DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation and Considerations About Fundamental Periods of Damaged

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation and Considerations About Fundamental Periods of Damaged EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1903–1912, 2013 Natural Hazards Natural Hazards www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1903/2013/ doi:10.5194/nhess-13-1903-2013 and Earth System and Earth System © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Evaluation and considerations about fundamentalAtmospheric periods of Atmospheric damaged reinforced concrete buildings Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques R. Ditommaso1, M. Vona1, M. R. Gallipoli2, and M. Mucciarelli1 Discussions 1 Open Access School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy Open Access 2National Research Council of Italy – IMAA, Tito Scalo – PZ, Italy Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Correspondence to: M. Vona ([email protected]) Discussions Received: 4 July 2012 – Published in Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss.: – Revised: 2 June 2013 – Accepted: 17 June 2013 – Published: 31 July 2013 Open Access Open Access Climate Climate Abstract. The aim of this paper is an empirical estimation 1 Introduction of the Past of the Past of the fundamental period of reinforced concrete buildings Discussions and its variation due to structural and non-structural dam- age. The 2009 L’Aquila earthquake has highlighted the mis- The estimation of the fundamental period is a crucial aspect Open Access Open Access match between experimental data and code provisions value in response analysis for existing buildings and for their as- Earth System not only for undamaged buildings but also for the damaged sessment and retrofitting.Earth A reliable System estimation of the funda- mental period T is an important aspect both in classic (force- ones. The 6 April 2009 L’Aquila earthquake provided the Dynamics Dynamics first opportunity in Italy to estimate the fundamental period based design, FBD) and in more recent design procedures Discussions of reinforced concrete (RC) buildings after a strong seismic (e.g. pushover analysis, displacement-based design; see for sequence. A total of 68 buildings with different characteris- a review Masi and Vona, 2010). In the linear static or dy- Open Access tics, such as age, height and damage level, have been inves- namic method (FBD) the fundamentalGeoscientific period (predicted in a Geoscientific Open Access tigated by performing ambient vibration measurements that simplified manner or calculatedInstrumentation by analytical model) is the Instrumentation crucial parameter to define the spectral acceleration and thus provided their fundamental translational period. Four differ- Methods and Methods and ent damage levels were considered according with the def- the base shear force. initions by EMS 98 (European Macroseismic Scale), trying At present, concerning theData evaluation Systems of seismic actions on Data Systems to regroup the estimated fundamental periods versus build- single structures, most design codes (e.g. ATC, 1978; BSSC, Discussions Open Access 2003; CEN, 2005; NZSEE, 2006) provide period-heightOpen Access em- ing heights according to damage. The fundamental period of Geoscientific RC buildings estimated for low damage level is equal to the pirical expressions, usuallyGeoscientific set up with an elastic force-based previous relationship obtained in Italy and Europe for un- design in mind. The recent research into earthquake engi- Model Development neering shows thatModel the fundamental Development periods estimated by nu- damaged buildings, well below code provisions. When dam- Discussions age levels are higher, the fundamental periods increase, but merical models are often significantly different than those again with values much lower than those provided by codes. obtained when using an experimental approach (Gallipoli et Open Access Open Access Finally, the authors suggest a possible update of the code for- al., 2009, 2010; OliveiraHydrology and Navarro, 2010;and Michel et al., Hydrology and mula for the simplified estimation of the fundamental period 2010). These differences are probably due to the fact that the of vibration for existing RC buildings, taking into account dynamic properties of buildingsEarth are System evaluated using numer- Earth System also the inelastic behaviour. ical analyses based on inaccurateSciences FE (finite element) mod- Sciences els, based on too simplified models which inadequately re- produce the dynamic behaviour of real structures. Although Discussions