgFM4gwvw4AaqcA81aAIDhGd4hTfn0Xlx3p2PReuak8+cwB84nz+1y4zs

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100 GeV 1 MeV 50 keV 0.3 eV 200 µeV T Inflation and Reheating Higgs Boson Formation of Symmetry Formation of Now Light Nuclei Neutral Atoms Breaking (CMB photons released!)

• “Thermal DM” ⇒ was once in thermodynamic equilibrium with the SM Thermal Dark Matter

As it expanded, it cooled off and some things happened:

SM dominates DM dominates

100 GeV 1 MeV 50 keV 0.3 eV 200 µeV T Inflation Extrapolation and Reheating Higgs Boson Formation of Symmetry Formation of Now Light Nuclei Neutral Atoms Breaking (CMB photons released!)

• “Thermal DM” ⇒ was once in thermodynamic equilibrium with the SM Why Thermal Dark Matter?

17 • Thermal DM is created by collisions of SM particles.

• Thermal DM can develop the correct relic abundance during the subsequent expansion and cooling of the universe through freeze out.

• Thermal DM candidates arise in many theories that extend the SM.

• Thermal DM requires non-gravity interactions between DM and the SM. ⇒ an excellent target for dark matter searches in the laboratory! Thermal Dark Matter: Equilibration

18 • Thermal DM ⇔ was once in thermodynamic equilibrium with the SM • Equilibrium needs non-gravitational interactions between DM and the SM:

DM DM DM SM

time

SM SM DM SM 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 + SM DM + SM 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 + DM SM + SM $ $ kinetic equilibrium chemical equilibrium Thermal Dark Matter: Equilibration

19 • Thermal DM ⇔ was once in thermodynamic equilibrium with the SM • Kinetic equilibrium: DM and SM have the same temperature T.

Chemical equilibrium: number density of DM species of mass mAAAB6HicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBi3hqwX5AG8pmO2nX7iZhdyOU0F/gxYMiXv1J3vw3btsctPXBwOO9GWbmBYng2rjut1NYW9/Y3Cpul3Z29/YPyodHLR2nimGTxSJWnYBqFDzCpuFGYCdRSGUgsB2Mb2d++wmV5nH0YCYJ+pIOIx5yRo2VGrJfrrhVdw6ySrycVCBHvV/+6g1ilkqMDBNU667nJsbPqDKcCZyWeqnGhLIxHWLX0ohK1H42P3RKzqwyIGGsbEWGzNXfExmVWk9kYDslNSO97M3E/7xuasIbP+NRkhqM2GJRmApiYjL7mgy4QmbExBLKFLe3EjaiijJjsynZELzll1dJ66LqXVXdxmWldp/HUYQTOIVz8OAaanAHdWgCA4RneIU359F5cd6dj0VrwclnjuEPnM8f2ZuM/g== is •

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 3 eq d p 1 2 2 n , (E = m + p , ~ = c = kB = 1) DM ⇠ (2⇡)3 eE/T 1

Z ⌥ p

Bose-Einstein Relativistic or Energy Fermi-Dirac Thermal Dark Matter: Equilibration

20 • “Thermal” ⇒ DM that was once in thermodynamic equilibrium with the SM • Kinetic equilibrium: DM and SM have the same temperature T.

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 3 eq d p 1 n , (E = m2 + p2, = c = k = 1) DM 3 E/T ~ B ⇠ (2⇡) e 1 Z ⌥ p T 3 ; m T ⌧ ⇠ 8 3/2 m/T (mT ) e ; m T < : Thermal Dark Matter: Freeze Out

21 • Chemical equilibrium of DM is lost as the Universe cools. Reaction rate for DM annihilation DM + DM → SM + SM : • 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

Rann = annv nDM (scattering probability) x (target density)

h i ⇠

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AAACDnicdVDLSgMxFM34tr6qLt0ES8HVmLHVdiUFN11WsQ9oy5BJb2swkxmTjFCGfoEbf8WNC0Xcunbn35g+BBU9EDiccw839wSx4NoQ8uHMzS8sLi2vrGbW1jc2t7LbOw0dJYpBnUUiUq2AahBcQt1wI6AVK6BhIKAZXJ+N/eYtKM0jeWmGMXRDOpC8zxk1VvKz+Qs/pVKO8Cmu4o7mIdxg77BjaOKnieTjKIywn80Rl5yUSqSAiXtcLBeOipaUi57l2HPJBDk0Q83Pvnd6EUtCkIYJqnXbI7HpplQZzgSMMp1EQ0zZNR1A21JJQ9DddHLOCOet0sP9SNknDZ6o3xMpDbUehoGdDKm50r+9sfiX105Mv9xNuYwTA5JNF/UTgU2Ex93gHlfAjBhaQpni9q+YXVFFmbE1ZGwJX5fi/0njyPVOXHJezFVqszpW0B7aRwfIQyVUQVVUQ3XE0B16QE/o2bl3Hp0X53U6OufMMrvoB5y3T3Wgm9Q= • Equilibrium requires R >H 1/⌧ ann ' universe Thermal Dark Matter: Freeze Out

22 • For moderate DM-SM interaction strength:

AAAB9XicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRbBU91VUY8FPXhQqNAvaLclm6ZtaJJdkqxSlv4PLx4U8ep/8ea/MW33oK0PBh7vzTAzL4g408Z1v53M0vLK6lp2PbexubW9k9/dq+kwVoRWSchD1QiwppxJWjXMcNqIFMUi4LQeDK8nfv2RKs1CWTGjiPoC9yXrMYKNldqyk7SUQDf345NK+6yTL7hFdwq0SLyUFCBFuZP/anVDEgsqDeFY66bnRsZPsDKMcDrOtWJNI0yGuE+blkosqPaT6dVjdGSVLuqFypY0aKr+nkiw0HokAtspsBnoeW8i/uc1Y9O78hMmo9hQSWaLejFHJkSTCFCXKUoMH1mCiWL2VkQGWGFibFA5G4I3//IiqZ0WvYui+3BeKN2lcWThAA7hGDy4hBLcQhmqQEDBM7zCm/PkvDjvzsesNeOkM/vwB87nD3Ihkdo= 3 nDM/T

