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Home , Craig Rodwell, Julius (restaurant), LGBT social movements

“private” Mafia-run Inn. The , one of Participants of the Stonewall AND STONEWALL: THE SHOT Uprising in front of the bar, June the few that allowed dancing, was popular with 29, 1969. Photo credit: Fred W. PRE-STONEWALL LGBT LIFE HEARD ROUND THE WORLD a younger, diverse crowd. Instead of dispersing, McDarrah, Premium Archive the expected result of a routine raid, a crowd Collection, Getty Images. As early as the 1850s, men The Village emerged as the first The 1969 Stonewall Uprising was a key turning consisting of bar patrons, street youth, and congregated in Greenwich neighborhood with a significant point in the history of the LGBT civil neighborhood residents became increasingly Village. Pfaff’s, 647 Broadway at LGBT population in City movement in the U.S. The uprising dramatically angry and began chanting, throwing objects Bleecker Street, was a hangout for and one of the first nationally. changed the nearly two-decade-old movement as the police made arrests. Police called in “bohemians” such as Walt Whitman Through the , the area by inspiring LGBT people throughout the reinforcements but were barricaded inside and for men seeking men. Bleecker south of Washington Square was country to assertively organize on a broader the bar. For hours the police tried to clear the Street in the 1890s had a number of the location of many bars and scale. In the years that followed, hundreds of neighboring streets while the crowd fought “fairy” bars, often subject to raids, clubs that welcomed or merely new organizations were formed on campuses back. The rebellion lasted over the course of where cross-dressing young men tolerated LGBT patrons. Gay bars and in cities across the country as a younger six days to July 3. In the immediate aftermath solicited male customers. were crucial to creating a sense of generation of activists came out of the closet of Stonewall, the Front and The picturesque Village prior to community and cultivating political and demanded full and equal rights. As historian the were formed in World War I became popular for the action in an era of . Lillian Faderman wrote, Stonewall was “the NYC in 1969. STAR (Street Transvestite Action artistic and socially and politically Washington Square Arch c. 1900. shot heard round the world...crucial because it Revolutionaries), an early group, progressive. Middle-class Photo Credit: Milstein Division, New York sounded the rally for the movement.” was founded in 1970 by Marsha P. Johnson and Public Library. and appropriated their own . Within two years, LGBT rights spaces despite some opposition In the early hours of Saturday, , 1969, groups had been started in nearly every major from fellow Villagers. police raided the city in the U.S. STONEWALL

Court in 2013, and after the Supreme Court youth, and those who were CRUCIAL BECAUSE IT SOUNDED LGBT DISCRIMINATION RELEVANCE OF legalized same-sex marriage nationally in 2015. gender nonconforming it AND ACTIVISM THE RALLY FOR THE MOVEMENT. STONEWALL TODAY People commemorated here the victims of the was even more challenging. 2016 mass shooting at Pulse, a gay nightclub in The Mafia opened bars as —Lillian Faderman, historian, The Gay Revolution Stonewall has taken on shifting meanings. Orlando, Florida. members-only “bottle clubs.” The LGBT community historically When it was in operation in 1967-69, it was a No license was needed Pulse nightclub shooting memorial in front of the , suffered harassment, discrimination, and Mafia-run bar, and representative of the societal a day after Stonewall’s National Monument designation. and a vicious cycle began oppression from their families, organized harassment against the LGBT community. It has Photo credit: Wikimedia Foundation. of Mafia-police payoffs. religion, psychiatric professionals, and evolved into a National Historic Landmark and Police harassment of gay government. After Prohibition the New National Monument with worldwide symbolic bars and entrapment were DIVERSITY OF THE LGBT COMMUNITY York State Liquor Authority (SLA) in resonance. It is a shrine, symbol, rallying place top concerns of the LGBT 1934 was granted the power to revoke for civil rights and solidarity. It is a place for the license of bar owners who “permit community in the 1960s. The LGBT community broadly encompasses all ages, races, ethnicities, mourning and remembrance. It was the site for [their] premises to become disorderly” The and nationalities, class levels, and gender identifications in the five boroughs of the rally after the Snake Pit arrests and the first and the mere presence of gay people were . The events leading to Stonewall, the uprising itself, and the Pride March in 1970, the protests in was considered disorderly. LGBT people two of the nation’s first gay political organizing afterward were due to a diverse range of participants and 1977, and demonstrations for LGBT civil rights in could not touch, dance together, make rights groups whose early activists. This tour represents a selection of sites associated with LGBT history the 1980s. More recently, people celebrated here direct eye contact, or wear clothes of political activism help lead to that are located within a very small geographic area surrounding the Stonewall for the legalization of same-sex marriage in New the opposite gender without fearing the Stonewall Uprising and Inn. As such, it does not represent the entire long LGBT history of Greenwich York State in 2011, the overturning of the federal arrest. For women, people of color, changes immediately after. Village, nor does it entirely reflect the diversity of today’s LGBT community. Defense of Marriage Act by the U.S. Supreme

