Paleobiological Assessment of Controls Underlying Long-Term Diversity Dynamics Andrés L
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University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2012 Paleobiological assessment of controls underlying long-term diversity dynamics Andrés L. Cárdenas University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons, Geology Commons, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, and the Paleontology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Cárdenas, Andrés L., "Paleobiological assessment of controls underlying long-term diversity dynamics" (2012). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4021 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Paleobiological assessment of controls underlying long-term diversity dynamics by Andrés L. Cárdenas A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Peter J. Harries, Ph. D. Gregory S. Herbert, Ph. D. Matthew P. Olney, Ph. D. Ryoji Wani, Ph. D. Date of Approval: April 19, 2012 Keywords: Climatic modes, Evolution, Global generic origination rates, Nutrient availability, Planktic foraminifers Copyright © 2012, Andrés L. Cárdenas DEDICATION To my parents, Graciela and Leonardo, and to my wife, María del Pilar. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply thankful to my advisor Dr. Peter J. Harries for giving me the opportunity of being his paleobiology apprentice over the last six years. During that time he has continuously enhanced my motivation for paleobiology and has improved my critical thinking skills, sharing everyday in a genuine altruistic mode all his geological and paleontological knowledge as well as his ‘cool’ scientific hypotheses, and being always open to listen and discuss my ideas, no matter how crazy or illogical they were. His strong mentoring commitment has been critical to formulate, conceive, and accomplish this work. Working under Professor Harries’ guidance has been the happiest time in my academic career and a very fulfilling personal experience. I would also like to thank Dr. Gregory S. Herbert for his thought-provoking classes and extensive reviews that have influenced many of the ideas expressed in this manuscript. Many thanks to my other two-committee members, Dr. Matthew P. Olney and Dr. Ryoji Wani (who traveled ~20.000 miles in three days in order to discuss my project during my comprehensive examination) for their advice and support during my research. I extend considerable thanks to Dr. James Crampton for his comprehensive reviews that greatly refined the second and third chapters of this manuscript. I would also like to acknowledge my friend Carlos H. Cuartas and Dr. Diana Roman for their opportune discussions on different statistical methodologies. I also owe a strong debt of gratitude to my wife María del Pilar Lopera-Blair, who helped me in all the aspects of this work, starting with her thoughtful consideration of my initial ideas, and ending with the final editing corrections. She has always peer reviewed my work and improved my ideas related to paleontology and biology, and has been an extremely gentle as well as patient ecology tutor. Furthermore, any piece of this work could not have been done without all her love, support, and exceeding confidence. I am also very grateful to my teachers Arcesio Duque, Dr. Fernando Etayo, Dr. Jose María Jaramillo, Dr. Tomás Villamil, Dr. Carlos Jaramillo, and Dr. Vladimir Torres for keeping my passion for paleobiology extant. I thank my friends and fellow graduate students who gave me several moments of joy during my life as a graduate student: Martín Berdugo, Kye & Beta Denton, Mugrosa Filatenience, Laura Habbeger, Gabriel Herrick, Matthew Jarrett, Mike Meyer, Shubronil Mondal, Shubhabrata Paul, Millerlandy Romero, Joshua Slattery, Jenn Sliko, Daniela Stebbins, and Cosmin Stremtan. I would also like to thank the University of South Florida Department of Geology for their financial and logistic support. I would especially like to thank Mary Haney and Mandy Stuck for their assistance. Appreciation is also given to Dr. Silvia Blair for all her permanent emotional and financial support during my dissertation research. Funding was also provided by the National Science Foundation, Sigma Xi, The Paleontological Society, and the Geological Society of America. I am deeply thankful to my parents Graciela and Leonardo for inspiring me to study natural sciences since I was a kid, funding my education, teaching me that imagination, passion, and patience must be used everyday, and for their endless support. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables .........................................................................................................iii List of Figures ......................................................................................................... x Abstract ................................................................................................................xii Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 References ................................................................................................. 13 Chapter 2: Effect of Nutrient Availability on Marine Origination Rates Throughout the Phanerozoic ................................................................................. 17 Introduction ............................................................................................... 17 Methods ....................................................................................................21 Results ....................................................................................................... 22 Discussion ................................................................................................. 22 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 26 References ................................................................................................. 29 Chapter 3: Contrasting Temperature-Driven Diversity Under Differing Climatic Modes ...................................................................................................................31 Introduction ............................................................................................... 31 Methods ....................................................................................................32 Results ....................................................................................................... 33 Discussion ................................................................................................. 35 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 39 References ................................................................................................. 43 Chapter 4: Effect of Nutrient Availability on Planktic Foraminifers Standing Diversity over their Evolutionary History ............................................................45 Introduction ............................................................................................... 45 Methods ....................................................................................................47 Results ....................................................................................................... 48 Discussion ................................................................................................. 50 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 57 References ................................................................................................. 60 Chapter 5: Planktic Foraminiferal Diversity: Logistic Growth Complicated by a Varying Environment ............................................................................................ 63 Introduction ............................................................................................... 63 i Methods ....................................................................................................64 Results ....................................................................................................... 67 Discussion ................................................................................................. 70 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 76 References ................................................................................................. 81 Appendices ...........................................................................................................83 Appendix A: ‘Effect of Nutrient Availability on Marine Origination Rates Throughout the Phanerozoic Eon’ ............................................83 Appendix B: Supplementary Information for Chapter 2. .........................89 Supplementary data ......................................................................90 Supplementary methods ................................................................ 92 Supplementary references ...........................................................116