Mediji I Javno Mišljenje U Republici Srpskoj Mediji I Javno Mišljenje U Republici Srpskoj

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Mediji I Javno Mišljenje U Republici Srpskoj Mediji I Javno Mišljenje U Republici Srpskoj Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj Dragan Stanisavljeviü MEDIJI I JAVNO MIŠLJENJE U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ Sarajevo, 2010. 1 Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj Dragan Stanisavljeviü Prvo izdanje Izdavaþ: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Za izdavaþa: Dr. Paul Pasch Lektor: Miladin ûulafiü Recenzenti: Prof. dr Besim Spahiü Fakultet politiþkih nauka Univerziteta u Sarajevu Prof. dr Najil Kurtiü Filozofski Fakultet Univerziteta u Tuzli Korice: Edin Mekiü Štampa: Amosgraf d.o.o Sarajevo Tiraž: 500 kom 2 Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj SADRŽAJ UVOD..................................................................................................... 7 Prvo poglavlje 1. TEORIJSKO-HIPOTETIýKI OKVIR.............................................. 13 1.1. Pojmovna razgraniþenja 1.1.1. Politika ................................................................................. 14 1.1.2 Politiþki diskurs..................................................................... 18 1.1.3. Agensi politiþkog diskursa.................................................... 24 1.1.4. Javnost.................................................................................. 29 1.1.5. Javno mnijenje...................................................................... 36 1.1.6. Masovni mediji ..................................................................... 42 1.1.7.Funkcij emasovnih medija..................................................... 52 2. TEORIJSKO NASLIJEĈE ............................................................... 56 2.1. Prikaz glavnih rezultata istraživanja uticaja masovnih medija na javno mišljenje ...................................................................... 56 2.2. Teorija suorjentacijskog konsenzusa ........................................ 64 2.3. Generalni model politiþkih odnosa s javnostima ....................... 68 3 Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj Drugo poglavlje 1. POLITIýKA STRUKTURA REPUBLIKE SPRPSKE.................... 73 1.1. Normativni okvir........................................................................ 74 1.2. Analiza poligona politiþkih silnica u Republici Srpskoj –Odnosi moüi.................................................... 79 1.2.1. Vladajuüa koalicija .............................................................. 82 1.2.2. Potencijali opozicije ............................................................. 88 1.2.3. Civilni sektor ........................................................................ 90 1.2.4. Vaninstitucionalni uticaji ..................................................... 94 1.2.5. Moü graÿana (javnosti.......................................................... 96 Treüe poglavlje 1. MAS-MEDIJSKI PODSISTEM REPUBLIKE SRPSKE................. 99 1.1. Medijska slika u Republici Srpskoj.......................................... 100 1.1.1. Mediji u okviru modela javne službe................................. 110 1.1.2. Komercijalni mediji........................................................... 114 1.1.3. Mediji sa sjedištem izvan Republike Srpske ...................... 132 1.1.4. Mediji sa sjedištem izvan Bosne i Hercegovine ................ 135 2. KAKO MEDIJI U REPUBLICI SPRSKOJ OSTVARUJU SVOJE IZVORNE FUNKCIJE ................................................................... 137 2.1. Informisanje ............................................................................ 137 2.2. Agenda setting.......................................................................... 140 2.3. Društvena kontrola................................................................... 142 2.4. Kreiranje javnog mišljenja ....................................................... 145 4 Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj ýetvrto poglavlje 1. ODLIKE POLITIýKOG DISKURSA U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ. 153 1.1.Otvorenost i demokratiþnost ..................................................... 154 1.2. Relevantnost............................................................................. 156 1.3. Nepristrasnost........................................................................... 159 1.4. Proaktivnost ............................................................................. 160 Peto poglavlje 1. POLITIýKA JAVNOST U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ...................... 163 1.1.Struktura politiþke javnosti ....................................................... 164 1.1.1. Proces komunicranja ......................................................... 164 1.1.2. Publika .............................................................................. 