W 16th ST E 18th ST JANE ST JANE ST 3. NYC AIDS MEMORIAL AT ST. VINCENT’S W 15th ST E 17th ST W 12th ST W 12th ST W 13th ST THREE LGBT HISTORIC AREAS OF INTEREST TRIANGLE AND ENVIRONS, 1920S TO PRESENT E 16th ST 8th AVE W 14th ST BETHUNE ST BANK ST

GREENWICH AVE W 12th ST

BLEECKER ST Since the early 20th century, this neighborhood has been home W 13th ST E 15th ST

6th AVE to many LGBT people, establishments, and organizations, and BANK ST W 11th ST 5th AVE

WEST ST WEST W 12th ST GREENWICH ST 1. WASHINGTON SQUARE PARK AND is closely associated with the AIDS epidemic. By the 1980s, 14 Street – Union Square W 11th ST PERRY ST 7th AVE S M W 11th ST E 13th ST Greenwich Village was the epicenter of the disease in the city. WAVERLY PL ENVIRONS, 1890s TO 1960s T PERRY ST CHARLES ST Since 1983, New York’s LGBT Community Center (208 West R W 10th ST E 12th ST By the 1890s, Bleecker Street was known for its CHARLES LN 13th Street) has served hundreds of thousands of people – W 10th ST various “dives” attracting men. The block of CHARLES ST W 9th ST E 11th ST UNIVERSITY PL STT 2. HUDSON RIVER WATERFRONT AND this is where ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) and M TOPHERPH ST GROVE ST BROADWAY MacDougal Street just south of Washington Square GAY ST 5th AVEE 10th ST W 10th ST CHRISTOPHERChristChristopheCh STopherphererr StS StatioStationattionon other groups were organized and met. The former St. Vincent’s W 8th ST PIERS, 1890s TO PRESENT h A emerged as the cultural and social center of E ST 6th AVEWAVERLY PL E 9th ST Hospital had the first and largest AIDS ward on the East Coast. CHRISTOPHER ST GROVE ST Greenwich Village’s bohemian set, with an openly For over a century, the Greenwich Village waterfront PLL HUDSON ST BARROW ST OW ST NESES ST The New York City AIDS Memorial, at the intersection of 7th JONES ST gay and presence in the 1910s. Through along the Hudson River, including the Christopher BARROW ST and Greenwich Avenues and 12th Street, honors the more than the 1960s, the South Village was the location of Street Pier at West 10th and West Streets, has been MORTON ST West 4 Street – M E 8th ST Washington Square 100,000 New Yorkers who have died of AIDS and recognizes MORTON ST 7th AVE S many LGBT bars and commercial establishments. a destination for the LGBT community. It evolved W 3rd ST WASHINGTON SQUARE S NJ LEROY ST BEDFORD ST the contributions of caregivers and activists. GREENE ST GREENWICH ST WAVERLY PL Numerous LGBT writers and artists made the from a place of maritime commerce and waterfront LEROY ST Astor Place M Village their home. Meetings at several area saloons, to a popular locale for cruising and sex for The NYC AIDS Memorial. Photo credit: Erik McGregor/Pacific Press/Alamy Live News. CLARKSONMANHATTAN ST WASHINGTON PL BLEECKER ST BROADWAY SULLIVAN ST