R H Freeze Out ann

R H ann ⌧

AAAB6nicbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoPgKe6KqMeAFw8eIpoHJEuYncwmQ+axzMwKYcknePGgiFe/yJt/4yTZgyYWNBRV3XR3RQlnxvr+t1dYWV1b3yhulra2d3b3yvsHTaNSTWiDKK50O8KGciZpwzLLaTvRFIuI01Y0upn6rSeqDVPy0Y4TGgo8kCxmBFsnPQRnoleu+FV/BrRMgpxUIEe9V/7q9hVJBZWWcGxMJ/ATG2ZYW0Y4nZS6qaEJJiM8oB1HJRbUhNns1Ak6cUofxUq7khbN1N8TGRbGjEXkOgW2Q7PoTcX/vE5q4+swYzJJLZVkvihOObIKTf9GfaYpsXzsCCaauVsRGWKNiXXplFwIweLLy6R5Xg0uq/79RaV2l8dRhCM4hlMI4ApqcAt1aACBATzDK7x53Hvx3r2PeWvBy2cO4Q+8zx+2H410 AAAB6nicbVA9SwNBEJ2LXzF+RS1tFoNgFe9E1DJgY2ERMV+QHGFvs5cs2ds7dueEcOQn2FgoYusvsvPfuEmu0OiDgcd7M8zMCxIpDLrul1NYWV1b3yhulra2d3b3yvsHLROnmvEmi2WsOwE1XArFmyhQ8k6iOY0CydvB+Gbmtx+5NiJWDZwk3I/oUIlQMIpWevDOGv1yxa26c5C/xMtJBXLU++XP3iBmacQVMkmN6Xpugn5GNQom+bTUSw1PKBvTIe9aqmjEjZ/NT52SE6sMSBhrWwrJXP05kdHImEkU2M6I4sgsezPxP6+bYnjtZ0IlKXLFFovCVBKMyexvMhCaM5QTSyjTwt5K2IhqytCmU7IheMsv/yWt86p3WXXvLyq1uzyOIhzBMZyCB1dQg1uoQxMYDOEJXuDVkc6z8+a8L1oLTj5zCL/gfHwDkDuNWw== 1/m 1/T

time Thermal Dark Matter: Freeze Out

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 26 3 23 n 3 10 cm /s • Dark Matter “relic density from freeze out: DM ⇥ nobs ' annv

v h iann

time Thermal Dark Matter: Freeze Out

24 • Thermal DM can produce the observed abundance by Freeze Out!

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 26 3 • Requirement: v 3 10 cm /s h ann i' ⇥ This is determined by particle physics. • e.g.

DM SM 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 4 gDM mediator annv 2 h i'mDM DM SM Thermal Dark Matter: WIMPs

25 • Special case: WIMP = Weakly Interacting Massive Particle

AAAB/HicdVDLSgMxFM34rPU12qWbYBFcDZl2bLss6EIEoYJ9QKeUTJq2ocnMkGSEYai/4saFIm79EHf+jelDUNEDF07OuZfce4KYM6UR+rBWVtfWNzZzW/ntnd29ffvgsKWiRBLaJBGPZCfAinIW0qZmmtNOLCkWAaftYHI+89t3VCoWhbc6jWlP4FHIhoxgbaS+XRj1M18KeHE9hb5iAiKn3LeLyEGVahWVzfPMq5VLniE1zzUcug6aowiWaPTtd38QkUTQUBOOleq6KNa9DEvNCKfTvJ8oGmMywSPaNTTEgqpeNl9+Ck+MMoDDSJoKNZyr3ycyLJRKRWA6BdZj9dubiX953UQPa72MhXGiaUgWHw0TDnUEZ0nAAZOUaJ4agolkZldIxlhiok1eeRPC16Xwf9IqOW7FQTdesX61jCMHjsAxOAUuqII6uAQN0AQEpOABPIFn6956tF6s10XrirWcKYAfsN4+AT5Rk+U= • weak interactions between DM and SM predict gDM 0.3 ⇠

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 • correct freeze out density then follows for m 100 3000 GeV DM ⇠ New particles in this mass range are motivated by Higgs quantum stability! •

⇒ “WIMP Miracle”

• Some WIMP candidates: • lightest superpartner in supersymmetry (LSP) • lightest odd particle in any theory with a new DM parity (LKP, LTP,…) • heavier friends of the SM neutrinos Freeze Out Beyond WIMPS

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 • Freeze Out works over a wide mass range: 10 MeV . mDM . 100 TeV

WIMP AAAB/XicbZDLSgMxFIYz9Vbrbbzs3ASL4KrOSFGXBQVFECrYC7TDkEkzbWiSGZKMUIfBV3HjQhG3voc738Z02oW2/hD4+M85nJM/iBlV2nG+rcLC4tLySnG1tLa+sbllb+80VZRITBo4YpFsB0gRRgVpaKoZaceSIB4w0gqGF+N664FIRSNxr0cx8TjqCxpSjLSxfHuP+2lXcnh5mx3ncEWamW+XnYqTC86DO4UymKru21/dXoQTToTGDCnVcZ1YeymSmmJGslI3USRGeIj6pGNQIE6Ul+bXZ/DQOD0YRtI8oWHu/p5IEVdqxAPTyZEeqNna2Pyv1kl0eO6lVMSJJgJPFoUJgzqC4yhgj0qCNRsZQFhScyvEAyQR1iawkgnBnf3yPDRPKu5ppXpXLddupnEUwT44AEfABWegBq5BHTQABo/gGbyCN+vJerHerY9Ja8GazuyCP7I+fwCdfZS4 mDM/GeV