Open Access the mass properties can be easily assessed, the geometryOpen Access and stiffness of structural and non-structural elements (when con- Ocean Science sidered) are too simplifiedOcean as well Science as the consequent damp- Discussions ing properties of the structure considered. In fact, the infill Open Access Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere Discussions 1904 R. Ditommaso et al.: Evaluation and considerations about fundamental periods panels are not generally included in this kind of numerical Table 1. Distribution of damage levels of surveyed RC buildings. models. The inability to model correctly the structural damp- ing linked to material properties and other physical charac- Damage level teristics (e.g. opening and closing of cracks, structural and Age No. 0 1 2 3 4 non-structural elements interaction, etc.) makes numerical Buildings estimate of periods less realistic (Masi and Vona, 2010). There are recent works where special-purpose-element mod- 1946–1961 9 1 7 1 els have been developed in order to represent the actual 1962–1971 7 7 1972–1981 18 1 11 6 seismic response of the RC (reinforced concrete) structures 1982–1991 23 5 7 4 3 4 (Karayannis et al., 2011). Several key parameters influenc- 1992–2000 9 6 2 1 ing the dynamic characteristics of the buildings have been in- 2001–2009 2 2 cluded, such as infills, beam-column RC joints, and boundary conditions such as structure to soil and/or adjacent structure 68 14 10 29 11 4 interaction. Nevertheless the gap between numerical and ex- perimental results exists, and the experimental estimations of fundamental period as well as its variation due to estimates the behaviour of anti-seismic RC buildings in L’Aquila is not damage should be an important step to update the models. very different from those related to RC buildings designed The aim of this study is to estimate the fundamental period only to vertical loads, as reported in Mucciarelli et al. (2004) variation taking into account different levels of damage into and Masi and Vona (2010). This similarity is due to the use account. To this purpose, we have collected several record- of old codes of seismic design. In fact, some typical charac- ings during and after the L’Aquila (2009) seismic sequence teristics have been observed: (Mucciarelli et al., 2011; Picozzi et al., 2011). The funda- mental periods of 68 RC buildings have been estimated for – Beam–column joints without ties and ineffective an- the first time in Italy after a strong seismic sequence. The chorage of the steel bars (Fig. 1a). fundamental periods of RC buildings with different typolo- gies, structural characteristics, age, heights and damage lev- – Open hoops (Fig. 1b). els have been investigated by means of ambient vibration – Structural elements with small section and few rein- measurements. Four different damage levels were consid- forcement bars (hoops and longitudinal bars, Fig. 1c). ered with regard to the 5 damage levels defined by EMS 98 (Gruenthal, 1998). A new height–period relationship is pro- – Structural system: strong frames mainly along one di- posed for the practical purposes such as the assessment and rection (typically the longitudinal direction) while in the the retrofitting of the existing European RC moment-resistant orthogonal direction weak frames are generally present. frame (MRF) buildings. On the other hand, it is worth noting that the mechanisms of surveyed damage are not different to those surveyed in recent 2 Buildings data set and analysis Italian earthquakes on existing from RC buildings designed to resist to vertical loads only (Fig. 2). The investigated structures have been selected in L’Aquila The 68 RC buildings where measurements were under- and within the surrounding villages in order to cover a wide taken had heights ranging from 11 to 27 m, and different span of important characteristics such as damage levels so that it is possible to study the real influ- – seismic design; ence of strong ground shaking on fundamental period and to compare these results with those obtained with regard to the – design/construction age; undamaged buildings. The damage levels (DL) range from DL = 1 (non-structural damage) to DL = 4 (heavy structural – height; damage) accordingly with the EMS 98 (Gruenthal, 1998). – damage level. Figure 3 shows typical examples of the observed damage levels. Table 1 reports the distribution of buildings according The age of construction ranges from 1950 to 2000. After to age classes and damage level. It has to be noted that the se- the 1915 Avezzano earthquake, L’Aquila has been classified lected buildings are mainly grouped in the oldest age