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Strengthening Memory, Justice, and Human Rights in Brazil and the Southern Hemisphere

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Strengthening Memory, Justice, and Human Rights in Brazil and the Southern Hemisphere IN BRAZIL AND THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE JUSTICE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS STRENGTHENING MEMORY, STRENGTHENING MEMORY, JUSTICE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN BRAZIL AND THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE MEMORIAL DA ANISTIA STRENGTHENING MEMORY, JUSTICE, AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN BRAZIL AND THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE Brazilian Federal Government Execution Ministry of Justice BRAZILIAN AMNESTY COMMISSION OF THE Amnesty Commission MINISTRY OF JUSTICE INTERNATIONAL COALITION OF SITES OF President of the Republic CONSCIENCE DILMA VANA ROUSSEFF Editorial Production Minister of Justice INTERNATIONAL COALITION OF SITES OF JOSÉ EDUARDO CARDOZO CONSCIENCE (ICSC) Ministry of Justice Executive Secretary Executive Director MARIVALDO DE CASTRO PEREIRA ELIZABETH SILKES Amnesty Commission President Editor PAULO ABRÃO BIX GABRIEL Amnesty Commission Vice-Presidents Assistant Editors SUELI APARECIDA BELLATO DEBORAH GARDNER JOSÉ CARLOS MOREIRA DA SILVA FILHO ZACHARY MCKIERNAN Amnesty Commission Office Director ICSC Brazil Project Coordination AMARÍLIS BUSCH TAVARES SILVIA FERNÁNDEZ Amnesty Commission Office Chief of Staff Graphic Design RENATA BARRETO PRETURLAN KERSTIN VOGDES DIEHN General Coordinator of the Political Amnesty Formatting Memorial KERSTIN VOGDES DIEHN National Manager of Project BRA/08/021 ROSANE CAVALHEIRO CRUZ This volume is part of the BRA/08/021 project, a cooperative effort of international exchange, policy development, and expansion of transitional justice in Brazil by the Amnesty Commission of the Ministry of Justice, the Brazilian Cooperation Agency, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the United Nations Development Programme, and was developed collaboratively with the International Coalition of Sites of Conscience (ICSC). The publication, published simultaneously in English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish, aims to disseminate and reinforce as a comprehensive guide for developing sites of memory. the LatinThe texts American presented experience here are in the the transitional exclusive responsibility justice field—especially of their authors on memorialization and do not represent and its techniques—and the plurality of public serve policies and academic thinking about the region, they also do not represent institutional opinions of any of its organizers, except when expressed in contrary. The chapter “Memorialization in Post-ConflictMemorials Societies in in the Africa: Time Potentials of Transition and Challenges”, edited by Susanne by Ereshnee Buckley- Naidu Zistel has been and reproduced by permission of Intersentia. It was previously published as: Naidu, Ereshnee, “Memorialisation in Post-conflict Societies in Africa: Potentials and Challenges,” Stefanie Schäfer. Intersentia, Cambridge: Trinity House, 2014, chapter 1. Free distribution - Sale is forbidden 2,000 copies in Portuguese 2,000 copies in English 2,000 copies in Spanish 1,000 copies in French Strengthening Memory, Justice, and Human Rights in Brazil and the Southern Hemisphere / Editor Bix Gabriel. – Brasília : Brazilian Amnesty Commission, Ministry of Available for download at: Justice; New York : International Coalition of Sites of Conscience, 2015. http://www.mj.gov.br/anistia Also published in Spanish, Portuguese, and French. Collaborated184 p. in this project the Ministry of Foreign Relations (Brazil) and United Published by the Brazilian Ministry of Justice Amnesty Nations Development Program. Commission. The reproduction in full or in part of the publication without the express permission of the Brazilian Ministry of Justice ISBN : 978-0-9962952-0-8 Amnesty Commission is prohibited. III1. Memorialization,. International Coalition Latin America. of Sites of2. Amnesty.Conscience. 3. Human Rights © 2011 Brazilian Ministry of Justice Amnesty Commission. I . Gabriel, Bix, editor. II. Brazil. Ministry of Justice Amnesty Commission All rights reserved. 2 ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION As the role of memorialization gains support in the fields of transitional justice and human rights, help memory initiatives around the world to develop projects that contribute to remembering there is an urgency to provide specific tools and strategies that can This publication will be such a tool. It will provide memory initiatives, civil society organi- zations,the past andand scholarsworking andtoward experts a goal in ofmuseology, “never again.” human rights, and transitional justice around the world with practical examples of and tools to use Sites of Conscience methodology. The publication opens with an overview of the role of memorialization in transitional justice and human rights as a framework for