AAAB7XicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRbBU8mKqMeCF/FUwX5Au5Zsmm1js8mSZIWy9D948aCIV/+PN/+NabsHbX0w8Hhvhpl5YSK4sRh/e4WV1bX1jeJmaWt7Z3evvH/QNCrVlDWoEkq3Q2KY4JI1LLeCtRPNSBwK1gpH11O/9cS04Ure23HCgpgMJI84JdZJTR8/ZHjSK1dwFc+AlomfkwrkqPfKX92+omnMpKWCGNPxcWKDjGjLqWCTUjc1LCF0RAas46gkMTNBNrt2gk6c0keR0q6kRTP190RGYmPGceg6Y2KHZtGbiv95ndRGV0HGZZJaJul8UZQKZBWavo76XDNqxdgRQjV3tyI6JJpQ6wIquRD8xZeXSfOs6l9Uz+/OK7XbPI4iHMExnIIPl1CDG6hDAyg8wjO8wpunvBfv3fuYtxa8fOYQ/sD7/AHUdY6u AAAB7XicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRbBU9ktRT0WvIinCvYD2rVk02wbm02WJCuUpf/BiwdFvPp/vPlvzLZ70NYHA4/3ZpiZF8ScaeO6305hbX1jc6u4XdrZ3ds/KB8etbVMFKEtIrlU3QBrypmgLcMMp91YURwFnHaCyXXmd56o0kyKezONqR/hkWAhI9hYqe25D2ltNihX3Ko7B1olXk4qkKM5KH/1h5IkERWGcKx1z3Nj46dYGUY4nZX6iaYxJhM8oj1LBY6o9tP5tTN0ZpUhCqWyJQyaq78nUhxpPY0C2xlhM9bLXib+5/USE175KRNxYqggi0VhwpGRKHsdDZmixPCpJZgoZm9FZIwVJsYGVLIheMsvr5J2repdVOt39UrjNo+jCCdwCufgwSU04Aaa0AICj/AMr/DmSOfFeXc+Fq0FJ585hj9wPn8A13+OsA== AAAB7XicbVBNSwMxEJ3Ur1q/qh69BIvgqexKUY8FL+Kpgv2Adi3ZNNtGs8mSZIWy9D948aCIV/+PN/+NabsHbX0w8Hhvhpl5YSK4sZ73jQorq2vrG8XN0tb2zu5eef+gZVSqKWtSJZTuhMQwwSVrWm4F6ySakTgUrB0+Xk399hPThit5Z8cJC2IylDzilFgntXzvPqtN+uWKV/VmwMvEz0kFcjT65a/eQNE0ZtJSQYzp+l5ig4xoy6lgk1IvNSwh9JEMWddRSWJmgmx27QSfOGWAI6VdSYtn6u+JjMTGjOPQdcbEjsyiNxX/87qpjS6DjMsktUzS+aIoFdgqPH0dD7hm1IqxI4Rq7m7FdEQ0odYFVHIh+IsvL5PWWdU/r9Zua5X6TR5HEY7gGE7BhwuowzU0oAkUHuAZXuENKfSC3tHHvLWA8plD+AP0+QPaiY6y AAAB7XicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRbBU9mVUj0WvIinCvYD2rVk02wbm02WJCuUpf/BiwdFvPp/vPlvzLZ70NYHA4/3ZpiZF8ScaeO6305hbX1jc6u4XdrZ3ds/KB8etbVMFKEtIrlU3QBrypmgLcMMp91YURwFnHaCyXXmd56o0kyKezONqR/hkWAhI9hYqe25D2l9NihX3Ko7B1olXk4qkKM5KH/1h5IkERWGcKx1z3Nj46dYGUY4nZX6iaYxJhM8oj1LBY6o9tP5tTN0ZpUhCqWyJQyaq78nUhxpPY0C2xlhM9bLXib+5/USE175KRNxYqggi0VhwpGRKHsdDZmixPCpJZgoZm9FZIwVJsYGVLIheMsvr5L2RdWrV2t3tUrjNo+jCCdwCufgwSU04Aaa0AICj/AMr/DmSOfFeXc+Fq0FJ585hj9wPn8A3ZOOtA== AAAB7nicbVDLSgNBEOyNrxhfUY9eBoPgxbAbgnoMeBFPEcwDkjXMTibJkNnZZaZXCEs+wosHRbz6Pd78GyfJHjSxoKGo6qa7K4ilMOi6305ubX1jcyu/XdjZ3ds/KB4eNU2UaMYbLJKRbgfUcCkUb6BAydux5jQMJG8F45uZ33ri2ohIPeAk5n5Ih0oMBKNopZbnPqYXlWmvWHLL7hxklXgZKUGGeq/41e1HLAm5QiapMR3PjdFPqUbBJJ8WuonhMWVjOuQdSxUNufHT+blTcmaVPhlE2pZCMld/T6Q0NGYSBrYzpDgyy95M/M/rJDi49lOh4gS5YotFg0QSjMjsd9IXmjOUE0so08LeStiIasrQJlSwIXjLL6+SZqXsXZar99VS7S6LIw8ncArn4MEV1OAW6tAABmN4hld4c2LnxXl3PhatOSebOYY/cD5/AEJEjuc= 2 0 2 4 6 10 10 10 10 10 Freeze Out DM New forces connecting DM to the SM are needed to get the right freeze out

• 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 density for masses outside the WIMP range of m 100 3000 GeV . DM ⇠ • Idea: dark matter might be part of a larger dark sector! Beyond WIMPS: Dark Sectors

27 • Idea: (thermal) dark matter might be part of a larger dark sector!

e.g. Dark Matter coupled to a (massive) Dark Photon

−2

ε 10 e (g-2) NA48/2 A1 HL-LHC −3 CMS 10 E774 LHCb SM APEX DM BaBar mu3e (phase1) −4 NA64(e) Belle II 10 mu3e (phase2) HPS -1 -1

AAAB73icbVA9SwNBEJ2LXzF+RS1tFoNgFe4kqGXAxsIigvmA5Ah7m7lkyd7eubsnhCN/wsZCEVv/jp3/xk1yhSY+GHi8N8PMvCARXBvX/XYKa+sbm1vF7dLO7t7+QfnwqKXjVDFssljEqhNQjYJLbBpuBHYShTQKBLaD8c3Mbz+h0jyWD2aSoB/RoeQhZ9RYqdPDRHMRy3654lbdOcgq8XJSgRyNfvmrN4hZGqE0TFCtu56bGD+jynAmcFrqpRoTysZ0iF1LJY1Q+9n83ik5s8qAhLGyJQ2Zq78nMhppPYkC2xlRM9LL3kz8z+umJrz2My6T1KBki0VhKoiJyex5MuAKmRETSyhT3N5K2IgqyoyNqGRD8JZfXiWti6p3Wa3d1yr1uzyOIpzAKZyDB1dQh1toQBMYCHiGV3hzHp0X5935WLQWnHzmGP7A+fwBUsGQMw== LHCb: 15 fb (solid), 300 fb (dotted) E141 −5 10 18 20 AAAB/XicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62v8bFzEyyCqzJTBV0W3HRZwT6gM5RMmmljM0lIMkIdqr/ixoUibv0Pd/6NaTsLbT1w4XDOvdx7TyQZ1cbzvp3Cyura+kZxs7S1vbO75+4ftLRIFSZNLJhQnQhpwignTUMNIx2pCEoiRtrR6Hrqt++J0lTwWzOWJEzQgNOYYmSs1HOPHgMiNWWCB3KIuBFJdjfpuWWv4s0Al4mfkzLI0ei5X0Ff4DQh3GCGtO76njRhhpShmJFJKUg1kQiP0IB0LeUoITrMZtdP4KlV+jAWyhY3cKb+nshQovU4iWxngsxQL3pT8T+vm5r4Kswol6khHM8XxSmDRsBpFLBPFcGGjS1BWFF7K8RDpBA2NrCSDcFffHmZtKoV/7xSvbko1+p5HEVwDE7AGfDBJaiBOmiAJsDgATyDV/DmPDkvzrvzMW8tOPnMIfgD5/MHqrGWBg== DarkQuest: 10 pot (solid), 10 pot (dotted) ✏ε ✏ FASER nu-Cal NA62-dump −6 10 FASER2CHARM