churches in the 1960s fostered LGBT gay men by the 1960s, to an important refuge for W 4th ST DOWNING ST W HOUSTON ST THOMPSON ST

rights activism. marginalized youth of color today. COOPER SQ W 3rd ST Houston St M LAGUARDIA PL 129 MacDougal Street, c. 1939. Photo credit: NYC Dept. of Taxes, The Grace Line pier located at in an undated E 4th ST

KING ST 6th AVE Municipal Archives. photo. Photo credit: Milstein Division, New York Public Library. BROOKLYN

WASHINGTON ST

HUDSON ST MERCER ST BOND ST CHARLTON ST COOPER SQ

GREENWICH ST PRINCE ST W HOUSTON ST VANDAM ST LAFAYETTE ST

VARICK ST W BROADWAY Photo credit: Leonard Fink. Courtesy LGBT Community Center National History History National Center Community LGBT Courtesy Fink. Leonard credit: Photo West 12th St., 1970. Photo credit: Kay Tobin Lahusen, Manuscripts and Archives Archives and Manuscripts Lahusen, Tobin Kay credit: Photo 1970. St., 12th West Photo credit: Glynnis Jones/Shutterstock.com. (middle right) “Gay Liberation” Liberation” “Gay right) (middle Jones/Shutterstock.com. Glynnis credit: Photo Photo Credit: dbimages / Alamy Stock Photo (bottom left) Marsha P. Johnson P. Johnson Marsha left) (bottom Photo Stock / Alamy dbimages Credit: Photo Division, New York Public Library. (middle left) The Stonewall Inn, circa 2016. 2016. circa Inn, Stonewall The left) (middle Library. Public York New Division, (top) GAA members in the first NYC Pride March at 6th Ave. at at 6th Ave. at March Pride NYC first the in members (top) GAA Cover: Front Photo credit: NPCA. (bottom) Stewart’s Cafeteria, May 1933. Photo credit: credit: Photo 1933. May Cafeteria, Stewart’s (bottom) NPCA. credit: Photo (left) and Sylvia Rivera (right) participating at the Pride March, June 1973. 1973. June March, Pride the at participating (right) Rivera Sylvia and (left) (top) Obama Administration Senior Advisor Valerie Jarrett Jarrett Valerie Advisor Senior Administration (top) Obama Cover: Back speaking at the Stonewall National Monument designation, June 2016. 2016. June designation, Monument National Stonewall the at speaking sculpture by George Segal, Greenwich Village, New York City York New Village, Greenwich Segal, George by sculpture Archive. (bottom right) Empire State Building. Photo credit: credit: Photo Building. State Empire right) (bottom Archive. Percy L. Sperr, Milstein Division, New York Public Library. Public York New Division, Milstein Sperr, L. Percy anaglic/ Shutterstock.com. inspiration of this and future generations. System for the enjoyment, education, and and cultural resources of the National Park The preserves the natural www.nps.gov throughout New York City. sites associated with the LGBT community visible by documenting historic and cultural Sites Project is making an invisible history Founded in 2015, the NYC LGBT Historic www.nyclgbtsites.org favorite places. strengthen and protect America’s independent, nonpartisan voice working to Conservation Association has been the Since its founding in 1919, the National Parks NationalParks www.npca.org @ NPCA

