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Cómo Citar El Artículo Número Completo Más Información Del Ética y Cine Journal ISSN: 2250-5415 ISSN: 2250-5660 [email protected] Universidad de Buenos Aires Argentina Michel Fariña, Juan Jorge El Oscar de las víctimas: la ética y el espectáculo del Mal Ética y Cine Journal, vol. 6, núm. 1, 2016, Marzo, pp. 7-8 Universidad de Buenos Aires Argentina Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=564462711001 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto Juan Jorge Michel Fariña Ética y Cine Journal | Vol. 6 | No. 1 | 2016 | pp. 7-8 EDITORIAL El Oscar de las víctimas: la ética y el espectáculo del Mal Juan Jorge Michel Fariña* ¿Cuál es la concepción de la ética hoy en día? Es una La vida es bella, Tsotsi). Una buena receta para ganar ese concepción negativa, dominada por el problema del mal y por Oscar es, pues, poner niños en situaciones de calamidad, la figura de la víctima. Auxiliar a las víctimas, asegurar los derechos del hombre contra el sufrimiento: tal es el contenido como el pequeño Theeb de la película de Jordania. En ese concreto de la ética. El imperativo ético se aplica teniendo sentido, el favorito de este año sería El hijo de Saúl, que como referencia el espectáculo del mal; su única función es (como El tambor, El ataque y La vida es bella) juntan impedir ese espectáculo. Nazismo con infancia infeliz”2. Alain Badiou1 ¿Significa esto que debemos permanecer insensibles frente a la poesía y el dolor que destilan esos filmes? En Una vez más la entrega de los premios Oscar de absoluto. Como lo dijo bellamente Alejandro Ariel, el la Academia nos ha confrontado con una galería de cine es esa infinitud por donde la luz penetra para ur- víctimas de las violaciones a los Derechos Humanos: dir en nosotros un temblor nocturno. Y somos deudo- los abusados sexualmente por sacerdotes (Spotlight), los res de esa experiencia éxtima. Ello nos compromete de perseguidos por el macartismo (Trumbo), la trata y el un modo singular con la dimensión ética que emerge de secuestro de mujeres y niños (Room), los sobrevivientes esa experiencia. Pero tal dimensión no está alojada en de Auschwitz (El hijo de Saúl), los intersexuales (The las coordenadas del sentido común o de la opinión. La Danish Girl), las lesbianas (Carol), los muertos sin opinión, una forma de la ideología, considera elementos sepultura (The Revenant). propios de un conjunto anticipable, que se deja aprehen- Y en tanto espectadores no podemos sino conmo- der por las clasificaciones existentes. El acontecimiento vernos. Cómo no manifestar nuestra profunda empatía ético, en cambio, da cuenta de un proceso de verdad que con el padecimiento del que han sido y son objeto los escapa a tales clasificaciones, que en su singularidad se protagonistas de estas historias –cómo no llorar acompa- sitúa por fuera de lo establecido. ñando la jubilosa pero sufriente e incomprendida meta- Solo por esta vía se podrá acceder a una concepción morfosis de Lili Elbe, retratada en las tortuosas pinturas de la ética que no se reduzca a su expresión negativa de Gerda Wegener, en el film The Danish Girl. Pero esta frente al espectáculo del Mal. Ahora bien, ¿cómo se opera sensibilidad –imprescindible para ponernos en la piel de en esta dirección? Ante todo, no de manera calculada. El las víctimas– no debe hacernos perder de vista la lógica acontecimiento ético nombra el vacío. Nombra por lo que subyace a este esquema. Una lógica anticipada en el tanto lo no sabido de una situación. Por ello no puede epígrafe de Alain Badiou y que Hollywood encarna con ser calculado a priori sino a riesgo de devenir, siempre en un entusiasmo preocupante. términos de Badiou, un simulacro de verdad. Como lo ha dicho Julio Cabrera en un lúcido artí- Veamos un par de ejemplos sublimes, extraídos de culo, anticipatorio de la entrega del premio Oscar 2016 sendas películas cuyos actores protagónicos merecieron a mejor película en lengua no inglesa, “los norteameri- por ellas premios Oscar de la Academia. En La decisión canos premiaron, a lo largo de décadas, muchos filmes de Sophie (Alan Pakula, 1982), el oficial nazi impone extranjeros que contaban historias emocionantes enfo- a Sophie una disyuntiva terrible: elegir cuál de sus dos cando catástrofes sociales -especialmente el Nazismo- niños deberá ser salvado, para evitar que ambos sean envolviendo niños pequeños en situaciones terribles conducidos a la muerte. El rostro consternado de Me- (Fanny y Alexandre, La historia oficial, El ataque, Pelle rryl Streep –Oscar a mejor actriz por ese papel– se ha el conquistador, Viaje de la esperanza, Indochina, Kolya, transformado en un ícono de la historia del cine. No hay * [email protected] UBA | UNC | UIO UBA | UNC | UIO ethicsandfilms.org ethicsandfilms.org ISSN 2250-5660 