γ X −7 10 E137 SHiP 10−8 SN1987A SM DM 10−9 10−3 10−2 10−1 1 10 102 103 m (GeV) m[Lafranchi,A' [GeV] AAAB+3icbVDLSgMxFM34rPU11qWbYBHqpsxUQZcFF3ZZwT6gHYZMmmlDk8yQZMQyjJ/ixoUibv0Rd/6NmXYW2nogcDjnXu7JCWJGlXacb2ttfWNza7u0U97d2z84tI8qXRUlEpMOjlgk+wFShFFBOppqRvqxJIgHjPSC6U3u9x6IVDQS93oWE4+jsaAhxUgbybcr3O8/1YYc6Ynk6S3pZue+XXXqzhxwlbgFqYICbd/+Go4inHAiNGZIqYHrxNpLkdQUM5KVh4kiMcJTNCYDQwXiRHnpPHsGz4wygmEkzRMaztXfGyniSs14YCbzkGrZy8X/vEGiw2svpSJONBF4cShMGNQRzIuAIyoJ1mxmCMKSmqwQT5BEWJu6yqYEd/nLq6TbqLsX9cbdZbXZKuoogRNwCmrABVegCVqgDToAg0fwDF7Bm5VZL9a79bEYXbOKnWPwB9bnD7GrlDs= X Pospelov, Schuster 2020] Beyond Thermal Freeze Out

28 • Asymmetric DM: more DM than anti-DM, nearly all anti-DM annihilates (Analogous to the density of regular matter, but why an asymmetry?)

• Super-WIMP DM: a thermal particle freezes out and then decays to DM

• Self-Heating (Cannibal) DM: relic density from 3 → 2 self-annihilation

• Freeze-In DM: DM is never thermalized but created by SM collisions

• …

• All these mechanisms rely on DM interactions with matter beyond gravity! Dark Matter Detection (Thermal)

29 • We want non-gravitational evidence for dark matter! This is expected for thermal dark matter. Direct

• Three main approaches: DM DM Indirect, Freeze Out

1. Direct Detection → scattering of local DM in detectors Collider 2. Indirect Detection → cosmic rays and more from DM SM SM 3. Colliders → create DM in energetic collisions “shake it, break it, make it” Dark Matter Detection (Thermal)

30 • We want non-gravitational evidence for dark matter! This is expected for thermal (WIMP) dark matter. Direct • Three main approaches: DM DM

1. Direct Detection Indirect → scattering of local DM in detectors Collider 2. Indirect Detection → cosmic rays and more from DM SM SM 3. Colliders → create DM in energetic collisions “shake it, break it, make it” Dark Matter Direct Detection (Thermal)

31 • Searches for DM-nuclear scattering have not seen anything yet. • For spin-independent elastic scattering on nuclei:

neutrino background

DM [Schumann, 1903.03026] Dark Matter Direct Detection (Thermal)

32 • Searches for DM-nuclear scattering have not seen anything yet. • For spin-independent elastic scattering on nuclei:

WIMP region

neutrino background

DM [Schumann, 1903.03026] Dark Matter Direct Detection (Thermal)

33 • Searches for DM-nuclear scattering have not seen anything yet. • For spin-independent elastic scattering on nuclei:

WIMP-like region

WIMP region

neutrino background

DM [Schumann, 1903.03026] Direct Detection Beyond Thermal

34 • Previous SI bounds zoomed out and compared with other limits: -6 ) 10 2 cmb gas clouds mica (cm nx σ 10-16 skylab imp

cdms 10-26 cr mini xqc dama cr xe cresst

10-36 news-g, cresst, pico, cdms

xenon, lux, pandax 10-46

SI nucleon scattering cross section cross section scattering SI nucleon 0.01 100.00 106 1010 1014 1018 1022 1026

mDM (GeV) [Bhoonah et al. 2018] Dark Matter Direct Detection (Thermal)

35 • Searches for DM-nuclear scattering have not seen anything yet. • For spin-dependent elastic scattering on nuclei:

DM DM [Schumann, 1903.03026] Dark Matter Direct Detection (Thermal)

36 • Searches for DM-electron scattering have not seen anything yet. • These are sensitive to lower masses due to kinematics.

DM DM

[SENSEI, 2004.11378] 37

Non-Thermal Dark Matter Non-Thermal Dark Matter

38 • DM does not have to be thermal - no guarantees!

• Non-thermal usually implies tiny interactions between DM and SM.

• e.g. heavy particle produced with “just so” abundance in inflation → not a very compelling production story

• e.g. primordial black holes (PBHs) 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 16 10 → hard to create enough of them, only allowed for MBH [10 , 10 ] M 2 • e.g. axions (QCD axion, axion-like particles = ALPs) → well-motivated and potentially detectable Non-Thermal Dark Matter

39 • DM does not have to be thermal - no guarantees!

• Non-thermal usually implies tiny interactions between DM and SM.

• e.g. heavy particle produced with “just so” abundance in inflation → not a very compelling production story

40 • Axion = pseudoscalar boson associated with approximate symmetry breaking Can be DM if they couple very feebly to the SM and are non-thermal! •

Va Axion DM Formation

axion field is displaced from its minimum • a fixed by Hubble expansion

• field starts to oscillate coherently as the AAAB9XicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0mkqMeClx4r2FZoY9lsJ+3S3STsbpQS+j+8eFDEq//Fm//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgpr6xubW8Xt0s7u3v5B+fCoreNUMWyxWMTqPqAaBY+wZbgReJ8opDIQ2AnGNzO/84hK8zi6M5MEfUmHEQ85o8ZKDw3SE6i15pLIPu2XK27VnYOsEi8nFcjR7Je/eoOYpRIjwwTVuuu5ifEzqgxnAqelXqoxoWxMh9i1NKIStZ/Nr56SM6sMSBgrW5Ehc/X3REal1hMZ2E5JzUgvezPxP6+bmvDaz3iUpAYjtlgUpoKYmMwiIAOukBkxsYQyxe2thI2ooszYoEo2BG/55VXSvqh6l9Xaba1Sb+RxFOEETuEcPLiCOjSgCS1goOAZXuHNeXJenHfnY9FacPKZY/gD5/MH4zqSJg== expansion slows down H . ma oscillation energy gravitates like matter a • and acts as DM

⇒ axions are “wave like” dark matter QCD Axions

41 • QCD (= strong force) has a problem with too much CP violation.