classes, as a seismic area, therefore all the RC buildings studied were and obviously the DL = 0 is mainly present in more recent designed according to the Italian seismic code enforced at the buildings. time of construction. The main characteristics of the buildings studied are sum- With regard to the seismic aspects, design details do not marized in Table 2. We also considered some particular appear different to those of RC buildings designed only to cases: two buildings with completely bare frames (Fig. 4b, vertical loads. Moreover, the surveyed damage showed that number 36 and 37 in Table 2), two buildings without stiff Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1903–1912, 2013 www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/13/1903/2013/ R. Ditommaso et al.: Evaluation and considerations about fundamental periods 1905 Table 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bssa-D-09-00046R1
    Editorial Manager(tm) for Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: BSSA-D-09-00046R1 Title: Do strike-slip faults of Molise, central-southern Italy, really release a high stress? Article Type: Article Section/Category: Regular Issue Corresponding Author: Mrs. giovanna calderoni, Corresponding Author's Institution: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia First Author: giovanna calderoni Order of Authors: giovanna calderoni; Antonio Rovelli; Giuliano Milana; Gianluca Valensise Abstract: The 31 October and 1 November 2002, Molise earthquakes (both Mw 5.7) were caused by right-lateral slip between 12 and 20 km depth. These earthquakes are the result of large-scale reactivation of pre-existing, left-lateral, regionally extended E-W structures of Mesozoic age. Although recorded ground motions were generally smaller than expected for typical Italian earthquakes, a recent paper attributes a stress drop as high as 180 bars to the Molise earthquakes. We remark that a high stress drop is in contrast both with the relatively long source duration inferred in previous investigations and with geodetic evidence for a significantly smaller fault slip compared with other Apennines earthquakes having similarly large rupture area (e.g. 1997 Umbria-Marche earthquakes). We analyzed both ground acceleration spectra of the mainshocks and single-station spectral ratios of broad-band seismograms in an extended magnitude range (2.7 ≤ Mw ≤ 5.7). Our results show that neither the spectral amplitudes of recorded ground motions nor the spectral ratios can be fit by a high stress drop source. Instead we find that the observations are consistent with a low stress drop, our best estimates ranging between 6 and 25 bars, in agreement with the relatively long source duration and small coseismic slip.
    [Show full text]
  • Tectonic Evidence for the Ongoing Africa-Eurasia Convergence in the Central Mediterranean
    JGR – revised 3 Di Bucci et al. Tectonic evidence for the ongoing Africa-Eurasia convergence in Central Mediterranean foreland areas: a journey among long-lived shear zones, large earthquakes, and elusive fault motions Daniela Di Bucci (1), Pierfrancesco Burrato (2), Paola Vannoli (2), Gianluca Valensise (2) 1) Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Via Vitorchiano, 4 - 00189 Roma, Italy 2) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata, 605 - 00143 Roma, Italy Corresponding Author: Daniela Di Bucci Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Via Vitorchiano, 4 00189 - Roma, Italy Phone.: ++39-06-68204761 Fax: ++39-06-68202877 e-mail: [email protected] 1 JGR – revised 3 Di Bucci et al. Running title: Africa-Eurasia motion: tectonic evidence from Central Mediterranean Index terms: 8123 Dynamics: seismotectonics 8107 Continental neotectonics (8002) 8111 Continental tectonics: strike-slip and transform 8158 Plate motions: present and recent (3040) 8175 Tectonics and landscape evolution Keywords: Molise-Gondola shear zone, Vizzini-Scicli shear zone, Gargano Promontory, Hyblean Plateau, slip reversal, Italy. 2 JGR – revised 3 Di Bucci et al. Abstract We investigate the role of the Africa-Eurasia convergence in the recent tectonic evolution of the Central Mediterranean. To this end we focused on two sectors of the Adriatic-Hyblean foreland of the Apennine-Maghrebian chain as they allow tectonic evidence for relative plate motions to be analyzed aside from the masking effect of other more local tectonic phenomena (e.g. subduction, chain building, etc.). We present a thorough review of data and interpretations on two major shear zones cutting these foreland sectors: the E-W, Molise-Gondola (MGsz) in Central Adriatic, and the N-S, Vizzini-Scicli (VSsz) in Southern Sicily.