GREENWICH VILLAGE, NYC VILLAGE, GREENWICH LGBT HISTORY TOUR HISTORY LGBT PERRY ST

WEST 4 GREENWICH AVE 45 MINUTE CHARLES ST PATCHIN PL 17

TH

ST AVE S WALKING TOUR TH 7 CHARLES ST

1. CHRISTOPHER PARK TH ST The park, designated the Stonewall National Monument by President W 10 CHARLES ST Obama in 2016, played a key role during the Stonewall Uprising and remains an important site for the LGBT community. During the 1960s GREENWICH AVE it was a popular hangout for LGBT youth. In the 1980s, landscape 9 11 architect Philip Winslow, who later died of AIDS, created the park AVE TH design. George Segal’s sculpture “Gay Liberation” (1980), placed 6 TH ST here in 1992, is a focal point of the park. Activist WEST 4 W 10 WAVERLY PL (1944-1994) proposed the idea to place a statue in the park commemorating LGBT liberation. AVE S 16 TH 7 TH 2. CHRISTOPHER STREET ST W 9 TH ST TH For decades, gay men had gone to the west end of Christopher W 10 15 ST Street at the Hudson River. Christopher Street became one of the 14 best-identified LGBT streets in the world after 1969. Its popularity was sustained into the 1980s by many LGBT-owned and -friendly bars and businesses. Today, the Christopher Street pier and waterfront has 3 CHRISTOPHER ST become an important area for LGBT and queer youth of color. BLEECKER ST 4 13 8 3. STONEWALL 2 (51-53 Christopher Street, currently a vacant commercial WAVERLY PL AVE CHRISTOPHER ST TH space at No. 51, and Stonewall Inn at No. 53) 1 6 The Stonewall Inn, at the time of the 1969 GAY ST W 8 TH uprising, consisted of two former horse stable M M ST buildings that were combined in 1930 with Christopher TOPHER ST Street – Sheridan one façade, now mostly intact from its 1969 CHRIS Square Station appearance. The bar closed immediately M after the Stonewall Uprising and was replaced West 4th Street – 7 WASHINGTON PL Washington Square by a number of eating establishments. In 1987- 5 WEST 4 Station 89, a bar named Stonewall operated out of No. 51. M The current Stonewall bar opened in 1993 and has operated under the current management since 2006. It is open to the public. TH ST Stonewall Inn, 1969. Photo credit: Diana Davies, 1969. Manuscript and Archives Division, GROVE ST AVE S TH New York Public Library. 7