• Can be solved with a light axion field a AAAB6XicdVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0ja2PZY8OLBQxX7AW0om+2mXbrZhN2NUEr/gRcPinj1H3nz37hpK6jog4HHezPMzAsSzpR2nA8rt7a+sbmV3y7s7O7tHxQPj9oqTiWhLRLzWHYDrChngrY005x2E0lxFHDaCSaXmd+5p1KxWNzpaUL9CI8ECxnB2ki3uDAolhzbqdZqTgU59oVXr5Q9Q+qeazhybWeBEqzQHBTf+8OYpBEVmnCsVM91Eu3PsNSMcDov9FNFE0wmeER7hgocUeXPFpfO0ZlRhiiMpSmh0UL9PjHDkVLTKDCdEdZj9dvLxL+8XqrDuj9jIkk1FWS5KEw50jHK3kZDJinRfGoIJpKZWxEZY4mJNuFkIXx9iv4n7bLtVm3vxis1rldx5OEETuEcXKhBA66gCS0gEMIDPMGzNbEerRfrddmas1Yzx/AD1tsnb+eNWw== that couples to the gluon.

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 ↵s a a aµ⌫ Gµ⌫ G L 8⇡ fa • Axion mass and potential come from QCD confinement.

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 e m f 107 GeV m ⇡ ⇡ 1 eV a ⇠ f ⇠ f a ✓ a ◆ • Realistic axion theories also predict photon and fermion couplings.

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 ↵ a µ⌫ Cf µ 5 Ca Fµ⌫ F + (@µa) f¯ f L 8⇡ fa fa e QCD Axion Direct Detection

42 • Direct detection of axions is very different from WIMP(-like) DM.

• Use the photon coupling!

AAACkXicnVFLb9QwEHbCqyxQFnrkYrFC4oCipA3d5VC0akWFBIcisW2l9RJNnMmuVduJYqdoZeX/8Hu48W/wPioBggsjjfXNNw/b3+S1FMbG8Y8gvHX7zt17O/d7Dx4+2n3cf/L03FRtw3HCK1k1lzkYlELjxAor8bJuEFQu8SK/OlnlL66xMaLSn+2yxpmCuRal4GA9lfW/sbIB7hjIegGdG7FadOzVhvRxmYEPTzIHbA5KbU9PnWaOqZbptmNfRYFWyALdafflhqWMHnn/z+nsGrl71zFeVHaNj7usP4ij+HA4jA9oHL1ORwf7qQejNPGYJlG8tgHZ2lnW/86KircKteUSjJkmcW1nDhoruMSux1qDNfArmOPUQw0KzcytFe3oC88UtKwa79rSNftrhwNlzFLlvlKBXZg/cyvyb7lpa8vRzAldtxY131xUtpLaiq7WQwvRILdy6QHwRvi3Ur4Ar5f1S+x5EW5+Sv8Nzvej5DBKP6WD8cetHDvkGXlOXpKEDMmYvCdnZEJ4sBukwVHwNtwL34Tj8HhTGgbbnj3ym4UffgLX+Mv8 ↵ a µ⌫ ↵ a Ca Fµ⌫ F = Ca E~ B~ 8⇡ fa 8⇡ fa · • Search for axions via conversion within resonant cavities: AAAB9XicbVC7TsMwFL0pr1JeBUYWiwqJqUoQAsYiFgaGItGH1IbKcZ3Wqu1EtgNUUf+DhQGEWPkXNv4Gp80ALUeydHzOvfLxCWLOtHHdb6ewtLyyulZcL21sbm3vlHf3mjpKFKENEvFItQOsKWeSNgwznLZjRbEIOG0Fo6vMbz1QpVkk78w4pr7AA8lCRrCx0n1XYDNUIr18srdJr1xxq+4UaJF4OalAjnqv/NXtRyQRVBrCsdYdz42Nn2JlGOF0UuommsaYjPCAdiyVWFDtp9PUE3RklT4KI2WPNGiq/t5IsdB6LAI7maXU814m/ud1EhNe+CmTcWKoJLOHwoQjE6GsAtRnihLDx5ZgopjNisgQK0yMLapkS/Dmv7xImidV76x6entaqd3kdRThAA7hGDw4hxpcQx0aQEDBM7zCm/PovDjvzsdstODkO/vwB87nDx3KkvU= Axione Axion

E Field Light QCD Axion Direct Detection

43 • Direct detection of axions is very different from WIMP(-like) DM.

• Search for axions via conversion within resonantADMX Achieved andcavities: Projected Sensitivity Cavity Frequency (GHz)

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 1 10 100 ↵ a ~ ~ Ca E B Non RF-cavity Techniques 10-10

L 8⇡ fa · ) -1 White Dwarf and Supernova Bounds

10-13 | (GeV

Axion γγ ADMX ADMX ADMX a Published Upgrade in HF R&D Limits Progress Target "Hadronic" Coupling 10-14 Sensitivity

Minimum Coupling

10-15 Axion Cold Dark Matter

Too Much Dark Matter ADMX Next Generation Target E Field Axion Coupling |g 10-16

Light 10 100 1000 Axion Mass (µeV) [ADMX 2013] QCD Axion Direct Detection

44 • Direct detection of axions is very different from WIMP(-like) DM.

• Search for axions via conversion within resonant cavities:

E Field Light [ADMX 2019] (QCD) Axion Direct Detection

45 • Direct searches for WIMP-like DM can also be sensitive to axions!

AAAB/nicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+RsWVm2ARXJUZKeqyIIILFxXsA9pSMmmmDU0yQ5IRylDwV9y4UMSt3+HOvzHTzkJbDyQczrmXnJwg5kwbz/t2Ciura+sbxc3S1vbO7p67f9DUUaIIbZCIR6odYE05k7RhmOG0HSuKRcBpKxhfZ37rkSrNIvlgJjHtCTyULGQEGyv13aMbhLqaCXsLbEZKpGPanPbdslfxZkDLxM9JGXLU++5XdxCRRFBpCMdad3wvNr0UK8MIp9NSN9E0xmSMh7RjqcSC6l46iz9Fp1YZoDBS9kiDZurvjRQLrScisJNZRr3oZeJ/Xicx4VUvZTJODJVk/lCYcGQilHWBBkxRYvjEEkwUs1kRGWGFibGNlWwJ/uKXl0nzvOJfVKr31XLtLq+jCMdwAmfgwyXU4Bbq0AACKTzDK7w5T86L8+58zEcLTr5zCH/gfP4AFdeU/Q== • Axions can be created in the Sun with E keV and escape to us. WIMP-like DM searches are sensitive to recoils⇠ in this energy range.