    [Show full text]
  • Elelnco Pubblicazioni 1987-2020
    Elenco completo pubblicazioni di FRANCESCO SILVESTRI 1987-2020 ARTICOLI SU RIVISTE INTERNAZIONALI J1. Santucci de Magistris F., Silvestri F., Vinale F. (1998). The influence of compaction on the mechanical behaviour of a silty sand. Soils and Foundations, 38(4):41-56. J2. Santucci de Magistris F., Silvestri F., Vinale F. (1998). Physical and mechanical properties of a compacted silty sand with low bentonite fraction. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 35(6):909-925. J3. d’Onofrio A., Silvestri F., Vinale F. (1999). Strain rate dependent behaviour of a natural stiff clay. Soils and Foundations, 39(2):69-82. J4. d’Onofrio A., Silvestri F., Vinale F. (1999). A new torsional shear device. ASTM Geotechnical Testing Journal, 22(2):101-111. J5. Pagano L., Silvestri F., Vinale F. (2001). A back-analysis of Beliche Dam. Discussion to the paper by Naylor D.J., Maranha J.R., Maranha das Neves E., Veiga Pinto A.A. (1997). Géotechnique, 51(4):377-381. J6. Aiello V., Boiero D., D’Apuzzo M., Socco L. V., Silvestri F. (2008). Experimental and numerical analysis of vibrations induced by underground trains in urban environment. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 15(3):315-348, doi:10.1002/stc.247. J7. Lanzo G., Di Capua G., Kayen R.E., Kieffer D.S., Button E., Biscontin G., Scasserra G., Tommasi P., Pagliaroli A., Silvestri F., d’Onofrio A., Violante C., Simonelli A.L., Puglia R., Mylonakis G., Athanasopoulos G., Vlahakis V., Stewart J.P. (2009). Seismological and geotechnical aspects of the Mw=6.3 l’Aquila earthquake in central Italy on 6 April 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Strollo, A., Richwalski, SM, Parolai, S., Gallipoli, MR
    Originally published as: Strollo, A., Richwalski, S. M., Parolai, S., Gallipoli, M. R., Mucciarelli, M., Caputo, R. (2007): Site effects of the 2002 Molise earthquake, Italy: analysis of strong motion, ambient noise, and synthetic data from 2D modelling in San Giulano di Puglia. - Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 5, 3, 347-362 DOI: 10.1007/s10518-007-9033-6. Running head: Site effects of the 2002 Molise earthquake Article type: Original research Title: Site effects of the 2002 Molise earthquake, Italy: Analysis of strong motion, ambient noise, and synthetic data from 2D modelling in San Giuliano di Puglia Authors: A. Strollo1,2,3, S.M. Richwalski1,4, S. Parolai1, M. R. Gallipoli3,5, M. Mucciarelli3, and R. Caputo3 Affiliation: 1GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany 2University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany 3DiSGG University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy 4Center for Disaster Management and Risk Reduction Technology (CEDIM), Karlsruhe, Germany 5IMAA-CNR Tito Scalo, Potenza, Italy Full address: A. Strollo, Telegrafenberg, 1477 Potsdam, Germany Tel: ++49 311 288 1285 Fax: ++49 311 288 1204 [email protected] 1 Abstract. On October 31st and November 1st 2002, the Basso Molise area (Southern Italy) was struck by two earthquakes of moderate magnitude (ML = 5.4 and 5.3). The epicentral area showed a high level of damage, attributable both to the high vulnerability of existing buildings and to site effects caused by the geological and geomorphological settings. Specifically, the intensity inside the town of San Giuliano di Puglia was two degrees higher than in neighbouring towns. Also, within San Giuliano di Puglia, the damage varied notably. The site response in the city was initially evaluated from horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVSR) from a limited number of strong motion recordings of the most severe aftershocks.
    [Show full text]
  • The September 27, 2012, ML 4.1, Benevento Earthquake: a Case of Strike-Slip Faulting in Southern Apennines (Italy)
    TECTO-126682; No of Pages 12 Tectonophysics xxx (2015) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Tectonophysics journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto The September 27, 2012, ML 4.1, Benevento earthquake: A case of strike-slip faulting in Southern Apennines (Italy) Guido Maria Adinolfi a,⁎, Raffaella De Matteis b, Antonella Orefice c, Gaetano Festa c,AldoZolloc, Rita de Nardis a,d, Giusy Lavecchia a a GeosisLab, DiSPUTer, Università “G. d'Annunzio”, Campus Universitario, Chieti Scalo, CH, Italy b Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy c RISSC-Lab, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy d Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, Via Vitorchiano, 4, 00189 Rome, Italy article info abstract Article history: On September 27, 2012 at 01:08 (UTC) a ML 4.1 earthquake started a seismic sequence approximately 10 km east Received 15 September 2014 of the city of Benevento, in Southern Apennines (Italy). During the following four days, about 40 events with ML Received in revised form 2 June 2015 ranging between 1.3 and 4.1 were detected in the same area, where the seismic hazard is one of the largest of the Accepted 25 June 2015 Italian Peninsula and where several historical and destructive events took place. In order to investigate the seis- Available online xxxx micity spatio-temporal pattern and to identify the seismogenic source geometry, a detailed analysis was per- formed integrating data recorded at three different seismic networks. The earthquakes were relocated using Keywords: Study of background seismicity the double-difference technique and focal mechanism solutions were obtained by the moment tensor inversion.
