Reconstrucción Paleoambiental Del Registro Fósil Del Albiano-Cenomaniano De La Plataforma De Actopan, Hidalgo, México

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Reconstrucción Paleoambiental Del Registro Fósil Del Albiano-Cenomaniano De La Plataforma De Actopan, Hidalgo, México INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA Y ARQUITECTURA “CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA” RECONSTRUCCIÓN PALEOAMBIENTAL DEL REGISTRO FÓSIL DEL ALBIANO-CENOMANIANO DE LA PLATAFORMA DE ACTOPAN, HIDALGO, MÉXICO. T E S I S Que para obtener el Título de INGENIERA GEÓLOGA Presenta: KAREN ANDREA TIRADO SÁNCHEZ Director de tesis: M. en C. Carlos Manuel Tejeda Galicia Asesora Externa: M. en C. María Eugenia López Islas Ciudad de México, a 08 de Marzo de 2019. 3 4 5 6 DEDICATORIA A DIOS. Al IPN y a la ESIA “CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA”. A Karen Andrea. A mi Familia y Familiares. A mi Mamá María. A mis profesores. A Efraín y Familia Beltrán Corona. A mis hermanos en Cristo. A mis amigos. A mis asesores de Tesis. A mis sinodales. En memoria de mi Papá Santiago y Mamá Ángela. En memoria de Pirita, Chema, Escalante, Cutberto. A ti, que estás leyendo esta tesis. 7 AGRADECIMIENTOS A mi DIOS PADRE, por la oportunidad de estudiar Geología, por darme la curiosidad y la vocación por esta hermosa carrera desde muy pequeña. Por mis padres, mi hermana, mi novio, mis profesores, mis amigos, porque nunca me has dejado sola. Toda la Gloria y toda la honra a ti mi DIOS. A mi Alma Mater, el Instituto Politécnico Nacional y a mi Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Arquitectura “Ciencias de la Tierra”, por brindarme todas las facilidades de preparación para formarme como Ingeniera Geóloga, por los profesores que me otorgaron sus amplios conocimientos, por mis amigos y colegas, A KAREN ANDREA por no rendirte y seguir luchando por tus objetivos, porque a pesar de todos los obstáculos que atravesaste no te detuviste. Solo recuerda todos los días que NACISTE PARA SER GEÓLOGA. Confía en tus capacidades y no olvides el esfuerzo que realizaste para llegar aquí. A mis padres Adriana y Fernando, a mi hermana Daniela y todos mis Familiares por su apoyo, especialmente a mi Mamá María. Gracias por todo. Los amo. En memoria de mi Papá Santiago y mi Mamá Angelita. A mis profesores Lourdes Quintero, Fernando Rodríguez, Elizabeth Ramírez C., Camilo Yáñez, Juan Campos, Roberto Zúñiga, Abelardo Cantú, Pedro Salmerón, Alejandro Maravillas, Roberto Loo, Elda Ordaz, Gerardo Acevedo, Dora Martha Carrasco, Isabel Navarro, Prócoro Barrera, Alfredo Carmona, Gonzalo Chirinos y los que me faltaron. Un agradecimiento especial al Ing. Guillermo Tarango por el apoyo en la parte bioestratigráfica. A Efraín Beltrán Corona por tu apoyo incondicional, tu paciencia, tus consejos, tu cariño, tus atenciones, tu respeto y tu amor, por ser un gran hombre y sobre todo por sostenerme y no dejarme caer. Dios te bendiga. Te amo corazón de chocolate. También quiero dar un agradecimiento muy especial a la Familia Beltrán Corona por si apoyo, sus consejos, asesorías, por alegrarme con su presencia. Los quiero mucho. A mis psicólogas y amigas Gris Terreros y Elizabeth Ramírez C., por apoyarme siempre que las necesite. Por no dejarme abandonar la carrera, por escucharme en tiempos de crisis y llegaron a ser mediadoras. Las quiero. 8 A mis hermanos en Cristo: Lupita, Jacobo, Anita, Álvaro, Marcelita y los que me faltaron. Gracias y que Dios los bendiga. A mis amigos Gemma, Lupita Bautista, Wendy, Octavio, Pastrana, Axel, Emily, Braulio, Marianita, Yolanda, Ángeles, Almayanci, Cristopher, Dianita, Dalia, Tarek, Rosalinda, Pancho, Panchui, Sergio, Julio, Carlos, y los que me faltaron. Gracias por su amistad. Los quiero. Un agradecimiento muy especial a mi director de tesis Carlos Manuel Tejeda Galicia y a mi asesora externa María Eugenia López Islas, por su tiempo, dedicación, esfuerzo, conocimientos, experiencias, por su apoyo incondicional en este largo pero satisfactorio tiempo. No tengo como pagarles por todo lo que me ayudaron. Gracias. A mis sinodales Ing. René Téllez Flores, M. en C. Luis Enrique Ávila Bocanegra, Ing. Belem Jaqueline Hernández Damián e Ing. Roció Rosas Cruz por haberse tomado el tiempo de revisar y opinar sobre mi proyecto de tesis. En memoria de los Ingenieros Geólogos Luís Ortiz (Pirita), Manuel Escalante, José María Ramos (Chema), Cutberto Alba Soto. Gracias por todos los conocimientos que me otorgaron, por su paciencia, sus experiencias, sus consejos y sus largas charlas. A ti, que estás leyendo esta tesis, sigue esforzándote por tus sueños y trabaja duro por conseguirlos. Estas en la mejor etapa de tu vida. 9 ÍNDICE ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS .................................................................................................................... 