• XENON1T even sees an excess in electron recoils with an axion-consistent shape.

[XENON, 2006.09721] What is Dark Matter

46 • We don’t know!

• Thermal dark matter motivates searches in direct detection, indirect detection, and colliders.

• Non-thermal dark matter may also be detectable in the lab.

• A diverse range of probes are needed to test the many possibilities.

• Discovering Dark Matter would teach us about particle physics as well as the evolution of the very early Universe! 47

Thank you Merci www.triumf.ca Follow us @TRIUMFLab 48

Extra Slides DM Evidence #1: Galaxy Rotation

49 • Many galaxies look like rotating pancakes of stars. Compare rotation velocity to visible matter enclosed:

30 kpc

• More matter is needed! (Vera Rubin 1970) DM Evidence #2: Galaxy Clusters

50 • Galaxies are often found within self-gravitating galaxy clusters.

• Virial Theorem:

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 E V h kini⇠h| |i

2 GMtot v h gali⇠ R h i few Mpc • More mass is needed to explain the observed velocities! (Fritz Zwicky 1933) DM Evidence #3: CMB

51 • CMB = Cosmic Microwave Background = 2.725 K photons left from Big Bang

• Temperature fluctuations in the CMB depend on energy content of Universe.

100 (a) Baryons (b) Matter

0.02 0.04 0.06 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 10 100 1000 10 100 1000 l l [Planck 2013] [Wayne Hu]

• Data fits to 30% of energy in matter, but only 5% in regular matter (baryons)! Evidence for Dark Matter DM Evidence 52

grav. lens CMB galaxy cluster galaxy

Earth → Sun Sun Earth cat

atom

nucleus nucleon

electron, quark, … Energy Content of the Universe

53 • Energy content of the Universe now:

[Ben Finney 2012]

• Only 5% of matter seems to come from stuff in the Standard Model!

• Missing matter = “Dark Matter” What is Dark Matter?

54 • We don’t know!

Some DM theories: • Thermal DM • Thermal DM is a good place to start!

• But keep in mind Non-Thermal too!

[E.K. Park, HEPAP DMSAG, 2007] Dark Matter Near Us

55 • If DM exists, we should be surrounded by it.

DM Halo

Us Galactic Disc 100 pc 8.5 kpc

20 kpc 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 3 ⇢ 0.3 GeV/cm • In our local region: DM ' 3 v 300 km/s 10 c h DMi' ' Dark Matter Detection in the Lab

56 • If DM is all around us and interacts with the SM, it might be detectable!

• Direct Detection: (elastic) scattering in a detector.

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 T = E E0 DM DM ~q = p~ p~ 0 Detector DM DM

AAAB83icdVDLSgMxFM34rPVVdekmWIQKMmTase2y4MZlxb6gM5RMmrahmcyYZApl6G+4caGIW3/GnX9j+hBU9MCFwzn3cu89QcyZ0gh9WGvrG5tb25md7O7e/sFh7ui4paJEEtokEY9kJ8CKciZoUzPNaSeWFIcBp+1gfD332xMqFYtEQ09j6od4KNiAEayN5N0VGpfehJL0fnbRy+WRjcqVCipBZF+51VLRNaTqOoZDx0YL5MEK9V7u3etHJAmp0IRjpboOirWfYqkZ4XSW9RJFY0zGeEi7hgocUuWni5tn8NwofTiIpCmh4UL9PpHiUKlpGJjOEOuR+u3Nxb+8bqIHVT9lIk40FWS5aJBwqCM4DwD2maRE86khmEhmboVkhCUm2sSUNSF8fQr/J62i7ZRtdOvma/VVHBlwCs5AATigAmrgBtRBExAQgwfwBJ6txHq0XqzXZeuatZo5AT9gvX0CnzORew== Response: S(T,~q) Dark Matter Detection in the Lab

57 • If DM is all around us and interacts with the SM, it might be detectable!

• The most common detection strategy is to look for nuclear recoils.

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 E = E E0 R DM DM Nucleus ~q = p~DM p~DM0 (A,Z)

scintillation, heat, ionization, … DM-Nucleus Kinematics

58 AAAB/XicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+xsfOTbAIbqwzKuqy4EZcVbAP6Iwlk6ZtaDIzJJlCHYq/4saFIm79D3f+jWk7C209cLmHc+4lNyeIOVPacb6t3MLi0vJKfrWwtr6xuWVv79RUlEhCqyTikWwEWFHOQlrVTHPaiCXFIuC0HvSvx359QKViUXivhzH1Be6GrMMI1kZq2XuDE4I85CkmTHOdh/T4bNSyi07JmQDNEzcjRchQadlfXjsiiaChJhwr1XSdWPsplpoRTkcFL1E0xqSPu7RpaIgFVX46uX6EDo3SRp1Imgo1mqi/N1IslBqKwEwKrHtq1huL/3nNRHeu/JSFcaJpSKYPdRKOdITGUaA2k5RoPjQEE8nMrYj0sMREm8AKJgR39svzpHZaci9Kzt15sXybxZGHfTiAI3DhEspwAxWoAoFHeIZXeLOerBfr3fqYjuasbGcX/sD6/AG2pZN8 3 • Typical local DM velocity is v/c 10 ⇠ AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBS48VTFtoQ9lsN83S3U3Y3Qgl9C948aCIV/+QN/+NmzYHbX0w8Hhvhpl5YcqZNq777VQ2Nre2d6q7tb39g8Oj+vFJVyeZItQnCU9UP8Saciapb5jhtJ8qikXIaS+c3hd+74kqzRL5aGYpDQSeSBYxgk0hDUnMRvWG23QXQOvEK0kDSnRG9a/hOCGZoNIQjrUeeG5qghwrwwin89ow0zTFZIondGCpxILqIF/cOkcXVhmjKFG2pEEL9fdEjoXWMxHaToFNrFe9QvzPG2QmugtyJtPMUEmWi6KMI5Og4nE0ZooSw2eWYKKYvRWRGCtMjI2nZkPwVl9eJ92rpnfTdB+uG612GUcVzuAcLsGDW2hBGzrgA4EYnuEV3hzhvDjvzseyteKUM6fwB87nDwMujj0=