    [Show full text]
  • Correlation Between Local Amplification Effects and Damage Mechanisms for Monumental Buildings
    4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering June 25-28, 2007 Paper No. 1409 CORRELATION BETWEEN LOCAL AMPLIFICATION EFFECTS AND DAMAGE MECHANISMS FOR MONUMENTAL BUILDINGS Giuseppe DI CAPUA1, Massimo COMPAGNONI2, Emanuela CURTI3, Alberto LEMME4, Silvia PEPPOLONI1, Floriana PERGALANI2, Stefano PODESTÀ3 ABSTRACT The damage and vulnerability survey of the monumental buildings, damaged by the 2002 earthquake in the Molise Region, has allowed singling out of a correlation between the observed damage of the churches and their morphological site conditions. The vulnerability model connected to the survey methodology provides an evaluation of the expected mean damage. Comparison with the observed damage determined the introduction of a local morphological behaviour modifier, able to take into account the vulnerability increase due to the site effects. In order to validate the previous results, a numerical 2-D analysis of the seismic local response has been performed. In particular, a numerical code, working with boundary elements, has been applied to the analyzed situations. The results, in terms of pseudo-acceleration response spectra and amplification factors, allow one to compare the numerical and the observed analyses. This comparison shows good agreement and allows one to find some correlations between the geometric characteristics of the sites, the values of the amplification coefficients and the damage mechanism activated. Keywords: site-morphological amplification, monumental buildings, collapse mechanisms INTRODUCTION Vulnerability analysis for monumental buildings may be carried out at different levels of knowledge, that show a greater level of in-depth knowledge, as a function not so much of the method used (macroseismic or mechanical approach), but of the accuracy and the typology of the available information.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle Pleistocene to Holocene Activity of the Gondola Fault Zone (Southern Adriatic Foreland): Deformation of a Regional Shear Zone and Seismotectonic Implications
    Tectonophysics, Special Issue: Ridente et al. “Earthquake Geology: methods and applications” Accepted, 20.11.2007 Middle Pleistocene to Holocene activity of the Gondola Fault Zone (Southern Adriatic Foreland): deformation of a regional shear zone and seismotectonic implications Domenico Ridente a, Umberto Fracassi b, Daniela Di Bucci c, Fabio Trincardi a, Gianluca Valensise b a Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR – Geologia Marina), CNR. Via Gobetti, 101 - 40129 Bologna, Italy b Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia. Via di Vigna Murata, 605 - 00143 Roma, Italy c Dipartimento della Protezione Civile. Via Vitorchiano, 4 - 00189 Roma, Italy Corresponding author: Domenico Ridente Istituto di Scienze Marine (ISMAR – Geologia Marina), CNR Via Gobetti, 101 - 40129 Bologna, Italy [email protected] phone number: +39-051-6398872 Key words: Quaternary; Foreland deformation; Active fault; Adriatic Sea. Abstract Recent seismicity in and around the Gargano Promontory, an uplifted portion of the southern Adriatic Foreland domain, indicates active E-W strike-slip faulting in a region that has also been struck by large historical earthquakes, particularly along the Mattinata Fault. Seismic profiles published in the past two decades show that the pattern of tectonic deformation along the E-W–trending segment of the Gondola Fault Zone, the offshore counterpart of the Mattinata Fault, is strikingly similar to that observed onshore during the Eocene-Pliocene interval. Based on the lack of instrumental seismicity in the south Adriatic offshore, however, and on standard seismic reflection data showing an undisturbed Quaternary succession above the Gondola Fault Zone, this fault zone has been interpreted as essentially inactive since the Pliocene.
