The Penicuik Landslide, Midlothian, January 2007
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The Penicuik landslide, Midlothian, January 2007 Physical Hazards Programme Internal Report IR/07/036 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PHYSICAL HAZARDS PROGRAMME INTERNAL REPORT IR/07/036 The Penicuik landslide, Midlothian, January 2007 M A E Browne & N R Golledge The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Licence No: 100017897/2007. Keywords Penicuik; Scotland; landslide; natural hazard; mass movement; slope failure; industrial waste. Bibliographical reference M A E BROWNE & N R GOLLEDGE. 2007. The Penicuik landslide, Midlothian, January 2007. British Geological Survey Internal Report, IR/07/036. 16pp. Copyright in materials derived from the British Geological Survey’s work is owned by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and/or the authority that commissioned the work. You may not copy or adapt this publication without first obtaining permission. Contact the BGS Intellectual Property Rights Section, British Geological Survey, Keyworth, e-mail [email protected]. You may quote extracts of a reasonable length without prior permission, provided a full acknowledgement is given of the source of the extract. Maps and diagrams in this book use topography based on Ordnance Survey mapping. © NERC 2007. All rights reserved Keyworth, Nottingham British Geological Survey 2007 BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY The full range of Survey publications is available from the BGS British Geological Survey offices Sales Desks at Nottingham, Edinburgh and London; see contact details below or shop online at www.geologyshop.com Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG The London Information Office also maintains a reference 0115-936 3241 Fax 0115-936 3488 collection of BGS publications including maps for consultation. e-mail: [email protected] The Survey publishes an annual catalogue of its maps and other www.bgs.ac.uk publications; this catalogue is available from any of the BGS Sales Shop online at: www.geologyshop.com Desks. 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(Earth Galleries), Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2DE The British Geological Survey is a component body of the Natural Environment Research Council. 020-7589 4090 Fax 020-7584 8270 020-7942 5344/45 email: [email protected] Forde House, Park Five Business Centre, Harrier Way, Sowton, Exeter, Devon EX2 7HU 01392-445271 Fax 01392-445371 Geological Survey of Northern Ireland, Colby House, Stranmillis Court, Belfast BT9 5BF 028-9038 8462 Fax 028-9038 8461 Maclean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB 01491-838800 Fax 01491-692345 Columbus House, Greenmeadow Springs, Tongwynlais, Cardiff, CF15 7NE 029–2052 1962 Fax 029–2052 1963 Parent Body Natural Environment Research Council, Polaris House, North Star Avenue, Swindon, Wiltshire SN2 1EU 01793-411500 Fax 01793-411501 www.nerc.ac.uk Foreword This report is the published product of a short study by the British Geological Survey (BGS) of the landslide that occurred in South Bank Wood, Penicuik, on the 11th January 2007. The report is based on data collected during two visits to the site, as well as an assessment of existing data held in BGS archives. The sites lies on 1:50 000 scale Geological Sheet 32E (Edinburgh) (British Geological Survey 2006). Survey of the superficial deposits of this area was conducted 1981- 2000. This report does not include any assessment of geotechnical properties of the failed material, and should not be used in place of a full geotechnical review. Acknowledgements Photographs were taken by Brian McIntyre (BGS Photographic Services), and the authors. Contents Foreword........................................................................................................................................ 1 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................ 1 Contents.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Summary........................................................................................................................................ 2 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Failure site...................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Geological context..........................................................................................................4 2 Description of failure ............................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Site.................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2 Composition.................................................................................................................... 6 2.3 Morphology .................................................................................................................... 6 2.4 Mode of Failure .............................................................................................................. 9 2.5 Classification ................................................................................................................ 11 2.6 Triggers of Slope Failure.............................................................................................. 11 3 Impacts.................................................................................................................................. 11 References .................................................................................................................................... 12 FIGURES Figure 1. Location of site in relation to wider area. Red spot shows failure site shown in Fig. 2. 3 Figure 2: Geological context of failure site 4 1 Figure 3: View west across headscarp of failure, figure (left) for scale 5 Figure 4: View north (downslope) from headscarp 5 Figure 5: Stratified and steeply-dipping waste in eastern wall of failure 6 Figure 6: Profile of failure site, based on high-resolution digital elevation data from Intermap Technologies 6 Figure 7: a) Stratified waste exposed in vertical face of headscarp b) view up gully from toe of failure 7 Figure 8: Levée of overbank material near base of slope, western margin 8 Figure 9: Debris flow material capping fallen tree limb 8 Figure 10: Lateral slump truncating overbank deposition, western margin of failure 10 Figure 11: Schematic illustration of likely flow path of landslip / debris flow 10 Summary This report describes the geological context, form and composition of a substantial rotational failure in artificial deposits on the southern bank of the River North Esk, approximately 0.5 km southwest of Penicuik town centre. Slippage of buried industrial waste resulted in collapse of a substantial volume of made ground, and associated tension cracking. Consequently the area was closed until the level of potential hazard could be assessed and remedial measures put in place. Slippage probably occurred as a result on prolonged and intensive rainfall in the weeks leading up to, as well as immediately prior to, the eventual failure. Elevated pore water pressures throughout the substrate, a raised water table, and slope-parallel stratification in the unconsolidated waste are likely to have combined to initiate the collapse. 2 Date of failure: 11th January 2007 Location: South Bank Wood, near Penicuik, central Scotland Type of failure: rotational slump in artificial deposits BGS landslide ID: 15470 1 Introduction This report documents a new active landslip at South Bank Wood, Penicuik Estate, Midlothian (NT 23090 59220). Visits to the site by BGS geologists took place on 27th January and 9th March 2007. According to local sources, movement on the site of a former mill landfill was first noted on Thursday 11th January 2007, with the main failure during the night of the 12th January. Open fissures seen on 27th January by BGS staff suggest that gravitational movements are likely to continue. The site is on 1:10 000 scale geological sheet NT25NW (Penicuik) which is included in 1:50 000 Scale Geological Sheet 32E (Edinburgh). Penicuik is a small town, developed as a planned village in 1770 by its Laird, Sir James Clerk of Penicuik. Its industries included mining and later, paper-making. This industry was centred on Valleyfield Mills, just downstream of the landslip site, that operated from 1709 to 1966, firstly by Agnes Campbell and by the Cowan family from 1770. Figure 1. Location of site in relation to wider area. Red spot shows failure site shown in Fig. 2. 1.1 FAILURE SITE The main part of the landslip is located on what was a small part of an area of gently sloping ground above the incised postglacial gorge of the River North Esk. Topographical maps pre- dating