AAAB9XicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIqMuKm66kgn1gOy2ZNG1Dk8yQZJQy9D/cuFDErf/izr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QcSZNq777eRWVtfWN/Kbha3tnd294v5BQ4exIrROQh6qVoA15UzSumGG01akKBYBp81gfJP6zUeqNAvlvZlE1Bd4KNmAEWys1O1e9x46ApuREsnttFcsuWV3BrRMvIyUIEOtV/zq9EMSCyoN4VjrtudGxk+wMoxwOi10Yk0jTMZ4SNuWSiyo9pNZ6ik6sUofDUJlnzRopv7eSLDQeiICO5km1IteKv7ntWMzuPITJqPYUEnmhwYxRyZEaQWozxQlhk8swUQxmxWREVaYGFtUwZbgLX55mTTOyt5F2b07L1WqWR15OIJjOAUPLqECVahBHQgoeIZXeHOenBfn3fmYj+acbOcQ/sD5/AGQ6JKU AAAB63icbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lE1GPBS48VTFtoQ9lsN83S3U3Y3Qgl9C948aCIV/+QN/+NmzYHbX0w8Hhvhpl5YcqZNq777VQ2Nre2d6q7tb39g8Oj+vFJVyeZItQnCU9UP8Saciapb5jhtJ8qikXIaS+c3hd+74kqzRL5aGYpDQSeSBYxgk0hDUnMRvWG23QXQOvEK0kDSnRG9a/hOCGZoNIQjrUeeG5qghwrwwin89ow0zTFZIondGCpxILqIF/cOkcXVhmjKFG2pEEL9fdEjoXWMxHaToFNrFe9QvzPG2QmugtyJtPMUEmWi6KMI5Og4nE0ZooSw2eWYKKYvRWRGCtMjI2nZkPwVl9eJ92rpnfTdB+uG612GUcVzuAcLsGDW2hBGzrgA4EYnuEV3hzhvDjvzseyteKUM6fwB87nDwMujj0= A Z N

AAAAB9XicbVDLSgMxFL1TX7W+qi7dBIvgqsyIqMuKm66kgn1gOy2ZNG1Dk8yQZJQy9D/cuFDErf/izr8x085CWw8EDufcyz05QcSZNq777eRWVtfWN/Kbha3tnd294v5BQ4exIrROQh6qVoA15UzSumGG01akKBYBp81gfJP6zUeqNAvlvZlE1Bd4KNmAEWys1O1e9x46ApuREsnttFcsuWV3BrRMvIyUIEOtV/zq9EMSCyoN4VjrtudGxk+wMoxwOi10Yk0jTMZ4SNuWSiyo9pNZ6ik6sUofDUJlnzRopv7eSLDQeiICO5km1IteKv7ntWMzuPITJqPYUEnmhwYxRyZEaQWozxQlhk8swUQxmxWREVaYGFtUwZbgLX55mTTOyt5F2b07L1WqWR15OIJjOAUPLqECVahBHQgoeIZXeHOenBfn3fmYj+acbOcQ/sD5/AGQ6JKU Z N

AAAB7nicbVA9SwNBEJ2LXzF+RS1tFoNgFe5E1DJgY2ERwXxAcoS9zVyyZG/v3N0LhCM/wsZCEVt/j53/xk1yhSY+GHi8N8PMvCARXBvX/XYKa+sbm1vF7dLO7t7+QfnwqKnjVDFssFjEqh1QjYJLbBhuBLYThTQKBLaC0e3Mb41RaR7LRzNJ0I/oQPKQM2qs1OqOkWVP01654lbdOcgq8XJSgRz1Xvmr249ZGqE0TFCtO56bGD+jynAmcFrqphoTykZ0gB1LJY1Q+9n83Ck5s0qfhLGyJQ2Zq78nMhppPYkC2xlRM9TL3kz8z+ukJrzxMy6T1KBki0VhKoiJyex30ucKmRETSyhT3N5K2JAqyoxNqGRD8JZfXiXNi6p3VXUfLiu1+zyOIpzAKZyDB9dQgzuoQwMYjOAZXuHNSZwX5935WLQWnHzmGP7A+fwBq+iP0g==

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 ~q q =2µN v cos ✓ ,µN = mMN /(m + MN )

2 q MN µN ER = . (200 keV) AAAB7XicbVDLSgNBEOz1GeMr6tHLYBA8hV0R9SIEvHiMYB6QLGF2MpuMmZ1ZZnqFEPIPXjwo4tX/8ebfOEn2oIkFDUVVN91dUSqFRd//9lZW19Y3Ngtbxe2d3b390sFhw+rMMF5nWmrTiqjlUiheR4GSt1LDaRJJ3oyGt1O/+cSNFVo94CjlYUL7SsSCUXRS44Z02EB0S2W/4s9AlkmQkzLkqHVLX52eZlnCFTJJrW0HforhmBoUTPJJsZNZnlI2pH3edlTRhNtwPLt2Qk6d0iOxNq4Ukpn6e2JME2tHSeQ6E4oDu+hNxf+8dobxdTgWKs2QKzZfFGeSoCbT10lPGM5QjhyhzAh3K2EDaihDF1DRhRAsvrxMGueV4LLi31+Uq7U8jgIcwwmcQQBXUIU7qEEdGDzCM7zCm6e9F+/d+5i3rnj5zBH8gff5A94RjrY= 2MN 100 GeV 100 GeV DM = ✓ ◆ ⇣ ⌘ DM-Nucleus Interactions

59 • DM-quark interaction → DM-nucleon interaction → DM-nucleus interaction

• In many theories, get DM-nucleon potential of:

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 (3) fn (~x);spin-independent (SI) Vn(~x)= 8 (3) ~ ~ an (~x)(S Sn); spin-dependent (SD) < ·

: AAAAB7HicbVBNSwMxEJ2tX7V+VT16CRbBU9kVUY8VLz1JBbcttmvJptk2NJssSVYoS3+DFw+KePUHefPfmLZ70NYHA4/3ZpiZFyacaeO6305hZXVtfaO4Wdra3tndK+8fNLVMFaE+kVyqdog15UxQ3zDDaTtRFMchp61wdDP1W09UaSbFvRknNIjxQLCIEWys5D9e9x5ue+WKW3VnQMvEy0kFcjR65a9uX5I0psIQjrXueG5iggwrwwink1I31TTBZIQHtGOpwDHVQTY7doJOrNJHkVS2hEEz9fdEhmOtx3FoO2NshnrRm4r/eZ3URFdBxkSSGirIfFGUcmQkmn6O+kxRYvjYEkwUs7ciMsQKE2PzKdkQvMWXl0nzrOpdVN2780qtnsdRhCM4hlPw4BJqUIcG+ECAwTO8wpsjnBfn3fmYtxacfOYQ/sD5/AFKgY5d • For SI scattering, the nuclear cross section on nucleus Z N has the form

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 d A2 µ 2 N = N F (E ) 2 dE v2 µ n | N R | R ✓ n ◆ DM-nucleon Nuclear Response eﬀective cross section Dark Matter Direct Detection (SI)