    [Show full text]
  • Emergency Preparedness Activities Performed During an Evolving Seismic Swarm Boll
    Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 55, 641-664 Tiberi et al. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata Vol. 55, n. 3, pp. 665-682; September 2014 DOI 10.4430/bgta0115 Gentile F., Renner G., Riggio A.M., Slejko D. and Zacchigna M.; 1985: The Villach earthquake of January 25, 1348. In: Postpischl D. (ed), Atlas of isoseismal maps of italian earthquakes, Quaderni Ricerca Scientifica, 114, 14-15. Emergency preparedness activities performed during Gutdeutsch R. and Lenhardt W.; 1996: Seismological interpretation of the South Alpine earthquake of January an evolving seismic swarm: 25th, 1348. In: Thorkelsson B. (ed), Seismology in Europe, XXV General Assembly of European Seismological Commission, Reykjavik, Iceland, pp. 634-638. the experience of the Pollino (southern Italy) sequence Hammerl Ch.; 1992: Das Erdbeben vom 25. Jänner 1348 - Rekonstruktion des Naturereignisses. PhD thesis, 1 1,2 1 3 4 1 University Wien, Wien, Austria, 256 pp. A. MASI , M. MUCCIARELLI , L. CHIAUZZI , R. CAMASSI , G. LOPERTE and G. SANTARSIERO Hammerl C.; 1994: The earthquake of January 25th, 1348: discussion of sources. In: Albini P. and Moroni A. (eds), 1 School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy Materials of the CEC project “Review of Historical Seismicity in Europe”, CNR, Milano, Italy, vol. 2, pp. 225- 2 National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics, Trieste, Italy 240. 3 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, Roma, Italy Hammerl C., Lenhardt W.A. and Innerkofler M.; 2012: Historische erdbeben in Tirol. Forschungen im rahmen des 4 Civil Protection Office of Basilicata Region, Potenza, Italy INTERREG IV Projektes HAREIA (Historical and recent Earthquakes in Italy and Austria).
    [Show full text]
  • Induced Seismic-Site Effects on the Vulnerability Assessment of A
    geosciences Article Induced Seismic-Site Effects on the Vulnerability Assessment of a Historical Centre in the Molise Region of Italy: Analysis Method and Real Behaviour Calibration Based on 2002 Earthquake Nicola Chieffo 1 and Antonio Formisano 2,* 1 Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Politehnica University of Timi¸soara,300223 Timi¸soara, Romania; nicola.chieff[email protected] 2 Department of Structures for Engineering and Architecture, School of Polytechnic and Basic Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80125 Naples, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 December 2019; Accepted: 30 December 2019; Published: 3 January 2020 Abstract: The present research aims to estimate the influence of site amplification on the seismic vulnerability of the historical centre of the municipality of Baranello in the Molise Region of Italy. Firstly, a structural and typological characterization of the investigated area has been done according to the EMS-98 scale. Subsequently, the vulnerability assessment of the historical buildings located there has been carried out through an appropriate survey form in order to identify the buildings which are most susceptible to seismic damage. To this purpose, the seismic event occurring in October of 2002 has been selected as a reference earthquake. Moreover, according to the AeDES form implemented by the Italian Civil Protection Department to evaluate the usability of constructions after seismic events, the calibration of the typological vulnerability curves of the built-up area has been done, and a quantitative assessment of the local seismic response has been achieved, based on the seismic motions recorded after the 2002 Molise earthquake. Finally, the local amplification factor, which negatively influences the severity of the seismic damage on the structures, has been taken into account in order to more correctly foresee the expected damage of the inspected urban sector, so as to use more appropriately the achieved results for reliable seismic risk mitigation plans.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1908 Messina Earthquake: 100-Year Retrospective
    THE 1908 MESSINA EARTHQUAKE: 100-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE RMS Special Report INTRODUCTION On December 28, 1908 at 5:20 a.m. local time, a devastating earthquake occurred along the Straits of Messina between the island of Sicily and mainland Italy (Figure 1). Measuring between M6.7 and M7.2 on the moment magnitude scale, the Messina Earthquake, also known as the Messina-Reggio Earthquake, caused severe ground shaking throughout the region and triggered a local tsunami, which struck within minutes of the earthquake. By all accounts, the cities of Messina along Sicily’s coast and Reggio di Calabria on Italy’s mainland were completely destroyed, as many unreinforced masonry buildings collapsed. One hundred years following the 1908 earthquake, it remains the deadliest event in Europe with an estimated 60,000 to 120,000 fatalities. One hundred years later, Risk Management Solutions (RMS) revisits this historic earthquake, summarizing the ground shaking damage and tsunami’s impact. In addition, a recurrence of the event is considered in 2008, highlighting the susceptibility of the current building stock and its population from future damage and injury, as well as the ability of earthquake insurance to assist in the recovery efforts. Figure 1: Map of region with inset of southern Italy and eastern Sicily © 2008 Risk Management Solutions, Inc. 1 THE 1908 MESSINA EARTHQUAKE The Messina Earthquake of December 28, 1908 occurred before the advent of a global seismic network for monitoring earthquakes. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, early quantitative seismic stations had been installed at locations around the world. Similar to the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, the ground motion from the 1908 Messina Earthquake was measured by seismographs at these seismic stations; in the case of the 1908 earthquake, seismograms were gathered from at least 110 seismic stations.