BLEECKER ST WAVERL W ST 4. MATTACHINE SOCIETY AVE (59 Christopher Street, currently Kettle of Fish) TH Y PL BARRO 6 Founded in Los Angeles in 1950, with a New York chapter in 1955, the Mattachine Society was a leading American “” 8. MARIE’S CRISIS recently formed and Gay Activists Alliance 14. MEMORIAL BOOKSHOP (gay and lesbian) group. At the time it was considered radical. (59 Grove Street) quickly assembled a protest march from Christopher Park to (15 Christopher Street, currently the Greenwich Letterpress) the police station, as well as a candlelight vigil at St. Vincent’s Mattachine challenged the State Liquor Authority’s ban on First opened in the 1920s as a speakeasy, and as café Marie’s Crisis Gay rights activist established America’s first gay and Hospital where he was taken. Flyers read “Any way you look serving gay people at the famous “Sip-In” at ’ Bar in 1966, in 1935, it became a piano bar with a primarily gay clientele in 1972. lesbian bookstore in an apartment building storefront at 291 Mercer at it – that boy was PUSHED. We are ALL being pushed.” This and worked to stop police entrapment of gay men. This was The lesbian novelist Patricia Highsmith was a regular here. It is Street in 1967. He named it after the most prominent gay person protest, which received positive media coverage, demonstrated Mattachine’s last offices, from 1972 until it dissolved in 1976. open to the public. he could think of, Oscar Wilde, the playwright. Rodwell had been a the strength of the two organizations. It inspired many more This location is poignant, as Mattachine was replaced in influence participant in the Julius’ “Sip-In” in 1966. In 1973, people to become politically active. by younger and more radical activist LGBT groups after Stonewall. 9. STEWART’S CAFETERIA Rodwell moved the bookshop, which also Mattachine Society button, c. 1960s. Photo: Gay Activists Alliance Flyer for the Snake Pit raid protest, March 1970. Private collection. (7th Avenue South & Christopher Street, currently Bank of operated as a vital community center, to this America) location. He sold it in 1993, just before his 5. THE DUCHESS 12. JULIUS’ BAR Opened in 1933, Stewart’s Cafeteria became a popular bohemian death, and the store remained in business (101 7th Avenue South, currently Two Boots Pizza) (159 West 10th Street) and gay and lesbian haunt. The large windows put gay life on full until 2009. A bar has continuously operated here since the mid-19th century, The Duchess was a popular late 1970s/early 80s , closed display to the late-night crowds who frequented this busy Craig Rodwell, n.d. Photo credit: Kay Tobin Lahusen when the city revoked its liquor license under Mayor Edward Koch. known as Julius’ by around 1930. It started to attract a gay clientele Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library. intersection at the Christopher Street subway stop. In 1935 the by the 1960s. On April 21, 1966, an event later known as the “Sip-In” manager was convicted of “openly outraging public decency” here. was organized by members of the Mattachine Society. Inspired by 15. GREENWICH AVENUE 6. RIDICULOUS THEATRICAL CO. Stewart’s was raucously depicted by famous gay artist Paul Cadmus civil rights sit-ins in the South, they set out to challenge the State (1 Sheridan Square, currently the Axis Theatre Company) in his painting Greenwich Village Cafeteria (1934). In the 1960s, pre-dating the Stonewall Rebellion, the stretch Liquor Authority’s discriminatory policy of revoking the licenses The basement Café Society (1938-50) was downtown’s first racially Greenwich Village Cafeteria, Paul Cadmus, 1934. The Museum of Modern Art. of Greenwich Avenue from Christopher Street to Seventh Avenue, integrated club, with bookings by legendary jazz producer John of bars that served gay men and lesbians. The refusal of service was called “the cruisiest street in the Village.” Anything farther Hammond. It opened with a relatively unknown singer named Billie 10. FEDORA to those who intentionally revealed they were “homosexuals” west of here was what novelist Felice Picano called “homosexual was publicized and photographed. It was one of the earliest Holiday, who debuted the song Strange here. Charles Ludlam’s (239 West 4th Street, currently Fedora operated by new owners) no-man’s-land.” pre-Stonewall public actions for LGBT rights, and a big step Ridiculous Theatrical Co. was founded in 1967 and moved here in Henry and Fedora Dorato opened the restaurant Fedora in 1952, forward in legitimizing LGBT bars in New York. 1978. It was one of New York’s most innovative and influential Off- where his father had opened a speakeasy in 1919 and then 16. WOMEN’S HOUSE OF DETENTION Mattachine Society members (left to right) John Timmons, , Craig Rodwell, and Off-Broadway theater troupes. Ludlam died of AIDS in 1987. a restaurant in 1933. A well-known male model sent hundreds being refused service by the bartender at Julius’, April 21, 1966.Photo credit: Fred (Sixth and Greenwich Avenues) Charles Ludlum, founder of the Ridiculous Theatrical Company, with the cast of his play “The of postcards to friends praising Fedora, leading to its popularity. W.McDarrah, Premium Archive Collection, Getty Images. From 1931 to 1974, the large prison on this site housed countless Ventriloquist’s Wife” in 1977. Photo credit: Jack Mitchell, Archive Photos Collection, Getty Images. It was considered the oldest continually operating restaurant poor, working-class, and lesbian women. It became infamous in 13. ELMER EPHRAIM 7. SITE OF THE START with a large gay clientele until it closed in 2010. the Village for shouted exchanges between women inside and on ELLSWORTH FLAGPOLE the street, many of them lovers. This was one factor that resulted OF NEW YORK’S FIRST in a campaign to demolish the building and replace it with the 11. SNAKE PIT At the eastern tip of Christopher Park scenic garden that is there now. PRIDE MARCH (213-215 West 10th Street) is a flagpole dedicated in 1936 to Union Women’s House of Detention, 1945. Photo credit: Museum of the City of New York. At the one-year anniversary of Stonewall, In March 1970, less than a year after Army Col. Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth (1837- Stonewall, police raided the after- in June 1970, a group that included 1861). Born in New York State, he was the 17. MURRAY HALL APARTMENT Craig Rodwell, owner of the Oscar Wilde hours basement bar the Snake Pit. leader of the first American Zouave unit (457 Sixth Avenue in between the two entrances for Sammy’s Memorial Bookshop, led what became Fearing another crowd confrontation, when he met and went to work for Abraham Noodle Shop and Grill) the first annual Pride March (then known they detained over 160 people at the Lincolnin 1860. In his book, The Intimate World as the Christopher Street Liberation Day local police station at 135 Charles of Abraham Lincoln (2005), sex researcher C.A. Tripp posited that This was the last residence of Murray Hall (c. 1840-1901), a March). To the organizers’ surprise, this Street, west of the bar. Immigrant Lincoln became personally attached to the young man. Ellsworth local politician, who today would be considered gender non- incredibly brave public march attracted Diego Viñales, apparently fearing accompanied him to Washington and was the first officer killed conforming. Hall lived as a man for decades without his gender thousands of participants. The marchers first gathered on Washington deportation, attempted to escape in the Civil War, while removing a Confederate flag from atop a being questioned. Married twice to women, Hall remained close to Place between Sheridan Square and Sixth Avenue. From Greenwich by jumping out of a window. He Virginia hotel that Lincoln could see from the White House. The the Jefferson Market Courthouse as a bail bondsman. Following was impaled on an iron fence Village they followed a route up Sixth Avenue to Central Park. plaque on the flagpole base has the incorrect order of his name. Hall’s death, the New York Times reported that Hall’s “true sex” Official poster from New York’s first Pride March, June 28, 1970. Photo credit: Craig Rodwell below. Appalled at his possible Col. Elmer Ephraim Ellsworth, c. 1861. Photo credit: Mathew B. Brady & Studio, Harvard Art was revealed by the doctor. This attracted worldwide attention, Papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library. death (he actually survived), the Museums/Fogg Museum, Imaging Department, Fellows of Harvard College. including that of pioneering sexual psychologist .