AAACBnicbVDLSsNAFL3xWesr6lKEwSK4kJKIqMuCC7usYB/QhDCZTtqhM0mYmQgldOXGX3HjQhG3foM7/8Zpm4W2Hhg4nHMud+4JU86Udpxva2l5ZXVtvbRR3tza3tm19/ZbKskkoU2S8ER2QqwoZzFtaqY57aSSYhFy2g6HNxO//UClYkl8r0cp9QXuxyxiBGsjBfaRCHKPDNgYeX1tYgK5jnfmSZHf0tY4sCtO1ZkCLRK3IBUo0AjsL6+XkEzQWBOOleq6Tqr9HEvNCKfjspcpmmIyxH3aNTTGgio/n54xRidG6aEokebFGk3V3xM5FkqNRGiSAuuBmvcm4n9eN9PRtZ+zOM00jclsUZRxpBM06QT1mKRE85EhmEhm/orIAEtMtGmubEpw509eJK3zqntZde4uKrV6UUcJDuEYTsGFK6hBHRrQBAKP8Ayv8GY9WS/Wu/Uxiy5ZxcwB/IH1+QNy6Jh8 60 • Near future searches for WIMP ( m & 10 GeV ) spin-independent DM: • XENONnT: 8.3 tonnes of liquid Xe at Gran Sasso (LNGS) • LZ: 7 tonnes of liquid Xe at Sanford (SURF) • PandaX-4T: 4 tonnes of liquid Xe at Jinping (CJPL) • DarkSide20k: 20 tonnes of liquid Ar at Gran Sasso (LNGS) • And beyond: • DARWIN: 40 tonnes of liquid Xe at (?) • ARGO: 300 tonnes of liquid Ar at SNOLAB (?)

AAACB3icbVBNS8NAEN34WetX1KMgi0XwICURUY8FD/ZYwX5AE8JmO2mX7iZhdyOU0JsX/4oXD4p49S9489+4bXPQ1gcDj/dmmJkXppwp7Tjf1tLyyuraemmjvLm1vbNr7+23VJJJCk2a8ER2QqKAsxiammkOnVQCESGHdji8mfjtB5CKJfG9HqXgC9KPWcQo0UYK7CMR5B4dsDH2OCilmMCu4515UuS30BoHdsWpOlPgReIWpIIKNAL7y+slNBMQa8qJUl3XSbWfE6kZ5TAue5mClNAh6UPX0JgIUH4+/WOMT4zSw1EiTcUaT9XfEzkRSo1EaDoF0QM1703E/7xupqNrP2dxmmmI6WxRlHGsEzwJBfeYBKr5yBBCJTO3YjogklBtoiubENz5lxdJ67zqXladu4tKrV7EUUKH6BidIhddoRqqowZqIooe0TN6RW/Wk/VivVsfs9Ylq5g5QH9gff4ARImY8A== • SuperCDMS, SBC, NEWS-G, SENSEI, … at lower masses ( m . 10 GeV ) Dark Matter Direct Detection

61 • Future projections (Spin-Independent):

neutrino background The Neutrino Floor

C 1 D 10 D M A M S 2 l IC i t 10 e (2 ) 012 ( 2 0 CoGeNT 3 1 10 3 (2012) )

CDMS Si 4 pb (2013) 10 5 DAMA SIMPLE (2012) 10 COUPP (2012) CRESST 6 ZEPLIN-III (2012) 10 CDMS II Ge (2009) 7 OH EDELWEISS (2011) 10 C ER Xenon100 (2012) EN 7 T 8 Be N LUX (2013) EU 10 Neutrinos TR TTERIN IN O SCA G 8 9 B Neutrinos 10 nucleon cross section

C 10 OHE 10

R 11 E 10 N ING T TER AT WIMP N O SC UTRIN 12 EU T NE REN 10 COHE T R G I N ERIN 13 O SCATT Atmospheric and DSNB Neutrinos 10 10 14 1 10 100 1000 104 [Billard, Figueroa-Feliciano, Strigari 2 hep-ph/1307.5458] WIMP Mass GeV c Primordial Black Holes as DM

63 • How are they formed?

• What is allowed?

AAACE3icbVDLSsNAFJ34rPUVdelmsAjioiZS1I1Q1EUXChXsA5oQJtNJO3QmCTMToYT8gxt/xY0LRdy6ceffOGm7sK0HLhzOuZd77/FjRqWyrB9jYXFpeWW1sFZc39jc2jZ3dpsySgQmDRyxSLR9JAmjIWkoqhhpx4Ig7jPS8gfXud96JELSKHxQw5i4HPVCGlCMlJY88ziAl9AR/chLHY5UX/C0flXLspNp7eYuyzyzZJWtEeA8sSekBCaoe+a3041wwkmoMENSdmwrVm6KhKKYkazoJJLECA9Qj3Q0DREn0k1HP2XwUCtdGERCV6jgSP07kSIu5ZD7ujO/Uc56ufif10lUcOGmNIwTRUI8XhQkDKoI5gHBLhUEKzbUBGFB9a0Q95FAWOkYizoEe/bledI8Ldtn5cp9pVS9ncRRAPvgABwBG5yDKqiBOmgADJ7AC3gD78az8Wp8GJ/j1gVjMrMHpmB8/QJmsp6R • f = ⇢PBH/⇢DM A Question: the Invisible Moon

64 Suppose we couldn’t “see” the moon with electromagnetic radiation. • e.g. thick, permanent cloud layer, … • How would we deduce its existence? What could we learn about its structure?

? A Question: the Invisible Moon

65 Suppose we couldn’t “see” the moon with electromagnetic radiation. • e.g. thick, permanent cloud layer, … • How would we deduce its existence? What could we learn about its structure? • Assumptions: • we can observe the sun • we understand Newtonian gravity (or General Relativity)

? A Question: the Invisible Moon

66 From the observation of tides, theoretical astronomers propose the • existence of a “Moon” orbiting the Earth with a 28 day period.

• How much more could we say? • mass? ? • distance? • size? microphysics? • (e.g. 50µm black hole? cheese?)

• Are there other observations we could use? Addendum: the Invisible Moon

67 • The IceCube neutrino telescope imaged the moon in neutrinos! They mostly observe atmospheric neutrinos produced by cosmic rays • hitting the atmosphere. • The moon can block some of these cosmic rays creating a “neutrino shadow”.

[IceCube 2013] Gratuitous Cat Pictures

68 Gratuitous Cat Pictures

69 Gratuitous Cat Pictures

70 Gratuitous Cat Pictures