    [Show full text]
  • Deliverables D17 Bedrock Shaking Scenarios
    Progetti sismologici di interesse per il DPC Progetto S3 Progetto S3 – Scenari di scuotimento in aree di interesse prioritario e/o strategico Responsabili: Francesca Pacor (INGV-MI) e Marco Mucciarelli (Unibas) TASK 5 – POTENZA - DELIVERABLES D17 BEDROCK SHAKING SCENARIOS A cura di UR1 – F. Pacor, G. Zonno UR2 – G. Cultrera, A. Cirella, A. Herrero, E. Tinti UR4 – D. Albarello, V. D’Amico UR10 – Emolo A., Gallovic F. INGV-RM - R. Basili July 2007 Task 5 - Deliverable D17 1 Progetti sismologici di interesse per il DPC Progetto S3 INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 3 2. DEFINITION OF REFERENCE EARTHQUAKES......................................... 4 2.1 TECTONIC SETTING AND SEISMICITY ......................................................................4 2.2 SEISMOGENIC SOURCES .................................................................................................6 2.3 THE SCORCIABUOI FAULT............................................................................................11 3. BEDROCK SCENARIOS AT LEVEL 1 AND LEVEL 2 ............................... 13 3.1 FAULTS MODELS...............................................................................................................13 3.2 SHAKING SCENARIOS AT LEVEL 1 (DSM RESULTS) ...........................................16 3.3 SHAKING SCENARIOA AT LEVEL 2 (HIC) ................................................................20 3.4 SHAKING SCENARIOS WITH STOCHASTIC METHOD (EXSIM RESULTS)...31
    [Show full text]
  • Physics-Based Simulation of Sequences with Multiple
    Physics-based Simulation of Sequences with Multiple Mainshocks in Central Italy Rodolfo Console1,2, Maura Murru1, Paola Vannoli1, Roberto Carluccio1, Matteo Taroni1, Giuseppe Falcone1 (1) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV, Rome, Italy (2) Center of Integrated Geomorphology for the Mediterranean Area, CGIAM, Potenza, Italy Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gji/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/gji/ggaa300/5858896 by guest on 19 June 2020 An abbreviated title suitable for page heading: Simulation of earthquake clustering Corresponding author: Rodolfo Console, e-mail: [email protected], Tel: +393486550040 Summary The application of a physics-based earthquake simulator to Central Italy allowed the compilation of a synthetic seismic catalog spanning 100,000 years, containing more than 300,000 M ≥ 4.0 simulated earthquakes, without the limitations that real catalogs suffer in terms of completeness, homogeneity and time duration. The seismogenic model upon which we applied the simulator code was derived from version 3.2.1 of the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS; http://diss.rm.ingv.it/diss/), selecting, and modifying where appropriate, all the fault systems that are recognized in the portion of Central Italy considered in this study, with a total of 54 faults. Besides tectonic stress loading and static stress transfer as in the previous versions, the physical model on which the latest version of our simulation algorithm is based also includes the Rate & State constitutive law that helps to reproduce Omori‟s law. One further improvement in our code was also the introduction of trapezoidal-shaped faults that perform better than known faults.
    [Show full text]