165 1.1.3. Javno mnijenje................................................................... 167 1.2.Glavni akteri.............................................................................. 173 1.3. Subjekti tematizacije ................................................................ 178 1.4. Uticaj........................................................................................ 180 Šesto poglavlje 1. AGENSI KREIRANJA PREOVLAĈUJUûIH STRUJA JAVNOG MIŠLJENJA U REPUBLICI SRPSKOJ........................ 183 1.1. Politiþke strukture .................................................................... 184 1.2. Državne strukture..................................................................... 186 1.3. Nevladine organizacije............................................................. 188 1.4. Uticajni pojedinci..................................................................... 189 5 Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj Sedmo poglavlje 1. NUŽNOST DEMOKRATIZACIJE POLITIýKOG DISKURSA.. 193 1.1. Javna sfera i odgovornost javnih servisa.................................. 196 1.2. Savremeni tehnološki izazovi u komunikaciji ......................... 200 1.3. Uspostavljanje dijaloga sa graÿanima...................................... 203 Osmo poglavlje 1. ZAVRŠNA RAZMATRANJA ....................................................... 207 O autoru ......................................................................................... 216 Literatura........................................................................................ 217 6 Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj UVOD U ovoj knjizi napravljena je nauþna deskripcija politiþkog diskursa u masovnim medijima u Republici Srpskoj. To je podrazumijevalo uoþavanje i izdvajanje relevantnih þinilaca strukture politiþkog diskursa: glavne medije, glavne politiþke subjekte i glavne metode koje su primjenjivane u komuniciranju posredstvom masovnih medija, glavne politiþke teme i naþin na koji su one pokretane u politiþkom diskursu i relevantne skupine javnosti koje presudno utiþu na artikuliranje preovlaÿujuüih struja mišljenja. U prvom dijelu (Teorijsko-hipotetiþki okvir) pored razgraniþenja osnovnih pojmova, dat je prikaz glavnih rezultata istraživanja uticaja masovnih medija na javno mišljenje. Sloboda izražavanja i sloboda mišljenja uslov su postojanja javnog mnijenja. Naþin komuniciranja sa graÿanima definitivno opredjeljuje karakter vlasti i oblike politiþkog ponašanja. Sasvim je jasno, da javno mnijenje van medija ne postoji, jer ukoliko putem medija nije dobilo masovni karakter, ostaüe nepoznato, daleko od oþiju javnosti. Orijentacija graÿana u politiþkom komuniciranju zavisi od dostupnih informacija, koje im pružaju mediji koji su, u obilju raznoraznih vijesti, prinuÿeni vršiti selekciju i pružati parcijalne informacije, pa se s razlogom postavlja pitanje: kako je moguüe sagledati cjelinu društvenog života? U ovom poglavlju izložili smo neka od istraživanja modernih teoretiþara komunikologije koji su se bavili uticajem medija na javno mišljenje: Walter Lippmann, Martin Harrop, Pippa Norris, Roderick Hart, Shanto Iyengar, James L. Garnett, itd. U drugom poglavlju ove knjige, istražili smo politiþku strukturu Republike Srpske gdje smo konstatovali da je na politiþkoj sceni u BiH prisutno promovisanje etniþkih interesa iznad graÿanskih 7 Mediji i javno mišljenje u Republici Srpskoj interesa, te smo meÿunarodnu zajednicu (Kancelarija visokog predstavnika) oznaþili kao ograniþavajuüi faktor za dalji razvoj demokratskih procesa u državi. Iako, formalno-pravno, graÿani imaju pravo na javno izražavanje mišljenja o pitanjima od opšteg interesa, javnost Republike Srpske bliža je tipu feudalne reprezentativne javnosti nego liberalnoj graÿanskoj javnosti. Javnost RS je uglavnom „uspavana“ a povremeno se „budi“ kada je doveden u pitanje opstanak Republike Srpske. U treüem poglavlju knjige analizirali smo medijsku scenu u Republici Srpskoj, te smo izvršili klasifikaciju medija na: medije u okviru modela javne službe, komercijalne, medije sa sjedištem izvan RS i medije sa sjedištem izvan BiH. Oslonili smo se na referentna istraživanja profesionalnih agencija kao i na vlastite opservacije medijskih sadržaja štampanih i elektronskih medija. Na osnovu toga, izveli smo nekoliko zakljuþaka: 1) medijska slika u RS u potpunosti odražava ukupnu društvenu i politiþku realnost bosansko- hercegovaþkog društva 2) da je medijski prostor RS homogeniziran i unison u podršci vladajuüoj politiþkoj strukturi, 3) da samopotþinjavanje medija interesima i zahtjevima nosilaca vlasti vješto predstavljenih kao „vitalni nacionalni interes“ þesto žrtvuje osnovne etiþke i profesionalne vrijednosti, i 4) da izostaje „medijska alternativa“. Analitiþkim postupkom utvrdili smo da, u spremnosti na samodiscipliniranje i stavljanje u službu jedne politiþke stranke (opcije) nema bitnije razlike izmeÿu elektronskih i štampanih medija,
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