Effects of Nickel-Titanium and Stainless Steel Leveling Wires on the Position of Mandibular Incisors

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Effects of Nickel-Titanium and Stainless Steel Leveling Wires on the Position of Mandibular Incisors A RTIGO I NÉDITO Efeitos dos fios de nivelamento de níquel-titânio e de aço inoxidável na posição dos incisivos inferiores Ricardo Moresca*, Alexandre Moro**, Gladys Cristina Dominguez***, Julio Wilson Vigorito**** Resumo Objetivo: estudar os efeitos do nivelamento realizado com fios de NiTi termoativado e de aço inoxidável, avaliando-se as possíveis alterações na posição dos incisivos inferiores, em casos com extrações, correlacionando com o tempo de tratamento. Métodos: a amostra foi composta de 36 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, leucodermas brasileiros, com idade média inicial de 15 anos e 5 meses, portadores de más oclusões de Classes I e II, distribuídos em dois grupos. No Grupo 1 (n=17), o nivelamento foi realizado com a sequência 1, utilizan- do-se três fios — 0,016” e 0,019”x0,025” de NiTi termoativado, e 0,019”x0,025” de aço inoxidável. No Grupo 2 (n=19), foi testada a sequência 2, na qual foram utilizados apenas fios de aço inoxidável (0,014”; 0,016”; 0,018”; 0,020” e 0,019”x0,025” com torque passivo nos incisivos inferiores). Os dados foram coletados utilizando-se o método cefalométrico computadorizado e comparados pelo teste t de Student com o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: no Grupo 1, os incisivos inferiores inclinaram-se para lingual, com movimento significativo apenas da coroa (1,6mm). No Grupo 2, os incisivos inferiores permaneceram estáveis. Não houve alteração vertical em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusões: a sequência 2 proporcionou um melhor controle dos incisivos inferiores, não alterando suas posições ini- ciais, enquanto a sequência 1 permitiu a expressão do torque da prescrição utilizada, levan- do a uma inclinação lingual desses dentes. O tempo de tratamento foi menor utilizando-se a sequência 1. As variações biomecânicas estudadas apresentaram vantagens e desvantagens que devem ser conhecidas e ponderadas pelo ortodontista no planejamento do caso. Palavras-chave: Nivelamento. Fios ortodônticos. Biomecânica. Como citar este artigo: Moresca R, Moro A, Dominguez GC, Vigorito JW. » Os autores declaram não ter interesses associativos, comerciais, de proprie- Efeitos dos fios de nivelamento de níquel-titânio e de aço inoxidável na posi- dade ou financeiros que representem conflito de interesse, nos produtos e ção dos incisivos inferiores. Dental Press J Orthod. 2011 Sept-Oct;16(5):74-81. companhias descritos nesse artigo. * Doutor em Ortodontia pela FO-USP. Professor Adjunto da UFPR, graduação e pós-graduação em Ortodontia. Professor Titular do Programa de Mestrado em Odontologia Clínica da Universidade Positivo. ** Doutor em Ortodontia pela FOB-USP. Professor Associado da UFPR, graduação e pós-graduação em Ortodontia. Professor Titular do Programa de Mes- trado em Odontologia Clínica da Universidade Positivo. *** Doutora em Ortodontia pela FO-USP. Professora Associada da Disciplina de Ortodontia do Departamento de Ortodontia e Odontopediatria da FO-USP. **** Doutor em Ortodontia pela FO-USP. Professor Titular da Disciplina de Ortodontia do Departamento de Ortodontia e Odontopediatria da FO-USP. Dental Press J Orthod 74 2011 Sept-Oct;16(5):74-81 Moresca R, Moro A, Dominguez GC, Vigorito JW INTRODUÇÃO desenvolvida pelo Naval Ordnance Laboratory, O nivelamento pode ser definido como a durante o programa espacial americano, e foi de- primeira fase ativa do tratamento ortodôntico e nominada de Nitinol15. O surgimento dessa liga envolve a correção das más posições individuais, contribuiu significativamente para a evolução das nivelamento do canal de encaixe dos braquetes, mecânicas de tratamento, estando principalmente eliminação da discrepância de modelo, início da associada aos aparelhos pré-ajustados2,13. As ligas correção da curva de Spee e adequação dos tor- de NiTi têm sido muito utilizadas durante as fases ques9,16,20. A realização de movimentos dentários iniciais do tratamento ortodôntico e são especial- descontrolados durante o nivelamento, que le- mente bem indicadas para situações clínicas que vam à perda de ancoragem e à desestabilização requerem grande flexibilidade e memória elástica. dos dentes anteriores, pode comprometer decisi- Também apresentam baixa dureza, grande poten- vamente a obtenção das melhores metas do trata- cial de trabalho e produzem baixos níveis de força. mento ortodôntico. Portanto, o planejamento da No entanto, têm formabilidade limitada, produ- movimentação dentária torna-se imprescindível zem forças friccionais altas e não podem ser solda- e é de fundamental importância desde o início da das de maneira eficiente6,15. correção da má oclusão. Atualmente, as ligas de NiTi têm três subdivi- A definição da sequência de fios a ser utilizada sões: uma liga convencional (NiTi clássico) e duas durante o nivelamento pode variar de acordo com ligas superelásticas (pseudoelástica e termoelásti- a técnica utilizada, os tipos de braquetes empre- ca), sendo que cada uma delas tem propriedades gados, a preferência do profissional e os objetivos únicas6,15. A característica superelástica determina do tratamento. Em teoria, essa seleção deve prever que o fio deva liberar a mesma força independen- uma progressão de fios com menor rigidez nas fa- temente do grau de ativação2. Devido à sua grande ses iniciais, para permitir o alinhamento dos den- versatilidade, proporcionada pela combinação de tes, até fios retangulares mais rígidos nos estágios memória de forma, excelentes propriedades me- finais, necessários para o controle tridimensional cânicas, biocompatibilidade e liberação de forças dos movimentos dentários1,5. O arco ortodôntico constantes, o uso do NiTi superelástico se espalhou ideal deve produzir forças leves, desenvolvidas na Ortodontia6,17. Para alguns autores, os arcos de em níveis constantes, fornecendo condições óti- NiTi superelástico têm vantagens potenciais em mas para o movimento dentário, com o mínimo relação aos arcos convencionais de aço inoxidável, de desconforto para o paciente e com ausência de permitindo a aplicação de um nível de força cons- hialinização tecidual e reabsorção radicular6,16. tante durante a movimentação dentária6,7,15,17. Por No contexto atual, quatro tipos de ligas são outro lado, vários estudos clínicos que avaliaram mais utilizados pelos ortodontistas: aço inoxidá- as propriedades de arcos ortodônticos utilizados vel, níquel-titânio, cromo-cobalto e beta-titânio. rotineiramente não demonstraram qualquer van- Durante o nivelamento é mais comum o empre- tagem significativa na capacidade de alinhamento go das duas primeiras. O aço inoxidável tornou-se dos fios superelásticos de NiTi, mesmo quando disponível na década de 40 e, desde então, tem sido comparados com os fios de NiTi clássicos ou com usado com sucesso na Ortodontia. Ainda perma- os fios de aço multifilamentados3. nece popular devido ao seu baixo custo, excelente Portanto, o motivo para se usar fios mais ca- formabilidade, soldabilidade e boas propriedades ros de NiTi parece residir no fato de exercerem mecânicas. Apresenta dureza relativamente maior forças mais leves13,17. Em relação à capacidade de quando comparado aos materiais mais modernos6. proporcionar forças contínuas, observa-se alguma A primeira liga de níquel-titânio (NiTi) foi controvérsia na literatura. No entender de alguns Dental Press J Orthod 75 2011 Sept-Oct;16(5):74-81 Efeitos dos fios de nivelamento de níquel-titânio e de aço inoxidável na posição dos incisivos inferiores autores, na prática clínica os fios de NiTi são rara- e 0,019”x0,025” de aço inoxidável); Grupo 2, mente deformados o suficiente para se tirar pro- composto de 19 indivíduos nos quais o nivela- veito de suas propriedades superelásticas3,15,17. mento foi realizado com a sequência 2 (usando Outra aplicação dada às ligas superelásticas é a apenas fios de aço inoxidável: 0,014”; 0,016”; utilização de fios retangulares já nas fases iniciais 0,018”; 0,020” e 0,019”x0,025” com torque do nivelamento. A finalidade seria proporcionar o passivo nos incisivos inferiores). O presente controle tridimensional dos movimentos dentá- trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em rios desde o início do tratamento, desenvolvendo Pesquisa da Faculdade de Odontologia da Uni- níveis de força controlados17. versidade de São Paulo. De uma maneira geral, revendo a literatura, apesar do grande interesse em experimentos la- Métodos boratoriais, há uma falta de estudos in vivo que Tratamento ortodôntico embasem a escolha da sequência de fios. Essa es- O tratamento ortodôntico dos sujeitos da cassez é devida à dificuldade em se avaliar o com- amostra estudada foi realizado por alunos de pós- portamento das diferentes ligas e da força por elas -graduação em Ortodontia, ao nível de mestrado desprendidas no ambiente bucal10. e doutorado. Antes de se iniciar o tratamento, o O presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o protocolo dos procedimentos clínicos adotados objetivo de se conhecer melhor os efeitos produ- nessa pesquisa foi minuciosamente debatido, em zidos pelos fios de NiTi termoativado, comparati- seminários, entre os docentes responsáveis pela vamente aos efeitos produzidos pelos fios de aço clínica de pesquisa e os operadores. inoxidável, ao se avaliar as possíveis alterações na O tratamento ortodôntico foi realizado com a posição dos incisivos inferiores durante o nive- extração dos primeiros pré-molares, utilizando-se lamento, testando-se duas sequências diferentes como ancoragem o arco lingual, confeccionado de fios ortodônticos e correlacionando-as com o em fio 0,9mm e soldado às bandas dos primeiros tempo de tratamento. molares inferiores. Foram empregados aparelhos
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