13 ÍNDICE DE TABLAS ...................................................................................................................... 14 RESUMEN ....................................................................................................................................... 15 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................... 16 INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................................ 17 OBJETIVO GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 22 OBJETIVOS PARTICULARES................................................................................................ 22 JUSTIFICACIÓN ........................................................................................................................ 23 MÉTODOS ................................................................................................................................... 23 CAPÍTULO 1. MARCO GEOLÓGICO ........................................................................................ 26 1.1 Localización del área de estudio ....................................................................................... 26 1.2.1 El Sistema Cretácico y su Clasificación. ................................................................... 28 1.2.2. Evolución Histórica del área de estudio. .................................................................. 31 1.2.3. Correlaciones de las Formaciones del Cretácico en México – Estados Unidos. ................................................................................................................................................... 33 1.2.4. Paleogeografía del Albiano – Cenomaniano. ......................................................... 34 1.3. Tectónica .............................................................................................................................. 36 1.3.1. Paleomagnetismo en el Cretácico Medio ................................................................ 38 1.4. Geología Regional .............................................................................................................. 39 1.5. Estratigrafía y Sedimentología. ........................................................................................ 41 FORMACIÓN EL DOCTOR .................................................................................................. 41 FORMACIÓN EL ABRA ....................................................................................................... 42 FORMACIÓN TAMABRA ..................................................................................................... 44 FORMACIÓN TAMAULIPAS SUPERIOR ......................................................................... 46 CAPÍTULO 2. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES PARA LA RECONSTRUCCIÓN PALEOAMBIENTAL ..................................................................................................................... 48 2.1. Geología Marina. ................................................................................................................ 49 2.2. Paleoecología. ..................................................................................................................... 51 2.2.1. Paleobatimetría. ........................................................................................................... 53 2.2.2. Luz y Profundidad. ...................................................................................................... 56 2.2.3. Temperatura y Salinidad. ........................................................................................... 57 2.3. Paleoclimatología. .............................................................................................................. 61 10 2.3.1. Paleoclimatología de los mares del Cretácico. ....................................................... 62 2.3.2. Comparativa paleoclimática entre los mares del Cretácico y los océanos actuales. ................................................................................................................................... 64 2.3.3. Temperatura actual de los océanos. ........................................................................ 66 2.4. La vida en los océanos del Jurásico – Cretácico........................................................... 67 2.5. Los arrecifes actuales. ....................................................................................................... 71 Concepto de Arrecife en Geología. ..................................................................................... 73 Acidificación. ........................................................................................................................... 74 Biocalcificación. ...................................................................................................................... 75 2.6 Factores que determinan el ambiente sedimentario carbonatado.
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