print | ISSN 2250-5415 online ISSN 2250-5660 print | ISSN 2250-5415 online [6] [7] Juan Jorge Michel Fariña Ética y Cine Journal | Vol. 6 | No. 1 | 2016 Yairsiño Oviedo Correa Ética y Cine Journal | Vol. 6 | No. 1 | 2016 | pp. 9-16 elección posible. Pero cuando no hay nada para elegir, el paz infinita los cierra para siempre. No puede saber sujeto puede abrirse camino a partir de una decisión. Y entonces sobre el alcance de su decisión. Pero también Sophie hace la suya. Por supuesto, desconociéndose en él retornará del infierno, ahora como un revenant, para ¿Es posible la decisión ética en el campo? ello. Regresará sin embargo de ese infierno para hacer dar inicio al film, en una vertiente que, emparentada a Sobre la real decisión de Sophie síntoma del deseo que sin saberlo puso en juego en aque- los mitos, los sueños y la tragedia griega, suplementa la lla noche siniestra. Y es allí cuando emerge el verdadero lógica del Mal 3. Sophie’s choice | Alan J. Pakula | 1982 film. O mejor: el film que permite enunciar, por fuera de Son estas lecturas singulares las que hacen que un toda conciencia del Mal, una verdad del sujeto. acontecimiento pueda constituirse en motor de una * O en The Revenant (González Iñárritu, 2015), cuando verdad. Están ligadas a la particularidad de una situación Yairsiño Oviedo Correa el personaje de Fitzgerald le da a Hugh Glass (Leonardo pero sólo por el sesgo de su vacío. No estamos ya frente Pontificia Universidad Javeriana de Colombia DiCaprio) la falsa oportunidad de decidir si lo remata o a una concepción “negativa” de la ética, a una ética de la no en nombre del bien de los demás y de sí mismo. Como opinión consensuada que se define por oposición al Mal, Recibido: 27 de enero 2016; aprobado: 12 de marzo 2016 no puede hablar, basta con que consienta mediante un sino a la que, haciendo acontecimiento, emerge como Resumen pestañeo... Es decir, le propone una condición en la que una verdad impensada del sujeto. inevitablemente tendrá que pestañear tarde o temprano, Por lo mismo esta verdad no alcanzará nunca potencia La inquietante figura de los campos de concentración ha motivado el intelecto e imaginación de académicos y artistas de toda clase, quienes intentan sintiéndose así autorizado por su víctima y por lo tanto completa, total. Porque el sujeto resultante del proceso comprender la estructura de esos espacios y las dinámicas humanas a las que dan lugar. El filósofo Giorgio Agamben ha buscado está comprensión justificado por su asesinato. No hay elección posible. de una verdad no tiene poder alguno de nominación a partir de su teorización acerca delestado de excepción, el cual le permite al soberano (el Estado) suspender el ordenamiento jurídico para facilitarle un modo de actuar extrajurídico que, sin embargo, cuenta con la validez otorgada por la fuerza que puede ejercer el Estado. En los campos la DiCaprio, en la piel de Glass, abre entonces hasta la sobre todos los elementos de la situación. Es este real, excepcionalidad es la constante, propiciando unas formas sociales y unos comportamientos que transgreden aquellas formas y maneras de actuar desmesura sus ojos azules y los mantiene en la tensión este innombrable de una verdad, el que interesa sostener “normales”. El film Sophie’sChoice, de Alan Pakula, al igual que la novela del mismo nombre en la que se basa, escenifica una situación que ha sido del odio y la impotencia, hasta que finalmente, con una como horizonte de la ética. interpretada como un caso de decisión ante un dilema ético (elegir sobre la vida o la muerte de los propios hijos de la protagonista) en el campo de concentración Auschwitz-Birkenau. Ante los análisis que tratan de explicar la problemática que presentan los dilemas éticos, este escrito plantea, a partir de la teoría agambeana, que en el campo no es posible hablar de una real decisión ética, pues el orden normativo tradicional es suspendido y la capacidad de discernir moralmente bloqueada, dando lugar a un comportamiento que simplemente se adecúe al orden excepcional prevaleciente. 1 Esta tesis de Alain Badiou se encuentra desarrollada en distintas conferencias dictadas por el filósofo francés, entre ellas “Etica y Psiquiatría”, pero fundamentalmente en su obra “La ética: Ensayo sobre la conciencia del mal”. Revista Acontecimiento, número Palabras clave: Sophie’s Choice | Giorgio Agamben | dilemas éticos | nazismo | campos de concentración. 8, 1994, obra que seguiremos a lo largo de esta editorial. Is it possible an ethical decision in the concentration camp? About Sophie’s choice 2 Julio Cabrera (2016) El abrazo del Oscar. Disponible en: http://lacuevadechauvet.com/2016/02/27/el-abrazo-del-oscar/ Abstract 3 Ver Michel Fariña (2016) The Revenant: Por qué retornan los fantasmas.
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