ABOUT YOUR VISIT DIRECTIONS TO CHRISTOPHER PARK LANGUAGE AND TERMINOLOGY MORE INFORMATION Third Printing, March 2018 Text by Jay Shockley and Ken Lustbader The sites on this map are located within and outside the Stonewall Christopher Park is located in Greenwich Village at 7th Avenue Language and terminology for and gender Please visit the National Parks for the NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. National Monument boundary. The numbering of the sites follows a South and Christopher Street. By subway: train to Christopher identification have continually evolved since the late 19th century. Conservation Association’s website For any use of text or information, the LGBT History Walking Tour suggested route that roughly follows a loop. After visiting site 17 you Street – Sheridan Square or the A B C D E F or M train to West For example, “lesbian” and “gay” became more commonly used in at www.npca.org and the NYC citation is: Brochure, First Printing, NYC LGBT can circle back to your starting point at Christopher Park. Many of the 4th Street – Washington Square. By bus, take the M8 or M20 via the post-World War II era, whereas “bisexual” and “transgender” LGBT Historic Sites Project’s Historic Sites Project and National Parks sites featured in this brochure are privately owned and not open to the 7th Avenue South to Christopher Street. were not as frequent until the 1980s. The text uses “LGBT” website at www.nyclgbtsites.org. Conservation Association, September 2017. public. Please respect people’s privacy and do not trespass. although that usage did not exist in earlier time periods.