readers. The focus of the publication is nine case studies from a variety of contexts around the world: Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Cambodia, Chile, goalEl Salvador, of promoting Serbia, human Sierra rights.Leone, and the United States. Each case study will highlight specific methodologies,Within this diversity tools, and of tactics methodologies that have beenand regions, used in thatthe publicationspecific context includes toward a section the broad fo- El Salvador. cused on Latin America—specifically on initiatives undertaken in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and 3 PUBLICATION PARTNERS The Brazilian Amnesty Commission was established in 2001 by the Brazilian government under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Justice. Its mission is to evaluate pleas for reparation from those persons who were unable to work or carry out other economic activities for political reasons, or were in some way persecuted by the dictatorship due to their opinions, during the period from 1946–1988. This includes the two decades of the Brazilian military dictatorship- (1964–1985). The Commission is composed of twenty-six members. To date the Commission has received seventy-three thousand requests for reparation. Of these, forty thousand were ap Commissionproved, meaning also thatrecognized they were the granted right to political economic amnesty, compensation. thus constituting an official apology for Thethe violationsAmnesty Commissioncommitted by collection the State. of In documentsapproximately is the fifteen most thousand comprehensive of these documen cases, the- tary collection about the background of the Brazilian dictatorship. It is constructed from the narratives of those who claim to have had their rights violated by state repression. It combines collection will be available to the public through the Political Amnesty Memorial, an initiative ofofficial the Amnesty documents Commission with numerous of the testimonials Ministry of andJustice. aggregated Currently collections under construction from victims. in This the honoring victims of State dictatorship. city of Belo Horizonte this will be the first federal site of memory with international coverage- zenship, and memory, further expanding the concept of reparation that underlies its work. ForSince example, 2007, through the Commission the Caravans has of carried Amnesty out project, various the projects Amnesty focused Commission on education, led sessions citi Memory project, the Commission promoted public calls for funding social initiatives on the of evaluating reparation requests at places where the violations occurred. With the Marks of- nesty, dedicated to erecting monuments at sites where political persecution was acknowledged tosubject take place,of memory. and Testimonial From this project, Clinics, two an otherinnovative important project projects devoted emerged: to psychological the Trails careof Am of victims of state violence. Along with its projects, the Amnesty Commission considers international cooperation a powerful tool for fostering transitional justice initiatives regionally, for learning from past successful experiences from abroad, and for determining what is possible through its Project BRA/08/021 developed with UNDP. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the global development network promote human development in the context of democratic governance. Working together with governments,of the United Nations,private sector present and in civil 166 society, countries. UNDP Its connects core mandate countries is to to combat knowledge, poverty experi and- 4 by working together on solutions drawn by member countries to strengthen local capacity and ence, and resources to work with people in order to build a dignified life. This is accomplished an extensive network of partners. provide access to human, technical, and financial resources through external cooperation and The Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC), which is a part of the structure of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Itamaraty), works to negotiate, coordinate, implement, and monitor programs and technical cooperation projects in Brazil, operating on the basis of agreements signed by andBrazil programs with other of thecountries government. and international organizations. To fulfill its mission, ABC’s foreign policy is guided by the SRM and the national development priorities, as defined in sectoral plans The International Coalition of Sites of Conscience is the only worldwide network specif- ically dedicated to transforming places that preserve the past into spaces that promote civic action. The Coalition recognizes that the power of sites of memory is not inherent; it must be harnessed as a deliberate tactic in the service of human rights and citizen engagement. This conscious effort to connect past to present and memory to action is the hallmark of the Sites we engage tens of millions of people every year in using the lessons of history to take action on challengesof Conscience
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